Integrated Systems Laboratory 34

Beckman Institute FOR A DVANCED S CIENCE AND T ECHNOLOGY Annual Report 2007–08 Annual Report

Contents

Message from the Director, Pierre Wiltzius 2

Beckman Institute Overview 4

Biological Intelligence Research Initiative 6

Annual Highlights 8

Researcher Profile: David Clayton 12

Human-Computer Intelligent Interaction

Research Initiative 14

Annual Highlights 16

Researcher Profile: Deana McDonagh 20

Molecular and Electronic Nanostructures

Research Initiative 22

Annual Highlights 24

Researcher Profile: Paul Braun 28

Biomedical Imaging Center 30

Imaging Technology Group 32

Integrated Systems Laboratory 34

Beckman Institute New Faculty 36

Beckman Fellows Program 38

Beckman Graduate Fellows Program 40

Beckman Institute Faculty Awards and Publications 41

Educational Outreach 49

Beckman Institute Funding 50 valuation, excellence, and evolution. These three Academy of Arts & Sciences; Nicholas Fang who the space transitions being completed to coincide Epowerful words embody what we strive to received an MIT Technology Review Young Innova- with its delivery. accomplish at the Beckman Institute each and every tor Award; Alejandro Lleras who received an NSF In 2008 we also launched the Carle Foundation year. This past year was no exception. Early Career Award; and Biomedical Imaging Center Hospital/Beckman Institute Fellows program. This In November 2007 we hosted our External Advi- associate director Tracey Wszalek who received the program gives a young scientist the opportunity sory Committee (EAC) for the biannual process of Campus Award for Performance Excellence. to spend several years conducting cancer-related advising Beckman Institute leadership and the cam- The merit of our researchers can also be tangi- translational research. This program is another step pus administration on the state of the Beckman bly measured by the grant dollars they attract from toward building a strong relationship with Carle Institute, its research programs, opportunities for major funding agencies and industry partners. One Foundation Hospital. Our collaboration provides sci- new directions, and other issues. The EAC was pre- such example is a multi-million dollar MURI grant entists and practicing physicians with an important sented with overviews of our research initiatives and awarded to Art Kramer, Monica Fabiani, Gabriele link that can lead to breakthroughs in translational was given presentations on planning, operational, Gratton, Wai-Tat Fu, Brad Sutton, Dmitri Williams, research. We are looking forward to this program and financial aspects. The EAC also spent time and Dan Simons. Another is Klaus Schulten’s long- expanding and the development of other similar engaging in discussions with Beckman leadership, running NIH resource grant which was just renewed programs in the future. campus administrators, our research initiative co- for an unprecedented 20th year. Another new equipment acquisition was the chairs, faculty and fellows. Evolution within our lines of research and our $1.9M nano-CT instrument which was added to our I’m pleased to report that the EAC was very facility is what keeps things fresh and on the cutting Imaging Technology Group. This instrument, which favorably impressed with our strong leadership, the edge at the Beckman Institute. In the past year we performs complex 3-D imaging at previously unat- focus and top-quality research that is being conduct- have embarked on several new projects and tainable length scales, is the first of its kind at a Uni- ed here, and the support provided by campus acquired several major new instruments. versity in the United States. Kudos to Paul Braun, administration. One of the major projects is the acquisition of a group leader for the 3-D Micro- and Nanosystems Each year we also maintain close communica- new 3T whole-body magnet. This new magnet will group and Ben Grosser, former director of the Imag-

2007-08 tion with the Beckman Foundation Board. Without allow further expansion of MRI and fMRI research in ing Technology Group for securing the highly com- their strong support we would not be able to main- areas including cardiac imaging, animal imaging, petitive and prestigious National Science Founda-

EPORT tain crucial programs such as our Fellows program, and neural activity. tion Major Research Instrumentation (NSF MRI) R our annual equipment competition, and the grant The new magnet set into motion another major funding. The nearly $2M award is in the top one match program. The funds the Beckman Foundation change at the Beckman Institute: swapping the percent of all NSF MRI awards ever given. NNUAL

A Board provides can be highly leveraged and are space Biomedical Imaging Center occupies (located In discussing the evolution of the Beckman invaluable to our annual budget. We are very grate- on the south side of campus) with the Integrated Institute I would also like to mention that a new ful for their continued support. Systems Laboratory space in the basement of the bioimaging research initiative is now clearly taking

NSTITUTE Excellence abounds at the Beckman Institute Institute. This space swap has been very labor inten- shape. A long list of Beckman Institute faculty mem- I and you can find it around every corner. From facul- sive in both the planning and implementation and bers and colleagues from outside of the Institute ty to staff to students there are people who are top we are lucky to have such diligent and creative fac- have proposed projects involving bioimaging for

ECKMAN level performers. A few examples include researcher ulty and staff on the project. The new 3T magnet is advancing medical research in areas including B Jeff Moore who was inducted into the American expected to be delivered in July 2009 with most of breast cancer research, speech birth defects, and tar- 2 Pierre Wiltzius, Director Warm Regards, Institute. what thenext 20 years mightholdfortheBeckman is alsoforward lookingandwillgive aglimpseof creating anevent thatwillcelebrate thepast,yet 5-7, 2009. Theplanningcommitteeishard atwork Anniversary Symposium thatwillbeheldOctober sary in2009. Plansare well underway for a20th to celebrate theBeckmanInstitute’s 20th anniver- ate solutionstosociety’s environmental problems. change andhow we canbestaddress themtocre- science research onthecausesofenvironmental analyses. This program willemphasize social of technicalfixes orordinary legaloreconomic such asglobalchangeare beyond thescope tal dilemmas. For example, many societalchanges sound solutionstosociety’s mounting environmen- dedicated tothepursuit ofsocially andpolitically tive thatwillbeledby JesseRibot.Hiswork willbe Institute willincludeanenvironmental policy initia- area fortheBeckmanInstitute. cal sciences, andsocialsciences isavery natural the physical sciencesandthelifesciences, biologi- menting ourplansaswe feeltheinterfacebetween molecular level. We are lookingforward toimple- geted delivery ofdrugsandotheragentsatthe On afinalnote, facultyandstaffare gearingup An additionalnew dimensiontotheBeckman

P IERRE W ILTZIUS 3

M ESSAGE F ROM THE D IRECTOR About the Beckman Institute

In the spring of 2009 the Beckman From its origins in casual discus- together to explore basic science and themes: Biological Intelligence (BI), sions and formal meetings in the early complex technologies, human biology Human-Computer Intelligent Interac- Institute will celebrate 20 years of exis- 1980s to a finely crafted proposal in and computer science, and many more tion (HCII), and Molecular and Elec- tence as one of the premier interdisci- 1984 that led to Arnold and Mabel topics in Beckman’s limestone, brick, tronic Nanostructures (M&ENS).

plinary campus research centers in the Beckman’s megagift of $40M a year and green glass building that remains In 2008 researchers at Beckman later, the idea for a new kind of as beautiful today as the day it opened. have the support of experimental country. When Beckman officially research center on the University of Twenty years ago, the people resources that could only be dreamed opened in April of 1989 it was one of Illinois campus carried with it an inter- behind the Institute foresaw the impor- of 20 years ago, such as a rare immer- disciplinary theme. The final proposal tance computing would have in the sive virtual reality environment (the the first centers in the country devoted to the Beckmans to fund the building world and today Beckman researchers Cube), state-of-the-art microscopy to advancing science and technology of such a center emphasized “the are breaking new ground with equipment (including the only campus-

through an interdisciplinary approach power of interdisciplinary research advances in the areas of silicon and based nano-computed tomography approaches to complex multifaceted photonics, computer simulations, microscope), and a premier magnetic that brings together researchers from problems” in areas ranging from neu- human-computer interfaces, and in resonance imaging facility. These different and sometimes disparate roscience to artificial intelligence applying their discoveries to technolo- advanced resources, combined with to semiconductor physics and elec- gy development. Likewise, researchers faculty members who are leaders in fields to do research in innovative new tronics. studying cognition and the brain are their respective fields, ensure that the 2007-08 ways. As it approaches its 20th anniver- using technological advances to under- Beckman tradition of interdisciplinary sary, the Beckman Institute continues stand how the mind works in ways research is as vibrant, relevant, and for- EPORT R to be a leading force in those areas and that weren’t possible two decades ago ward-looking as it was when the Insti- many more, as more than 600 when many prominent faculty mem- tute doors first opened nearly two NNUAL A researchers from various fields come bers from psychology and related disci- decades ago. plines joined Beckman. Today, the NSTITUTE

I breadth of research at Beckman takes Beckman faculty member Paul Braun and Beckman place within three broad research Fellow Stephanie Rinne are the first to achieve optical waveguiding of near-infrared light through features ECKMAN

B embedded in self-assembled, three-dimensional photonic crystals. 4 5

B ECKMAN I NSTITUTE O VERVIEW Biological Intelligence Overview

he study of biological intelligence The area of biological intelligence Thas been an integral part of Beck- has seen sweeping changes in the past man Institute history from the earliest two decades, thanks in part to new dis- discussions about building an interdis- coveries but also increasingly to new ciplinary research center on campus to insights provided by advanced tech- the building’s official opening nearly nologies. Today there are five research two decades ago to 1994, when the groups making up BI, focusing on Biological Intelligence (BI) research research lines such as the molecular initiative was created as one of the and cellular workings of brain circuitry, three core research themes at Beck- creating computer models of sensory man. processes, and using advanced tech- While a professor of psychology at nologies that enable newfound insights Illinois in the late 1980s, current Bio- into higher expressions of intelligence logical Intelligence research initiative like language acquisition and motiva- Co-chair William Greenough was a tional behaviors. key player in the effort that led to The work of researchers in BI building the Beckman Institute and from the NeuroTech (NT) group, Bioa- when it officially opened in 1989, he coustics Research Laboratory (BRL), was appointed as an Associate Direc- Bioimaging Science and Technology tor. With faculty members from Psy- (BST) group, Cognitive Science (CS) chology like Greenough, Gary Dell, group, and Cognitive Neuroscience Brian Ross, William Brewer, and Neal (CN) group, provide a comprehensive

2007-08 Cohen, as well as researchers from perspective on biological intelligence other campus departments interested that is found in few places in the

EPORT in the topic like Bruce Wheeler and world. R Douglas Jones from Engineering and NeuroTech’s efforts range from Kenneth Suslick from Chemistry as Greenough’s investigations of the cel- NNUAL

A original Beckman faculty appoint- lular mechanisms at work in the nerv- ments, it was clear from the beginning ous system to Mark Nelson’s studies that the study of biological intelligence of electric fish for their sensory pro-

NSTITUTE would be a building block for research cessing prowess to Justin Rhodes’ I at the Institute. focus on the causal mechanisms ECKMAN B A 3-D rendering of a neuron cell. 6 Sebastion Kaulitzki. underlying detrimental behaviors like improving current Magnetic Resonance alcoholism and drug addiction. Bio- Imaging methods while others in the acoustics Research Laboratory Director group are creating new technologies, William O’Brien contributes advances such as Stephen Boppart’s develop- in the field of ultrasound imaging ment of a non-invasive breast imaging for better diagnoses and for improved technique or Kenneth Watkin’s proj- safety. ect aimed at creating a combat helmet The Bioimaging Science and Tech- that could relay injury data. nology group is at the leading edge of Researchers in the Cognitive Sci- developments in imaging techniques, ence group look at topics like the ways both in improving existing techniques humans process speech and acquire and in creating innovative new meth- spoken language (Jennifer Cole) or ods. BST researchers like Michael create computational models of those Insana and Rohit Bhargava are and other cognitive processes (Gary Dell). The lab of Cognitive Neuroscience group members Gabriele Gratton and Monica Fabiani, also a BI Co-chair, has expanded the capabilities of their optical imaging system called EROS, which measures brain activity in human subjects. EROS can now be used on songbirds, in a collaboration with David Clayton. EROS also is being used to study language process- VERVIEW

ing in a project with Dell and Susan O Garnsey. Work in the Biological Intelligence research initiative is both translational, leading to numerous applications with NTELLIGENCE I current and potential future benefits, and grounded in basic science, as BI

Beckman Fellow Sarah Brown-Schmidt tries out the researchers increase our understanding new AG500 3-D articulograph installed at linguistics of how intelligence works. IOLOGICAL B researcher Chilin Shih's laboratory at the Beckman Institute. The rare electromagnetic articulometer, 7 called EMA, is used to measure physical movements during speech production. Biological Intelligence Highlights

Greenough Lab Discovers Fragile X Syndrome Marker nals required to translate RNA in a process that even- Biological Intelligence Co-chair William Gree- tually leads to maturation of synapses. nough, Ivan Jeanne Weiler, and their laboratory made a significant discovery in the effort to under- New Center for Studying Executive Function stand and combat Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most Wendy Heller and Gregory Miller from the Cog- common inherited cause of mental impairment and nitive Neuroscience group, Brad Sutton from the the most common known cause of autism. In 2008 Bioimaging Science and Technology group, and Beck- Greenough and his collaborators reported on using an man’s Biomedical Imaging Center are all key players enzyme called ERK as a marker for measuring the in a new multi-university center for studying execu- effectiveness of potential drug therapies for treating tive function. The National Institute of Mental Health Fragile X. According to the National Institute of Child Interdisciplinary Behavioral Science Center was creat- Health and Human Development, there are currently ed with a $5M grant for the goal, according to the no pharmaceutical or other types of cures for Fragile X grant, of “significantly increasing the understanding syndrome. Greenough said their work with ERK could of executive function,” which it describes broadly as lead to methods for testing the efficacy of drugs aimed “the critical cognitive abilities that are used to guide, at treating FXS, including both newly developed drugs control, inhibit and monitor behavior.” The center’s and current drugs, such as the anti-depressant lithium work will be broken down into five projects that chloride that could be used for treating the disorder. examine the influence of executive function on: con- He said it could also prove useful for guiding trol processes, learning drug dosage amounts when treating Fragile X processes, emotional process- patients. “A marker or a reporter that provides es, representations and devel- feedback as to the efficacy of drug treatment of opment, and genetics. Heller

2007-08 Fragile X syndrome, I think will be very, very is principal investigator and valuable,” he said. Fragile X syndrome occurs Miller and Sutton are co-PIs

EPORT when the body’s cells don’t produce the Fragile on Project III Emotion R X Mental Retardation 1 protein (FMRP) which Processes that will be based binds the RNA messenger proteins that regulate at the University of Illinois. NNUAL

A protein production, synthesis, and translation The Center is divided into in the nervous system. The Greenough lab’s three cores, two of which research found that in Fragile X patients hyper- inolve the Beckman research-

NSTITUTE active enzymes continuously deactivated sig- ers in administrative roles, I ECKMAN

B Bill Greenough, co-chair for the Biological Intelligence research Gregory Miller and Wendy Heller from the Cognitive Neuroscience group initiative and group, has been a pioneer in Fragile X research. are co-PIs on a $5 million grant that will set up a center based at the 8 University of Illinois. NeuroTech researcher Al Feng continues to expand his research in developing high-resolution cochlear implant with Heller as co-PI for the adminis- technology for the hearing impaired. He and his collaborators use the mechanics of frog hearing to help design trative core of the Center while intelligent hearing aids that boost sound signals of interest. Miller is co-PI for the neuroimaging core, for which Beckman’s Biomed- ical Imaging Center (BIC) is a Molecular Biosensors and Nanoscale resource facility. The center will Biotechnology for Live Cell Imaging employ several experimental tools, As a member of the Bioimaging Sci- including structural and functional ence and Technology group Peter Wang Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies and manipulates live cells for inte- in support of the effort, with BIC gration with nanoscale biotechnologies serving as the center’s resource for such as cancer-detecting biological sensors. fMRI studies into emotion processes. Wang’s work has led to several new biosensors based on FRET (fluorescence reso- Developing High-resolution Cochlear Implant nance energy transfer) technologies for the Technology early detection of the molecules that play Albert Feng is leading an interdisciplinary effort critical roles in the development of cancer; involving fellow NeuroTech group members Richard it has also led to improvements in the sen- Kollmar and Bruce Wheeler, and Carle Clinic ear, sitivity of second-generation signaling mol- nose, and throat physician Michael Novak to develop ecule biosensors. Wang’s lab is also devel- high-resolution cochlear implant technology for the oping FRET-based probe technology that hearing impaired. The research team’s goal is to allows the simultaneous visualization of develop connections between cochlear implant speech in a noisy environment or listening to music.” two signaling events in the same live cell, providing devices and the ear’s auditory nerve terminals that So his team is developing a novel biomolecular tech- information on molecular hierarchy in time and space. have higher resolution than what is currently provid- nology that will allow high-resolution connections to Wang said that these optical sensors have “successful- ed by cochlear implant devices. A cochlear implant is

be established between cochlear implant devices and ly integrated nanofabrication and FRET technology to GHLIGHTS an electronic device surgically implanted into the the auditory nerve terminals. Feng said the approach control and investigate the microenvironment effect HI inner ear that stimulates the auditory nerve to give “promises to greatly improve the quality and fidelity on signaling transduction in live cells.” The biosen- the severely hearing-impaired a sense of sound. Feng of sound that can be transmitted to the brain by the sors being developed are part of a joint effort with the said cochlear implant technology, which bypasses next generation of cochlear implant devices.” Feng University of Illinois Research Park company iCyt, the damaged auditory hair cells in the hearing- said the team made advances on its previous research which integrates an analysis and measuring technique NTELLIGENCE I impaired, is “currently unable to replicate the high by identifying signaling molecules and receptors in called flow cytometry with a signaling molecule quality of sound perceived via a fully intact cochlea. the auditory nerve terminals that are potential targets biosensor called MT1-MMP for the detection of circu- Consequently, recipients may have difficulty with of pharmacological administration for creating high- lating tumor cells in cancer patients. certain real-world tasks, such as understanding resolution auditory connections. IOLOGICAL B

