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ED ITED BY

R . H OO PER PEARSO N M ANA G I NG E D I T O R OF T HE GARD ENERS’ CHR ONI CLE

A LIST O F VO LUM ES I N T HE S ERIES IS G IVEN O N T HE NEX T AG P E .

P R EF A C E

N OTWITH STANDING all that has been written on the culti A P vation of pples and ears, it still remains a reproach to us that of the many who possess the necessary means only a few have an intelligen t knowledge of the details of culti W vation . ith the Spread of education in the towns, the public has shown a greater appreciation for fruit as a n regular part of the general diet, and the increased dema d which has resulted has been met mainly by imports from abroad . The change in the national diet has not proved

‘ such a stimulus to home cultivators as might reasonably co n have been expected, and people who possess every ven ien ce themselves for cultivati ng sufficient fruit to satisfy the requirements of the ' h om e may be seen cheerfully A P purchasing pples, ears, and other fruits in the nearest an d market. Consumers are grateful to colonial other cultivators abroad for the supplies of fruit they send to

British markets , because much of this produce arrives early in spri n g and in summer when British hard fruits are n ot i n b u t n ot season , we should be unmindful of the fact that it is our duty to produce in English orchards and garden s the greatest amount of wholesome fruits it is possible for a us to obt in . That this view is not entertained universally is sufficiently attested in the waste ground that may be seen n around rural dwellings, includi g bare walls and farm buildings which are capable of providing excellent situa

- tions for fruit trees . But beyo n d the waste of Opportunity that arises from n n lack of planti g, there is the commo neglect of the o trees themselves, at nce a misfortune and shame to some

1{ 55 75 601 vi i i P R E F A C E

of the counties . In many cases it would appear that the

interest does not last beyond the planting, and that after

wards the trees are left entirely to themselves, without

the least care . even to preserve them from the attacks of

insect pests and fungous diseases . The occasional crops the trees are capable of producing in these conditions are i n gathered often without much care, and seasons when fruits are scarce the blame is placed upon the trees . In many instances fruit-trees are permitted to en cumber the ground long after they have ceased to be profitable, and in others the varieties are unsuited for the lo cality or for the positions they occupy . It is hoped that the present volume will induce many to take up Apple and Pear culture with the determination to succeed . If they do this they are not likely to regret

- the step taken , for the pleasures of the fruit grower are just as real as the delights of the flower gardener, whilst the habits of the trees are no less interesting than those of — the showiest flowers indeed the interest is carried a step further, for the flowering is merely the preparatory stage for a bountiful harvest . Mr . Bunyard has given practical advice on the details - an d of cultivation , both in the private fruit garden in the is F homestead where fruit cultivated for market . rom his great experience, also, he has made selections of varieties Pears and A an d both of pples for various purposes, to save the reader any confusion the lists have been kept moderately short . It should be added that the fruits ’ Mr W - depicted in . altham s colour photographs were all cultivated by the author. T HE EDI TOR. C O NTENTS

PART I

CHA P H ISTORI CAL NOTES

P URCHASE O F TREES AND CHOICE O F POSITIONS

PREPARATION O F THE SOIL AND PLANTING PRUNING

ROOT-PRUNING

SELECT LI STS O F APPLES

APPLES AND PEARS FOR ORC HARD HOUSES FEEDI NG AND THINNING OUTDOOR TREES

CHOI CE PEARS FOR OUTDOOR CULTURE GATHERI NG AND STORI NG THE FRUIT

PES TS OF THE APPLE PESTS AFFECTING PEARS

CALENDAR O F OPERATIONS IN HOM E FRUIT GARDENS

PART II

V O F F R F XIV . CULTI ATION APPLES AND PEARS O PRO I T

P I OF H L D P I XV . REPARAT ON T E AN AND LANT NG

E F R K XVI . APPL S O THE MAR ETS C O N T E N TS

C HAP . PAGE

XVII . CHOICE PEARS FOR BUSHES

XVI I I . PEARS AS STANDARDS

MB F XIX . NU ER O TREES PER ACRE

B B K XX . PRO A LE MAR ET PRICES

K F R XXI . PAC ING FRUIT O SALE

XXI I . WAYS AND MEANS P I XXI I I . ROPAGAT ON

O F I A L P XXIV . CALENDAR OPERATI ONS N PP E AND EAR ORCHARDS

A K Y XXV . PPLE COO ER

INDEx LIST O F ILLUSTRATIONS

' ’ P : D YE E U MI Fr ontzs ze e I . EAR O NN D CO CE p c

M G V II . APPLE : JA ES RIE E

’ P EM I D HEYST B E A X I I I . EARS LE AND EURR LE ANDRE LUCAS

’ ’ V A S : P M PI I 2 I . PPLE Cox s O ONA AND Cox s ORANGE PP N 4

P : D UROND EAU V. EAR

A : L D D BY VI . PPLE OR ER

P PITMASTON DU H VII . EAR : C ESS

’ A : B UM RED R I VI II . PPLE A ANN S E NETTE

APPLES AND PEARS

CHAPTER I

H I STO RICAL NOTES

THERE is every reaso n to believe that the Roman generals during their stay in Britain introduced seeds of their S native fruits . ome of the hardiest of these were capable n o f of withstandi g the rigours our climate, and after the depar ture of the Romans it is assumed that these became ” l n wi dings, owing to want of k owledge on the part of the n inhabita ts of these islands . It is, however, recorded that there were fruit markets in London in the eleventh and twelfth cen turies ; an d also that there were fruit gardens arou n d the Cathedral at Can terbury ; whilst the royal archives “ E P b e mention that dward I . commanded eares to planted i n his W s n garden at e tmi ster . The numerous abbeys and schools of the monks may also be supposed to have kept of alive the culture fruits in these early days, but up to the n time of He ry VI I I . there appears not to have been any n n u a ge eral cultivatio of fr it, for we re d that the dessert for the royal table an d for the nobles was imported from the ’ n VIII S Contine t . King Henry . fruiterer, Harris, introduced A 2 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

P P A Cherries, lums, ears and pples ; and he established

n n E —a - orchards at Newi gto , ast Kent district which to day sends the finest Cherries to London—and some thirty parishes followed his example . F - rom that time fruit tree propagation was carried on ,

- P and fruit growing was practised as an industry . erhaps F an d the British ambassadors to rance, Belgium, Holland tried to introduce such fruits as they esteemed ; but there is little evidence of any considerable development until E ’ Queen lizabeth s reign , when Thomas Tusser published his Hundred Good Poi n ts ofHusbandry ( 1 Thomas Hill published a work in 15 63 which was mainly a compilation S A from other sources . hakespeare mentions such pples as Catshead S W the , Codlin, ops in ine, and Russets in his ’ 1 2 Mascall s Booke o the Arte an d plays . In 5 7 Leonard f ’ m aner howe to plan t and grajje all Ser i es of Trees was

F . 1 6 published, being translated from rench works In 5 9 G erarde his Her bal published famous , in which he gives plates of the chief wild varieties of fruit and refers to what ” a M we call the garden sorts s anured . He figures the P Choke and Crow eares of the wild forms, and of the “ Con garden sorts, the Burgamot, which resembles our “ ” seiller B o Pit de la Cour ; The ish ps, a large fruit like “ maston Duchess ; The like Winter Nelis “ ” “ ” B é n n the Royal, after eurr Diel je neti g, apparently ” ’ “ St é d Eté the Lammas . James, after Doyenn ; whilst “ “ W P Catillac W inter ear is apparently our , the arden M Gerarde of the onasteries . But incidentally states that a

- so friend grew as many as three score varieties, that it is clear that by this time interest was being aroused . In 1613 Markham published a tran slation from the E A R LY H I S T O R Y 3

’ F f n E Mai son Rnsti u e In 1618 rench o Liba t and tienne s q . ’ W L n A New Orchar d Gar den illiam awso s work, , appeared, ’ and in 162 9 Parki n so n s first edition o f Par adi sus was

n o f pri ted . He gives a few plates of the wild varieties P an d A A n ears pples, but in pples he o ly names one which ” he cal ls Manured (ren ewed or improved) - the Holland

P n - ippi , which is occasionally met with even to day in L n incol shire . The present writer had an old orchard which co n tained a treeof this variety it was remarkable an d n for its large lovely pi k and white flowers, but the was fruit inferior . ’ Ralph Austen s quaint volume A Treatise of Fr ui t Tr ees an d the Spi r i tual Use of a Gar den of Fr u i ts was published 1 6 n S in 5 3 . He me tions that the ultan of Turkey had Pear trees on the Quince stock potted up to decorate his i n 16 l palace . John Beale wrote a treatise 5 7 exto ling

The Here ord Orchards—a atter n or the whole o En lan d f p f f g , which no doubt laid the fou n dation of fruit culture i n W the estern Midlands . It may be mentioned here that the finest illustrated book on the subject yet published is the

H r e ord Pom on a 1 8 8 e f ( 7 edited by Dr . Bull assisted by Dr . Robert Hogg . The plates are beautifully coloured, an d the edition is a sumptuous work of five volumes . ’ ’ ’ Evelyn s translation of Q u inti nye s The Com pleat Gard n er in 169 3 had a profound i n fluence on fruit-growi ng ; it w W P n as Copied from later by Loudon and ise . ublicatio s of a more or less popular nature were john Lawrence ’s ' ' Clergym an s Recreati on ( 1714) an d Switzer s Practi cal Fru i t ’ Garden er Philip Miller s well - kn own work main tained n i n P n 1 2 0 the i terest omology, till Batty La gley in 7 produced the first book that gave really good illustrations 4 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G o f A fruit . Thos . H itt john bercrombie and William Forsyth ( 179 1) still further added to the literature In 1 6 A of fruit culture . 79 Thomas ndrew Kn ight pub li shed his work e ntitled a Treatise on the Cu lture of the A le and Pear an d P pp , he raised some fine ears, of which

first- B n Monarch, of class ergamot flavour, ripeni g in F n ebruary, is the o ly variety in cultivation ; it is very liable to drop its fruit . Its keeping qualities render it valuable for those who have suitable fruit stores, as good F Pears in ebruary are scarce . In 1 83 1 Ronalds published his Pyr us Mal us Brentfor di ensts - , which contains well executed plates of the best A pples of his time, with descriptive and cultural notes F some of these varieties are still valuable . ollowing his n lead, the Londo and provincial nurserymen began to make

- n a speciality of fruit tree productio , such names as Lee of Fu lham W Chaund Hammersmith , Osborn of , ilmot and y D P G of Lewisham , ancer of Chiswick, aul of Cheshunt, arra B G n way of ristol, le dinning of Chiswick, and Luccombe E n and Veitch of xeter being amo gst the trade pioneers . Thomas Andrew Knight of Worcester and Lord Scudamore L n of Holme acey, Hereford, succeeded in maki g their n counties emi ent for both cider and table fruits, whilst

Braddick of Thames Ditton introduced many good varieties, M P At including arie Louise ear . the same time Devon and Somerset imported fruits from Brittany and laid the foun M dation of the cider industry . ost of the old orchards in these counties may date from this period, as many of the P 1 0 ears are certainly 5 years old, yet the trees are as n E E healthy a d lofty as nglish lms . The middle of the nineteenth century marked a great P R O G R E S S I N C U L T U R E

and notable progress , and the dominating cultivators of this

e S R. P p riod were Thomas Rivers of awbridgeworth, earson S W n of Chilwell, R . mith of orcester, Thomas Bu yard of R B n fB . D o . . Maidsto e, and H . Lane erkhampstead lackmore t n D L n an d n at Tedding o , and r . i dley Robert Thompso at G n R S t the Chiswick arde s of the oyal Horticultural ocie y, were introduci ng new varieties from the Co n tinen t ; Th o m p so n a l n got together large co lection , ma y of which proved

