Water Supply The Role of Government

Chennai – RWH a Case study

Santha Sheela Nair IAS (R) Vice Chairman (Planning Commission), Govt. of Water Supply

Both Government and Civic body concerned play a role in water supply.

2 Role of State Government & Civic Body

Role of State Government  Provide Policy  Enable Legislations  Financial Resources Role of Local Government / Civic Body  Implementation  Supply of services  Raising Resources  Mobilization of Human / Financial 3 ……… History – Local Body

Seven Wells - 1866 Redhills-1872 Poondi-1944

1866 100% usage started from local Ground water sources by local body 1867 To 1966 (100 yrs) Strategies got shifted to use Surface water from distant sources 1969 - 1987 Surface water not sufficient and again chose augment supply by the use of ground water

1988 to Till date Due to large demands and dwindling Ground water, again had to depend more on surface water which changed the mix. 90% Surface water + 5% Ground water & 15% Desalinated water 4 Chennai……… History – 1987 – State Govt.,

CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA GROUNDWATER (REGULATION) ACT 27 OF 1987 Amended during Oct 2002

 Regulation on sinking of new wells  Registration of existing wells  Issue of licenses to extract water for non domestic use  Issue of licenses for transportation through goods vehicle Scheduled Area: Chennai city & Adjacent 243 Revenue villages in Tiruvallur & Kancheepuram Districts. As per Amendment 59 additional villages added totaling to 302 villages Competent Authority : Chennai City - Metro water Scheduled Villages - Respective District Revenue Officials After 1997 no licenses were issued

Ground water Regulations Act implemented

by Civic Body (Metro water) 5 Chennai……… History – 1988 – Local Body IMPLEMENTATION - IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER (REGULATION) ACT – SOUTH OF CHENNAI

SOUTHERN COASTAL AQUIFER YEARWISE MINIMUM & MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL FROM 1983 - 2012

Drought 1987 Drought 1994 Drought 2004

1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEPTH IN 'METRES' IN DEPTH Water level improvement after the implementation 8 9 of Act

Water level in m

Challenge – Depleting Ground water level in well fields

Solution - Ground water (Regulation) Act

Result - Rise of water level from 8.00 m to 2.10 m - Stabilization of ground water level - Only Law in , implemented in Chennai by Civic Body (Metro Water) 6 Chennai……… History – 1990 – Local Body

SEA WATER INTRUSION STUDIES

SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY AT DEEPER AQUIFER IN

LEGEND PULICAT NORTH SEA WATER OBSERVATION WELLS (AROUND 30 M) INTERFACE LINETO PONNERI

BURRIED CHANNEL

ZONE OF FRESH WATER INJECTION 70000 LOCATION OF INJECTION SALT PAN 60000 KATTUR 50000 LAKSHMIPURAM ANICUT 40000 VAYALUR 30000 20000 10000

BAY OF BENGALOF BAY 0 1A 4A 5A 6A 10A 11A 12A 14A 15A WELL FIELD MINJUR

E.C. E.C. VALUE IN MICRO MOHS CM / OBSERVATION WELL NUMBER NANDIAMBAKKAM ATTIPATTU

VALLUR ANICUT PRIOR TO INJECTION OF RAIN WATER

TO CHENNAI TO AFTER INJECTION OF RAIN WATER

7 Phase-I - THE CHALLENGE OF RECURRING DROUGHTS DROUGHT –1993 – Local Body

 Macro level initiatives of Rain water Harvesting – Construction of Check dams  Introduction of Rain water Harvesting as mandatory requirement in Multi-storied buildings 8 Chennai……… History – 1992-95 – Local Body

Construction of Check Dams

1. MELSEMBEDU 2. VELLIYUR 3 JAGANATHAPURAM

PANJETTY WELL FIELD KANNIGAIPER WELL FIELD FLOOD PLAINS WELL FIELDS MINJUR WELL FEILD TANK TAMARAPAKKAM WELL FEILD

POONDI REDHILLS RESERVOIR WELL FEILD

PORUR LAKE CHEMBARAMBAKKAM TANK 9

SRIPERUMPUDUR TANK CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA BOUNDARY Impact on water level fluctuation due to construction of Check Dams