9 Biological Intelligence Highlights

New Grant for Studying Production and Perception of New Partnership for Quantitative Ultrasound Imaging of Ultrasound-induced Tissue Damage Assessment Phonological Sequences the Breast The Bioacoustics Research Laboratory (BRL) Cognitive Science group members Gary Dell, This past year William O’Brien and Michael earned a Merit Award designation in 2006 and contin- Cynthia Fisher, and Jennifer Cole secured a new Oelze of the Bioacoustics Research Laboratory joined ued funding this past year from the National Institute grant for studying the role experience plays in the pro- with researchers from the University of Wisconsin to of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) duction and perception of phonological sequences. earn a 5-year, $5.2M Bioengineering Research Partner- for its research into ultrasound-induced tissue dam- The project seeks to understand the adaptability of an ship grant award for their project “Quantitative Ultra- age assessment, a project that looks at issues such as aspect of the phonological processing system called sonic Imaging of the Breast.” The goal of the Partner- whether the effects of diagnostic ultrasound exams phonotactic constraints, which are language-specific ship award, funded by the National Institutes of are harmful. BRL group leader William O’Brien has generalizations about how words are pronounced. Health’s National Cancer Institute, is to, as the pro- been a leading researcher in the area of ultrasound- Their research is guided by the assumption that lan- posal states, “develop, unify, refine and implement a tissue interaction, especially as it relates to quantita- guage learning is an ongoing, changing process that, fundamentally new approach to quantitative ultra- tive ultrasound imaging. The current project involves as they write, “adapts to recent experience, while con- sound (QUS) imaging of biological tissues and mam- looking at potentially significant ultrasound (US)- tinuing to reflect the accumulated experience of a life- mary tumors by the quantification of tissue induced biological effects, specifically a non-clinical time of speaking and listening. We sometimes articu- microstructure through acoustic backscatter. The investigation of whether the application of ultrasound late this assumption like this: language learning never overall hypothesis is that a set of QUS parameters can contrast agents (UCAs) in humans adversely affects stops.” An example of this type of constraint is the significantly improve breast lesion differentiation the vasculature. Currently there is no data on this sound “ng” which in English is a sound that can never /classification, that is, diagnose the lesion noninva- topic, causing concerns as to the effects of UCAs. begin a word, but in Vietnamese it can. Their research sively.” While imaging methods like Magnetic Reso- BRL’s investigation of whether the interaction of ultra- has shown that constraints such as these can be nance Imaging (MRI) use a qualitative approach to sound with ultrasound contrast agents is a significant altered by experience and that a large amount of discern properties in tissue, the ultrasound imaging medical problem in humans should provide both change is possible. The work has also provided insight technique is quantitative, estimating properties of the medical personnel and patients much-needed infor-

2007-08 into the learning mechanisms behind the changes. microstructure of breast tissue from the ultrasonic mation. If the interaction is found to be a risk, doctors The project integrates concepts and methods from lin- backscatter. In addition to the advantages the method can assess and monitor the risk; if US diagnostics are

EPORT guistics, psychology, computer science, and neuro- offers by being non-invasive (reducing the need for an found not to pose a risk, a clinical concern will be R science and combines experimental studies of speech invasive biopsy), their technique would also be eliminated. The knowledge gained from this project production errors and studies of speech perception in portable and produce images less expensively and should also prove valuable for the Food and Drug NNUAL

A both adult and child subjects with neurally plausible faster than current cancer detection methods such as Administration (FDA) in the approval process for computational models of learning. MRI. The research so far has shown that it is possible newly developed UCAs, as the FDA seeks more infor- to distinguish different types of cancer, such as benign mation on the effectiveness and safety of these poten-

NSTITUTE tumors from malignant tumors, using their tech- tially beneficial agents. I niques. ECKMAN B

10 Evaluation of Acoustic Propagation Paths into the inner ear by soft and hard tissue. According to the Beckman Researchers Develop New Tool for Language Human Head grant, the project uses well-known and documented Studies A grant to the Bioacoustics Research Laboratory computational methods to develop “an acoustic propa- A collaboration between Gabriele Gratton, Mon- (BRL) from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research gation model that will model propagated acoustic sig- ica Fabiani, and Susan M. Garnsey of the Cognitive was renewed for research that seeks to understand the nals around and inside the human head,” taking into Neuroscience group, Gary Dell from Cognitive reception and propagation paths of very high-amplitude consideration “the effects of diffraction of sound Science, Beckman Graduate Fellow Chun-Yu Tse, and airborne sound levels toward designing an advanced around the human head, and the direction from which graduate student Chia-Lin Lee led to the creation of hearing protector device. The research looks at the the sound has traveled from the acoustic source to the an important new method for studying how the brain acoustic propagation paths of high-amplitude airborne human head.” The grant to BRL is for three years. processes language. Using the Event-Related Optical sound levels of about 150 decibels travelling to the Signal (EROS) optical imaging technique developed by Fabiani and Gratton, the researchers applied, for the first time ever, a rapid, functional brain imaging method to the study of neuronal interactions within and between the left temporal and frontal cortex in regions of the brain associated with language processing. EROS is unique in that it gives both spatial and temporal information on how the brain processes language, providing a dynamic picture of interactions during this process. The EROS system, which uses near infrared light to identify and measure changes in the light scattering and absorption properties of neurons, allowed the researchers to identify changes in neuronal activity related to language processing while providing spatial and temporal resolutions on the order of a few millimeters and milliseconds, respec- GHLIGHTS

tively. The results of a study using EROS correlated HI with simultaneously collected ERP results, thereby validating the use of this optical imaging technique for studying language processing. The researchers said EROS is especially valuable for studying the relative NTELLIGENCE timing of aspects of language comprehension since it I can measure neuronal activity as the dynamics of language processing are happening in real time.

A paper by faculty members and graduate students from the Beckman Institute published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reported on the IOLOGICAL successful application of a fast optical imaging technique to language processing. From left to right: Chia-Lin Lee, Chun-Yu Tse, Gary Dell, Susan Garnsey, B Gabriele Gratton, Monica Fabiani. 11 D ISCOVERING C LUES TO B RAIN F UNCTION IN THE S ONGS OF B IRDS

David Clayton doesn’t quite know how to describe proposal to the National Human Genome Research Insti- isms using that sequencing infrastructure, to find other himself, at least when it comes to his scientific calling. tute (NHGRI) to sequence the whole genome of the zebra organisms based on their evolutionary relatedness. You Clayton’s work in the areas of biology, neuroscience, and finch. The sequencing effort is slated to be completed can learn a lot about humans by seeing what’s changed genomics is so blurred that he doesn’t make distinctions this year. and what’s been conserved in those organisms.” between them in his research. All of this work has been done by a researcher who Clayton said songbirds in general are excellent mod- “They really are intertwined,” Clayton said. “That’s began his post-graduate work with no particular scientif- els for studying neuroscience, but the zebra finch is of why I always have a hard time when people ask me what ic or personal interest in birds. Clayton, a professor in the special interest. kind of “ist” I am. I identify as much with neurobiology Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and a “A zebra finch is a species that learns its song once as anything and I started my career coming out of molec- member of Beckman’s NeuroTech group, has a degree in and only once in its life and it doesn’t change after that,” ular biology. biochemistry and a Ph.D. in molecular cell biology. He Clayton said. “There is this critical period when it is basi- “As I got deeper in the brain stuff I went through a also has an interest in neuroscience and psychology cally an adolescent when he – and only the male learns good 10 years or more where it was much more neurobi- going back to his graduate school days; a talk about to sing – hears his tutor and forms a memory of his tutor ology, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology. Then with this songbirds by a noted researcher got him interested in and then he has to practice over a two-month period. He genomic era I’ve kind of come back to where maybe now avian biology because of the unique insights the birds rehearses and what he ends up with is a good but not a I’m a genome biologist.” can provide neuroscience. perfect copy, because every bird sings his own unique Clayton said his area of study might best be under- “My questions are about the role of genes and gene song, but he ends up with his own little take on his stood through the word neurogenomics. expression in the brain,” Clayton said of his research. “A tutor’s song. Once he’s learned it at 90 days of age, once “It’s kind of a pretentious term but it’s an attempt to lot of that is related to how the brain adapts to experi- he’s sexually mature, it’s like it is set in stone.” capture the idea that the brain and the genome are the ence; learning and memory is one flavor of that adapta- Clayton is currently working with Monica Fabiani two big control systems in our bodies and certainly in all tion. I study the songbirds because they are a useful and Gabriele Gratton of Beckman’s Cognitive Neuro- animals,” Clayton said. “Those are traditionally studied model organism in many ways; because of the way their science group, using their EROS optical imaging technol- as two separate things, but biology doesn’t know the dif- brains are put together; because of the way that they ogy to study the zebra finch’s brain activity non-inva- 2007-08 ference. It’s all one organism, right? So that’s what learn to sing; and because we are able to analyze their sively using tiny finch-sized helmets. really interests me: how these two things interact, how behavior and vocal communication. So we are trying to Clayton calls the interdisciplinary approach at Beck- EPORT

R the genome contributes to brain function and controls gain insights that will ultimately be relevant to how the man and technologies such as EROS housed there as how the brain develops.” human brain works.” “absolutely essential” for his research.

NNUAL However fluid his research boundaries are, Clay- In his white paper to the NHGRI, Clayton wrote of “I think being at the Beckman has afforded access A ton’s focus on a particular subject of study, the zebra the zebra finch’s value as a “powerful biological model to the technical and intellectual,” he said. “I’ve had finch songbird, has been laser-like. Clayton has been a to human biology.” Once the sequencing is completed, it access to people like Monica and Gabriele for example. I leading researcher in the field, publishing a 1992 paper is hoped the bird will be added to the NIH List of Model think this is a very important big picture kind of thing to NSTITUTE I that showed hearing a song of the same species activat- Organisms for Biomedical Research. be developing and it would not be happening were it not ed transcription in the brain, a seminal finding that ignit- “A lot of infrastructure was developed with the for the Beckman.” ed a long line of research. His status is such that in 2005 human genome project,” Clayton said. “For a period of ECKMAN

B it was Clayton who authored a successful white paper years the strategy at the NIH was to focus on other organ- 12 D AVID C LAYTON O H EOECNRBTST RI FUNCTION BRAIN TO CONTRIBUTES GENOME THE HOW O HS W HNSINTERACT THINGS TWO THESE HOW N OTOSHWTEBANDEVELOPS BRAIN THE HOW CONTROLS AND “S THAT O R ESEARCHER ’ – D HTRAL NEET ME INTERESTS REALLY WHAT S AVID C LAYTON P ROFILE .” : , 13

R ESEARCHER P ROFILE Human-Computer Intelligent Interaction Overview

ears before there were cell phones mation and Processing (IFP) and Hutchinson, a leader in using mathe- Yor Photoshopped images or an Human Perception and Performance matics to solve issues involving robot Internet the general public could use, (HPP) continue to be leaders in a wide sensing, planning and control. Anoth- the idea of including research focused range of human-technology interfaces. er original Beckman researcher, AI on human-computer interactions was Several original faculty members member Narendra Ahuja, is a leader a given as the Beckman Institute came remain on the cutting edge of research in many human-computer topics, into being nearly 20 years ago. topics, including HCII Co-chair Art including detecting and analyzing Even in 1988, as the finishing Kramer, who is conducting research visual and auditory signals for com- touches were being put on the building on driver and pedestrian distraction, puter vision and other applications. and University of Illinois faculty mem- visual search and attention in laborato- HCII Co-chair Tom Huang, a fac- bers were accepting appointments to ry and real-world environments, and ulty member at Beckman since 1990 Beckman, the growing importance of cognitive and fitness training on and a pioneer of computer vision and computers in people’s lives was not human performance and brain func- signal processing research, is breaking only acknowledged but embraced by tion, and robotics researcher Seth new ground in the areas of gender many faculty members at Illinois. When the Institute officially opened a year later, researchers from the areas of artificial intelligence and robotics, image formation and processing, computer science, perceptual psychology, and neuroscience were included as original faculty members at Beckman. 2007-08 When the Human-Computer Intel- ligent Interaction research initiative

EPORT was created in 1994 as one of the Beck- R man’s three main research themes, efforts in computer-related areas were NNUAL

A brought together under a broad umbrella with the mission of understanding and enhancing the human- NSTITUTE

I computer interface for the benefit of science and for future applications. Today researchers in the HCII groups of

ECKMAN Artificial Intelligence (AI), Image For- B Liz Stine-Morrow's research focuses on cognition and the capacity for learning throughout our lifespan. 14 and emotion recognition software for medication properly, or Elizabeth computer and cell phone applications. Stine-Morrow’s Senior Odyssey proj- Researchers in Stephen Levinson’s lab ect that is both a research experiment are teaching robots the meaning of and intervention program for older words. adults. Much of the research in HCII Research in HCII also includes the involves developing technology that use of advanced technology for benefits humans, such as AI member research purposes. HPP group member Mark Hasegawa-Johnson’s project to Alejandro Lleras used eye-tracking develop speech recognition programs equipment and computers to run a for people with cerebral palsy or Todd groundbreaking experiment that Coleman’s work to design novel, non- demonstrated that directed eye move- invasive brain-machine interface appli- ment could be used for problem- cations that could, for example, aid solving and showing that eye move- someone with a prosthetic limb. HPP ment is not just a function of cognition member Deana McDonagh started an but can actually affect our cognitive industrial design class that worked processes. Frances Wang from HPP with students with disabilities to create uses the Cube, Beckman’s six-sided aids designed specifically for their immersive virtual reality environment, VERVIEW

needs. to explore human spatial cognition and O The boundaries of HCII research visual perception in order to under- include developing interventions to help stand how people navigate in their older adults, such as Dan Morrow’s worlds.

project that is developing a cognitive The researchers in the Human- NTERACTION I aid to assist older adults take their Computer Intelligent Interaction research initiative are working to enhance human-machine interfaces

and to develop new technology that NTELLIGENT I Beckman researcher Deana McDonagh uses mood improves people’s lives. boards to extend the product design process. They are often used both in establishing and agreeing on a product's initial ambience with a client. OMPUTER -C UMAN H

15 Human-Computer Intelligent Interaction Highlights

Superhuman Speech Interface for Those with Cerebral about a third of the time. However, based on input Enhancing Medication Adherence Among Older Palsy from the CP subjects, the researchers were able to Patients Mark Hasegawa-Johnson, whose research with greatly improve those numbers by giving the speech Dan Morrow of the Human Performance and the Artificial Intelligence group focuses on speech pro- recognizer the same advantages as listeners who were Perception group is advancing his work on a cognitive duction and recognition by humans and computers, is very familiar with the subjects, such as family mem- aid that assists older adults with chronic illnesses in leading a project that is helping improve verbal com- bers or close friends. The speech recognizer was their drug-taking regimen. Morrow developed a med- munication for those with cerebral palsy. Hasegawa- trained specifically for each individual to recognize ications table (called medtable for short) as part of a Johnson and his collaborators have developed an utterances from a fixed 55-word vocabulary; its 90 pharmacy-based intervention program aimed at automatic speech recognizer for people with cerebral percent success rate proved much more accurate than assisting older patients who are taking multiple med- palsy that was able to correctly understand 90 percent a human transcriber. In addition, the group developed ications improve their health literacy and their adher- of a particular subject’s words. Researchers recorded a prototype of a computer game that enables the sub- ence to medication regimens. The successful results 16 volunteer subjects with cerebal palsy (CP) as they jects to score the speech recognizers. If a sufficiently shown in that program led Morrow to focus this past read a series of isolated words and found that listen- successful interface is established between the year on making improvements in the medtable. He ers unfamiliar with the subjects understood them only user and the recognizer, further prototypes will be also completed laboratory studies that confirmed in developed. simulation experiments the efficacy of using a medtable and began a collaboration toward using the medtable in actual clinical settings. Filling out a medtable, which involves consultation between the (Left Inset) A model from the speech interface developed by patient and providers such as a doctor or health care Mark Hasegawa-Johnson and his specialist, can have several benefits. It requires useful collaborators. patient-provider interactions regarding the medication regimen, including times for taking each drug that are (Below) A screen capture showing 2007-08 a user of the automatic speech both convenient for the patient and that correlate recognizer for talkers with cerebral with the drug regimen. It also provides the patient a palsy. EPORT printout of their medication schedule, which can R serve as a useful cognitive aid for older adults who are taking multiple medications. While Morrow NNUAL

A believes the medtable can be a useful aid for older patients, he says the aid’s real benefits may lie in the patient-provider relationship. “To me the value is not

NSTITUTE walking away with the printout, it’s working with the I provider to generate it,” Morrow said. “That’s what supports your understanding, gives the provider a

ECKMAN sense of how well you do understand and a chance to B do some education.” 16 From left to right: Heejin Kim, Harsh Vardhan Sharma, and Mark Hasegawa- Johnson. Enhancing the Training and Performance of Complex Computer-based Tasks A project headed by HCII Co-chair Art Kramer aimed at increasing understanding of how skills relevant to complex computer-based tasks and environments are learned and transferred is a true interdisciplinary effort that includes a strong collaboration with MIT. A Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) grant award from the Office of Naval Research last year funded the project, which capitalizes on research into brain plasticity — the concept that brain circuitry is constantly changing and adjusting due to new knowledge and experi- ences, and a central theme of much of the cognitive neuroscience work done at Beckman. Much of this previous research has shown that the transfer of skill training has very narrow effects. This new project is based on the work of Beckman researchers and others showing that some forms of training, such as when training strategies emphasize flexible skill coordination in challenging tasks and environments, can have broader transfer of training effects. The Art Kramer, Co-chair for the HCII research initiative and Director of the project, which features six Beckman Institute re- Biomedical Imaging Center, is leading an interdisciplinary effort that searchers in addition to Kramer, is studying and explores how some forms of training, such as when training strategies emphasize flexible skill coordination in challenging tasks and environ- trying to capitalize on those strategies in order to ments, can have broader transfer of training effects. develop a corpus of techniques that can be used to enhance training and transfer of complex computer- based skills. Researchers are using behavioral and fer. They will also develop neurally plausible compu- neuroimaging methods and human (at Illinois) and tational models of training and transfer for both indi- non-human primate (MIT) subjects to examine train- vidual and team performance. Joining Kramer in ing transfer across both domain-specific and domain- these efforts are fellow Beckman faculty members general processes, and for the purpose of identifying Dan Simons, Monica Fabiani, Gabriele Gratton, brain networks that support such learning and trans- Brad Sutton, Michelle Wang, and Wai-Tat Fu.