- A but second rate in our climate . valuable book on fruit was S 1 8 issued by the Royal Horticultural ociety in 5 3 , and w n D as . this the sta dard authority for some time r . Hogg Fr ui t Manual 18 brought out his in 45 , and the third 866 w n 1 as o f 1 . F editio , published in , a book 4 4 pages rom that date the culture of fruit for market sale, as distinguished n an d from that grow for home consumption cider, became

M Mr . . an d a serious business eanwhile, Thomas Rivers

Mr . P F . J . R earson introduced from rance the practice of cultivati ng Apples on the Paradise stock and Pears upon the n n Quince stock, and the cordo system of culture bega to be practised in gardens, together with the growth of pot fruit - trees i n orchard houses with but little or no artificial heat . ’ n Mr . Rivers treatises on the ma agement of orchard house trees an d the cultivation of pyramidal an d bush trees in gardens gave the kn owledge required for a stimulus “ n n to the fruit i dustry . The old sayi g Plant Pears for

” ' heirs b ecam e n your i appropriate, as trees on the Quince c a an d A sto k began to be r in two or three years, pples

P l c on the aradise stock were equa ly preco ious . These “ n n o t fa cy trees became very popular, but they did oust the - a B n old f shioned and profitable espalier trees . etter tha 6 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

all was the fact that these fancy trees, if planted early,

Unfortu often produced fruit the first year of planting . natel P an d P s y, there were aradise aradise stock , and as F n the idea was re ch , many firms quite naturally purchased

- F n P . re ch aradise stocks This variety is a bad, short lived as stock, and, proved by Barron at Chiswick, it often died n L R even before it had bee budded . uckily, Mr . ivers found

n n fine - n A s amo g his seedli gs two , surface rooti g pple , which are to -day unsurpassed for worki n g with choice Apples

B - P the Nonsuch and the road leaved aradise . Trees upon these two stocks give promise of a life equal to the vener

o f re able standards our orchards, and they are the only an d liable stocks for the purpose of cordon , pyramidal, bush trees . In the nurseries we have also a few grand standards on the Paradise even these are safe i n Sheltered positions . A F B Mr . . . arron carried on the work begun by Robert Thompson at the Chiswick Garden s ; he made many valuable contributions to fruit culture, and the trials he n carried out were most i structive . In some respects it may be said that the chief starting- point in hardy fruit culture was at the Fruit Co n ference held i n the Chiswick Gardens

188 - n in 3 , when a much wanted opportu ity arose to correct the nomenclature, which was sadly defective in country districts . It served also to bring forward many little n n an d n k ow fruits, at the same time to i dicate useless varieties which it was n ot worth while to grow when greatly improved sorts were available . The Report of that Co n feren ce issued i n 1884 furnished o f o f E a valuable work reference . The success the xhibition P G led to the holding of a Conference on ears, and a eneral

8 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G manure at a low price to get rid of it in order to satisfy an d n re the sanitary authorities, thus the barges, i stead of n n o f tur i g empty, carried freights manure . The arable n fields having been fertilised in the wi ter months, the

c for or hards came in a Share in the summer time . The f n Wh e fect was magical, and growers were found sayi g, y ” did we not thin k of this before " Not only were there increased crops, but a marked superiority in quality . Higher prices were obtained for the fruits, and an impetus was n given to the layi g down of orchards, which of late years h as been further stimulated by the fact that the culture of f Hops requently failed to yield a profit, and the heavily manured hop - lands were found to be capable of growing orchard trees for several years without manure . A n n gain , the owners of large garde s, and eve villa residents, began to take more interest in their fruit supply, recognisi n g the superior quality of freshly-gathered fruit ; and whereas in former days trees on free stocks produced P more leaves and wood than fruit, the dwarf trees on aradise and Quince stocks made it possible for planters to grow many varieties in a small space and to get early returns .

S o much for the history of fruit culture . I find the 182 It first catalogue issued by my firm is dated 7. was printed in London , and I believe that my father worked W n jointly with the late illiam Masters, nurseryma , of n n Ca terbury in getti g out this catalogue, to save expense n in printi g, which in those days was a serious matter .

I may be excused in referring to a personal matter, but as a boy of from ten to twelve years I used to enjoy assisting i n n e gathering the fruit from our orchard, fou d d by my

r 1 6 n in g andfather in 79 , and thus early obtai ed a practical D E R I V A T I O N O F T E R M S 9

n an d n sight i to varieties their manners and keepi g qualities, as I stored them for use . Later on I was permitted to plant up the old orchard, provided I helped in the plant — ’ — i ng a wise plan o n my father s part and this gave me a n further i sight into the work, and stimulated me to master

n o ur the subject quite early in life while, whe we moved A n n 1 86 cut an d nurseries to lli gto in 9 , I every graft myself, u thus was sure of starting there with a tr e stock . I may here very freely acknowledge the ki n d help an d assistance I

' the trade received from many good friends in , and scores

first- - of other rate fruit growers who have passed away . B n efore passi g to more practical matters, it may be of interest to explain the derivation of certai n terms

- w A used by fruit gro ers . Taking pples first, the word “ P F n e i n ippin is derived from the re ch pp , a seed, “ as n . P or, we Should call it, seedli g The term ippin is generally given to varieties that produce rather sm all fruits with long stalks . “ “ P m n Parem ain The ear ai , or , of the old writers n P n G P - a is a corruptio of yrus mag us ( reat ear Sh ped) . It is applied to conical fruits resembling some of the obtuse

Shaped Pears . The Reinette (French) or Rennet (English) is from

L renatas n n re en e the atin , meani g re ewed, improved, or g ” r rated . This term may have been fi st applied to such varieti es as were raised from seed an d proved to give better n t fruit tha the parent varie y . “ The word seedli ng is now often omitted from cata lo u es as n ew n g , and all varieties were raised origi ally from seed, it is not needed . “ P is t In relation to ears, Bergamot applied to hose I o P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

fruits that have a rich aroma, and this race have generally flattish , globular fruits . “ é ” F “ A P Beurr is rench for butter . buttery ear is one that melts in the mouth the flesh being of fine texture, F ” and without grit at the core . ondante again means ” melting . Doyenné is probably meant to signify “ very supe “ ” “ rior, or above average merit some translate it as the ’ ” F i n Dean s, which the rench word stands for. I am Mr Brotherston formed by . that in the seventeenth century D é D oyenn was translated enny and The Dean . Colmar is a term given to varieties which originated F in that rench district .

CHAPTER II PURCHASE O F TREES AND CHOICE O F POS ITION S

AMAT URS as E should avoid buying at auction sales , they n o have guarantee that the varieties are even true to name . The catalogues published . by the leading fruit nursery i men g ve all particulars, and if the uninformed amateur is wise he will place himself in their hands . Buyers may wish for varieties that canker, or are very poor bearers ; or they may be misled by handsome fruits exposed in shops under wrong names ; or they may choose sorts that are years before they become profitable, unless they obtain A P proper information . The special lists of pples and ears given in this volume may be accepted by fruit-growers and amateurs alike as absolutely reliable . A R C H E S A N D P E R G O L A S I I It must be remembered that some varieties grow much stronger than others which take longer to form

. s so tree , that buyers must not expect all the trees to be

even in Size and vigour . Trees are sent from the nurseries with labels which

are only capable of lasting a very few years, therefore, if

it is desired to keep the names, new labels are required, ’ and those known as Pinches Indelible "inc are reco m n d attachin th ese me de . In g . latter with wire, they Should

n t o be fastened to the tree, or the branches will swell and the wire cut in and injure the wood ; the wire should

be attached to a stake, or the wall, as the case needs . In selecting positions for Apples and Pears it is well

c an d and to reje t situations exposed to the north east, some protection may even b e needed from westerly gales f until the trees are su ficiently grown to protect each other . is It not a good plan to plant near streams or lakes, In as spring frosts do most damage in such positions . gardens the walls and shrubberies form good protec tions

- for young fruit trees . — Arches and P erg olas Pears and Apples trained on n arches and pergolas are very ornamental whe in flower, and the fruit produced is generally well coloured . In separate arches the same variety should be planted on “ c an d ea h side, in a continuous pleached alley cordons

” n 2 six n may be pla ted at ; feet apart, about of a ki d on A o f each side . space ground 3 feet wide should be dug ou t 2 an d n feet deep, the trees pla ted in the centre of the S n fl trench . ome pretty a nual owers of low growth could

n n be the grown on the soil of the trench , while an in er

n o f D ff n li e a odils will produce a charming effect in spri g . 12 P R E S EN T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

W n hen the trees crop, give stimula ts as recommended later o n— n t but do o manure those trees that are without fruit . The trees can be trained to arch over as they grow lo ng n e ough for the purpose .

VARI ETIES F O R PARTICU LAR AS P ECTS

Apples for walls or fences should only be plan ted i n n aspects faci g east or west, as in hot, dry positions they

Fo r x are specially subject to red spider . e hibition pur ’ ’ poses Gascoyne s Scarlet and Peasgo o d s Nonsuch are i n ’ n A P n A S dispe sable pples . Lane s ri ce lbert, tirling Castle, ’ and Warner s Ki n g are also kitchen sorts that do well in these positions ; and amongst dessert varieties there are A P G L S l A llington ippin , james rieve, ady ude ey, merican M ’ M P . other, Roundway agnum Bonum, and Cox s omona P n S If late varieties are desired, Claygate earmai , turmer ’ P n Horm ead s P n S ippi , earmai , and anspareil will be found A o n good and reliable sorts . pples are successfully grown n n south and west walls in the norther cou ties . Early Pears succeed best on positio n s facin g to the east . They ripen too fast on the south or west walls . S n du n e M an d B é ouve ir Co gr s, Marguerite arillat, eurr ’ d Am anlis n Fo r n are recomme ded . positio s facing west Pitm asto n L B n D select Duchess, ouise o ne of j ersey, uron B é an d é Su erfin For deau, eurr Hardy, Beurr p . a south ’ n é du rn E d He st E B é aspect, Doye n Co ice, mile y , aster eurr , an d the delicious small Pear Winter Nelis an d for use

Fulvie Lectier Catillac after Christmas, Nouvelle and Le . ’ d Hiver P and Bellissime , two good stewing ears, may be PLATE I I

APPLE jAM Es GRIEVE

n of cu n R (An excelle t dessert Apple easy ltivati o . ipens i n Octob er)

P R E P A R A T I O N O F THE S O I L 1 5

n n o f grown o a orth aspect, and for a late supply the ’ po pular variety Williams Bon Chrétien this aspect is also suitable . Espalier trees can be planted on the sides of the garden 1 as paths at 5 feet apart, or be used a fence to shut off n fl wer- the law or o garden from the vegetable quarters . Pyramids and bushes can be either planted 8 feet apart at the sides of the paths, or a quarter can be given them B across the borders . oth pyramids and bushes should b e placed at least 6 feet from the paths to allow for ex n set te sion , but espaliers , being flat trees, need only be I 2 back § or feet from the paths . Cordons can be pla n ted of set 1 2 each Side the paths, back ; feet, at or 3 feet from tree to tree . Standards require to be planted from 1 2 0 5 to feet apart .