YEARS

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

Year of Construction of Checkdam

5.00

10.00

15.00 DEPTH IN 'METRES' DEPTH IN 20.00

25.00

30.00 10 Average water level in 'm' Melsembedu Average water level in 'm' Velliyur Average water level in 'm' Jagannathapuram Phase-II - THE CHALLENGE OF RECURRING DROUGHTS Chennai… May 2002 – State Govt.,

 Call for Roof top Rain Water Harvesting

 Provision of RWH structures is mandatory for availing new Water/Sewer Connections

 After this provision of RWH only 13% of the houses provided Rainwater Harvesting

 Amendments made in the Ground water Regulations Act / Building Rules for implementing rainwater harvesting 11 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE…… 11th Oct. 2002

AMENDMENTS & IMPROVEMENTS IN TAMILNADU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITES BUILDING RULES – 1972.

• Provision of Rainwater harvesting Structure in existing buildings (Tiled, Sloped, Ordinary buildings and multi storied buildings) one year from the 11th Oct.2002.

• Separation of bath and wash basin water and reuse – multi storied and public buildings GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE…… 24th Oct. 2002

AMENDMENTS & IMPROVEMENTS IN GROUND WATER ACT OF 1987

 Inclusion of additional villages to the list of scheduled villages in the Act.  Revision of fine amount from Rs.1,000/- to Rs.5,000/-  Mandatory requirement of Rainwater Harvesting in all buildings.  No extraction of ground water for swimming pools, industrial uses and other non-potable purposes.  Restrictions to the depth of bore wells.  No water body, Public or Private, to be utilized for any other purpose, such as land fill, garbage dumps, building activities etc., Amendment to the Tamilnadu Panchayat Buildings Rules. …2002

“For effective conservation of rain water, no approval to the construction or reconstruction or addition or alteration to a building ( other than a hut) including houses constructed by Government for below poverty line families under the poverty alleviation programme or building constructed by any agency under the control of the Government, shall be given, if the applicant for construction, alteration or addition to such a building does not contain provision for water conservation and rain water harvesting” Phase-III - Chennai… 19th July 2002 - State Govt.,

Ordinance issued by the Govt. of Tamil Nadu on 19.07.2003 making it mandatory for all buildings in the state to have Rain Water Harvesting structures by 31.08.2003.

15 INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH – Local Body

Dissemination of information on RWH

 Establishment of Rain Centre  Organization of Seminars/ Workshop  Massive rallies and Human Chains  Advertisement through Papers / Dailies  Booklets / Pamphlets  Posters and Wall Paintings  Door to Door campaign

16 INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH – Local Body

Creation of Rain Centre by Creation of Rain Centre by TWAD CMWSS Board - Chennai Board - Chennai

Rain Centre created by Akash Ganga Trust an 17 NGO Organization, Chennai INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH – Local Body

 Reaching out to the people  Chief Minister’s appeal letter to the elected representative  Empanelment of Service Providers  Involvement of SHG’s, NGO’s  Technical guidance offered by TWAD and CMWSSB on the lithology and soil types in different areas and the types of RWH needed .  Celebrity endorsement & Films on RWH  Count down in dailies

18 INVOLVEMENT OF MEDIA …

 Regular coverage in newspapers, articles, press releases.  Appeals to the citizens for rain water harvesting.  Print & Visual media as forum for regular interactions between government, civic body and citizens.  Success stories and achievements of rain water harvesting.

19 Government Campaign Continues….

Information on RWH on various Government agencies’ websites TWAD Board - www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com Chennai Metrowater- www.chennaimetrowater.com

Installation of RWH structures in the buildings constructed by: TNSCB, TNHB, TN Police Housing Corp, PWD etc.

From Chennai to rest of the State

• District Collectors to implement Rainwater Harvesting • All Municipalities & Town Panchayats to implement RWH

20 Implementation of Rain Water Harvesting

 Ordinance issued on 19.07.2003 making it mandatory for all buildings in the State to have Rain Water Harvesting structures by 31.08.2003.and 100% compliance with in two months

 Second phase of Rain Water Harvesting to capture run off water in open spaces

 First State in the country to have 100% coverage in Rain Water Harvesting.