17 Human-Computer Intelligent Interaction Highlights

Senior Odyssey: A Test of the Engagement Hypothesis program Odyssey of the Mind, which features creative In Senior Odyssey teams of adults age 60 and over of Cognitive Aging problem-solving in team-style competitions, as a tem- participate in long-term problem solving over a 16- Human Perception and Performance group mem- plate, Stine-Morrow developed Senior Odyssey to test week session and compete in a tournament at the end ber Elizabeth Stine-Morrow began her Senior the theory that such a program requires participants of the session that is judged by the same criteria as Odyssey project as a small pilot program and expand- to operate in what is called a “substantively complex” that used in the international Odyssey of the Mind ed it with a two-year, $90K grant from the National environment in which “individuals face myriad choic- competition. So far, they have completed the first of Institute on Aging (NIA) in 2004. The value of the es in encountering and resolving ill-defined problems four cycles testing the Senior Odyssey program’s project was recognized in 2007 as Stine-Morrow and requiring creativity and the development of solutions effects on participants, using a wider array of cogni- her collaborators were awarded a new 5-year, $1.9M that need to be implemented, evaluated, and revised.” tive and psychological measures than in the past. grant from the NIA for a five-year Results from a two-cycle pilot of the Senior Odyssey study. From mod- study show that, relative to a wait- est beginnings, Senior Odyssey list control, Odyssey participants has now grown into a multi-level show relative gains in speed of pro- research project as well as a com- cessing, inductive reasoning, and munity-based cognitive interven- divergent thinking. tion program for older adults. Stine-Morrow said the new grant Nature’s Complex Sensory Signals will allow for a more comprehen- Inspire Solutions for Signal sive study and for greater outreach Processing to older adults. “We are also work- How do animals transform ing to reach elders who have rela- sensory input from the world tively few planned activities each around them — the visual scenes

2007-08 week; these are seniors who are their eyes take in, the sounds their typically hard to recruit but who ears absorb — into useful informa-

EPORT might benefit more from engage- tion? An interdisciplinary research R ment,” Stine-Morrow said. “Final- project at the Beckman Institute is ly, the larger sample size we will looking at the solutions nature pro- NNUAL

A be able to recruit with this level of vides to that question in order to funding will enable us to examine create algorithms that emulate individual differences in change — those biological solutions. Artificial

NSTITUTE e.g., what are the characteristics of I people who benefit more or less from a program of engagement?” Artificial Intelligence researcher Narendra Ahuja ECKMAN Using the educational enrichment explores how the complex sensory signals in nature B can be used as inspiration for signal processing 18 solutions. Intelligence group member input from a human teacher who demonstrated an Biological inspiration for complex action while speaking the word corresponding with and project principal investi- sensory signals is taken from the gator Narendra Ahuja is con- weakly electric fish, a native that action. The number of different verbs was tributing his expertise in inhabitant of the freshwater rivers unknown and the descriptions were highly variable. in South America. Mark Nelson’s Using its audio and visual senses, the robot was able decoding the computational Electrosensory Processing Labo- relationships between images ratory examines the electric field to learn the meanings of 20 common verbs such as and three-dimensional scenes the fish use for navigation. kick, throw, lift, and wave. for human-computer interaction purposes to the effort. Ahuja and members of his Computer Vision and Robot- ics Laboratory are developing computer vision meth- Teaching the Meaning of Words to a Robot ods for detecting and localizing hierarchical spatial Robotics researcher Steve Levinson’s Language Beckman researcher Steve Levinson's laboratory is teaching its robots the structures in complex sensory signals. The algo- Acquisition and Robotics Laboratory has accom- meaning of words using a “show-and-tell” approach. rithms they are creating for this project are inspired plished a pair of firsts in its mis- by fellow Beckman faculty members doing biological sion to develop intelligent robots signal-processing research on creatures on land and that have the ability to learn nat- in the water. Collaborator Al Feng, who investigates ural language. The lab modifies the neural basis of sound pattern recognition in the robots and develops and inte- IGHLIGHTS auditory system of frogs and bats, is contributing grates modules for various cogni- H knowledge gained from his studies of the acoustic tive processes, such as sensory identification and spatial localization of the sounds input processing and speech made by frogs in acoustically complex environ- recognition, with the goal of

eventually creating a “mechanical NTERACTION ments. The other biological inspiration comes from I weakly electric fish, a unique creature that inhabits mind.” The lab does research on freshwater rivers in South America. Mark Nelson’s the hypothesis that language is Electrosensory Processing Laboratory studies these acquired through interaction with

the real world and that sensory motor function is NTELLIGENT

fish because they use an electric field for navigation I and localizing prey. The project’s goal is to gain a essential to this process. A current project has for the A robot from Levinson's better understanding of biological information-pro- first time enabled robots to correctly learn the seman- lab is learning to cessing principles, with a potential for developing tics of verbs through a “show-and-tell” approach that navigate a maze. OMPUTER

novel applications in robotics, or in other areas such has allowed a robot to learn the meaning of 20 com- -C as surveillance technology. mon verbs. The robot received both audio and visual UMAN H

19 D ESIGNING A WAY OF L IFE

t was probably as unique an exhibition opening as the prototypes of products that were more user-friendly for the other,” McDonagh said. “What my Ph.D. focused on IIllini Union Art Gallery has ever played host to: Illinois the students with disabilities. was the designer and the user coming together as collab- students with disabilities sharing the spotlight with stu- The show featured devices such as a tool for draw- orators. With empathic design we don’t design for, we dents from an industrial design class, taking as much ing and cutting a straight line for people with low vision don’t design with somebody in mind; we design collabo- pride in the collaborative efforts it took to create the and a prototype of a chin-pointer (a head-worn aid used ratively. I develop design research tools and approaches assisted living devices on display as in the end products for tasks such as typing and pushing buttons) that is that enable designers to expand their empathic horizon, themselves. It was just the result Deana McDonagh was already on the path to being patented. As potentially so that they can develop and create products that satisfy hoping for. beneficial as the prototypes may turn out to be, for an authentic need through more intuitive design out- McDonagh, whose unique class pairing the students McDonagh it was the process itself that generated the comes.” together led to the exhibition, is an Associate Professor of most positive feedback. Using her approach, McDonagh is now working Industrial Design and member of the Human Perfor- “I think it was certainly a showcase that illustrated with Beckman colleagues on projects to incorporate mance and Perception group at Beckman. She is also an how design applies technology and responds to people’s empathic design principles with new technologies. A new author, editor, sought-after speaker, and consultant to situations,” she said. “I think it was a really nice way to collaboration with psychology researcher Jason McCarley industry because of her pioneering approach to industri- let people know that these products don’t just happen; and Integrated Systems Laboratory Director Hank Kacz- al design. McDonagh’s user-centered methods for design- there is a process behind it and we’re integrating the user marski is looking to create goggles that will enable ing products and environments would make Arnold more and more. There’s a shift from designing for, to designers working on products for the elderly to visualize Beckman proud, thanks to its emphasis on real-world designing with, to designing by, so we all benefit from the world through an older person’s eyes, thereby applications that have the potential to improve our lives. different perspectives.” improving product design. It is the type of collaboration “We’re not artists,” McDonagh said of designers. The students with disabilities may have benefitted McDonagh hopes to have with more Beckman “The one thing that I’m an advocate of is that design is the most from the project, and not just because of the researchers. not about styling, design is about creating a positive devices created to improve their lives. “What I would really love is for more scientists and experience for others. That sets us apart from artists; “What we found is that they had never really had engineers and technologists to welcome that kind of col-

2007-08 designers are very different creatures. I just want (design) any experience of the impact of design and to be part of laboration because design does make a difference,” she to make a difference, so every piece of my research is the process and — this is my interpretation— it was very said. about enhancing the quality of life.” empowering for them,” McDonagh said. “They realized McDonagh is starting a class in the fall that will have EPORT

R The Disability + Relevant Design exhibition at the that their voice has real authority. They are the experts students with disabilities in the class, not just as users Illini Art Gallery in the spring of 2008 put a fine point on in their life experience. Well, suddenly, we took their life but as budding designers themselves.

NNUAL McDonagh’s perspective on researching and teaching experience and their feelings, which are very visceral “We’re going to challenge them and get them to A industrial design. Her innovative approach —summed up and difficult to communicate, and we actually respond- design for able-bodied students,” McDonagh said. “So through the term “empathic design research”— relies on ed to them.” they are going to be designed for and they are also going the concept that creating a successful product is best McDonagh says the empathic design approach tries to be part of a design team. What we want to do is har- NSTITUTE I accomplished by including not only the users’ needs but to take all of a user’s needs, including what she says are ness the creativity of everyone, because we’re all creative, also the users themselves in the design process. The exhi- supra-functional needs like emotional and cultural con- we all adapt to our environments. It’s really channeling bition was the culmination of a semester-long project in cerns, into account. In order to do that, she said, an and harnessing that creative energy from what is often a ECKMAN

B which McDonagh had her industrial design class stu- empathic designer has to get a firsthand look at the marginalized group of people. And to hear their voice dents work with U. of I. students registered with Disabil- world from the user’s point of view. and see it manifest itself into something tangible can only 20 ity Resources and Educational Services (DRES) to create “Before the user was always seen as a subject, as happen on this campus.” R ESEARCHER P ROFILE

“WHAT I WOULD REALLY LOVE IS FOR

MORE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS AND ONAGH

TECHNOLOGISTS TO WELCOME THAT KIND OF D

COLLABORATION BECAUSE DESIGN C

DOES MAKE A DIFFERENCE.” M

– DEANA MCDONAGH EANA D ROFILE P ESEARCHER R

21 Molecular and Electronic Nanostructures Overview

ano is a popular prefix these days nanoscale were a building block of Nin the worlds of research, technolo- Beckman research from the start. gy, and manufacturing but research Twenty years ago Jean-Pierre and technology development at the Leburton, head of the Computational nanoscale have been a part of the Electronics group, and Joseph Lyding, Beckman Institute from the beginning. head of the Nanoelectronics group, Although the Molecular and Elec- were investigating nanoscale topics tronic Nanostructures (M&ENS) such as quantum dots and semicon- research initiative was formed in 1994, ductor physics. Today, Leburton con- work at the nanoscale (less than 100 tinues to study quantum dots while nanometers) has taken place at the expanding his research to include proj- Institute since 1989 when researchers ects like the development of a solid- from University of Illinois departments state silicon semiconductor membrane like Chemistry, Engineering, and for biosensing applications. Lyding Physics joined Beckman as original built Illinois’ first scanning tunneling faculty members. microscope (STM) and invented an M&ENS researchers have the ultrastable STM while at Beckman – broad mission of understanding chem- technology he uses today while ical and physical processes involving researching materials like graphene, a structures on the nanometer scale and sheet of carbon a single atom thick, for developing nanoscale applications, possible electronics applications. including advanced software for Klaus Schulten is a Swanlund

2007-08 advancing this research. Chair in the Department of Physics and Within this research initiative original Beckman faculty member

EPORT there are six groups working toward whose research has evolved through R those ends: 3-D Micro- and Nanosys- his TCB group to include a leadership tems (3-DMN), Autonomous Materials role in developing software for molec- NNUAL

A Systems (AMS), Computational Elec- ular dynamics simulations of biological tronics (CE), Computational Multiscale systems and processes. Schulten and Nanosystems (CMN), Nanoelectronics TCB recently enhanced graphics pro-

NSTITUTE (NE), and Theoretical and Computa- cessing units in order to perform a mil- I tional Biophysics (TCB). lion-atom simulation that matched the The M&ENS mission was codified computing power of hundreds of tradi-

ECKMAN in 1994 with the creation of research tional processors. Another Beckman B themes but researchers working at the original, Umberto Ravaioli of the 22 (Left) This stunning image created for Paul Braun's research group by Beckman's Imaging Technology Group (Stephen Eisenmann) illustrates guiding light around the bend in three-dimensional photonic crystals. The image was used on the January 2008 cover of Nature Photonics.

Eric Luijten and Gerard Wong’s 2007 PNAS paper provided new insights into fighting bacterial infections in cystic fibrosis patients. This image shows a side view and cross-sections of a bundle of F-actin filaments (blue) held together by lysozyme (orange), as predicted by molecular dynamics simulations.

CMN group, also develops tools for 2001 Nature article group but now simulations in nanostructures, includ- reporting on a novel is a full-time ing nanoscale silicon devices that are autonomic, or self-heal- faculty member being used by research groups at major ing, system for healing with his own semiconductor companies. cracks in a polymeric research group Stephen Sligar (3-DMN) is a Pro- material. That work is an even stronger making breakthroughs in computer sim- fessor of Chemistry and Beckman orig- research line today with new advances ulations of biological processes. Eric inal faculty member whose discovery in the technology and commercial Luijten (AMS) also uses computer simu- this past year of a novel method for applications of the system in the past lations, taking the work of experimental detecting molecule binding to year. researchers like Gerard Wong (3-DMN) Cyrochrome P450s, a family of The work of 3-DMN group mem- and adding the element of dynamic enzymes that play critical roles in ber John Rogers with a wide variety of computer simulation in order to gain a metabolizing compounds like drug materials and methods at the better understanding of the workings compounds, was a first step toward nanoscale for electronics and photonic of complex fluids. development of a detection assay for systems applications continues to turn Researchers from the 3-DMN possible applications in personalized heads not only among his fellow scien- group like Paul Braun, who studies medicine. tists but also in the national media. nanostructures and microstructures These original faculty members This past year Rogers’ breakthrough with properties useful for optical, elec- have been joined over the years by method for creating perfectly aligned, trical and biological applications, Paul new faculty who are pushing the parallel arrays of carbon nanotubes Kenis (development of microchemical boundaries of nanoscale research. (CNTs) was used to make the first-ever systems through the miniaturization of

Scott White, Nancy Sottos, and transistor radio using CNTs for all the chemical processes) and Nicholas ANOSTRUCTURES Jeff Moore of the AMS group paved active components. Fang (using nanoscale materials to N the way for the rapidly Research in M&ENS continues to improve applications like high-resolu- growing area of self-healing grow and evolve with more recent tion ultrasonic imaging) may work additions. The research of Ioannis materials with their seminal with different materials but have the LECTRONIC Chasiotis (AMS) into micro- and same goal of advancing nanoscale E [INSET] Klaus Schulten's Theoretical and nanoscale materials has led to a new research for real world uses. Computational Biophysics group has method for revealing the mechanical Upholding a tradition of almost 20 adapted graphics processing units behavior of polymeric and organic years of groundbreaking research, (GPUs) to NAMD, a widely used parallel nanofibers at timescales ranging from M&ENS researchers are continuing to

molecular dynamics simulation package. OLECULAR AND

GPUs are an attractive option for accel- milliseconds to hours. Emad Tajkhor- lead the way in nanoscale research and M erating scientific computations. Schul- shid began his career at Beckman as a technology development. ten's group presents performance 23 postdoctoral researcher for the TCB results for a 64-core 64-GPU cluster. Molecular and Electronic Nanostructures Highlights

Rogers and Collaborators Create Carbon Nanotube Radio This image was featured on the cover of Advanced Functional Materials. It accompanied a paper by Mary Caruso, Ben Blaiszik, Scott White, Nancy A team of Beckman Institute researchers led by 3- Sottos, and Jeff Moore. ITG visualization specialists collaborated to create D Micro and Nanosystems group member John Rogers the image. built the world’s first all-carbon nanotube (CNT) transistor radio, creating in the process a new type of radio frequency (RF) analog electronics technology. The material. The original proof-of-concept system used a group used a growth technique developed by Rogers’ ruthenium-based Grubbs’ catalyst, which was expen- lab to create perfectly aligned, densely packed, parallel sive and therefore impractical for widespread applica- arrays of carbon nanotubes that formed an effective tions. This past year Sottos, White and Moore, along type of semiconductor thin-film material. With proper- with graduate students Mary Caruso and Benjamin ties significantly better than silicon and a high current Blaiszik, reported on the development of a new cata- output, the arrays were used to make high-perform- lyst-free, less-expensive self-healing system that uses ance circuits and transistors that hold great potential environmentally friendly solvents as healing agents. for analog radio frequency applications in high-speed The catalyst-free system demonstrated high healing electronics or other applications. The researchers used efficiencies of 82 percent for a polymer containing sol- CNTs for all of the active components, including the vent microcapsules. Later, an improved solvent-based antenna, amplifiers, and filters, and the technology is self-healing system was studied and showed 100 per- compatible with current manufacturing methods. cent healing efficiencies and recovery of fracture Rogers and his collaborators at Illinois and at Northrop toughness. This system incorporates microcapsules Grumman used the technology to fabricate transistor Development of Catalyst-free Self-healing Polymers containing epoxy monomers and solvent into epoxy radios, one of which was successfully tested by picking The pioneering work of Autonomous Materials resin matrices that rupture upon crack damage, seal- up a traffic report from a radio station in Baltimore. The Systems group members Nancy Sottos, Scott White, ing the crack face closed. 2007-08 work was reported in both Nature Nanotechnology and and Jeff Moore into self-healing materials continues to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and yield new discoveries and greater advances in a EPORT carried by a wide range of national media, including an This image is a 3-D representation of a polymeric microcapsule rupturing R research line that has already led to commercial to release the healing agent. The liquid is comprised of an epoxy interview with Rogers on the National Public Radio applications. Sottos, White, and Moore have monomer, EPON 828, whose chemical structure is shown in show Science Friday. the inset and solvent (depicted as