CHAPTER III

PREPARATION OF THE SOI L AND PLANTI NG

MOST refer a - fruit trees p well drained, deep rooting medium, an d n C for that reaso heavy, sticky lay land requires to an d be drained tempered by exposure to the winter frosts . The soil should have incorporated with it long strawy can manure, ashes, burnt earth , and lime . It then be A P l t planted with pples and ears, the at er preferably o n

as - Quince stocks, the Quince is a water loving tree ; and the Apples should b e worked on the Paradise stock . I 6 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

W n n here the la d is a good, friable loam, tur ing up the soil to sweeten a month or two before planting is still advisable ; but such land is generally rich enough without extra manure, which, if used at planting, often leads to n an d u excessively sappy growth, ca ker, unfr itfulness .

In sandy ground which is deficient in vegetable humus,

- it is advisable to add some well rotted manure, such as may be got from an old hotbed ; and if very hot and dry, the addition of clay and porous stones, which will recom store moisture for the roots in summer, is to be mended . a 2 In stony land, hole, 3 feet over and feet deep, nd should be made, a if the soil is at all brashy or hassocky, fresh loam Should be used in planting . Soils intermediate between the above can be treated

- similarly, but none Should be over manured . In wet soils or after heavy rains it is not advisable as to dig out the holes for trees before they arrive, they e will often b come full of water, but on light soils it saves time an d allows trees to be quickly placed when the holes are prepared beforehand . A pples grow late in the season , and they do not often P shed their leaves until the middle of November, but ears A n are earlier . fter years of experie ce, we are forced to i n n the conclusion that, when the land is good co dition

and n can n I O not too wet, planti g be do e from November to March 15 with perfect safety ; but it Should n ot be c arried on during frosty weather .

It is very bad practice to plant too deeply, but it is important that Apples on the Paradise and Pears on the Quin ce stock Should have the junction of the stock and P L A N T I N G I 7

n th e scion 3 i ches below the surface, to prevent scion

overgrowing (strangling) the stock . The term “ stock ” is applied to the tree on which the improved variety as a scion is propagated by budding or see grafting ( p . Grafting is performed in the spring

and budding in the summer season . The best propagators as prefer budding, the wound made on the removal of

the stock or snag, left above the union of stock and scion, grows over more quickly than where a tree is an d grafted, the wound is often not observable in budded l trees two years o d . For plan ti ng garden trees the holes need not be deeper 1 b e than g; feet, but the soil below this depth should broken and up with a pick or fork for another 9 inches, the base of each hole may be opened out a little round the lower edges .

Before placing the tree, the centre of the hole should 6 be raised inches above the level, in order to prevent water lying at the root . The tree having been previously prepared by cutting back its lower anchor roots and n by shorte ing the straggling roots by 3 or 4 inches, n cut n taki g care to from the u der side, the tree is then placed in the hole and some fine soil thrown over the o r ots, which must be worked in carefully with the fingers o 6 between the r ots . The tree is then lifted inches and slightly shaken to release the upper roots from the soil . These are again spread out and more soil added until the hole is three parts filled in, when the tree should be t trodden very firmly wi hout breaking the roots . It is as as necessary to plant firmly possible, then fill up the n e hole with fi soil, having regard to the advice given B I 8 P RE S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G above as to placing the junction of stock and scion 3 inches below the level . In heavy clay soils it is desirable to plant only 9 inches deep, and earth up the uppermost roots above the ground level .

CHAPTER IV PRUNING

ALTH OUG H I am often attacked for advocating that all Apples and Pears should be allowed a year’s growth before

n pru ing, I still think that this is the best plan . Dwarf trees carefully planted in November or December, provided the A season is favourable, may be pruned the following pril A P after planting, but for standard pple and ear trees it n n is most important to let them grow a year before pru i g . S n can to e fruits produce more fibrous roots, and be pruned the first year if well planted . In pruning regard must be had to the form of tree

- desired . If a standard, aim at getting a well balanced — an d out head, preferably 3 5 Shoots as a start, these ’ 6 n back after the first summer s growth to i ches, always F pruning to a growth bud pointing outwards . rom this pruning several shoots will issue, and those in the centre of the tree can be cut back (spurred) to four leaves i n A about the first week ugust, leaving at the next winter pru n i ng tw o or three leading shoots to extend the head these leaders may be allowed to retain a foot len gth of new t h ead is grow h annually until the proper Shaped produced, s carrying on the spur pruning of inner hoots yearly, in S August or eptember . P Y R A M I D A L T R E E S 19

Summer pruni ng is often done too early for appear ’ n a ce sake ; but this practice induces secondary growth , n ot which is desirable . o r In respect to pyramidal bush trees, these, if grown on th e Paradise stock an d care n fully pla ted before Christmas, may be cut back in February as S I have stated . hould the e pyramidal form be d sired, a stake Should be used to train the central stem, and the side lower shoots may be cut to n four or five eyes, leavi g the en d bud pointing outwards . In the following August these as pyramids, as well bush o r a - b sin shaped trees, may be spurred as advised for stan dards . In forming basin -Shaped trees, it may be needful to train

FIG I —P Y RAM IDAL P EAR TREE the Shoots to balance equally . . like the spokes of a wheel , by tying them down to a rim of wire which can be stretched s an d n on five low takes, pruni g them as directed for i n t n pyramids order to get extension grow hs, spurri g the A an d n inner shoots in ugust, allowing the mai shoots to exten d from 1 2 to 18 inches each year . Si ngle cordons Should be trained upright for a few u years ntil they reach the top of the wall or support, when they may be lifted for root - pruning and be planted 2 0 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

n n C or obliquely to gai another foot or two for extensio . n do s may make a few gross side shoots in summer, and these can be cut back to four eyes in August ; but I do n ot n advise the leading shoot to be shorte ed the first year, as that operation sometimes Checks growth an d leads to the formatio n of fruit buds which make it difficult to n obtai a growth lead in the following year . But after a summer’s growth the lead may be shortened to cause fruit

an d n ew n buds to form produce side spurs . Double cordo s for edgings can be treated in the same manner.

ES PALI ER T REES

‘ D uring the first year espalier trees should be left to an grow as they like, but if the lateral arms throw out y out wood growths which may tend to weaken the leaders, A these back to four leaves in ugust, not earlier, and the following winter the extension laterals, which may have formed some fruit buds at their base, must be cut in to a growth bud for producing new wood for extension such growths must be trained laterally as they form . It is impor tan t in pruni ng the laterals or Side branches that the upper Shoots Should be cut back more severely than the lower — A— shoots say, like the letter otherwise the upper arms n may preve t the lower ones from developing . n an d If espaliers of two tiers of branches are pla ted, the n cut inte tion is to have five tiers, the way to get these is to n 1 n i n F back the ce tral leader to 5 i ches each year ebruary . From the en d thus left on the tree three or four shoots arise ; the side ones in the best positions are trained to the

2 2 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

A n fruit bud is a k obby Short growth, like the end n C of a vesuvia match , whilst a growth bud lies lose at the base of the leaf and is pointed in shape . A spur is a collection of fruit buds forming irregularly on the main branches . The pruning of side branches is described in the follow i n - s g notes on horizontal and fan trained tree .

H OR I "ONTALLY TRAI NED AND FAN-TRAI NED TREES ON W ALLS

The pruning of these is . si m ilar to that advised for n A espaliers in the open in regard to extensio . mistake is

’ often made in laying In the side branches too closely together ’ 1 2—1 wide as 5 inches apart is not too , , when spurs form

too thickly, it is not unusual to _ find trees that have been " set ' covered with blossom fail .to an even crop, the tree having become exhausted in the flowering When spurs , are ten years old they Should be “ thinned out to prevent AS n s the this loss . to the Side bra che , points from time to time must be cut back to secure balanced growth o n each Side, and if any strong shoots form on these ' A branches they should be reduced to four leaves in ugust . From time to time the old nails and shreds Should be m see cut exa ined to that they do not into the growths, is renewing the shreds when this necessary, and allow n S ing ple ty of space for the swelling of the wood . ome A Pears and pples form fruit buds more readily than others, but if any buds remain dormant they may sometimes be started by making a cut through the bark behi n d o r R O O T - P R UN I N G 2 3

an d below the bud, and thus furnish a Shoot prevent an unsightly gap . Summer- pruning can be commenced early in August i n in the warmer counties, but it should be completed that month . I have said already that if the pruning is done earlier secondary growths form , and these weaken the tree i an d sa s . keep the pactive when rest needed If, however,

a S . sec ond ry shoots are made, rub them out in eptember

CHAPTER V

R O O T - P R U N I N G

IS i “ TH s a very important point in the culture of fruit . It l t frequent y happens hat after the second year of planting, n through the soil bei g rich or fresh, newly planted trees an d make gross growth, in order to keep them in shape very severe ‘ pruning is carried out ; but this only makes

r n the trees produce still st o ger wood, and the formation of fruit buds is thus arrested . In these cases a systematic root - pru n ing is the only o f n desirable way bringing the tree into a fertile conditio .

' At of O ctob er as the end , or as soon possible afterwards, open a trench 3 feet from the main stem and Shorten any n w roots of stro g gro th that may be found, pulling out n i n the ends, not leavi g them the soil . If, however, but is few are found, it the tap root which must be severed n th e A by worki g well under tree . fter doing all the root 2 4 P R E S E N T - D AY G A R D E N I N G

cutting necessary, fill up the hole carefully, spreading out as the fibrous roots the work proceeds, and make the soil n very firm . Do not add any manure, but i troduce some fresh turfy loam in place of the old soil . The strongest roots are usually found opposite the gross growths . In O W that case, only one side need be perated upon . ith

- large trees of considerable age, it is well to root prune one

Side one autumn and the other side in the following season , for if this work is too severely carried out at one time, the tree may die, or rest for a year or two, making only a few small leaves. In the case of old wall trees where the spurs are very numerous, it may be advisable to remove some of the pairs of lateral or Side branches, and to thin the spurs u o t freely . It is considered that the tap or anchor roots favour the growth of shoots and branches, and the upper and more fibrous roots and rootlets favour the growth o f fruit buds . r In no case, however, Should standa d trees be root n as s o f pru ed, their roots when shortened have les grip w the soil , and this may cause the trees to blo over in a gale . Large pyramids or bushes should be very severely pruned even whole branches may be removed with good

- f n . is n e fect, before the trees are root pru ed This do e because th e transpiration from a mass of foliage after the roots have been reduced may be more than the tree can afford until new roots have formed . PLATE I I I

’ PEAR : EMILE D HEYST

(Ripens in Octob er and Novem ber. )

PEAR : BEURRE ALEX ANDRE LUCAS

fla u m n Lo u s Bonne o f e Has a o se se . o em e ( v r re bli g i e J r y N v b r. )

2 8 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

n eaten direct from the tree without keepi g . Colour, red, n n streaked with crimso on the sun y Side ; fruits small . n The tree forms a Slightly weepi g specimen . J am es Gr i eve is a constant bearer, and the flavour is brisk rather than rich . Colour, yellow with red in patches.

M i s edium Size . The growth of the tree very compact . Alli n ton P i i n g pp is a robust grower which bears freely.

first- The flavour in a warm season is class . Colour, primrose, with red cheek or flushed with red . Rather large Size . ’ Bau m ann s R d i n ter R i n t —It e W e e te. has been thought desirable to include this variety because it is a constant bearer, succeeding well in town gardens . The fruits are can flat in shape, good for table, and they be used for baking . den i re Gol S . p grows upright, and is most prolific The u o f fr its are clear yellow, medium size, and they cook well .