21 Rain Water Harvesting - 1

22 Thatched Roofs Rain Water Harvesting - 2

In Slums 23 Rain Water Harvesting - 3

24 Rain Water Harvesting - 4

In school Buildings 25 Rain Water Harvesting – 4A

IN SCHOOL BUILDINGS 26 Rain Water Harvesting - 5

Roads

Multi storied buildings 27 Rain Water Harvesting - 6

28 Rain Water Harvesting - 7

Residence of Prime Importance – The Governor’s Residence 29 Rainwater Harvesting Methods

30 Developing Landscapes through roof top rain water harvesting - A Classic Example

31 PEOPLES’ PARTICIPATION

 NSS students of all college students

 Centre for science and Environment

 National Rainwater Harvesters’ Network

 Exnora International

 Resident’s Welfare Associations

 Rotary International

32 RAINWATER HARVESTING HELPED IN CHENNAI FLOOD MITIGATION

33 ROAD SIDE RAINWATER COLLECTION THROUGH RECHARGE WELL

34 RAINWATER COLLECTION THROUGH STORM WATER DRAIN

35 IMPACT ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING – WATER LEVEL

Location of Observation wells

New New Nagar Vallalar GeorgeTown Chinthadripet Nagar Besant Kolathur Nagar MKB Nagar Anna Purasaiwakkam T.Nagar K.K.Nagar Taramani 0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00 Water levelsWater 'mts'in 10.00

12.00

Water level in 'mts' July '03 Water level in 'mts' Sep'12 36 IMPACT ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING – WATER QUALITY

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' in Solids Dissolved Total 1000

500

0

Guindy

Chetpet

T.Nagar

Kolathur

Chepauk Saidapet

Mylapore Taramani

K.K.Nagar

Velachery

Tondiarpet

Villivakkam

MKB Nagar MKB

Pulianthope Royapettah

Anna Nagar Anna

Chinthadripet

Besant Nagar Besant

GeorgeTown

Vallalar Nagar Vallalar Thiruvanmiyur

Nungambakkam

Purasaiwakkam Virugambakkam New Washermanpet New

Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' (July '03) Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' (Sep '12) 37 Quality changes Before and After implementation of Rainwater Harvesting

Values in ‘ppm’ during Parameters 1994 1999 2002 2004 2007 2010 Total Solids 3325 1835 1785 1650 1500 1300 Chlorides as 'Cl' 989 580 410 380 360 320 Total Hardness 900 540 400 360 350 325 Conductivity 4890 2700 2550 2250 2100 1600

6000

5000 4890

4000 3325

3000

2700

2550

2250

2100 Values Values in 'ppm'

2000 1835

1785

1650

1600

1500

1300 989

1000 900

580

540

410 400

380

360 360

350

325 320

0 1994 1999 2002 2004 2007 2010 year

Total Solids Chlorides as 'Cl' Total Hardness Conductivity 38 Form for Declaration of installation and maintenance of Rainwater Harvesting structures - CMWSSB

39 Way Forward………

 Move from State civic body, private suppliers to neighborhoods, citizens, households as the base for securitizing drinking water availability.  A movement towards involvement of Engineers, builders, architects, planners, environment activists, scientists, hydro- geologists & householders as ‘Stakeholders’ in a Metropolitan city water supply system.  Role of Government / Local / State in providing Legislative framework:  Reward & punitive action,  Dissemination of information,  Promotion of State’s intent in achieving sustainability both in monetary as well as environmental terms in the provision of drinking water.

40 “Underneath the verandah in front of the room in which the Mahatma was born, in the space enclosed by the three wings of the house, is an underground reservoir, 20 feet long, 20 feet wide and 15 feet deep, with a capacity of 20 thousand gallons, for storing rainwater for domestic use. The well water in Porbandar, owing to its vicinity to the sea, is brackish, hard and unfit for cooking. Rainwater was, therefore, collected and stored in the underground reservoir for use the year round. The terrace on the top floor, carefully washed before the first monsoon showers, served as catchments for the water, running down a pipe straight into the tank. A heap of lime at the mouth of the pipe served to filter and purity the water”. In this house five generations of Gandhis lived and prospered. - Mahatma Gandhi Vol 1(The Early Phase) by Shri Pyarelal 41 FROM SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS – SCARCITY TO SECURITY WIN WIN WIN Drought Proofing Recharging of Aquifers

DEMOCRATIZING Roof Top Harvesting – Meeting the Gap & AND Demand Sustainable supply - DECENTRALISING Household WIN CITY WATER MANAGEMENT FOR Saving of Power METROPOLITAN CITIES Decrease in Saline A water ingression WIN - WIN

Increased Water WIN availability WIN Improved Water Quality WIN 42 43