NNUAL been leaders in the area of self-healing

A the purple liquid) into a materials ever since their 2001 Nature damaged fracture article reported for the first time on a plane. completely autonomic, or self-healing, NSTITUTE I system for healing cracks in a polymeric ECKMAN B Beckman researcher John Rogers and his collaborators built the world's first all-carbon nanotube (CNT) transistor radio. 24 Braun’s Group Develops Technique for Guiding Light ber of applications around a Bend but current meth- Paul Braun of the 3-D Micro- and Nanosystems ods are impractical group used optical features embedded in self-assem- for making them bled three-dimensional photonic crystals to achieve a functional with first: guiding near-infrared light along a complex pat- nanomaterials. Lu tern, including around a bend. In their cover article for and his group Nature Photonics, Braun and his collaborators developed a simple described their innovative method: starting with a self- method for precise- assembled, photonic band gap colloidal crystal, they ly controlling the then use a photoactive monomer, laser light, silicon assembly of gold filler, and an etching process to fabricate a new mate- nanoparticles on rial exhibiting photonic activity. The 3-D optical wave- DNA by using phosphorothioate modification on DNA Aleksei Aksimentiev of the Theoretical and Computational Biophysics group guide embedded in the crystal can guide light around as an anchor and a bi-functional linker that can con- and Greg Timp of the Nanoelectronics group are working to create a synthetic nanopore for sequencing DNA. micron-sized bends and the band gap created is the nect a gold nanoparticle to DNA as a fastener. Lu same wavelength as that used by industry for fiber- wrote that the distance between gold nanoparticles optic cable, two intriguing characteristics toward assembled on DNA “could be controlled by simply future applications in the telecommunications indus- changing the position of the modification on DNA molecules to translocate through a synthetic pore in a try such as fiber optics, or for creating high-speed chip with identical sequences and it could be observed on silicon nitride membrane, the researchers found that IGHLIGHTS H circuits. Braun said the fabrication technique is sim- the surface by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) by stretching and unzipping nucleic acid hairpin mol- pler and less expensive than conventional fabrication images and statistical analyses. The methodology ecules they were able to gather data about the electro- methods, especially for large-area photonic crystals. demonstrated can be applied to using DNA for precise mechanical properties of DNA. Reporting their results distance and topological control of nanomaterials in in Nucleic Acids Research, Timp and Aksimentiev Site-specific Control of Distances between Gold one, two, and three dimensions.” write that their data indicates that it may be possible ANOSTRUCTURES

Nanoparticles to use a synthetic nanopore like a molecular gate in N Yi Lu’s research involving nanoscale biology has Advancements in Synthetic Nanopore for Sequencing order to discriminate between secondary structures in led to advancements in areas such as biosensor tech- DNA Project DNA. The researchers also reported in Nanoletters on nology and to applications like an easy-to-use dipstick Continuing work in their mission to create a the discovery of a voltage threshold measure in a syn- LECTRONIC test for drugs like cocaine that was based on gold synthetic nanopore for sequencing DNA, Alek Aksi- thetic nanopore that could make it possible to discrim- E nanoparticle technology. Lu, a member of Beckman’s mentiev of the Theoretical and Computational Bio- inate between two variants of the same gene (alleles) 3-D Micro- and Nanosystems group, has now reported physics group and Greg Timp of the Nanoelectronics that differ in one base. on a method for precise control of both the position of group reported on two important advancements this nanomaterials and the distances between them. DNA- past year. Using an electric field to force single hairpin based nanostructures have great potential for a num- OLECULAR AND M

25 Molecular and Electronic Nanostructures Highlights

Beckman Researchers Key Players in MEMS/NEMS integrated MEMS/NEMS-based micro- and nanosys- Breakthrough Computational Models for Nanofluidics, Center tems, and proliferate their insertion in military and NEMS Faculty members from the Computational Multi- commercial applications.” Molecular and Electronic Nanostructures Co- scale Nanosystems (CMN) group continued to chair Narayana Aluru produced two breakthroughs advance research at the multi-university IMPACT Simulations Provide New Information on Ribosome in his work developing innovative computational Center for Advancement of MEMS/NEMS VLSI. The Researchers in the Theoretical and Computation- methods for analysis and design in the areas of micro- Center’s goal is to advance the development of micro- al Biophysics (TCB) group developed a method called electromechanical systems (MEMS), nanoelectro- electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectro- molecular dynamics flexible fitting (MDFF) for per- mechanical systems (NEMS), and micro- and nanoflu- mechanical systems (NEMS) for integration with very forming what is called flexible fitting of X-ray crystal- idics. In a finding important for nanofluidics, Aluru large systems. Headquartered at the Beckman Insti- lography structures into cryo-electron microscopy and his collaborators made the counter-intuitive dis- tute, the Center is headed by Beckman researcher maps (cryo-EM) using their NAMD molecular dynam- covery that on a graphite surface for low surface cov- Andreas Cangellaris and includes Institute colleagues ics simulations software. The method was applied to erage, longer molecules diffuse faster compared to Narayana Aluru, Philippe Geubelle, Ioannis the ribosome, the molecular site of protein synthesis shorter molecules, giving scientists and others work- Chasiotis, and Umberto Ravaioli, as well as and where the translation of genetic information into ing in areas such as nanomanufacturing new insight researchers from three other top universities. Cangel- protein sequences required for life takes place. The into how molecules behave on very small surfaces. laris and Aluru look at what is called uncertainty technique complements crystallography and cryo-EM Aluru also reported on the development of new mul- quantification in MEMS and how uncertainties in, for by providing both functional data and atomic-scale tiscale algorithms that seamlessly combine heteroge- example, the geometries of tiny structures, can affect resolution of the ribosome. Using the MFDD method, neous quantum-mechanical models with semi-classi- the performance of devices like radio frequency (RF) the group obtained data on 12 ribosome structures at cal and classical models for electrostatic and mechan- switches. This past year they developed a new compu- different stages of translation, revealing atomic-resolu- ical analysis of NEMS. Aluru said these new computational tool for dealing with uncertainties in their goal tion interactions between the ribosome and its factors tational tools provide the accuracy capabilities of of making MEMS devices, which may run millions in detail not seen before. The infor- quantum mechanical analyses (without that method's

2007-08 and millions of cycles, more reliable. Each Beckman mation gathered could be used by computational limitation to small structures) researcher at the IMPACT Center has a goal of improv- researchers looking at the mecha- and the speed of microscopic theories (with a

EPORT ing NEMS/MEMS reliability, with Cangellaris and nisms of translation and for degree of accuracy that method doesn't R Aluru currently looking at dielectric charging in RF researchers who are design- have when applied to large MEMS switches. Problems involving mechanical prop- ing experiments or creating structures). "We have NNUAL

A erties such as stress-strain behavior are analyzed by new antibiotics. developed this theory Chasiotis (on the experimental side) and Geubelle (on where you can mix the computational side), while Ravaioli investigates these length scales and

NSTITUTE how heat issues affect the reliability of MEMS devices. you will get the accuracy I The ultimate goal, the researchers write, is to “develop the physics-based knowledge needed to enhance

ECKMAN the lifetime performance and functionality of highly B This image represents an all-atom model of the T. thermophilus ribosome. Image courtesy the 26 Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group. Klaus Schulten's Theoretical and Computational and the speed," Aluru said. Biophysics group is home to the NIH Resource for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics. "This multiscale method is the first one developed for NEMS. What this means is now that The molten globule shown below forms during the we have these tools we should 10 ms protein folding simulation by the Theoretical be able to understand the and Computational Biophysics group. physics of NEMS devices in detail that we haven't been able to before."

Simulation of Protein Folding in 10 Microseconds The Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Simulations Reveal for First Time Binding of Molecule to (TCB) group under Director Klaus Schulten took on Carrier Protein one of the most important problems in structural Emad Tajkhorshid of the Theoretical and Com- biology when it adapted its computer simulation soft- putational Biophysics (TCB) group used molecular Gating of a Mechanosensitive Channel ware for observation of the folding mechanism and dynamics simulations to reveal, for the first time ever, The Theoretical and Computational Biophysics folded structure of a protein. Nanoscale Molecular binding of molecules to a carrier protein when he sim- (TCB) group is applying its NAMD molecular dynam- Dynamics (NAMD), a parallel code developed by ulated a delicate cycle that powers the cellular process- ics simulations software to simulate the workings of

TCB for high-performance simulations of large-scale es required for many aspects of life. Extensive molec- mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels, providing new IGHLIGHTS H biomolecular systems, was used in the effort but ular dynamics simulations performed on a membrane insights into the workings of these channels that play improved through various techniques for the chal- protein named ADP/ATP carrier revealed the recycling important mediation roles in biological processes. A lenging problem of simulating smaller molecules for of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy TCB effort with researchers at the University of Chica- longer times. The improved NAMD, used to simulate source of most cellular functions, and adenosine go aimed at increasing understanding of the gating protein folding, achieved timescales up to 10 diphosphate (ADP) from which ATP is synthesized mechanism and mechanotransduction in the during a process that powers many chemical reactions ANOSTRUCTURES microseconds, or a millionth of a second, which are mechanosensitive channel of small conductance N necessary to observe protein-folding events. The in cells. The simulations also revealed ADP binding (MscS) provided a thorough characterization of the achievement was a promising first step in providing sites on the ADP/ATP carrier protein on the inner MscS channel. Combined with electrophysiological a better framework for describing the protein-folding membrane of the mitochondrion. Tajkhorshid said measurements at Chicago, the researchers were able

that these unbiased simulations described in full LECTRONIC process. Creating a new tool for describing this to conclude that the MscS crystal structure represents E process will aid researchers trying to understand dis- atomic detail the first example of a complete ligand an intermediate state between open and closed con- eases caused by point mutations in proteins and binding event, illuminating key structural elements of formations and the computational data suggested a allow for the design of protein variants with novel the carrier involved in the nucleotide transportation gating mechanism that agreed with recent experimen- functions. cycle. tal results. The results could be used to guide the

design of future simulations and experiments testing OLECULAR AND M the function of MscS and other mechanosensitive channels at the experimental level. 27 B ECKMAN I NSTITUTE A NNUAL R EPORT 2007-08 28 and highlighted ininternationalpublicationslike learn how todoscientificresearch. asthey andsometimes fail— — his studentstosucceed focuses onteaching.Hisapproach isonethatallows Even with allhisresearch success, however, Braun still breakthrough work, especiallyinthearea ofphotonics. research group thatgarners nationalattentionforits sor ofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringwithalarge worked outquitewell too.HeisanAssociateProfes- job.” not really here toteachbutthatreally isourprimary can alldisappearinourwork andpretend thatwe’re ones whopickthose, appreciate your effortstoo.We means somethingthattheundergrads, whoare the list ofteachers rated asexcellent by theirstudents. “It Advising. Hehasalsobeennamedseveral timestothe ture EngineeringCouncilAward forExcellence in advising,” saidBraun, whohastwicewon theAccen- ciate isthatI’ve received several excellence awards for push themforward buttheotherthingthatIdoappre- at thetopoflist. however, Braun isquicktoputhiswork withstudents the country. pus-based nano-computedtomography microscope in Beckman InstituteandIllinoishometotheonlycam- ful multi-departmentfundingeffortthatwillmake the Scholar appointmentin2006 andin2007 ledasuccess- University ofIllinoisheearnedacoveted University peer-reviewed journals. Asafacultymemberatthe I Teaching researcher, Paul Braun hasalready seenhis work n alittlelessthandecadespentasfull-time “With graduate students Isometimesletthem Braun’s “secondary job”asaresearcher has “The papers are great andwe know we want to When pressed tonamehisgreatest achievements, Science and hadnumerous papers publishedin Nature + in self-assembled, three-dimensional photoniccrystals. embedding ofathree-dimensional opticalwaveguide tions. important conceptforhigh-speed opticalcommunica- the area ofphotonicbandgapstructures, apotentially man Institutein1999,Braun concentrated hiseffortsin ical applications. AftercomingtoIllinois andtheBeck- cally andusefulforoptical,electrical,even biolog- that have properties thatare bothinteresting scientifi- directed assembly, nanostructures andmicrostructures with afocusonstudyingandcreating, through selfand plinary research centers.” at otheruniversities thathave real, vibrant interdisci- ters that.It’s a specialplace;there are very few places example. Beckmanisaplacethatencourages andfos- of areas, between materialsscienceandchemistry for “Even asanundergraduate Iworked attheboundaries why Icamehere asagraduate student,”Braun said. came here asafacultymemberandinnosmallpart school andcareer decisions. Nanosystems group, played akey role inbothhis tute, where Braun isamemberofthe3-DMicro- and ence forhispost-graduate work. TheBeckmanInsti- the University ofIllinoisandthefieldmaterialssci- undergraduate degree from Cornellbefore settlingon alley, thenthat’s fine;they’ll learnfrom it.” means they spendafew weeks goingdown ablind themselves totheedgeoftheircomfortzone. Ifthat dents theopportunitytopushboundariesand going tolearnthatmuch.Itrymy besttogive my stu- a project andgive themevery steptodobutthey’re not learn thehard way,” Braun said.“You cangive astudent In 2002 Braun’s group was thefirst todemonstrate Braun madeanimpactearlyinhisresearch career “Beckman was oneofthemainreasons why I A native ofsouthernNew Jersey, Braun earnedan Research Equals SuccessfulScience there has tobeamarket.” product, ordevice; there hastobeanapplicationand material they really have tothinkofthebigpicture, the need tolearnthatbesidesjust comingupwiththe “We’re nothere toteachthembusiness, butthey do world’s bestproduct ifyou can’tsellit,”Braun said. with avery hands-onteachingopportunity. foray intothecommercial world shouldprovide him make thesciencemore relevant tohisstudents, sothis sometimes usescurrent news storiesinhisclassesto has now grown intoastart-upcompany. Braun saidhe members oftheAutonomous MaterialsSystems group research. Hiswork onself-healingmaterialswith to dothisatvery highspeeds.” chip, thiswould really enableanew way touselight about bringinginformationonandoffofacomputer grate lightintomuchsmallerpackages. Ifyou think tional fiberoptictechnology. Soitallows you tointe- radii. That’s somethingyou justcan’t dousingconven- ners thatare onlyhundreds ofnanometers inbend “What we candohere istobendthelightaround cor- it really sharplyallthelightleaksout,”Braun said. stymied duetofabricationanddesignissues. that hadbeenmuchsoughtafterinthefieldbut three-dimensional pattern,thereby achieving agoal ble, usingthismaterial,tobendlightinanarbitrary telecommunications industryinitsfiberopticcables. bandgap atthesamewavelength asthatusedby the method, producing anew photonicmaterialwitha optical waveguiding ofnear-infrared lightwiththeir In a2008 paperBraun andhisresearch group achieved “Sometimes itdoesn’tmatterifyou have the Braun hasalsoseensuccessinother areas ofhis “You canbendafiberopticcablebutifyou bend Their innovative work showed thatitwas possi- FTERCMOTZONE COMFORT THEIR OF EDGE THE TO THEMSELVES PUSH AND BOUNDARIES POTNT TO OPPORTUNITY ONABIDALLEY BLIND A DOWN THEY I “I HTMASTE PN E EK GOING WEEKS FEW A SPEND THEY MEANS THAT F R YBS OGV YSUET THE STUDENTS MY GIVE TO BEST MY TRY ’ LLANFO IT FROM LEARN LL R – P ESEARCHER AUL UHTHE PUSH B RAUN , HNTHAT THEN .” P ROFILE ’ FINE S ; .