Earl Vi ctori a y is an abundant bearer and a free, healthy is grower . It about the first Codlin to ripen . Colour, M deep primrose . edium size . ’ Lan e s Pr i nce Alber t — i s . The growth rather pendent, and the tree a great bearer . The fruits are large, and they l keep sound til the last . Colour, greenish yellow, some times striped with scarlet . Large size .

Worcester Pear m ai n —A pretty, scarlet fruit of good

flavour when freshly gathered . Medium size . The habit

of growth is upright . d Sudele — La . y y Very handsome, striped, or flushed crim S s n . o . Rich flavour and aroma hould be eaten direct

A G . from the tree . bove medium size . rowth , weeping ’ Cox s Oran e Pi i n — n A g pp The fi est flavoured dessert pple, on but very subject to spot and canker . This is the reas A P P LE S F O R L A R G E R G A R D E N S 2 9

six it is not included in the first , but when well grown it has M n o t no eq ual . Colour, golden with bronzy red . ust o r be planted in cold clay soils .

Sti rli n Castle —A A i n g . perfect kitchen pple, large size, n so as W croppi g freely to limit its growth . eeping . n Colour of fruit, gree ish yellow .

- A l L ord D er b . y Growth, upright regu ar bearer, giving O fine, large, golden fruits . They ften require thinning

freely . wt n Wonder —A Ne o . fine, late fruit which is preferable ’ Se as to Bramley s edling for small gardens, it comes into n t has bearing in a you g s ate, and cooking qualities equal to ’ m elow s S D u eedling . All the varieties named above succeed as stan dard

trees where there is space for development, but they also a m ke excellent espaliers or cordons .

S ELECTIONS FOR LARGER GARDENS

In larger garden s the following additional varieties may be cultivated with adva n tage

ess e t F ts : S um m er Golden Pi i n or I n estre D r rui pp g .

‘ A b risk flavou r small yellow fruit of , and appreciated by

n n Se . n as ma y . It ripe s in ptember The tree is weepi g an d n a standard, it bears abunda tly . ’ Ben s Red — Very free bearer in any form, and more

uarren den . Se reliable than Q Brisk, good flavour. ( p

tember to October . )

Mar i l —A first- g . small fruit of class flavour . Habit of growth, compact . (November .) 3 0 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

’ St Edm und s — . . The earliest Russet, and possessing very rich flavour . Habit of growth , compact . (October . ) Ross Non arei l —A t p . pret y fruit of rich flavour . The tree is a good bearer . (October to November . ) Am er i can Mother — . The richest flavoured fruit for

October . Habit of growth, compact . ’ — Cox s Pom ona S oft flesh of pleasant flavour . Rich D colour . (October to ecember .) ’ Norm an s Pi i n — pp Very rich flavour . Habit of growth,

. D compact a moderate b—earer ( ecember) Horm ead Pear m ai n . A The fruits keep sound until pril, and are then of dessert quality . The tree is a compact grower and sure bearer . (january to March . ) M num Bon um —F Roun dwa a . y g ruit very large, of de li i c ous aromatic flavour . The author considers this the A G n finest of dessert pples . rowth, spreadi g . Does well as standard or bush . Bears moderately, and is worthy of a west wall . (December to january .) We - A do not enumerate many late ripening pples, as they require a suitable store to keep them in plump con dition , but those who require more of this type Should

' n co sult the trade catalogues . — ook n A es : Whi te Trans aren t A u C i g ppl p bea tiful,

- . G primrose coloured fruit . The first to ripen . ood also an d for dessert . The tree is of free growth an abundant A S cropper . ( ugust and eptember . ) r nadi — L G e er The finest Codlin . arge . The tree is a In S great bearer any form . ( eptember . ) — L ord Grosvenor . ro Habit of growth , compact very p lific E . Requires thinning as it bears in clusters . xcellent

S O . cooker . ( eptember and ctober ) N EW E R D E S S E R T A P P L E S 3 1

m ar ck —F Bis . ruits green , flushed with crimson , and possessing a Sharpflavour . The tree is a great bearer .

D ecember . — A A Edward VII Growth free . fine late cooking pple .

(january . ) — An W n Eliz ab eth . A ni e Growth, upright improved ell

in to n . g , keeping good till March i n — A l r sto . . Af Habit of growth , compact fine old green

t . varie y, keeping till May Although it is necessary to limit the select Apples to a few varieties for villa gardens or private use, there n For are some fifty excelle t sorts . example, the old Ribston Pippin is only omitted because the tree is so n apt to ca ker.

N EW ER DES S ERT AP P LES

The foll owm g are a few of the newer dessert or little known Apples that appear very promising

s s m as ea m a n . Langley Pippin (Augu t) . Chri t P r i Rival (October to Novem b er) King of To m pkins County (No a A s n om vem ber to D E e . eed ecem e . St. v r rd li g fr b r) ’ ’ s an e Pi n f de H oub on A e lin o o . s ed om o C x Or g ppi , l g fr C x s li ious fla o o b e an P n an c c . e ua v ur (O t r) Or g ippi (j ry) . f sa e Wm . um o m o n as Lo H nd eb ua Cr p, rigi rd i lip(F r ry) .

St. E e a d o em b e . Sans ar b r a v r r (N v r) p eil (Fe u ry) . 3 2 P R E S EN T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

R ECENTLY I NTRODUCED COOKI NG AP P LES

W an fic c ob . . L e a d o O to o m . Rev W ilks . rg pr li ( t er N ve b er) ’ Hector Macdonald and Seedlings from Lane s Prince Alb ert (De

c m r an a . Encore. e b e to J u ry) ’ i n Ham b l ng s Seedli g (April) .

Byfo rd Wonder (March) . La e and oes not a i n c o n o o Beau c ob e . o . N rf lk ty (O t r) rg , d f ll ki g

LARGE HAN DS OM E APPLES FOR EX H I BITI ON P UR P OS ES

* n . B n m P n Ba n W a e e e . o Gre di r l h i ippi ro lseley.

Em e o A e ande . Ro a ub ee. e on Wonde p r r l x r y l j il N wt r . * B au e de ena e. E a e d . No rfolk e ty. M r M g dw r VI I ’ Wa ne s n . G o a und . San n am r r Ki g l ri M i dri gh . ’ ’ Lo d De . Lane s P nce A b e . Ham b lin s See n r rby ri l rt g dli g. ’ Peas oo d s onsuc . B o Wonde . Ann e E z ab e g N h yf rd r i li th. ’ B am e s Seed n . Golden Nob le. r l y li g

’ ar r r c m son Peas o Those m arked e rich ed o ri . g od s Nonsuch i s the andsom es A e rown b ut i s not en in he h t ppl g , it giv t select lists because it cankers b adly and i s liable to cas t i ts

fruits b efore they are m ature .

DES S ERT AP P LES F O R EX H IBITION IN AUGUS T O R S EP TEM BER

’ ad Sude e . n Ben Red . L G ads o e. s Mr . l t y l y

fBa De ons e ua en am es G e . Beauty o th . v hir Q rr j ri ve

Worcester Pearm ain . den. E X H I BI T I O N A P P L E S 3 3

DES S ERT AP P LES FO R OCTO BER AND LATER

* * W a Al n on P n . e lthy. li gt ippi

E rem ont Russe . King o fthe Pippins. t g t * ’ St. E n s R sse . R dm u d u t ival. ‘ * ’ a R u e P coce. Adam s s Pea m a C lville o g ré r in . n Bl nh im tRib ston Pippi . t e e Pippin (select th e * ’ n . C0 x s Orange Pippi sm aller fruits) . n e R undw tRoss No par il . t o ay Magnum Bonum

hri stm as P ea m a n . sm a s tC r i ( ll fruit ) . * ’ la ate Pea m a n . Gasco ne s ca e tC yg r i y S rl t Seedling . * ’ * Ba m ann s Red Win e n of Tom k ns ount u t r Ki g p i C y. Th e H o on . nette . t ubl * Ba nac Beau . D uk e ofD n r k ty t evo shire. "‘ Am erican Mo ther .

T se are the es for ea n ua ‘ he b t b uty a d q lity. 1 These have uali t b ut are no t so a ac in o good q y ttr tive col ur. Very late sor s are o m d as A e s ows are en a sc n t itte , ppl h g er lly di onti ued m after D ece ber .

In selecting exhibition fruits, choose those with clean ,

unspotted skins of bright colour . They must be of even x size and no e tra large fruits Should be staged . The friendly rivalry among small growers at local ex ib itio ns is t h a pleasant feature of coun ry life . It is o nly by seeing what others can do that general improvement i in cultivat on can be stimulated . 34 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

S ELECTIONS F OR THE NO RTH ERN COU NTIES AND S CO TLAN D

In Apples it is naturally the early varieties that succeed best in the North . The thirteen sorts described on pages 2 2 8 2 7, , and 9 are suitable, and to these may be added the ’ seventeen varieties recommended for larger gardens . Cox s Orange Pippin and Roundway Magnum Bonum should be grown upon south or west walls . The following sorts also will generally do well

* n f h Eck linville Seedling(Septem b er) . Ki g o t e Pippi ns (October ’ Bram ley s Seedling (Novem b er to Novem b er) . ’ c P s d s ons h to a . ea oo uc on a M r h) g N , w ll n em b o m e Cellini Pippi (Sept er) . (N ve b r) . ’ ’ l n s See l n a c Po s s Seed n Se em b e . Ham b i g d i g (M r h) . tt li g ( pt r) * * s Peac Se em e . R b s on P n on wa c Iri h h ( pt b r) i t ippi , ll (O to * b t c Kerry Pippin (August and Sep er o De em b er) . * a w P n r e . G o a c tem b r) ll y ippi (Ma h) .

T ose m a ed are for ess the o e s e n for c h rk d ert , th r b i g kit hen use.

In the southern, eastern , and western counties, and in can Ireland , the general lists be depended upon, and for wind - swept seaside distric ts the six close growers recom mended for villa gardens are most suitable .

36 P R E S E N T - D AY GA R D E N I N G It should be erected in a position where it will be fully the exposed to sun during the whole day . The structure o may be entirely of w od, the sides being secured by posts 6 extending 5 feet out of the ground at feet apart, and

the span roof supported by uprights in the centre . These 2 - uprights should be galvanised inch hollow columns, with a cross slot at the top to take the pitch board and keep set i it in position , and the feet should be n concrete . The feet of these upright posts should be about 8 inches

q are, flat, and a firm foundation Should be made on

a flat stone or bricks to prevent sinking, on which the th concrete should fix e posts .

The house should be as large as space permits, as the temperature is much easier to co n trol in a house of a some extent . It should have a wide door at e ch end to

- admit a barrow or hand barrow, and the triangular portion o over the door sh uld be made to open for ventilation . Means of ventilation Should be also provided all round

at every other opening between the posts . A house 5 0 feet long and 2 0 feet wide IS a useful

size, and there should be an oblong bed in the centre,

8 . feet wide, bordered on each side by a path 3 feet wide This will leave an outside border of 3 feet all roun d, r set and would accommodate, say, forty pot t ees at first — at 4 feet apart to be thinned Ont later when they have

made growth . 6 t 2 X 2 On each side of the path , at feet apar , Slight ( )

wooden uprights should be fixed to the rafters, alternately, O P so that they run zigzag . n these uprights choice ears n as ca be trained cordons, and if desired they may be e allowed to ext nd and arch over the path, and also the P E A R S F O R HO U S E C O R D O N S 37

2 central bed, on wires placed for the purpose feet from the roof . These cordons are exquisite when in flower, and the fruit produced is of superb quality and size . The best Pears for this purpose are

Louise Bonne of Jersey (Sep Doyenné du Co rnice (October

and o em . tem b er) . N v ber) r B u é D e em e a e e ar a Se em e . e o M gu rit M ill t ( pt b r) rr i l (N v b r) . ’ Dur n au c uc ess An oul m m o de (O tober) . D h d g é e (Nove ’

ondan e d Autom ne c obe . r F t (O t r) b e ) .