P AUL B RAUN 29

R ESEARCHER P ROFILE Biomedical Imaging Center: Migrating North and Acquiring a New Magnet

his past year the Biomedical Imag- About the Biomedical Imaging Center gy, electrical and computing engineer- Biomedical Imaging Center Equipment Ting Center (BIC) began the arduous BIC provides invaluable resources ing, kinesiology and community and Facilities task of moving their magnets, equip- for those conducting research and health, mechanical science and engi- • 3T Siemens Whole-body MRI sys- ment, and staff from its own stand- developing MRI and fMRI technolo- neering, speech and hearing science, tem (not yet operational; to be alone building on the south side of the gies. BIC is committed to developing chemistry, veterinary clinical medi- installed Spring 2009) University of Illinois campus to the novel, leading-edge techniques that cine, and pathology. A snapshot of the • 3T Siemens Magnetom Allegra MR 313,000 square foot Beckman Institute combine magnetic resonance imaging work they are conducting at BIC Headscanner on the north side of the campus. This with other imaging techniques such as includes cognitive studies on the • Varian/Spectroscopy Imaging Sys- move, which swaps the BIC space optical imaging, eye-tracking, EEG, effects of aging and exercise, cortical tems Corporation (SISCO) Imaging with the Integrated Systems Laborato- and transcranial magnetic stimulation. plasticity and adult development, Spectrometer ry space, is a massive undertaking The wide array of projects being emotional and cognitive processing, • 600 MHz Varian MR System that will take over a year to fully com- conducted using BIC include multimodal imaging of cognition, and • 512 Channel Bi-Wavelength Near- plete. When finished, the new BIC researchers from more than 20 differ- cancer imaging and treatment models. Infrared Imager space will house a new cutting-edge ent departments, including psycholo- • 3T Allegra Mock Magnet three Tesla (3T) whole-body MRI sys- • Advanced AC magnetic field appli- tem. This new 3T whole body MRI cator for small animal hyperther- system will accommodate the next mia treatment generation of multimodal imaging including expansion into areas such • Low-magnetic field (5 ÷ 50 G) as cardiac imaging, animal imaging, polarizer for gas and liquid DNP- and neural activity. enhanced MRI BIC Associate Director Tracey • Reference library

2007-08 Wszalek has been instrumental in the • Computer laboratory planning and implementation of the • Electronic shop

EPORT • Mechanical shop

R move and the acquisition of the new 3T whole-body MRI system. • Wet lab “We are incredibly excited to be • Human subject preparation area NNUAL A aquiring the new 3T whole body magnet, “Wszalek said. “To see everything Hardware and software development coming together to best serve our is also an integral part of the work at NSTITUTE I users is very rewarding.” BIC. Projects that are under way include RF coils development, creating ECKMAN

B The SISCO magnet being removed from the south campus BIC location. 30 custom-built MRI accessories, pulse programming, developing k-t Spa- tiotemporal MRI, measuring flow velocities in micro-flowcells using the Diffusion Enhancement of Signal and Resolution (DESIRE) effect, using multiple micro-coil probes to reduce data acquisition time in multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, and using parallel imaging for NMR microscopy at 14.1T.

MRI and fMRI are being combined in innovative ways at the Beckman Institute. Image by Wolfgang Stollenwerk.

(Below) The SISCO magnet was recently quenched as part of BIC’s move north to the Beckman Institute. ENTER C MAGING I IOMEDICAL B

31 A Year of Growth for the Imaging Technology Group

he Imaging Technology Group (ITG) National Science Foundation Major variety of instrumentation already sup- Tprovides state-of-the-art resources Research Instrumentation grant that is ported by the Microscopy Suite: via the Microscopy Suite and the Visu- the largest grant of its kind ever award- Light Microscopy — including alization, Media, and Imaging Lab. ed to the University of Illinois. multiphoton confocal, with two-pho- Through these two interrelated facili- ITG microscopist Leilei Yin, who ton capability and a range of wave- ties, researchers from all disciplines are is in charge of both the micro-CT and lengths from UV to IR; fluorescence, given the tools and help they need to nano-CT machines, said what they are with structured illumination and excel- document, enhance and showcase providing is quite unique and that the lent 2- and 3-D tiling capabilities, their work. The facilities are open to nano-CT system, which will soon have reflected light, with laser tweezers, UV the entire Illinois campus, as well as a second independent component, is and visible light spectrometers, and a workers from government, other uni- the first of its kind that may be operat- high-sensitivity IR camera; stereozoom versities, and industry. ed without a synchrotron X-ray source. dissecting for low magnification imag- In the past year the ITG has under- Scott Robinson, the director of the ing; and stereology/nerve tracing, pri- gone major renovations which also Microscopy Suite, said their new marily for neuroscience work; include impressive equipment acquisi- equipment acquisitions open a new Electron microscopy — including a tions that keep the group on the lead- world of imaging possibilities for 200-kV transmission electron micro- ing edge of research. researchers that are not currently avail- scope (TEM) with standard and cus- able. tom-built holders, and a field-emission Microscopy Suite “Faculty support for the micro-/ environmental scanning electron New developments in the nano-CT proposal was overwhelm- microscope (ESEM) with every useful Microscopy Suite include a cutting- ing,” Robinson said. “Forty-seven Uni- option as well as excellent hi-vacuum edge, ultra-high-resolution nanotomog- versity of Illinois faculty members from (normal SEM) imaging capability;

2007-08 raphy (nano-CT) system that provides a variety of disciplines — biological, Scanned Probe Microscopy — unparalleled, three-dimensional images materials, and biomaterials — wrote including a multimode atomic force

EPORT of structures at the nanoscale. The enthusiastically in support of acquiring microscope (AFM) and versatile R Xradia nano-CT complements the the equipment.” nearfield scanning optical microscopes Xradia micro-CT and the skyscam The high-resolution X-ray tomog- (NSOM). Along with the necessary NNUAL

A micro-CT that has been in operation raphy capabilities of the new nano-CT preparation equipment, such as the more than three years. The nano-CT instrument can provide imaging of ultramicrotome and critical point dryer, provides researchers with the ability to samples as thick as 20 micrometers the suite maintains and supports light-

NSTITUTE perform nondestructive, internal imag- while resolving features as small as 50 scattering particle size analyzers as I ing of materials at sub-cellular scales. nanometers in width. well as a range of sputtering, resistive The nearly $2M grant for acquiring the The micro- and nano-CT instru- evaporative, and plasma coating

ECKMAN Xradia nano-CT was provided by a ments add a new mode to the wide equipment. B

32 Visualization, Media, and Beckman student Robert Barry prepares a sample in Imaging Lab the Microscopy Suite. The Visualization, Media, and Imaging Laboratory (VMIL) has under- gone a major transformation this year allows children worldwide to remotely by nearly doubling its space and giving control ITG’s high-resolution scanning the VMIL staff the opportunity to bet- electron microscope (ESEM). The stu- ter serve their users. dents may collect insect specimens The VMIL, which is known for from their own backyard, mail them to helping researchers visualize their ITG, and then log in from their class- work in innovative ways, is now even room to operate the ESEM using a Web more conducive to creativity and prob- The VMIL provides resources, browser. They can then collect high- lem-solving. equipment, and services for: magnification images of the bugs while Darren Stevenson, the director of • Image analysis they “chat” with Beckman’s “bugteam” the VMIL, said the new facilities have • Scientific visualization during their session. improved the lab’s operation by adding • Animation and high-definition video The Virtual Microscope project features like a meeting area, a dedicat- production provides software to explore pre-cap- ed 3-D printing environment, a much- • Color 3-D printing tured high-resolution, multi-dimen- improved photography setup area, and • X-ray micro-CT scanning sional image data sets from light, elec- a ceiling-mounted projector. • High-resolution macro photography tron, and scanning probe microscopes. “We will have a much less crowd- • 3-D object scanning Supporting features such as focus, ed space,” Stevenson said. “To stay at • Research presentation excitation wavelength, and x-ray spec- the forefront of technology we’ve been troscopy allow both students and continually adding new equipment. Technology Development researchers to use the Virtual Micro- We not only needed more space for ITG’s secondary mission is to scope just as they would the real that, we also needed to add develop advanced imaging technolo- instruments.

gies, with an emphasis on remote and Both projects have been very suc- ROUP

space for collaboration; a space G where people can work on proj- virtual instrumentation. These projects cessful. Bugscope has provided hun- ects and solve problems.” allow ITG to provide new methodolo- dreds of sessions throughout the Unit- gies for imaging and data viewing, ed States for K-12 teachers and stu-

while also enabling novel and substan- dents, while the Virtual Microscope ECHNOLOGY tive educational outreach opportuni- enjoys thousands of downloads each T Cate Wallace operates the Transmission ties for Beckman faculty. The month. Electron Microscope (TEM) in the Microscopy

Bugscope project, currently going MAGING Suite. I strong in its 10th year of existence, (Inset) An inside look at the newly acquired 33 Nano-CT. Changes Under way for the Integrated Systems Laboratory

SL provides researchers with an Key Components of the Integrated Iadvanced visualization environ- Systems Lab ment — both immersive and ultra- The Driving Simulator high resolution — that is ideal for The Beckman Institute Driving Simu- studies in human multimodal percep- lator is an integral part of the ISL and tion and cognition. Key components it is used extensively by perceptual of ISL include the Beckman Driving psychologists who are examining the Simulator, the Cube, the CAVE and way drivers interact with both their CANVAS. environment and the increasingly In the past year the Integrated complex nature of their automobiles. Systems Laboratory has begun a mas- Using a General Motors Saturn auto- sive undertaking — moving its opera- mobile, the driving simulator sur- tion across campus, essentially swap- rounds the “driver” with eight pro- ping spaces with the Biomedical jected moving images. These images, Imaging Center. The move began in and a fully integrated eye-tracking the Spring of 2008 and will continue system, allow researchers to gather into 2009. Guided by ISL Director data on how humans interact with Hank Kaczmarski, the group is mak- the automobile. ing every effort to ensure that the least amount of interruption is being The CAVETM made to research projects being con- The CAVE is a four-sided immersive ducted using ISL technology and sys- reality environment operated by ISL. 3-D models on display at the Dennos Museum in The Cube Grand Rapids, Michigan. 2007-08 tems. First constructed in 1995, it recently The Cube is a world-renowned, six- moved to a newly renovated space sided virtual reality chamber that pro- EPORT adjacent to the Cube that includes a R vides a completely immersive environ- The Cube is also involved in several new control and machine room. Sev- ment. Used extensively by researchers outreach projects using the latest eral Immersadesks are in the same

NNUAL in psychology, the Cube is driven by a addition to Syzygy, Myriad, a collabo-

A environment, connected to Onyx cluster of personal computers using an rative infrastructure that allows supercomputers and PC clusters, ISL-developed application called Syzy- researchers anywhere with a network enabling users to quickly develop, gy. Current research projects in the connection to interact with the

NSTITUTE test and remotely demonstrate new I Cube include human spatial naviga- images seen by researchers inside the applications. tion, object memory, visualization of Cube. urban planning data, virtual painting, ECKMAN

B and motion capture in virtual environments, just to name a few. 34 ISL Director Hank Kaczmarski at opening night for the Traveling Canvas exhibit at the Dennos Museum of Northwestern Michigan College. The kiosk allowed users to easily interact with the visual art.

in the multi-dimensional world of vir- CANVAS tual images. In January the Traveling (Collaborative Advanced Navigation CANVAS debuted at the Dennos Muse- Virtual Art Studio) um Center at Northwestern Michigan Users experience the virtual art in a multi-dimensional A CANVAS is a room-sized immersive world. College. 3-D environment with origins in CAVETM technology. It is scalable, reconfigurable display technology that facilitates the creation and display of immersive art works. It is collaborative because it can be connected to an AB array of geographically dispersed L immersive virtual spaces, has advanced navigation to allow viewers YSTEMS in different locations to interact with S virtual art, and allows for the creation and presentation of virtual art that exists not in two or three-dimensional NTEGRATED space like a painting or sculpture but I 35 New faculty

The Beckman Institute’s commitment to keeping its research relevant and on the front lines of scientific exploration is embodied by the 11 new faculty members who joined our efforts this past year. The addition of new faculty members from areas as diverse as computational biology, phonetics, electronics, and thermal mechanics will help ensure that original, innovative research lines will continue to be generated at the Beckman Institute.

FULL-TIME FACULTY PART-TIME FACULTY Biological Intelligence Biological Intelligence Gabriel Popescu is a new member of the Bioimaging Martin Ostoja-Starzewski has joined the Bioimaging Science and Technology group and an Assistant Pro- Science and Technology group. Ostoja-Starzewski is a fessor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University Engineering at the University of Illinois. Popescu is of Illinois. Ostoja-Starzewski’s research areas are in director of the Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, stochastic mechanics, mechanics and transport in ran- which focuses on developing novel optical methods dom media, computational mechanics, thermome- based on light scattering, interferometry, and chanics, waves, and helices. His research focuses on microscopy to quantify structure and dynamics of the intersection of mechanics, thermodynamics, mate- cells and tissues. His research focus is on quantitative rials science and applied/stochastic mathematics. phase imaging and dynamic light scattering and microrheology. Human-Computer Intelligent Interaction 2007-08 Ryan Shosted is a new faculty member in the Artifi- Molecular and Electronic Nanostructures cial Intelligence group. Shosted is an Assistant Profes-

EPORT Emad Tajkhorshid served for many years as assistant sor in the Department of Linguistics and an experi- R director of the Theoretical and Computational Bio- mental phonologist. His research focus is on the ways physics (TCB) group at Beckman, but now as a profes- that phonetic principles shape phonological, typolog- NNUAL

A sor at Illinois has become a full-time faculty member ical, and diachronic outcomes in language. His spe- in the TCB group. Tajkhorshid’s research focus is in cialty is in the aerodynamics of speech, which studies the area of computational biology, where his group is the properties of air as it passes through the vocal NSTITUTE

I doing research into the biophysics of cellular mem- tract. He has interests in a variety of languages, branes. Tajkhorshid is an Assistant Professor of Bio- including Portuguese, Tigrinya, Q’anjob’al, and chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biophysics in the Georgian.

ECKMAN Department of Biochemistry and at the College of B Medicine at Illinois. 36 Fatima Husain is a new faculty member in the AFFILIATE FACULTY Molecular and Electronic Nanostructures Human Perception and Performance group and an Biological Intelligence Eric Pop has joined the Beckman Institute as a mem- Assistant Professor in the Department of Speech and Torrey Loucks, an Assistant Professor in the Depart- ber of the Computational Electronics group. Pop is a Hearing Science at the University of Illinois. Husain’s ment of Speech and Hearing Science, is a new mem- faculty member in the Illinois Department of Electri- research focuses on auditory, speech, and language ber of the Cognitive Neuroscience group. Loucks’ cal and Computer Engineering. Pop’s research is in processing in the brain using fMRI neuroimaging and research explores neural control of speech and voice the area of solid-state electronics, with a focus on computational modeling techniques. Her research production and neurological voice disorders in normal power and thermal issues in nanoscale integrated cir- was recently expanded to include the study of disor- and stuttering individuals. His areas of professional cuits, carbon nanotubes, and graphene for electronic ders such as tinnitus (ringing in the ear) that is typi- interest include neural control of speech and voice and thermal applications, and alternative solid-state cally associated with hearing loss. production in the normally developing system, senso- memory devices. rimotor integration for speech production in children Molecular and Electronic Nanostructures and adults, and speech motor learning in normally William P. King, an Associate Professor in the fluent individuals and persons who stutter, as well as Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, those with neurological voice disorders. joined the 3-D Micro- and Nanosystems group at Beckman. King is Director of the Nanoscale Thermal Ling Meng has joined the Bioimaging Science and Processing Laboratory at Illinois, which designs, fab- Technology (BST) group. Meng is an Assistant Profes- ricates, and uses tools for thermal and thermo- sor in the Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radio- mechanical processing at the micro- and nanometer logical Engineering at the University of Illinois. scales. His research group focuses on thermal engi- Meng’s research interests focus on ultra-high resolu- neering of microscale and nanoscale mechanical tion imaging systems for biomedical/molecular imag- devices (such as micro-electromechanical systems or ing applications and on a novel imaging sensor based MEMS) and topics, including thermo-mechanical data on room temperature semiconductor detectors. storage and nanoscale thermal processing. Feniosky Peña-Mora from the Department of Civil Harley Johnson has joined the Beckman Institute as and Environmental Engineering is a new faculty a member of the Computational Multiscale Nanosys- member in the Artificial Intelligence group. Peña- tems group. Johnson is a faculty member in the Uni- Mora’s research interests include information technol- versity of Illinois Department of Mechanical Science ogy support for collaboration in preparedness, and Engineering. Johnson’s research interests involve response, and recovery during disasters involving crit- the mechanics and physics of nanoscale materials. ical physical infrastructures. He has published works Johnson’s Nano-Electro-Opto-Mechanics research in peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, and text- ACULTY group studies the mechanics of electronic and optical books on topics such as computer-supported design, F materials at the micro- and nanoscale using atomistic and project control and management of large-scale EW N and continuum modeling methods toward under- engineering systems. standing phenomena and toward simulating real sys- 37 tems for experimental design. Beckman Institute Fellows Program

he Beckman Institute Fellows program provides an Texcellent opportunity for young scholars to initiate a post-Ph.D. career of independent research in a of developing next generation solar cells that are more Séverine Lepage, 2007 Fellow stimulating and supportive interdisciplinary environ- efficient, less expensive, and easier to implement than Séverine completed her Ph.D. in Aerospace and Mechan- ment. current options. ical Engineering at the University of Liège, Belgium. Her The Beckman Institute Fellows are selected research in the areas of structural dynamics and compu- Amy Shih, 2008 Fellow based on evidence of professional promise, capacity tational engineering is concerned with the development This spring Amy will complete her Ph.D. in Biophysics for independent work, outstanding achievement, and of efficient computational methods for the analysis and and Computational Biology at the University of Illinois at design of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). At interdisciplinary work research interests that corre- Urbana-Champaign. Her research interests are focused Beckman, she is using the stochastic finite element spond to one or more of the Beckman Institute’s on biophysical characterizations of the structure and method to advance MEMS development by improving research initiatives. function of health-relevant biomolecules. During her design and reliability through the elaboration of a prob- Applications for the Beckman Institute Fellows time as a Beckman Institute Fellow she plans to use abilistic CAD tool. program are accepted during the fall semester and advanced computational modeling to study proteins of the announcement of the selected Fellows is made in biomedical and pharmaceutical interest. Zhi Jiang, 2007 Fellow late February/early March of the spring semester. Fel- Zhi earned a Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineer- lows may begin at the Beckman Institute as early as Joel Voss, 2008 Fellow ing from Purdue University, where he worked as a post- Joel received his Ph.D. in Neuroscience from Northwest- July of the calendar year they are selected and no doctoral research associate in the area of spectral pulse ern University in June of 2007. He will join the Beckman later than December 31 of that same year. shaping of ultrafast optical pulses. While at Purdue Zhi Institute after spending the past year as a post-doctoral built the first grating-based spectral line-by-line pulse researcher at Northwestern University. His research shaper. At Beckman he is applying optical pulse shaping examines the operation of explicit and implicit expres- techniques and coherent control to improve biomedical Current Beckman Institute Fellows sions of memory. At the Beckman Institute he plans to imaging applications such as optical coherence tomogra- Jacob Eisenstein, 2008 Fellow use resources including the Biomedical Imaging Center phy (OCT). Jacob is currently a post-doctoral student at the Massa- to tackle key theoretical controversies in the cognitive Derek Hoiem, 2007 Fellow chusetts Institute of Technology where he is expected to neuroscience of human memory.

2007-08 Derek received his Ph.D. in Robotics at Carnegie Mellon earn his Ph.D. in Computer Science in June of 2008. His Jongseung Yoon, 2007 Fellow University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His research research focuses on non-verbal modalities, such as ges- Jongseung was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Massachu- focuses on computer vision with an emphasis on learn- EPORT tures, that supplement speech. At the Beckman Institute R setts Institute for Technology, where he received his ing appearance models and image-based scene under- he plans to build computational statistical models of the Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering. His research standing. As a Fellow at the Beckman Institute, he is relationship between gesture, speech, and discourse with seeks to understand the physical properties and

NNUAL working on developing computer vision algorithms that

A the goal of improving natural language understanding. microstructure of soft and hybrid materials such as poly- allow computers to truly understand the scene before Agustín Mihi, 2008 Fellow mer/inorganic composites, and to control their structure them. His plan is to formulate the vision problem in Agustín will join the Beckman Institute from the Spanish and patterning for applications in advanced photonic, terms of the underlying 3-D scene and apply real-world

NSTITUTE phononic, and electronic technologies. Jongseung's I National Research Council where in July of 2008 he com- knowledge to gain a spatial understanding of the scene pleted his Ph.D. work at its Institute of Materials Science research at Beckman will focus on novel approaches to layout and its contents. He is investigating the extent, of Seville. His research explores new optical architectures materials and processing methods toward development source, and use of spatial understanding in humans

ECKMAN to enhance light harvesting efficiency in solar cells. At of high performance photovoltaic devices for solar while developing computer algorithms to replicate these B the Beckman Institute, Agustín will work toward his goal energy cells. abilities. 38 Joe Geddes, 2006 Fellow Mark Neider, 2006 Fellow Chandramallika Basak, 2005 Fellow Joe joins Beckman from Penn State where he earned his Mark came to Beckman from the SUNY Stony Brook Chandramallika earned a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychol- doctorate in Engineering Science. His thesis work Department of Psychology. His thesis work examined the ogy at Syracuse University. Her dissertation research was focused on the time-domain optical response of inho- effects of target-background similarity on visual search. “Capacity limits of focus of attention and dynamics of mogenous, anisotropic, and nonlinear materials like chi- Neider's research goals are to reconcile the basic search focus switching in the N-Count task of working memo- ral sculptured thin films to excitation by ultrashort opti- literature with behavior observed under life-like condi- ry.” Her research included work on the perception of cal pulses. At Beckman he is extending that work into tions, while concurrently providing environmentally accelerated motion, age deficits in counting, and time- new areas, particularly the design of novel photonic valid data from which to inform current models of visu- series modeling on continuous recognition memory. At materials. al attention and visual search. the Beckman Institute her research is concentrated on two aspects of cognition: focus-switching and using cog- Yael Gertner, 2006 Fellow Stephanie Rinne, 2006 Fellow nitive training to lessen the effects of aging. Yael was a Postdoc Fellow in the Department of Psychol- Stephanie received her Ph.D. in Materials Science and ogy at the University of Illinois. Her research interests Engineering at the University of Illinois. Her research Silvio Savarese, 2005 Fellow deal with how children acquire words and rules of their interests include optical coherence tomography (OCT), Silvio earned his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering at the native languages and how these processes can be mod- which affords cellular resolution and in vivo imaging California Institute of Technology, completing his disser- eled using computational tools. Gertner is pursuing fur- capability. Stephanie is exploring contrast in this imaging tation on “Perception and 3-D reconstruction of specular ther research in this area using experimental psycholin- modality and hopes to ultimately improve the current surfaces.” His research interests include: computer guistics and techniques from computational learning the- contrast mechanisms to help provide earlier diagnosis vision; shape representation, modeling and estimation; ory. She is using the knowledge derived from the exper- techniques for cancer. image-based modeling and rendering; three-dimensional iments to design better learning algorithms. scene modeling; human-machine interfaces; image pro- Dirk Bernhardt-Walther, 2006 Fellow cessing, early vision processes; machine learning; Ming Hsu, 2006 Fellow Dirk earned his Ph.D. in Computational and Neural Sys- human visual perception; and visual psychophysics. Ming Ming came to the Beckman Institute from the Cal- tems at the California Institute of Technology in Pasade- ifornia Institute of Technology where he received his na, California. His research topic was “Modeling interac- Zhihong Zeng, 2005 Fellow Ph.D. in Social Sciences. His thesis work focused on deci- tions of visual attention and object recognition in human Zhihong earned his Ph.D. from the Institute of Automa- sion theory, microeconomic theory, behavioral econom- and machine vision.” As a Beckman Fellow, he is inves- tion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, with his dissertation ics, and neuroeconomics. At the Beckman Institute Ming tigating the effects of task on human visual processing “Real-time shape tracking under various circumstances.” is continuing his work in neuroeconomics. His research and their applications. He has been working with the Image Formation and Pro- uses brain imaging to examine which brain processes are cessing group at the Beckman Institute since 2002. Zhi- Sarah Brown-Schmidt, 2006 Fellow engaged in the Ellsberg Paradox and the role of home hong’s research interests in multimodal emotion assess- Sarah earned her Ph.D. from the University of Rochester bias phenomenon in investment decisions. ment for human-computer interaction includes the psy- in Brain and Cognitive Sciences. Her research focuses on chological analysis of human emotion perception, com- the mechanisms by which people produce and under- puter vision, speech processing, and machine learning.

stand utterances during the most basic form of language ROGRAM

Zhihong does research in the HCII research initiative, P use: interactive conversation. She also has strong inter- focusing on multimodal emotional state assessment for ests in language production, in particular how messages human-computer interactions in naturally occurring are planned during conversation. settings. ELLOWS F

39 Beckman Institute Graduate Fellows Program he Beckman Graduate Fellows Program, support- Ted by funding from the Arnold and Mabel Beck- man Foundation, offers University of Illinois graduate students at the M.A., M.S., or Ph.D. level the opportunity to pursue interdisciplinary research at the Institute. Research projects must involve at least one Beckman faculty member in addition to a second U of I faculty member, and preference is given to those proposals that are interdisciplinary and involve the active participation of two Beckman faculty members from two different groups.

The 2007-2008 Beckman Institute Graduate Fellows are:

Peter Freddolino Peter is pursuing his Ph.D. in Biophysics and Computa- tional Biology from the School of Life Sciences. As a Beckman Graduate Fellow he plans to focus his research on creating a better theoretical framework to describe the protein folding process. Peter hopes this research path will both aid in the understanding of dis- eases caused by point mutations in proteins, and will

2007-08 also allow the design of protein variants with novel function. Agatha Luszpak Mahdi Rastad Agatha is part of the Medical Scholars Program Mahdi is working toward a Ph.D. in Economics. His EPORT R Justin Haldar (M.D./Ph.D. Program) where she is working on her research is probing the effects of emotions on economic Justin is pursuing his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering. M.D. from the College of Medicine and Ph.D. in Neuro- behavior, specifically on fostering or reducing trust and

NNUAL His research is developing a novel multi-modal science. Her work is exploring the causes of Fragile X cooperation. In his experiments participants are given A approach to magnetic resonance neuroimaging which syndrome, a genetic disorder that includes mental retar- the opportunity to send signals about their emotions by allows brain physiology to be characterized from struc- dation, attention deficit, hyperactivity, and behaviors way of dynamic facial expressions thorough a 3-D ani- tural, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Current characteristic of autism. Luszpak’s research will look at mation software (Poser). Coupling this novel methodol- NSTITUTE I limitations for multi-modal studies include long acquisi- deficits in neuropeptide release as a possible cause of ogy with a special statistical technique, Functional Data tion times and low signal-to-noise ratios. Justin's work some neurobehavioral abnormalities of Fragile X syn- Analysis, provides Mahdi with way to effectively meas- will fuse information from multiple modalities to permit drome. Her goal is to discover therapeutics that could ure and quantify emotions as they relate to trust and ECKMAN B high-quality image reconstructions from significantly alleviate neuropeptide release and provide a possible cooperation. 40 shorter experiments. therapy for Fragile X syndrome. BIOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE Selected Faculty Awards, Patents, Grants, Publications

BIOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH Cognitive Neuroscience David F Clayton, Cell and Paul Scott Carney INITIATIVE FACULTY Diane M Beck, Psychology Developmental Biology Outstanding Advisor Award, College (name followed by home department) Neal J Cohen, Psychology Charles (Lee) Cox, Molecular and of Engineering, 2007-2008 Monica Fabiani, Psychology Integrative Physiology Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked Bioacoustics Research Laboratory Kara Federmeier, Psychology Albert S Feng, Molecular and Excellent by their Students, 2007 William D O’Brien, Electrical and Susan M Garnsey, Psychology Integrative Physiology Fulbright Scholar, 2008-09 (Nether- Computer Engineering Brian D Gonsalves, Psychology Martha U Gillette, Cell and lands) Michael L Oelze, Bioengineering Gabriele Gratton, Psychology Developmental Biology Christopher M Grindrod, Speech and William T Greenough, Psychology Kiel Christianson Bioimaging Science and Technology Hearing Science Douglas L Jones, Electrical and Review panel member for Interagency Rohit Bhargava, Bioengineering Wendy Heller, Psychology Computer Engineering Language Roundtable and Center Marni D Boppart, Kinesiology and Torrey Loucks, Speech and Hearing Janice M Juraska, Psychology for the Advanced Study of Lan- Community Health Science Richard J Kollmar, Molecular and guage; ad-hoc reviewer for Nation- Stephen Allen Boppart, Electrical and Gregory A Miller, Psychology Integrative Physiology al Science Foundation, 2008 Computer Engineering Hernando C Ombao, Statistics Joseph G Malpeli, Psychology Paul Scott Carney, Electrical and Denise Park, Psychology Mark E Nelson, Molecular and Albert S Feng Computer Engineering Richard S Powers, English Integrative Physiology Chancellor’s Award Lecture in Neuro- Michael Insana, Bioengineering Justin S Rhodes, Psychology science, 2007 Jianming Jin, Electrical and Computer Cognitive Science Gene E Robinson, Entomology Keynote Lecture, Neuweiler Sympo- Engineering Aaron Benjamin, Psychology Edward J Roy, Psychology sium at Ludwig Maximillian Univ. John A Katzenellenbogen, Chemistry J Kathryn Bock, Psychology Jonathan V Sweedler, Chemistry of Munich, 2008 Zhi-Pei Liang, Electrical and Computer William F Brewer, Psychology Bruce C Wheeler, Electrical and Huber Lecture, International Society Engineering Kiel Christianson, Educational Computer Engineering for Neuroethology, 2007 Ling Jian Meng, Nuclear, Plasma and Psychology Radiological Engineering Jennifer S Cole, Linguistics SELECTED HONORS AND AWARDS Zhi-Pei Liang William C Olivero, Surgery Gary S Dell, Psychology Engineering Council Award for Excel- Rohit Bhargava Gabriel Popescu, Electrical and Cynthia L Fisher, Psychology lence in Advising, 2007 Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked Computer Engineering Jose Mestre, Educational Psychology List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent Excellent by their Students, 2007 Martin Starzewski, Mechanical Science Michelle Perry, Educational Psychology by their Students, 2007 and Engineering Brian H Ross, Psychology Marni D Boppart Kenneth S Suslick, Chemistry Chilin Shih, East Asian Languages Jose Mestre National Institutes for Aging (NIA) Bradley P Sutton, Bioengineering and Cultures National Academies Education Mentor Summer Research Fellow, 2007 Ning Wang, Mechanical Science and Duane G Watson, Psychology in the Life Sciences, National

Engineering Academies/National Research NTELLIGENCE Stephen Allen Boppart I Yingxiao Wang, Bioengineering NeuroTech Council Visiting Professorship, Raine Medical Yongmei Michelle Wang, Statistics Thomas J Anastasio, Molecular and Research Foundation, 2007-2008 Kenneth L Watkin, Speech and Integrative Physiology Justin S Rhodes Stephanie S Ceman, Cell and Engineering Council Award for Excel- Young Scientist Award, International

Hearing Science IOLOGICAL lence in Advising, 2007 Developmental Biology Behavioural and Neural Genetics B Society, 2008 41 BIOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE Selected Faculty Awards, Patents, Grants, Publications

Chilin Shih Yingxiao Wang Bruce C Wheeler Christopher D. Schmitz, Crista Mal- 2007-2008 Helen Corely Petit Scholar, Phase II Translational Biomedical IEEE Fellow, 2008 ick, Douglas L. Jones, François The College of Liberal Arts and Research Early Career Award; Wal- Editor in Chief IEEE Transactions on Callias, Jeffery B. Larsen, Mitesh Sciences, University of Illinois at lace H. Coulter Foundation, 2008 Biomedical Engineering, 2007, 2008 Parikh, Qi Xie, and Steven J. Urbana-Champaign Poster Award by Neuroscience Pro- Franke: “Systems, Devices, and gram (adviser to graduate student SELECTED PATENTS AND PATENT Methods of Wireless Intrabody Martin Ostoja-Starzewski Jihye Seong), 2007 APPLICATIONS Communication,” Patent Issued Fellow, American Academy of (Beckman faculty members in bold) January 24, 2008, Patent Num- Mechanics Yongmei Michelle Wang ber 200420543. Presentation, 10 th Pan American Con- Advisory Board, The Encyclopedia of Faculty members from Biological gress of Applied Mechanics, select- Measurement and Statistics, Sage Intelligence were responsible for 18 SELECTED GRANTS AWARDED ed among the best papers and Publications patent applications during fiscal invited to a special issue of Journal Journal Reviewer, IEEE Trans. on year 2008 (FY2008). This represents Brian Ross and Jose Mestre, Insti- of Mechanics of Materials and Medical Imaging (TMI); NeuroIm- 9.8% of the 138 patent applications tute of Education Sciences “Con- Structures, January 2008 age; IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analy- filed by the campus. The following ceptual Analysis and Student sis and Machine Intelligence Learning in Physics,” 7/1/07 – Kenneth S Suslick four patents (7.9% of the 38 (PAMI); Computer Vision and 6/30/10. Sir George Stokes Medal, Royal Soci- patents issued to campus) were Image Understanding (CVIU); issued to Beckman faculty members ety of Chemistry, 2007 Yanyan Wang, NIH, (University of Physical Review Letters; Medical during FY2008 (Beckman Institute Editorial Board, Journal of American Alabama Birmingham), “Patho- Image Analysis (MedIA); Int. Jour- faculty members are listed in bold): Chemical Society, 2006-09 nal of Image and Graphics (IJIG); physiology of DYT1 Dystonia: Editorial Board, Accounts of Chemical Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI); Albert S. Feng, Chen Liu, Robert C. Targeted Mouse Models,” Research, American Chemical Soci- International Journal of Computer Bilger, Douglas L. Jones, Charis- 7/15/07 – 3/31/10. ety, 2005-08 Vision (IJCV); IEEE Signal Process- sa R. Lansing, William D. Stephen Boppart, Martin Grue- ing Letters; Pattern Recognition O’Brien, and Bruce C. Wheeler: Jonathan V Sweedler bele, and Daniel Marks, NIH, 2007-08 Letters; Statistica Sinica; Annals of “Binaural Signal Processing Tech- James R. Eiszner Family Professor of “Nonlinear Interferomatic Vibra- Biomedical Engineering; IEEE Jour- niques,” Patent Issued September Chemistry, 2008 tional Imaging of Cancer,” nal of Selected Topics in Signal 25, 2007, Patent Number EPORT Award for Outstanding Team Effort, 8/22/07 – 7/31/09. R Engineering Research and Develop- Processing 2,348,894. ment Center, Army Core of Engi- Program Committee, International Ivan Jeanne Weiler and William Conf. on Computer Vision Theory Kenneth S. Suslick, Neal A.