Pitm aston Duchess (October) . and for a later supply

B ur é Al . Lucas . Du B e e c ess o u San a s. r x h de rdea x. ta Cl u a ’ ne nes. n h c n . Josephi de M li D oyen é d Al engon . T e Bli kli g

E B . s S s . aster eurré Le Lectier. Olivi er de erre o Pu N uvelle lvic.

Pears so grown do not ripen much earlier than those grown in the open . x 2 The rafters need not be very stout, say 3 , and they should be placed 1 foot apart ; these can be purchased use as as an d ready for , well eave boards, plates, pitch t can boards . The ventilating Side Shut ers be made of

- a match board . They should open outw rds, and in fine A t weather may fall to the ground . lit le chain and hooks should b e fasten ed to each one in the centre for the pur f n n pose o regulati g the admissio of air in cooler weather . As b e water is an important element, there should guttering round the house to catch the rain - water from the n roof, and this should fall to inside tanks at opposite e ds, to b e save labour in watering . These tanks should in 38 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A RD E N I N G

can b e so the corners, and partly covered over, that the can tops be used to stand pots on , but space must be left for dipping cans and buckets .

Top ventilation is very important, and Should be pro vided by lights to lift up by a cord from inside at every fourth rafter ; the ventilating lights being placed on so alternate sides of the upper part of the rafters, that they may often be open on the Side opposite the direction of the wind when there i s too much force in the wind O to allow of the lower pening being used ; and, again , the ventilators over the doors m ay in other cases be O l O pen when it is not advisab e to pen , the roof ven tilators . Circulation of the air is desirable, because pure air is essential to good growth . e The structure b ing now built and glazed in, is ready e for the introduction of pot tre s . The earth should be taken out 6 inches or more deep and a good foundation of clinkers put in, say 3 inches, and on this place 3 inches n l - C of fi e y sifted inders . This will prevent worms entering the holes at the base of the pots . Of course, where the cordon Pears are placed on the uprights—and central supports may also be filled with cordons—the soil must no t 2 be removed for a space of feet across . The Shorter pot trees are then set at the sides and the taller ones n S in the ce tral bed. ome gardeners sink the pot half ln way the border, but we do not find any advantage in this ; neither do we allow the roots to get through at the base of the pots ; the advantage of having the pots free is that the house can b e cleared in time to bring in pot

Chrysanthemums to flower early, and thus the house is s utilised for two purpose . A P P L E S F O R P O T C U LT U R E 39

A can set gain , in the winter the trees be quite close together, and the house be used to shelter such plants A t P t F i n as o . gapan hus, igs, Bays, and other trees tubs Although primarily the house is intended for Apples P P P G can and ears, eaches, Nectarines, lums, and reengages as be grown in it well, provided the kinds are kept together, A P as pples and ears require less syringing than the others . P In addition to the cordon ears named already, the following varieties are very fertile when grown in pots

’ Em ed He st em b e on e ence Oc ob e . il y (Nov r) . C f r ( t r)

W n e D . a L u se em i ter N lis ( ecem ber) M rie o i (Nov ber) . Fondante de Thirri ot (Novem S ouvenir du Congres (Septem r b er) . b e ) .

APP LES FOR POT CU LTU RE The most showy Apples for pots are

’ La Su e e Au us . Peas ood s onsuch c o dy d l y ( g t) g N (O t ber) . ’ Ben s Red Se em e . Em e o A e ande c ( pt b r) p r r l x r (O tob er) . ’ ’ o s Pom ona c ob e . Gasco ne s Sca e o e C x (O t r) y rl t (N v m ber) .

For high dessert quality select the following varieties

Allington Pippin (Novem ber to King of To m pkins County (No

anua . vem b er and D ec m e J ry) e b r) . R Am erican M other (October) . ibston Pippin (October to

m b . Rival (Nove er) January) . ’ Cox s Orange Pippin (Novem b er Reinette du Canada (Decem

an . to J uary) . b er)

Add for late -keeping dessert fruits

’ S u m e P n . Adam s s Pea m an . Lo d H n t r r ippi r i r i dlip . ’ ’ s E n A en rlas . a Pea m an n A P a e . s c e n ll ve ti g Cl yg t r i Ki g r ippi . 40 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G The trees should be pruned and repotted before they A are brought into the house . In pril they need looking over from time to time, to kill any caterpillars that may hatch out and be feeding on the young leaves or flower As as fl ower buds before the blossoms open . soon the buds expand, all possible air Should be given on fine days, an d the atmosphere Should be kept dry . In order to keep the house on the dry Side during

flowering, give the pots a good soaking a week before the in trees beg to flower, and then withhold water . S hould several dull days succeed each other, it may be necessary to fertilise the blossoms by using (very gently) ’ a dry brush on the end of a stick, made of a hare s tail, soft feathers, or fur . This should be carefully dusted over the blooms, passing the brush from one tree to the so other, that no variety is fertilised with its own pollen . “ ” This little trouble ensures a regular set all over the C trees, instead of lusters of fruit on some spurs and none on others ; and as the fruit will ultimately be thinned to about one fruit on a spur, it is worth the attention . As the growths begin to lengthen , watch must be kept is for aphides or flies . It not advisable to fumigate so whilst the trees are in blossom, that patches of aphis found here and there are best dusted with tobacco powder l but as . soon as the b ossom petals have fallen , the house

' O should be fumigated thoroughly, repeating the peration ’ AS in two or three weeks time . soon as the fruits are n d easily discernible, the trees may be syri ge over in the ’ afternoon , closing the house at about 4 o clock . The fruits will soon begin to grow ; but do not attempt to PLATE IV

’ AP PLE : Cox s POMONA

R ns in c o e Su a e for the desse or for n ( ipe O t b r ; it bl rt cooki g . )

’ APPLE : Cox s ORANGE PIPPIN

(The best dessert Apple. )

T H I N N I N G A N D M A N U R I N G 43

M off l t . thin hem too soon any will fall natura ly, and the A syringi ng will detach those which are not fertilised . bout the middle of May it will be time to give the trees a slight thinning over with a pair of sharp grape scissors, sa set 2 reducing clusters of, y, 4 or 5 fruits to , when, off two b ut should more fall , may be left together ; it is not wise to leave too many, as the roots of the trees e n b i g confined in a pot, they cannot support such a crop

6- At as they would outside with a foot root run . the commencement of june the roots will have exhausted n i n most of the utriment the soil, and the trees must be as fed . This matter requires care, the roots can only t take up a certain quanti y of food, and if the stimulant is too strong the roots will suffer ; the tree will first ‘ its have leaves turn yellow and then they will fall, i s therefore all art ficial manure must be well diluted . It is safe to begin with some cow 's dung placed in a

- porous bag in the water tanks . This will gradually give out its properties to the water ; but the liquid should not b e allowed to get a darker colour than ale, and it may be n can applied to the roots about o ce a weak . One tank be kept for clear water for syringing and watering, and the other for manure water . The next change should be lime water . This helps the formation of wood growth and a n also breaks up the insoluble stimulants in the soil, m ki g them fit for absorption by the rootlets . In july the sun n will cause rapid tra spiration from the leaves, and it may b e n s s eces ary to syringe the trees every day, be ides giving water to the roots . In the same month a further help Should be given them by forming a ring of cow - dung at the edges of the po t rim to form a sort of basin ; where 44 P R E S E N T - D AY G A R D E N I N G malt combings can be had they are useful combined with v the dung . This rim pre ents waste of water, and at each applicatio n some stimulant reaches the roots ; the upper

fibres will soon root into the manure itself .

If there seems any check in leaf or fruit development, or the leaves lose colour, a teaspoonful of sulphate of

n , n ammo ia can be given each tree, wateri g it in , and a bag of soot may be substituted for the cow’s manure in the tank .

In order to get colour in the fruit, about the first week — in August the pots may be shifted out- of doors to a spot previously prepared for them on an ash bottom ; but the trees must be carefully netted to protect the fruit from We use 80 n birds . a cage about feet lo g and 9 feet wide, made with iron supports and covered in with half- i n ch n meshed wire netti g . It is remarkable how soon the fruits develop colour with the outdoor treatment, especially after rains and wind .

If the fruits are not wanted for any special purpose, the trees may remain in the house, as the flavour will be good even if the fruits lack that high colour to be seen at the exhibitions . W has hen a tree been stripped of its fruit, it should be placed outside on an ash bottom an d watered regularly n some loose, long ma ure may be placed between the pots n to prevent dryi g out . We will now suppose that the fruit is all gathered and “ the pot trees have been placed outside to summer . n The next step is to prepare soil for the annual repotti g . This should consist o f turfy loam which has been laid up a year previously, with a layer of Short manure between ‘ R E P O T T I N G 45

f cut every foot o loam . The turf should be down with a

spade, chopped fine, and, if grassy, the clods with old grass

- should be laid on one side, to place grass downwards over i n the crocks used repotting . The compost Should consist n of loam 3 parts, and lime, old mortar rubbish , or bur t 2 - earth parts . To each barrow load of this mixture add a ’ 6- o f inch potful Clay s fertiliser, or similar stimulant, and an equal quantity of crushed bones ; then mix all the hl eth er n thorou to . i gredients g y, g so This mixture Should be placed in the orchard house, n can e n an d that the potti g b do e on wet days, it is best to t n get this work over before Chris mas . The Chrysa themums

should be all over in time to allow this to be done . The pruning of the trees should be ‘ done b efore they are

repotted .

In the act of potting, the operator lifts the tree out of the old pot and removes the crocks from the base of the

- pot ball, and also the top soil and the ring of manure . - i n A He then takes a hand bill and, the case of pples

P ofl - and ears, chops one third of the fibres which enclose

n n n the ball . These fibres being a ual growths are o t an d n of great importance to the tree, beyo d the fibres there may be some coarse roots at the base of the ball which require reducing . This is readily done with a pair S ” b of ecateurs, but no tree Should e denuded of too n In ma y roots . many cases the trees need not have a larger pot than before, but it is essential to have all the old pots washed inside and out to prevent stagnation of the soil . r l Having prepa ed a clean pot, if needful a little arger b o than efore, the p tter places crocks all over the base 46 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G upon a larger piece of crock set over the hole i n the bottom ;

n - d the he puts in the grassy lumps, grass downwar s, and n throws in some loose soil, rams this dow tight, throws

n and “ a ha dful of loose soil on to it, then introduces the n tree, taking care to fill in rou d the Sides of the ball with fin e d i n and coarse soil, which must be ramme hard with a square stick, as it is most important that the soil

. should be made very , firm He then fills up the pot to 1 n n within inch of the rim, maki g the soil firm and leavi g the surface finished level with fine soil .

During the winter the trees want but little water, but they should - not be allowed to get quite dry, or the ball may shrink an d allow water to run between the pot and the ball without really passing through the mass of earth . direc In giving air, the lower ventilators opposite the tion of the wind should be Opened in the earlier stages n of growth, to preve t a direct draught .