NNUAL neeers, 2007 Greenough, Early Detect, “New

A Rakow, Avijit Sen, William Theophilus Redwood Lecturer, Analyt- and Applications, 2006-2009 Diagnostic for Evaluating Fragile B.McNamara, and Margaret E. ical Division, Royal Society of Review Committee, Int. Conf. on X Syndrome,” 1/1/08 – Kosal: “Colorimetric Artificial Chemistry, 2007 Medical Image Computing Com- 12/31/09. puter Assisted Intervention (MIC- Nose Having an Array of Dyes NSTITUTE Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry I and Method for Artificial Olfac- Award, Society of Analytical CAI), 2003-2008 Richard Kollmar, Albert Feng, and tion,” Patent Issued August 23, Chemists of Pittsburgh, 2007 Membership, IEEE Engineering in Bruce Wheeler, National Orga- Medicine and Biology Society 2007, Patent Number 209296; nization for Hearing Research,

ECKMAN and Patent Issued August 28,

B (EMBS); Organization of Human “Interaction of Wnt-frizzled- and Brain Mapping 2007, Patent Number 07,261,857. BDNF-Signaling During Neurite 42 Regeneration from Adult Spiral Astolfi, L.; Fallani, F. D.; Cincotti, F.; Kim, B. Y.; Swearingen, C. B.; Ho, J. Sass, S. M.; Heller, W.; Stewart, J. L.; Ganglion Neurons,” 1/16/08 – Mattia, D.; Marciani, M. G.; A. A.; Romanova, E. V.; Bohn, P. Levin, R. L.; Edgar, C. J.; Fisher, J. 1/15/09. Bufalari, S.; Salinari, S.; Colosimo, W.; Sweedler, J. V., Direct immo- E.; Miller, G. A., Time course of A.; Ding, L.; Edgar, J. C.; Heller, bilization of Fab ‘ in nanocapillar- attentional bias in anxiety. Psy- Rohit Bhargava and William King, W.; Miller, G. A.; He, B.; Babiloni, ies for manipulating mass-limited chophysiology 2007, 44, S51-S51. Anasys Instruments, “Cantilever F., Imaging functional brain con- samples. Journal of the American Probe Technology and Spec- nectivity patterns from high-resolu- Chemical Society 2007, 129, (24), Shen, J.-X.; Feng, A. S.; Xu, Z. M.; troscopy for Nanoscale IR Imag- tion EEG and fMRI via graph theo- 7620-7626. Yu, Z. L.; Arch, V. S.; Yu, X. J.; ing,” 1/16/08 – 12/31/09. ry. Psychophysiology 2007, 44, (6), Narins, P. M., Ultrasonic frogs 880-893. Kim, S. H.; Markham, J. A.; Weiler, I. show hyperacute phonotaxis to the Gary Dell, Cynthia Fisher, and J.; Greenough, W. T., Aberrant female’s courtship calls. Nature Jennifer Cole, NIH, “Production Dalavoy, T. S.; Wernette, D. P.; Gong, early-phase ERK inactivation 2008, 453, 914-917. and Perception of Phonological M. J.; Sweedler, J. V.; Lu, Y.; impedes neuronal function in F Sequences,” 4/1/08 – 3/31/11. Flachsbart, B. R.; Shannon, M. A.; ragile X syndrome. Proceedings of Tse, C. Y.; Lee, C. L.; Sullivan, J.; Gar- Bohn, P. W.; Cropek, D. M., Immo- the National Academy of Sciences nsey, S. M.; Dell, G. S.; Fabiani, Freddy Nguyen and Stephen Bop- bilization of DNAzyme catalytic of the United States of America M.; Gratton, G., Imaging cortical part, US Army Medical Research beacons on PMMA for Pb2+ 2008, 105, (11), 4429-4434. dynamics of language processing & Material Command, “Develop- detection. Lab on a Chip 2008, 8, with the event-related optical sig- ment of Optical Coherence (5), 786-793. London, S. E.; Clayton, D. F., Func- nal. Proceedings of the National Tomography (OCT) Targeted tional identification of sensory Academy of Sciences of the United Contrast Agents for Breast Can- Davis, B. J.; Ralston, T. S.; Marks, D. mechanisms required for develop- States of America 2007, 104, (43), cer,” 5/16/08 – 6/15/11. L.; Boppart, S. A.; Carney, P. S., mental song learning. Nature Neu- 17157-17162. Autocorrelation artifacts in optical roscience 2008, 11, (5), 579-586. Zhi-Pei Liang and Van Anderson, coherence tomography and inter- Vieira, M.; Christensen, B. L.; Wheel- NSF, “A Special Symposium on ferometric synthetic aperture Polk, T. A.; Park, J.; Smith, M. R.; er, B. C.; Feng, A. S.; Kollmar, R., Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” microscopy. Optics Letters 2007, Park, D. C., Nature versus nurture Survival and stimulation of neurite 6/1/08 – 5/31/09. 32, (11), 1441-1443. in ventral visual cortex: A func- outgrowth in a serum-free culture tional magnetic resonance imaging of spiral ganglion neurons from SELECTED PUBLICATIONS Federmeier, K. D.; Laszlo, S., Deriv- study of twins. Journal of Neuro- adult mice. Hearing Research 2007, (Beckman faculty members in bold) ing meaning from ERPS ... and science 2007, 27, (51), 13921- 230, (1-2), 17-23. other acronyms. Psychophysiology 13925. Amaya, K. R.; Monroe, E. B.; 2007, 44, S6-S6. Yang, S. G.; Cox, C. L., Excitatory and Sweedler, J. V.; Clayton, D. F., Rykhlevskaia, E.; Gratton, G.; Fabi- anti-oscillatory actions of nitric Lipid imaging in the zebra finch Hernando, D.; Haldar, J. P.; Sutton, B. ani, M., Combining structural and oxide in thalamus. Journal of Phys- brain with secondary ion mass P.; Ma, J.; Kellman, P.; Liang, Z. functional neuroimaging data for iology 2008. NTELLIGENCE spectrometry. International Journal P., Joint estimation of water/fat studying brain connectivity: A I of Mass Spectrometry 2007, 260, images and field inhomogeneity review. Psychophysiology 2008, 45, (2-3), 121-127. map. Magnetic Resonance in Medi- (2), 173-187. cine 2008, 59, (3), 571-580. IOLOGICAL B

43 HUMAN-COMPUTER INTELLIGENT INTERACTION Selected Faculty Awards, Patents, Grants, Publications

HUMAN-COMPUTER INTELLIGENT David E Irwin, Psychology Thomas S Huang, Electrical and Com- Alejandro Lleras INTERACTION RESEARCH INITIATIVE Alex Charles Kirlik, Human Factors puter Engineering Early Career Award, National Science FACULTY Division Yi Ma, Electrical and Computer Engi- Foundation, 2008 (name followed by home department) Arthur F Kramer, Psychology neering Charissa Lansing, Speech and Hearing Pierre Moulin, Electrical and Comput- Edward McAuley Artificial Intelligence Science er Engineering 1st Shahid and Ann Carlston Khan Narendra Ahuja, Electrical and Yi-Ching Lee, Human Factors Division Klara Nahrstedt, Computer Science Professor in Applied Health Sci- Computer Engineering Alejandro Lleras, Psychology ences, October, 2007 Jont B Allen, Electrical and Computer Edward McAuley, Kinesiology and SELECTED HONORS AND AWARDS Engineering Community Health Narendra Ahuja Deana C McDonagh Eyal Amir, Computer Science Jason S McCarley, Human Factors Distinguished Alumnus Award, Uni- Arnold O. Beckman Research Award Timothy W Bretl, Aerospace Engineer- Division versity of Maryland, April 2008 ing Deana C McDonagh, Art and Design, Dan G Morrow Todd P Coleman, Electrical and Com- School of Minh N Do Editorial Board, Journal of Experimen- puter Engineering Dan G Morrow, Human Factors Divi- IBM Student Paper Award (co-author), tal Psychology: Applied, 2007 Gerald F DeJong, Computer Science sion IEEE International Conference on Member, US Pharmacopeia Health Lit- Roxana Girju, Linguistics Karl S Rosengren, Kinesiology and Image Processing, 2007 eracy and Prescription Container Mark A Hasegawa-Johnson, Electrical Community Health Labeling Ad hoc Advisory Panel, and Computer Engineering Daniel J Simons, Psychology Roxana Girju 2008 Seth Hutchinson, Electrical and Com- Jacob J Sosnoff, Kinesiology and Com- LAS Alumni Discretionary Award, puter Engineering munity Health UIUC, 2007 Elizabeth A Stine-Morrow Steven M LaValle, Computer Science Jesse Benjamin Spencer-Smith, Psy- Associate Editor, Memory and Cogni- Thomas S Huang Stephen E Levinson, Electrical and chology tion, Psychonomic Society, 2007- DoCoMo Innovation Paper Award (co- Computer Engineering Elizabeth Al Stine-Morrow, Education- 2009; Associate Editor, Journal of 2007-08 author), IEEE International Confer- Silvina A Montrul, Spanish, Italian, al Psychology Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, ence on Image Processing, Septem- and Portuguese Sharon Tettegah, Curriculum and Gerontological Society of America,

EPORT ber 16-19, 2007 Feniosky Pena-Mora, Civil and Envi- Instruction 2008-2010; Associate, Center for R Honorary Chair, IEEE Conference on ronmental Engineering Ranxiao Wang, Psychology Advanced Study, University of Illi- Computer Vision and Pattern Dan Roth, Computer Science nois, 2008-2009 NNUAL Image Formation Processing Recognition, June 24-27, 2008 A Ryan K Shosted, Linguistics Richard W Sproat Richard W Sproat, Linguistics Brian P Bailey, Computer Science Yoram Brelser, Electrical and Comput- Arthur F Kramer Center for Advanced Studies Associ- Swanlund Chair, Zukunftskolleg ate, UIUC, Fall 2007 Human Perception and Performance er Engineering NSTITUTE

I award, Germany University Scholar, UIUC, 2007 Wai-Tat Fu, Human Factors Division Minh N Do, Electrical and Computer Charles Hillman, Kinesiology and Engineering Stephen E Levinson Community Health Robert M Fossum, Mathematics

ECKMAN Honorary Faculty Member, Eta Kappa

B Fatima T Husain, Speech and Hearing George K Francis, Mathematics Nu, April 2008 Science Jiawei Han, Computer Science 44 SELECTED PATENTS AND PATENT Daniel Morrow and Elizabeth Gordon, B. A.; Rykhlevskaia, E. I.; Zeng, Z. H.; Tu, J. L.; Liu, M.; APPLICATIONS Stine-Morrow, NIH, Health Lit- Brumback, C. R.; McAuley, E.; Huang, T. S.; Pianfetti, B.; Roth, (Beckman faculty members in bold) eracy and Aging: A Process- Kramer, A. F.; Colcombe, S.; Grat- D.; Levinson, S., Audio-visual Knowledge Approach,” 3/1/08 – ton, G.; Fabiani, M., The effects of affect recognition. IEEE Transac- Faculty members from HCII were 2/28/13. education and physical fitness on tions on Multimedia 2007, 9, (2), responsible for 2 patent applications brain anatomy. Psychophysiology 424-428. during fiscal year 2008 (FY2008). Elizabeth Stine-Morrow and Susan 2007, 44, S54-S55. This represents 1.1% of the 138 Garnsey, Sandia National Labs, patent applications filed by the cam- “Domain-Knowledge Effects on Hillman, C. H.; Erickson, K. I.; Reading Time Allocation,” pus. The following patent (2.6% of Kramer, A. F., Be smart, exercise 3/3/08 – 6/21/08. the 38 patents issued to campus) your heart: exercise effects on was issued during FY2008 (Beck- Arthur Kramer, Edward McAuley, brain and cognition. Nature man Institute faculty members are and Neal Cohen, NIH, “Influ- Reviews Neuroscience 2008, 9, (1), listed in bold): ence of Fitness on Brain and 58-65. Samit Basu and Yoram Bresler: Cognition,” 4/15/08 – 6/30/08. “Fast Hierarchical Backprojection McClain, M.; Levinson, S., Semantic Method for Imaging,” Patent SELECTED PUBLICATIONS based learning of syntax in an Issued December 12, 2007, Patent (Beckman faculty members in bold) autonomous robot. International Number in process. Journal of Humanoid Robotics DiGirolamo, G. J.; McCarley, J. S.; 2007, 4, (2), 321-346. SELECTED GRANTS AWARDED Kramer, A. F.; Griffin, H. J., Volun- IGHLIGHTS

(Beckman faculty members in bold) tary and reflexive eye movements Park, D. C.; Gutchess, A. H.; Meade, H to illusory lengths. Visual Cogni- M. L.; Stine-Morrow, E. A. L., Arthur Kramer, Monica Fabiani, tion 2008, 16, (1), 68-89. Improving cognitive function in Gabriele Gratton, Wai-Tat Fu, older adults: Nontraditional Bradley Sutton, Dmitri Williams, Fu, Y.; Li, Z.; Huang, T. S.; Katsagge- approaches. Journals of Gerontol- NTERACTION and Daniel Simons, ONR, “Capi- los, A. K., Locally adaptive sub- ogy Series a-Biological Sciences and I talizing of Research on Animal & space and similarity metric learn- Medical Sciences 2007, 62, 45-52. Human Brain Plasticity to ing for visual data clustering and Enhance Warfighter Training and retrieval. Computer Vision and Ross, B. H.; Wang, R. F.; Kramer, A. Performance,” 9/1/07 – 8/31/10. NTELLIGENT

Image Understanding 2008, 110, F.; Simons, D. J.; Crowell, J. A., I Action information from classifica- Elizabeth Stine-Morrow, Daniel (3), 390-402. tion learning. Psychonomic Bulletin Morrow, Denise Park, and & Review 2007, 14, (3), 500-504. Arthur Kramer, NIH, “The OMPUTER

Senior Odyssey: A Test of the -C Engagement Hypothesis of Cogni-

tive Aging,” 9/15/07 – 8/31/12. UMAN H

45 MOLECULAR AND ELECTRONIC NANOSTRUCTURES Selected Faculty Awards, Patents, Grants, Publications

MOLECULAR AND ELECTRONIC Autonomous Materials Systems Nanoelectronics Philippe Geubelle NANOSTRUCTURES RESEARCH Ioannis Chasiotis, Aerospace Ilesanmi Adesida, Electrical and Com- Best Paper of the Year Award, 2007, INITIATIVE FACULTY Engineering puter Engineering Materials Division, ASME for paper (name followed by home department) Jonathan Freund, Materials Science Alexey Bezryadin, Physics “Continuum- and molecular-level and Engineering Martin Gruebele, Chemistry modeling of fatigue crack propaga- 3D Micro- and Nanosystems Philippe Geubelle, Aerospace Xiuling Li, Electrical and Computer tion in self-healing composite” co- Paul Braun, Materials Science and Engineering Engineering authored by S. Maiti, C. Shankar, Engineering Jennifer A Lewis, Materials Science Joseph W Lyding, Electrical and Com- P. H. Geubelle and J. Kieffer (J. Sahraoui Chaieb, Mechanical Science and Engineering puter Engineering Eng. Mater. Technology, 128:4, 595- and Engineering Jeffrey S Moore, Chemistry Nancy Makri, Chemistry 602, 2006) Nicholas X Fang, Mechanical Science Nancy R Sottos, Materials Science Eric Michielssen, Electrical and Com- Martin Gruebele and Engineering and Engineering puter Engineering Elected member of the German Robert B Gennis, Biochemistry Amy Jaye Wagoner Johnson, Margery Osborne, Curriculum and National Academy of Sciences Steve Granick, Materials Science and Mechanical Science and Engineering Instruction Scott R White, Aerospace Engineering Moonsub Shim, Materials Science and Engineering Eric Jakobsson Iwona M Jasiuk, Mechanical Science Engineering Computational Electronics IEEE Bioinformatics and Bioengineer- and Engineering Gregory Timp, Electrical and Comput- Jean-Pierre Leburton, Electrical and ing Outstanding Achievement Paul J A Kenis, Chemical and Biomole- er Engineering Computer Engineering Award, awarded at IEEE BIBE cular Engineering Min-Feng Yu, Mechanical Science and Eric Pop, Electrical and Computer October 2007 William P King, Mechanical Science Engineering Engineering and Engineering Theoretical and Computational Outstanding Application Paper Award Deborah E Leckband, Chemistry Computational Multiscale Biophysics at IEEE BIBE 2007 for “MotifNet- Yi Lu, Chemistry Nanosystems Aleksei Aksimentiev, Physics work: A Grid-enabled Workflow John Ashley Rogers, Materials Science Narayana R Aluru, Mechanical Science Laxmikant V Kale, Computer Science for High-throughput Domain and Engineering and Engineering Analysis of Biological Sequences: 2007-08 Zaida (Zan) Luthey-Schulten, Mark A Shannon, Mechanical Science Richard D Braatz, Chemical and Chemistry Implications for annotation and and Engineering Biomolecular Engineering Todd J Martinez, Chemistry study of phylogeny, protein interac- EPORT Stephen G Sligar, Biochemistry Andreas Cangellaris, Electrical and tions, and intraspecies variation” R Klaus Schulten, Physics Pierre Wiltzius, Materials Science and Computer Engineering Emad Tajkhorshid, Biochemistry co-authored by Tilson, J.L; Ren- Engineering John G Georgiadis, Mechanical Science don, G.; Ger, M.-F. Jakobsson, E

NNUAL Gerard Chee Lai Wong, Materials Sci- and Engineering A SELECTED HONORS AND AWARDS ence and Engineering Jean-Pierre Leburton Eric Jakobsson, Molecular and Aleksei Aksimentiev Steven C Zimmerman, Chemistry Best paper finalists, IEEE-NANO 2007, Integrative Physiology IBM Faculty Award Harley Johnson, Mechanical Science Hong-Kong, SAR, China, Aug 2-5,

NSTITUTE 2007 (w/ M. Gracheva) I and Engineering Nicholas X Fang Erik Luijten, Materials Science and MIT Technology Review Magazine’s Jeffrey S Moore Engineering 35 Young Innovators Award, 2008 Inducted into the American Academy