If birds are troublesome, it may be needful to put a n can net round the lower ve tilating shutters . This be n so attached to the plate under the rafters from i side, as not to i nterfere with the opening of the Shutters . Cherries can be grown in an orchard house to per fecti o n , but they are best in a house by themselves, as they n P A want more syri ging than ears and pples, and are very apt to be affected by Black Aphis .

Apricots are not a success in pots as a rule, but in a cold house planted out they do admirably, and bear very freely . In this position it is possible to withhold water ’ an d ofl su l in / the and thoroughly bake dry them , thus ppy g S conditions of their native land ( yria) . The side Shoots F E E D I N G A N D T H I N N I N G 47

i n S should be spurred in eptember, and the trees kept to a bush form by annual pruning . Although this chapter deals with pot orchard trees in h artifi cold houses, t ere may be situations where a little

can : in cial heat be used to advantage first, in the flower g al season , when the temperature is apt to f l very suddenly ff set and thus a ect the of fruit ; and later on , to finish the n an d the fruit in a cold, dull seaso , to ripen wood In man y gardens this can b e arranged by attaching a

- - S 3 inch pipe to th e existing hot water apparatus . uch a on e pipe should flow all round the house if possible, but flow will do if all -round pipes interfere with the entrance b e o n e doors, which can arranged to flow and return on n side o ly, bringing the flow out to the cinder path, so as n o S t to cross any path . uch partial heating may also be useful to prevent dampi n g in the Chrysanthemums in the h later mont s of the year.

CHAPTER VIII

FEEDING AND TH I NN ING OUTDOOR TREES

N r : I respect to feeding, two ext emes are possible first,

- or over manuring, either by the use of too much dung, by the roots getting in to the quarters of richly man ured e vegetabl s and, secondly, such poverty of soil as prevents the n trees from fruiti g in a satisfactory manner . A golden rule is to withhold any stimulant from un fertile trees and to give it only to such as are bearing good

. A can has crops bout june it be seen what fruit set, and 48 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E NI N G

d as t the needful thinning Should be one, by tha time all e W imperfect, unfertilised fruits will hav fallen . here more o n b ut than two fruits set a spur, remove all a pair, and let these be as far apart as possible to allow for swell

o n e- an d - ing ; all sided ill shapen fruits must be removed . Then begin to give —to trees that are heavily laden some liquid manure water either the draini ngs from stables or cow - Sheds, or manure water obtained by placing a coarse ’ ’ — bag of cow s or sheep s dung into a tub of water but do the G not employ liquid until it is properly diluted . ive the trees a good soaking, and the next day lightly hoe

. the surface around the trees . Then add a mulch of

' - 1 2 half rotten dung, foot from the stem, feet wide, and if the weather proves dry, water on this once a week . If, th e however, soil is rich already and the fruit does not

- swell gradually, an application of lime water will be useful . A gain , if there is lime in the soil, a few ounces of sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda just scratched in the surface soil will at once stimulate growth . But beyond this it is wise to give the trees potash and phosphatic manures

- in the form of wood ashes, or by using basic slag or soot, whether they are bearing fruits or not . This Should be Sprinkled over the surface and be just scratched into the

so r soil, that the rains will car y the fertiliser direct to the upper roots . Nitrate of soda or Kainit Should not be used is on clayey or damp soils . The want of potash most felt in old gardens where the fruit - trees have been growing for n - many years and have thus exhausted the soil . Bo e dust and horn Shavings are good manures, but they must be as used sparingly . Canary guano sold in tins by florists is S also very suitable . timulants are required most of all by

5 0 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

Mar uer i te Mar illat g , very large and of rich flavour .

(September . ) L e Br un P O , a green ear of excellent flavour. ( ctober . ) D uch ss Pi tm aston e . . , very large (October ) P - n P are retty, free beari g, small ears for children ’ é d Eté P M A Se Doyenn (July) , etite arguerite ( ugust and p d ’Eté S B tember) , Colmar ( eptember) , and elle Julie (Octo ber) . These latter varieties are all great bearers .

PEARS FOR CO RDONS A favourite form of growing Pears is as cordons on 2 All fences or walls at feet apart . those before named are suitable, and the following varieties may be added ’ ’ F S F d Autom n Clapp s avourite ( eptember) , ondante e

S é é Su rfin ( eptember) , Beurr Hardy (October) , Beurr pe é A Glou M ' (October) , Beurr lexandre Lucas (October), orceau B é N Fulvi (November) , eurr Diel (November) , ouvelle e D E é ( ecember to january) , aster Beurr (December) , jose M S F phine de alines (January) , Olivier de erres ( ebruary) . All the Pears mentioned are good for espaliers in can suitable soils, or for walls where proper conditions be given them .

P EARS FOR THE NO RTH OF ENGLAN D AND S COTLAN D The Sixteen Pears first named in this chapter are all suitable, and those mentioned for cordons with the ex i n Fulvie S cept o of Nouvelle and Olivier de erres . But in some districts choice Pears do not succeed except on so n é warm walls, that for the North the Hessle, Doye n G A T H E R I N G TH E F R U I T 5 1

’ Bo ussoch F d Uccle fre , ertility, and Marie Louise are n In n P b e que tly planted . u suitable districts ears Should s n grown a cordo s in cold glass houses . Fo r n an d u the midland, southern , wester , eastern co nties, P and Ireland, all the ears named are suitable, but they f E af . must be orded deep, rich soils ven in Kent there n are districts in which Pears freque tly fail to crop well .

But as i n , both cordons and tra ed trees on walls, they may as l can for all be tried, specia soil in that case be provided an d n n n i n them, with atte tion to mulching, thi g, and water i n f g, a good gardener will generally overcome di ficulties of climate an d soil . as It is best, however, to select such varieties are known to succeed and t o plant them in various aspects to ensure the fruit ripening over a longer period than it would cover We if the whole crop were grown in the same conditions . P P prefer espalier ears on the free or ear stock, and such h trees are best on c alky or sandy land .

CHAPTER X

GATH ERING AND STORING THE FRU IT

P ARS E are very easily bruised, and the gathering basket

n so should be lined with Old bla ket, or a soft material , that k n the fruits will not be injured in ta i g them to the store . A Large pples should be treated with equal care . The basket should be carried by hand , and not be placed in a barrow to get shaken in transit . Handle the fruits carefully, and do not store any that are bird -pecked or such as Show 5 2 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D EN I NG

All signs of decay or black specks . fruits should be out gathered with their stalks, for if these are pulled the O A P fruits rot . T ascertain when pples or ears are fit to cut O gather, one pen if the pips are brown , they are ready . W P ith late ears, gently raise the fruits, and unless they part readily from the Spur, they should not be gathered .

S TO RI NG THE F RU IT

“ It must be remembered that the dry air Of a room or closet absorbs moisture from the fruits and they become shrivelled and tough . It is a good plan to store small quantities in large flower or earthenware pots and cover them with a Slate, or tile, standing these in a cool cellar, and looking them over from time to time for removing u decayed fr its . This is mentioned because villa gardens do not often possess proper fruit rooms, but any sheds may be used f for the purpose, as we seldom get su ficient frosts to freeze them before Christmas . Drawers are bad receptacles for storing fruits . The smaller and harder Apples that do not ripen before

November can be laid in heaps, covering them with news A paper o r a cloth . But all early pples are apt to sweat after gathering, and they should be laid out in a single has n layer until after the moisture gone, whe they may E A n be laid up closer . arly dessert pples soo lose their

flavour, and that crisp texture so much appreciated, therefore M it is best to use them direct from the tree . any fine varieties have been condemned because they were eaten after their best period . ‘ S T O R I N G TH E F R U I T 5 3

In early Pears the mistake is Often made of leaving r them upon the t ee too long, when , after storing for a few or days, they rot at the core become mealy ; whereas , if t n ga hered a few at a time, taking the sun y side of the n tree first, when they o ly part from the tree with some assistance, and before they commence to fall naturally, the seaso n of use will be lengthened and the fruit will fin d n P be rich and juicy. To out whe the later ears fo r use i n become mellow and fit the store, gently place

the first finger and thumb at the end below the stalk, when if, on pressure, the flesh gives way, they should be for the th e n fit dessert. If crop is ple tiful a fruit or two m a an d as an d y be cut eaten a trial, no more Should be ’ a n for placed on the t ble than are wa ted the day s supply, as Pears after removal from a cool fruit room to the

- warmer air of a dwelling house very soon get past their best .

In large gardens, a properly constructed fruit room

r o house is essential . It Should be thatched on roof and

- n Sides, be match boarded i side, and have double doors,

n an d with ve tilation under the lower shelf from outside, also in the apex ofthe roof to allow the sweat of apples to n escape . These Openi gs should have an outside shutter to

r n be closed on frosty nights, or du i g high winds, and the

l In floor shou d be of the natural earth, kept damp . such s A house , a supply of pples can be kept eleven months in P A l the year, and ears until pri . The large reed from marshlands makes a durable thatch ; n o r S faili g this, heather stout clean straw is suitable . hutters

fo r as must be provided the windows, the fruit keeps best n d whe light is exclude . A central stage is generally set apart to display the 5 4 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

e finest fruits, and a seri s of side shelves on each side of the

- we house, made of match board, with 3 inch space bet en each board, allows a circulation of air. The Shelves should r be I t feet from each other, and a single layer of f uit

b e . should laid on them They will not require any covering .

CHAPTER XI PESTS O F THE APPLE

IT is an axiom in gardening that “ a healthy tree is ” generally free from disease . Therefore every care Should be exercised to keep trees in that condition . Trouble as arises from many causes, such planting under the

Shade or drip of larger trees, placing the trees too closely

‘ together, planting too deeply, or planting in heavy soils that are not properly drained . For all fungous diseases, including ordinary mildew, the best form of Bordeaux mixture is that sold as Voss ’ W P use as oburn aste, which is ready for a winter or

. Led summer spray spot, and spotted and cracked fruits,

- b e its se sa M will less frequent after timely u , y, in arch as before the leaves open , and again just the fruit swells is is that , unless it necessary to spray for an attack of M winter moth, when other mixtures are desirable in arch ’ S as Bun ard s M or April . ulphur mixtures such y edela l are a so remedies for fungous troubles . In using wet sprays, care must be taken to cover both the upper and under sides of the foliage, and this should be carried out as a preventive where the trees have been attacked the previous a s year, before it again appe r . C A T E R P I L L AR S 5 5

A particular fungous disease on th e foliage starts as a dull dark mass of brown spots, which soon spread, and the af working down the stalk of leaf, fect the growing

n wood, formi g pustules or pimples on it, developing later is i n to canker . If disease observed the new shoots Should

cut i n be hard back winter to healthy wood buds, which may be found at the base of the Shoots of the curren t ’ n b e year ; the pruni gs Should burnt at once . Cox s n P Ora ge ippin is very liable to this spot attack, which also affects the fruits and causes them to rot before they reach maturity . — Caterpillars Where Apples have been badly attacked e by caterpillars, grease bands Should be tied around the tre s towards the en d of October to preven t the female i n sects s d the n from a cen ing stem, and the grease should be re ewed A h at intervals until pril ; ot erwise it may get caked over, and thus allow the passage of the Wingless females O f n Chei m atob ia b r am ata In F the wi ter moth ( ) . ebruary, the tops o f the trees should be sprayed thoroughly with the

- fl u id . is an d caustic Spray This fluid very powerful, requires ’ n n care to prevent it spoili g the user s clothes, getti g in his

- eyes or on the Skin, and a pair of india rubber gloves are e All nec ssary to protect the hands . similar sprays are has n O . da gerous if the perator any , cuts on his hands Trees sprayed with caustic soda may not be en tirely h are h freed from caterpillars, as t ere ot er moths which Fo r lay their eggs in Spring . this reason a fluid spray 2 s 2 of of soft soap oz . and qua sia oz . to a gallon water, ‘ ’ or M D ou all s W applied to the trees whilst hot, g ash, will e r as A b nefit the t ees just the first leaves expand in pril . In al l cases follow strictly the d irecti ons given with any 5 6 P R ES E N T - D AY G A R D E N I N G

A particular specific . weak wash may do no good, whilst an excessively strong dressing may injure the foliage and

- f the flower buds . These dressings will su fice until May or n June, at which time, if any leaves are found adheri g to

one another, they Should be pinched between the finger and thumb t—o kill the caterpillar enclosed in them . Aphides A look out must then be kept for Aphis A attacks . These flies or phides infest the young, tender A Shoots in July and ugust, and, if not checked, cripple

- the foliage and young growth . Tobacco water made 2 with oz . of coarse Shag to a gallon of warm water, or

quassia and soft Soap, are good remedies, which must be ’ used again in ten days time, as the eggs of a fresh brood

may then have hatched out, and some of the older brood

may have escaped, notwithstanding the care of the operator . At the commencement of june the fruits will n eed An attention . y which are spotted with fungus should

be collected and burnt, and , if need be, another weak dressing with the Bordeaux mixture should be applied if the

spotting is Spreading . It is much more prevalent in cold, as 1 0 1 10 wet seasons, such 9 9 and 9 , than in a warm, dry

summer . It must always be remembered that the spores of

fungous diseases are carried in the air, and thus spread so to other trees, that it is most important to follow up the an d ff treatment to burn all cuttings and a ected fruits . A can t Schiz oneura lan i era —We meri Blig h ( g ) . have A dealt with fungous and phis troubles, but a very serious A A B W A enemy to pples is the merican light or oolly phis, A which attacks pple trees, settling in the rough bark, in

cankered boughs, or in the axils of the leaves where they

join the Shoots .

W E E V I L S 5 9

n n It appears as a white, cotto y mass, the i sects in this a way protecting themselves, so that a w sh passes over them, and they can only be killed by rubbing i n methylated i n l se G ishurst spirits of wine, iso ated ca s, or by the use of the Compound, applied with a rather hard brush , repeating N application after ten days to kill the new brood . ot long ’ n as ago a pai ter s blow lamp was recommended effectual, such as is used to burn O ff paint ; but such a remedy r m ust be used . with g eat care or there will be some danger f n n As W A hib er o bur ing the growi g wood . the oolly phis n i n an d in e ates the soil near the tree the upp rmost roots, a n they Should lso be searched for there in late autum . In severe cases an i njection of bisulphide of carbon with a special machi n e made for the purpose has bee n found f A the e fectual . fter cankered places have been cleared of this blight, cut the rough bark away and smooth the portion SO t n ew ff Over, hat wood may cover up the a ected parts . W eevi s — f as l These are di ficult to destroy, they feed

n - by ight . The insects are of a dull, earth brown colour, the which hide by day in soil . They may be caught n h by tapping the trees at night and shaki g them on a clot , or by levelling a portion of the soil and placing on this a W flat stone, which , if lifted in the day, will reveal the eevils

e . a s creted beneath it On first lifting they do not appe r, n but after an i terval they may be seen to move their legs, and can then be picked up . They are most tenacious of can life, but they be killed by scalding water . They re

o as as quire lo king for, they are the same colour the earth .

' is an da weevil can There also iridescent y , which be Shaken is — down on Sight . It quite a small bug the Siz e of a a l dybird . 60 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

The a Cocci nella n L dybird ( ) is well k own as a friend, a but its black larv e is also a foe to aphides, and should by no means be killed, as we fear it Often is . — ' Red S e . A es eciall those pid r The foliage of pples, p y h of a irsute character, are liable to be attacked by red spider, which causes them to assume a rusty look . The n i sects are very minute, and form a slight web over them A - selves . severe syringing with tobacco water and soft soap will check them , and after applying this, syringe again ’ two with tepid water in days time . This will generally clear the trees, but it is necessary to syringe well under the foliage to make sure of dislodging the pest .

ank e - C r. Amongst the contributi n g causes of canker n may be me tioned undrained soil, or soil which lacks some essential element, also bruises upon the bark, or injuries caused by small shot in scaring birds . In bad cases on the older boughs it must be combated with drastic W n cut measures . ith a sharp k ife and chisel away all an d an the rough, scaly bark y dead, brown wood that is ’ o n found . Carefully smo th over the edges and apply pai ters

n k otting or a Blight Cure to the wound . This will keep out the wet and allow the new bark to grow over and heal the wound . Treat the smaller boughs in a Similar n so i s man er, but not severely . If canker present at the ends of the boughs, cut them back to healthy wood to

- induce new growth . In some cases, root pruning will help the trees ; and in others considerable benefit will follow the application of artificial manures such as sulphate of a o f 2 iron , b sic Slag, and sulphate ammonia, using oz . to the square yard but thes e remedies are useless if the lower or S A as roots are in a clayey wet soil . ome pples, such M U S S E L S C A L E 61

’ S uffield i P Peas oo d s n an d Lo rd , R bston ippin , g No such, ’ low s S n D um e eedli g, are extremely liable to canker, the direct cause of which is the fun gus known as Nectr ia

M sse S cal e - The u l is a small, silvery looking insect

- n n which lives under a shell like coveri g . It is often prevale t A s or A P on pples, especially in dry soil , on pples and ears An grown on walls . application of Blight Cure will check t s them, and if his doe . not complete the remedy, they may an be stifled by application of sweet oil, which closes their Af has breathing apparatus . ter this been done, scrub the Gish urst trees with soft soap or Compound, and the bark will then become healthy and allow the boughs to swell . k e — Apple S uc r. The female o f the Apple Sucker lays its eggs in the buds of Apples just before they Open i nto bloom , and it can be found where these buds adhere

as - together a big headed green bug, almost transparent .

It soon grows and eats the productive organs of the flowers, so r that although the blossoms may appear to be pe fect, they lack the female organs and are incapable of developi ng

n i to fruit . The only way to check this pest is to Spray the trees at this period of the unfolding of the flower-buds ‘ ’ M D ou all s W with g ash . M i w — lde . A superficial mildew on the shoots Should be as treated with sulphur, but mildew is most common in n f can n off an d autum , such a fected shoots ofte be cut burnt . f — A Un ertility . Unfertility in pples may be caused by in the trees, a young state, making too much wood, whether brought about by overfeedi ng o r by such hard pruning as is conducive to excessive growth . The remedy for this i s 62 P RE S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

- v us root pruning, an operation I have described on a pre io the page . If a tree blossoms well cause of unfertility must

be looked for in some other direction , and no good will

result from pruning the roots . The untrained jobbing gardener is Often the cause of as cut failure in fruit crops, his idea of pruning is to and hack n A S the tree all over, includi g the fruit spurs . gain , parrows are sometimes to blame, for in gardens near to towns they s b ullfin eat the fruit bud , and even in the country the ches will clear the buds from whole orchards of trees .

CHAPTER XII PESTS AFFECTING PEARS

P AR E pests are, in some instances, similar to those of

‘ A as pples, such, for example, canker, leaf spot, aphides, P A and caterpillars, but ears are not attacked by the merican B t can light . The remedies for the above pes s be used as A advised for pples . Pears have one serious insect pest in the Pear Midge D i losis ri vora ( p py ) . The female midge lays its eggs in the - ae Opening flower buds, and the larv upon hatching at once P enter the ovary to feed . The ears appear set for fruit, but, instead of making a pyriform growth , they become ae globular, and drop to the ground the larv then leave the so fruits and bury themselves two inches or in the soil . f cut If an a fected fruit is transversely the minute, white b e Af larvae will found in possession . fected fruits must be at once collected for burning, and the surface soil around the trees Should be dressed in the winter with

64 P R E S EN T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

a slight attack, but if general , spray the trees as directed . G can n rafting be done duri g these months .

MAY AND J U N E Keep a watch for aphides an d caterpillars and destroy A P a t them . Thin out the fruits on pple and e r rees that d are heavily croppe . J U LY Train the shoots ofApple and Pear trees where they are n required for extension of the branches, but do not do a y n pruning during this month . Conti ue thinning out the fruits upon trees that are carrying heavy crops .

AUGUS T The inner Shoots of pyramidal and b ush trees that are not required permanently may now be shortened to four s leaves, and espalier, cordon, and wall trees hould be

- n d summer pru e . Budding Should be commenced this F - month . ruit trees may be watered if the ground is dry .

S EP TEM BER

The fruits will now be rapidly swelling, and Showing A h e . r as colour fter the needful p uning be n done, a few leaves may be removed round the frtiit to admit the rays of S A the sun . Red pider on pple trees should be checked according to the directions given in a former chapter .

OCTO BER If any new growths have formed where the summer has off pruning been done, the shoots may be rubbed with C A L E N D A R O F O P E R A T I O N S 65

n See e adva tage . that all leading shoots are secur d where n needed for exte sion . In this month notes should be made

n w l n of e varieties to be ordered for fi ling bla ks, or to lengthen the fruit supply by obtai ning earlier or later ripen

All for ing varieties . useless trees should be marked de

- struction . Open ground for fruit trees should be dug up roughly at the end of October to expose the soil to the in fluences of frost and air .

NOVEM BER AND DECEM BER

n - These are the chief planting mo ths . If fruit trees arrive at a time when they cannot be planted, open the n bundles at once and lay the trees in the soil, coveri g the n n roots they may then be planted when it is co ve ient . If on unpacking the trees the wood is shrivelled and the roots

- are dry, immerse them in water for twenty four hours . It is n in rare for frost to i jure trees transit, but this may occur when the weather is favourable at the place of despatch but the suddenly changes before trees reach the purchaser . On receipt they should be laid in a frost-proof Shed an d be kept dry, and no harm will ensue . The author once had ten thousand you ng trees in a shed when the temperature fell dr to zero they were kept y, and not one failed . If cater pillars have bee n troublesome on the foliage during the past n n seaso , some grease bands should be put rou d the stems of the trees before November sth if this treatment is followed in january by a dressi ng of lime an d salt applied i n n ja uary, well washing it into the bark, many insects will be killed . PART II

CHAPTER XIV

CULTIVATION O F AP P LES AND PEARS FO R PROFIT

WE now enter upon a fresh subject, and the most important W can question is, hat sorts be grown to give a reasonable profit on the outlay In former chapters we have described the manner of n planting, sty le of pruning, and hi ts have been given on A P But as the purchase of pples and ears . , good all the n sorts recommended for garden pla ting are, we now come n to the business part of the i dustry, and have to take other matters than the supply o f a family into considera

. v n tion In the commercial culti ation of fruit, the followi g maxims must be borne in mind

1 . D O a not plant too many v rieties . 2 n ot . Do plant blocks of a kind together . P 3 . lant on arable land if this is possible . D O 4 . not put all your eggs in one basket, but start with a mixed plantation .

5 . Do not go all over the country seeking advice ; go t i to one authori y and act on s recommendation . h6 M I X E D M A R K E T P L A N T A T I O N S 67

6 Do r . . not bother about markets until you get a c op

7. Get land near a railway station or big town if an yo u c . 8 D O . not acquire land merely because it is cheap, nor

x ertadvi ce purchase without e p . n ot e 9 . Do prune the trees the first y ar after planting.