ECKMAN Christopher V Rao, Chemical and UIUC Engineering Council Award of

B of Arts & Sciences, 2008 Biomolecular Engineering Excellence in Advising, 2007 AED Professor of the Year, 2008 46 Umberto Ravaioli, Electrical and Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity Outstanding Computer Engineering Educator, 2007 John Ashley Rogers Larry Markoski, Paul Kenis, and Larry Markoski, Joseph Lyding and and John Rogers: “Pattern Baekeland Award, American Chemical Eric Choban: “Fuel Cells Com- Jeffrey Moore: “Electrochemical Transfer Printing by Kinetic Con- Society, 2007 prising Laminar Flow Induced Cells Comprising Laminar Flow trol of Adhesion to an Elastomer- Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Emi- Dynamic Conducting Interfaces, Induced Dynamic Conducting ic Stamp,” Patent Issued January nent Faculty Award, UIUC, 2007 Electronic Devices Comprising Interfaces, Electronic Devices 21, 2008, Patent Number 10- Fellow, Materials Research Society, Such Cells, and Methods Comprising Such Cells, and 0798431. 2008 Employing Same,” Patent Issued Methods Employing Same,” August 7, 2007, Patent Number Patent Issued July 31, 2007, Amir Boag, Yoram Bresler, and Klaus Schulten 7,252,898. Patent Number 746,519. Eric Michielssen: “A Multilevel ISQBP Society, “Award in Computa- Domain Decomposition Method tional Biology,” 2008 Chang Liu, Kashan Shaikh, Kee Yi Lu and Juewen Liu: “Fluores- for Fast Reprojection of Images,” Ryu, Edgar Goluch, Zhifang Fan, cence Based Biosensor,” Patent Patent Issued December 12, Mark A Shannon and David Bullen: “Microfluidic Issued February 19, 2008, Patent 2007, Patent Number in process. Engineering Council Award for Systems and Components,” Number 7,332,283. Excellence in Advising, COE, 2008 Patent Issued April 1, 2008, SELECTED GRANTS AWARDED Ralph G. Nuzzo, John Rogers, Eti- Patent Number 7,351,303. (Beckman faculty members in bold) Nancy R Sottos enne Menard, Keon Jae Lee, Named to SciAm 50, Scientific Eric R. Choban, Piotr Waszczuk, Dahl-Young Khang: “Methods Klaus Schulten, Laxmikant Kale, American (2007) Paul J. A. Kenis, Theodore and Devices for Fabricating and Zaida Luthey-Schulten, Tzedakis, Seong Kee Yoon, and Assembling Printable Semicon- Gregory Timp Emadeddin Tajkhorshid, and Cheikhou Kane: “Microfluid ductor Elements,” Patent Issued Fellow, American Association for the Oleksii Aksimentiev, NIH, Device and Synthetic Methods,” July 21, 2007, Patent Number Advancement of Science “Resource for Macromolecular Patent Issued September 25, I284423. Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Modeling,” 8/15/07 – 7/31/12. 2007, Patent Number 7,273,541. Electronic Engineers Xuefeng Wang and Chang Liu: Paul Braun, Walter Hurley, Iwona Chang Liu, Jack Chen, and “Multifunctional Probe Array Jasiuk, John Rogers, and Amy SELECTED PATENTS AND PATENT Jonathan Engel: “Sensor Chip System,” Patent Issued October Wagoner-Johnson, NSF, “MRI: APPLICATIONS and Apparatus for Tactile and/or 16, 2007, Patent Number Acquisition of Multi-Length Scale ANOSTRUCTURES

(Beckman faculty members in bold) Flow Sensing,” Patent Issued 7,281,419. Ultra High-Resolution X-Ray N April 15, 2008, Patent Number Nanotomography Instrument,” Faculty members from M&ENS Chang Liu and David Andrew 7,357,035. 8/15/07 – 7/31/08. were responsible for fifty-five Bullen: “Electrostatic Nanolitho- (55) patent applications during Chang Liu and Jonathan Engel: graphy Probe Actuation Device

Narayana Aluru, Umberto LECTRONIC fiscal year 2008 (FY2008). This “Apparatus for Detecting Envi- and Method,” Patent Issued July Ravaioli, and Eric Jakobsson, E represents 30.1% of the 138 ronmental Conditions for a 24, 2007, Patent Number Purdue University, “NSF: Net- patent applications filed by the Structure or Article,” Patent 7,247,895. work for Computational Nan- campus. The following 12 Issued March 11, 2008, Patent otechnology,” 9/1/07 – 8/31/08. patents (31.6% of the 38 patents Number 7,343,136. Matthew A. Meitl, Zheng-Tao Zhu, issued to campus) were issued Vipan Kumar, Keon Jae Lee, Xue Scott White and Nancy Sottos, Feng, Yonggang Y. Huang, Ile- OLECULAR AND during FY2008 (Beckman Insti- USAF AFRL, “Workshop on M tute faculty members are listed sanmi Adesida, Ralph G. Nuzzo, Autonomous Materials,” 12/1/07 in bold): – 5/31/08. 47 Paul Braun, Jeffrey Moore, and Choi, H. K.; Park, J. U.; Park, O. O.; Nelson, E. C.; Braun, P. V., Enhanc- Sener, M. K.; Olsen, J. D.; Hunter, C. Nancy Sottos, ARO, “Floures- Ferreira, P. M.; Georgiadis, J. G.; ing colloids through the surface. N.; Schulten, K., Atomic-level cence Correlation Spectrometry Rogers, J. A., Scaling laws for jet Science 2007, 318, (5852), 924- structural and functional model of System for Mechanophore Acti- pulsations associated with high- 925. a bacterial photosynthetic mem- vation & Analysis,” 6/1/08 – resolution electrohydrodynamic brane vesicle. Proceedings of the 5/31/09. printing. Applied Physics Letters Park, J. U.; Hardy, M.; Kang, S. J.; National Academy of Sciences of 2008, 92, (12). Barton, K.; Adair, K.; Mukhopad- the United States of America SELECTED PUBLICATIONS hyay, D. K.; Lee, C. Y.; Strano, M. 2007, 104, (40), 15723-15728. (Beckman faculty members in bold) Cruz, E.; Aksimentiev, A.; Schulten, S.; Alleyne, A. G.; Georgiadis, J. K., Computational studies of ionic G.; Ferreira, P. M.; Rogers, J. A., Shih, A. Y.; Sligar, S. G.; Schulten, Brzezinski, A.; Lee, J. T.; Slinker, J. conduction through silica High-resolution electrohydrody- K., Molecular models need to be D.; Malliaras, G. G.; Braun, P. V.; nanopores. Biophysical Journal namic jet printing. Nature Materi- tested: The case of a solar flares Wiltzius, P. V., Enhanced emis- 2007, 651A-651A. als 2007, 6, (10), 782-789. discoidal HDL model. Biophysical sion from fcc fluorescent photonic Journal 2008, 94, (12), L87-L89. crystals Physical Review B 2008, Gracheva, M. E.; Leburton, J. P., Park, K.; Lee, J.; Bhargava, R.; 77, 233106 (1-4). Simulation of Electrically tunable King, W. P., Routine femtogram- Shyr, M.; Wernette, D.; Wiltzius, P.; semiconductor nanopores for ion level chemical analyses using Lu, Y.; Braun, P. V., DNA and Carmichael, E. S.; Ballard, J. B.; Lyd- current/single bio-molecule vibrational spectroscopy and self- DNAzyme-mediated 2-D colloidal ing, J. W.; Gruebele, M., Fre- manipulation. Journal of Compu- cleaning scanning probe assembly. Journal of the American quency-modulated, single-mole- tational Electroncis 2007, 7, 6-9. microscopy tips. Analytical Chem- Chemical Society 2008, 130, 8234- cule absorption detected by scan- istry 2008, 80, (9), 3221-3228. 8240. ning tunneling microscopy. Jour- Kim, D. H.; Ahn, J. H.; Choi, W. M.; nal of Physical Chemistry C 2007, Kim, H. S.; Kim, T. H.; Song, J. Potisek, S. L.; Davis, D. A.; Sottos, Sumant, P. S.; Cangellaris, A. C.; 111, (8), 3314-3321. Z.; Huang, Y. G. Y.; Liu, Z. J.; Lu, N.; White, S. R.; Moore, J. S., Aluru, N. R., Modeling of dielec- C.; Rogers, J. A., Stretchable and Mechanophore-linked addition tric charging in RF MEMS capaci- Caruso, M. M.; Blaiszik, B. J.; foldable silicon integrated circuits. polymers. Journal of the Ameri- tive switches. Microwave and 2007-08 White, S. R.; Sottos, N. R.; Science 2008, 320, (5875), 507- can Chemical Society 2007, 129, Optical Technology Letters 2007, Moore, J. S., Full recovery of frac- 511. (45), 13808-13809. 49, (12), 3188-3192. ture toughness using a non-toxic EPORT

R solvent-based self-healing system Mashl, R. J.; Jakobsson, E., End- Rinne, S. A.; Garcia-Santamaria, F.; Toohey, K. S.; Sottos, N. R.; Lewis, Advanced Functional Materials point targeted molecular dynam- Braun, P. V., Embedded cavities J. A.; Moore, J. S.; White, S. R., 2008, 18, (13), 1898-1904. ics: Large-scale conformational and waveguides in three-dimen- Self-healing materials with NNUAL

A changes in potassium channels. sional silicon photonic crystals. microvascular networks. Nature Chen, Y. C.; Geddes, J. B.; Lee, J. T.; Biophysical Journal 2008, 94, Nature Photonics 2008, 2, (1), 52- Materials 2007, 6, (8), 581-585. Braun, P. V.; Wiltzius, P., Holo- (11), 4307-4319. 56. graphically fabricated photonic Yu, J.; Ha, T.; Schulten, K., How NSTITUTE I crystals with large reflectance. Moore, J. S.; Kraft, M. L., Chemistry directional translocation is regu- Applied Physics Letters 2007, 91, - Synchronized self-assembly. Sci- lated in a DNA helicase motor. (24), 241103 (1-3). ence 2008, 320, (5876), 620-621. Biophysical Journal 2007, 93, (11),

ECKMAN 3783-3797. B

48 Beckman Institute Outreach

Outreach efforts are important at Locally, Hank Kaczmarski, Direc- the Beckman Institute, both as part of tor of Beckman’s Integrated Systems educational programs aimed at students Laboratory, worked with the Orpheum and for educating the general public Children’s Science Museum in Cham- about the work that goes on at one of paign on a new exhibit that gives kids the country’s premier interdisciplinary and other visitors a tugboat pilot’s eye- research centers. view of Illinois waterways via a virtu- Efforts ranging from numerous al, interactive tugboat that lets visitors educational outreach projects to collab- take the captain’s seat and sail a barge orations with other institutions to our through a simulated, changing river biennial Open House help bring the scene. story of interdisciplinary research at the An ongoing exhibit on display this Beckman Institute to a wider audience. past year in the Beckman atrium high- This coming year will be an excit- lights the work of faculty member ing one as the 20th anniversary of Beck- John Rogers of the 3-D Micro and man’s founding is celebrated with sem- Nanosystems group and his students. inars and other events. Spring of 2009 Using wall-sized LED and PDLC dis- will also feature the Beckman Open play screens, the Rogers group demon- House, where the general public is invit- strated prototypes of visual display ed to tour the Institute, get a firsthand technology with its LED “smart wall” look — and sometimes hands-on experi- system that allows people to easily ence — at current projects while learn- choose and change the color, images, ing about the research taking place at or patterns for this “digital wallpaper” Beckman. while the PDLC wall allows users to Educational outreach at the Beck- control each pixel independently. man Institute takes many forms, from Academic lectures and seminars tours for students, to joint efforts with on an amazing variety of topics are a other institutions, to the ongoing regular feature of life at Beckman. The Bugscope program. Robert and Robin Fossum Lecture, The Institute’s Imaging Technology held annually at the Institute, this year Group has been a campus leader in edu- UTREACH featured a talk by Harvard University O cational outreach with its Bugscope pro- professor Arthur Jaffe, a world- gram that has allowed thousands of stu- renowned expert in mathematical dents in grades K-12 to remotely control physics. NSTITUTE ITG’s environmental scanning electron All of these efforts help tell the I microscope. Students from all over the ongoing story of Beckman research world have experienced the thrill of and fulfill part of the Institute’s mis-

viewing samples they collected at high sion by giving back to the campus, ECKMAN magnification levels on an instrument community, and world at large. B usually reserved for university 49 researchers. B ECKMAN I NSTITUTE A NNUAL R EPORT 2007-08 50 Beckman Institute $12,000,000 $14,000,000 $16,000,000 $18,000,000 $20,000,000 $10,000,000 $2,000,000 $4,000,000 $6,000,000 $8,000,000 Total Other IBHE NSF NIH DOD oa 28157$1,5,1 32287 60486 28,612,784 $ 26,074,896 $ 23,222,847 $ 13,058,313 12,891,537 $ $ Total Other NSF NIH DOD IBHE NSF NIH DOD $0 Beckman InstituteGrantExpendituresbyFundingSource Illinois Board ofHigher Education(grant match funds) National Science Foundation National Institutes ofHealth Department ofDefense Beckman InstituteAwarded byFundingSource $9 $1633 1,2 $223,626 $ 512,229 $ 156,333 $ 93 1,151,309 $ 1,008,914 $ - $ 1,087,590 3,596,633 $ $ 1,284,260 3,004,266 $ 9,444,099 2,559,179$ $ 9,889,110 $ 3,760,526 $ 4,217,584 $ $ 4,412,354 $ 7,144,039 3,172,803 $ 3,322,946$ $ $ 2,603,956 5,940,245 $ 6,153,758$ $ 2,322,793 $ 2,344,546$ $ 5,8 0,3 8,0 $52293 1,917,393 $ 5,262,943 $ 685,903 4,628,500 $ 2,349,181 $ 709,338 $ 1,818,340 15,036,128 7,030,763 555,183$ $ $ 7,450,733 2,757,986 11,012,039 $ 949,942$ $ $ $ 191,000 20,527,604 3,211,450$ $ 5,418,065 $ $ 6,379,539 $ 5,968,347$ $ 43040$1,5,4 $1,5,4 $1,8,2 $18,633,251 $ 17,587,322 $ 14,752,443 $ 13,959,746 14,380,430 $ FY04 FY04 Funding 2007-2008 FY05 FY05 FY06 FY06 FY07 FY07 2 FY08 FY08 1 2 1 The BeckmanInstitute primarilyprocesses interdisciplinary grants thathave multiple C) TheArnoldandMabelBeckmanFoundation: BeckmanInstitute Fellows Program, b) ThestateofIllinoistotheBeckman Institute: Administration, Operating Expenses a) ThestateofIllinoistotheUniversity ofIllinoisandallocatedthrough individual In additiontothesources itemizedinthechart,fundingforBeckmanInstituteis reported inthefiscalyear oftheaward. faculty investigators from multiple departments. Total fundingformulti-year grants is received from thefollowing: Competition, SeedProposals, andSponsorships (e.g., symposia, lectures, etc.) Beckman InstituteGraduate Fellows Program, BeckmanInstitute Equipment departments: Faculty Salaries The Beckman Institute for Advanced Beckman Institute Contact Information Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 405 North Mathews Avenue Urbana, IL 61801 Director: Molecular and Electronic Phone: 217-244-1176 Pierre Wiltzius Nanostructures Research Initiative Fax: 217-333-2922 Phone: 217-244-8373 Co-Chairs: Web: www.beckman.illinois.edu Fax: 217-244-0987 Narayana Aluru Email: [email protected] Phone: 217-333-1180 Email: [email protected] Associate Director: Van Anderson Nancy Sottos Phone: 217-244-8380 Phone: 217-244-6901 Fax: 217-333-2922 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Biomedical Imaging Center Associate Director for Operations: Art Kramer, Director Mike Smith Phone: 217-244-1933 Phone: 217-244-1079 Email: [email protected] Fax: 217-333-2922 Tracey Wszalek, Associate Director Email: [email protected] Phone: 217-333-3149 Biological Intelligence Email: [email protected] Research Initiative Co-chairs: Imaging Technology Group Monica Fabiani Scott Robinson, Microscopy Suite Phone: 217-244-1117 Phone: 217-265-5071 Email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Bill Greenough Darren Stevenson, VMIL Phone: 217-333-4472 Phone: 217-244-3074 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Human-Computer Intelligent Integrated Systems Laboratory Interaction Research Initiative Hank Kaczmarski, Director Co-chairs: Phone: 217-244-5412 Thomas Huang Email: [email protected] Phone: 217-244-1638 Email: [email protected] Art Kramer We invite you to view the Beckman Phone: 217-244-1933 Institute Annual Report at our Web site. NFORMATION Email: [email protected] It includes a full listing of publications I and links to specific research projects: www.beckman.uiuc.edu. ONTACT C

51 Coming soon...

Celebrating 20 Years of Imagining Possibilities without Boundaries The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology 1989–2009

Planning is currently under way for a Beckman Institute 20th Anniversary Symposium. The Symposium will be held October 5-7, 2009, at the Beckman Institute. As details become available they will be posted to www.beckman.uiuc.edu. Beckman Institute Annual Report Credits Project Manager: Sue Johnson, External Relations Writers: Steve McGaughey, External Relations; Sue Johnson, External Relations Web: Richard Valentin, External Relations Design: Pat Mayer, Urbana, IL Photography: Unless otherwise noted in the caption photography by Thompson-McClellan, Pat Mayer, and Beckman Institute External Relations. Beckman Institute FOR A DVANCED S CIENCE AND T ECHNOLOGY

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 405 North Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801 www.beckman.illinois.edu