1 0 . . Be sure to wire the hedges and keep out rabbits

1 1 P . . rovide shelter from prevailing winds

1 2 . Do not buy trees at auctions, but, instead, visit the A u S e nurseries in ug st or eptemb r, if you contemplate planti ng .

1 . 3 . Keep fowls and pigs — Too many Vari eties The market salesmen make much better prices when the supply of any on e variety is co n S n ti n uous . t mall lots, unless they are of exceptio al quali y, l make low prices . Therefore, plant bold y from one to three e of o ne A P hundred tr es variety of pple or ear, and also At of Currant or Gooseberry . the same time a special plot of trial varieties may be plan ted to find out the best

for n sorts the district, in view o—f further extensio s . Not Block s of one Kind Experience has Shown that

n e o f o f Of where a umb r trees one variety fruit is planted, th e flowers do not set SO well as when pollen of several varieties is available for their pollination . Not more than three rows Of the same variety Should be planted togeth er n the next three must be of another variety, whe the first h n has t ree ca be again repeated . It been found that in - n n large blocks only the outside trees have bee fruitful, bei g

or - n fertilised by bees wind carried polle , whilst the trees in the r s a u cent es of the e blocks h ve been barren . Bees sho ld 68 P R E S EN T - D AY G A R D EN I N G be kept in all plantations for the purpose of getting cross o f fertilisation the blossoms . I t is best —to start a mixed plantation in arable or cultivated land that is, standard trees with rows of bush n trees between them, the latter bei g again interplanted, or sa middled as we y in Kent, with red or black Currants, G s St oo eberries, Raspberries, or rawberries, for some ten “ years, by which time the under fruit or bushes can be

lantin ' o f removed . The p g standards in grass entails ex pen se in providing protection from cattle ; but where it is intended to lay down the orchard eventually to grass

sa ( y in ten years) , it is not advisable to plant bush trees meanwhile the open land may be cropped with Potatoes or M angolds, but not corn . The largest returns are obtained from mixed planta tions, and it is seldom that such fail to yield a profit . S A P hould the pples and ears not be fruiting that season , the other fruits may succeed , and the needful culture of bushes P A is a great help to the development of the ears, pples, or

Plums planted amongst them . A mixed plantation is the most expensive at the outset, S but it soon yields a good return . trawberries yield a A crop the first year and Currants the second, whilst pples P and ears, if dwarfs, begin to crop in the third year, or, r as standa ds, in the fifth season . m n In ries —We Too a y q ui . are so often consulted by intending planters who have interviewed gardeners, sales so m men , and growers, and whose ideas are therefore ixed n that they do not know where to begin , that we stro gly advise all to consult one expert and then go ahead . These t e r inquirers often bother h ir heads about ma kets, baskets, ‘ L A N D N E A R T O W N O R RAIL 69

' and salesm en s charges before they have any prospect of a crop . This wasted energy should be put into the planting and cultivation of the land, and it will amply pay for the attention . — Land near to a Town or Railway Plan ters on a large scale will do well to give this matter ‘ full co n r P e side ation . roximity to a railway provides faciliti s for s n prompt de patch of produce, and also co venient carriage

, is of manure from the cities or towns . But land which situated near to a town or railway station is so much clearer a t t is that it may py bet er, af er all, to get land which further a as an d an d field, a horse van are needed for road cartage also for work on the land, and once fruit is loaded up, M a few extra mil es are not very serious . uch time can be saved by arranging purchases to be brought back in the van . hea an — C pL d . Many planters have had cause to regret that they commenced cultivation on a particular piece of was land merely because it cheap . If the soil is clay it requires first of all to be artificially drained, and afterwards it needs years of tillage, before it is brought into a good working condition , and, if situated in a valley, serious losses b e ff are likely to su ered from spring frosts . Hungry, sandy r an d soil requires ve y much manure to make it fertile, the virtue of applied dung so soon gets washed below the feeding G o roots, that this soil also proves very expensive . o d loamy s l soil is ea ier to work and more asting . Thin , chalky soil is dr often too y in summ—er and should be avoided . Purchas e of Land It is best for planters to buy free i o r hold land, if their capital w ll permit them to do this, e e r n f s v n to pu chase la d, and let hal the money be rai ed 7o P R E S E N T - D AY G A R D E N I N G

a b n on a mortg ge . But efore completi g a purchase, the beginner should get some expert advice from a friend, or, failing that, pay a fee to a competent man , and have the soil b e tested in several places . In any case, do not rushed into as W buying by such remarks ell, give me your reply soon , " as there are others after the site . ’ efer P r ni n — D u g . Don t prune the first year, except P u as are such lums, Damsons, Gooseberries, and C rrants s We planted before Christma . are very strong on this A P point, because unpruned pples and ears recover them so selves much more quickly, making much earlier leafage than trees which have been pruned . Remember always i s that it wise to form a tree before you allow it to fruit .

Trees pruned on planting form little growth, but plenty of s t fruit spurs, and the e prevent a good sound founda ion for being laid a vigorous tree . Wi ri n th e e es —If cut g H dg hedges already exist, the inside face in close and upright, and then sink the wire netting 9 inches below the ground level, turning the lower A edge outwards if possible . ttach the upper part of the as wires to the hedges close as possible . The hedge will then grow through the meshes and help to keep it in place . It is absolutely needful to wire all plantations to r - keep out rabbits, using inch mesh wire, 3 g, feet wide W for this purpose . here standard trees only are planted, each tree should be wired separately . In wiring standard e orchard trees, which are best secur d by two stakes, the wires must be attached to the stakes, not to the tree . l Otherwise, in summer sheep or young catt e will rub against

cut . them, and the wire will into the tree bark The position where the tree is secured below the head will

72 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

a f F w — e o o s . V lu l Keep fowls on the fruit lands, and n let them run over the ground, especially whe the n land is bei g dug and after the crops are gathered . Their manure is very valuable mixed with earth and A e stored dry . lso, if possible, keep pigs in ord r that they may eat up all vegetable rubbish grown . Mix in the ashes A from the house with the pig manure . nother plan, if no k 6 live stoc is kept, is to dig a pit 4 feet deep and feet square, and in this put all the kitchen and house refuse, ashes, and vegetable trimmings . They will rot and the For manure will be useful on the land . obvious reasons this pit should be made as far from the house as possible . r In refe ence to the commercial growth of fruit, the author is permitted to refer inquirers who wish for fuller Fr ui t Farm i n or information, to his sixth edition of g f P 2 5 d th ro t . . e fi . It may be purchased, 9 post free, from ’

Gardeners Chr ni cle . o , Covent Garden, London

CHAPTER XV

PREPARATION O F THE LAND AND PLANTING

AFT R has E a corn crop been taken , the field should be

- broad shared first, then harrowed, collecting the stubble F and weeds for burning . ollowing this the field should be steam -ploughed (if of sufficient acreage) as deeply as S possible in eptember or October, and the soil allowed PLATE VI

APPLE LORD DERBY

n ce n cu na A f r us in o em b e an D (A ex lle t li ry pple o e N v r d ecem b er . )

A P P L ES F O R TH E M A R K E T S 75 to l - o r D settle . Before p anting in mid November ecember, let the harrow be run over it bo th ways to get a good a surface till ge . If a small field it may be ploughed deeply, and then be treated with a subsoil ploughshare to “ ” break up th e pan below the ordinary open ploughed furrow . If the furrows are exposed to a few frosts before

is so . the land harrowed, much the better If the soil e is inf sted with thistles, Couch Grass, Bearbind, or deeply -b e l rooting weeds, it will best to defer p anting for an d W O a season , crop the land with heat, ats, or P s otatoe to get it thoroughly free from weeds, otherwise they will be very troublesome after the trees and bushes P are planted . If otatoes have been the previous crop, they will leave the land in condition for planting . P ant —All l ing . the rows should be quite straight and, s so r o b e if pos ible, far apa t that horse or p ny hoes can used to destroy weeds and to obtain a fine surface tilth, which hinders summer evaporati on and allows rain -water to e p netrate .

CHAPTER XVI

APPLES FO R THE MARKETS

THE following varieties may be cultivated either as bushes on P o 12 a as the aradise st ck at feet ap rt, or standards or half-standards on the Crab stock at 18 to 2 0 feet a ap rt. 76 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

EAR LY VARIETIES TO S EL L AS GATH ERED

D esser t Apples

G a s one. Ea c Mr . l d t rly Vi toria. Beau f h W an o Ba . e T s ty t hit r parent. Lad Sude e Lo G os en y l y. rd r v or.

Wo ces e Pea a . ena e r t r rm in Gr di r . ’ R Ben s ed . S r n as e Dwar s ti li g C tl ( f only) . Y ow n es ell I g tre.

LATER VARIETIES

D esser t Apples

am es G e e. en J ri v Gold Spire. ’ A n on P n. Wa ne lli gt ippi r r s King . ’ o s n P a e n. C x Or g ippi Lord Derb y. n ofthe P ns o o Beau Ki g ippi . N rf lk ty.

D uc Ro a b ee. hess Favorite . y l Ju il

The above sorts require These can b e sold from the o r b e s o to i n . ees e se g tr , t r d ll fro m Octob er to Christ

m as.

’ Cox an e P n not a c e on o e o has een o n s Or g ippi is su c ss s m s ils, but it b f u d ' a a e a ca a oc on c to af B a e S ee n c t en th t it m k s pit l st k whi h gr t r ml y s dli g, whi h h ea m o a T n m a b e e to o e who ave een n b rs re regul rly. his hi t y us ful th s h b u lucky ’ Cox O an e P n and even em e t o n the ee . with s r g ippi , pr t th d s r yi g tr s

78 P R E S E N T - D AY G A R D EN I N G

the weaker . Do not plant more than three rows of one sort together, as this would hinder or prevent cross i n poll natio . Al l the Pears mentioned above are equally suitable a for training against the walls of buildings or g rden walls, also as espaliers or cordons . P r Choice ears must be gathered very ca efully, as we have said in a previous chapter . Tomtits are often o P as t troubles me with ears, they set le on the stalk and eek l p at the end of the fruits, which wil not then keep

. S P can A in store uch imperfect ears be stewed . few Sunflowers planted near will often prevent their depreda as S tions, the birds are very fond of the unflower seeds .

CHAPTER XVIII

PEARS AS STANDARDS

R P THE E are some common ears, such as the costers sell, which pay well for cultivation—although their quality

- — is but second rate as they bear profusely and travel well n they mostly ripe early, and the trees have time to recover themselves the same season . is The earliest the Lammas, a mealy fruit with a red P cheek . This is followed by the Crawford or Chalky ear of Kent, pale green with white, sweet flesh it is generally P ready for the August Bank Holiday . Both these ears ‘ P E A R S A S S T A N D A R D S 79 are often gathered ten days before this period and laid i n heaps to ripe n them for that festival . r is The Hess le ripens in September . The t ee a great l e . b arer, and the fruits are dul green with silvery specks ’ is d W é This followe by illiams Bon Chr tien , and in October B l P é Beurré osc pays we l in good ear land, also Beurr i P i ’ Ca aum o nt . p , a small ear often br ghtly coloured Rivers F Ca iaum o nt an d P ertility is an improved form of p , etite ro P n Marguerite is a sweet, und ear which ripe s in October, n Red s whe Robin is also in sea on . P Owing to the habit of these ears to crop very heavily, are they often undersized . The size may be improved by f Ma a fording the trees a liberal surface mulch, in y, of o r fresh stable dung, or an application of manure water, a dressing of nitrate of soda or other fertiliser . It is v ad isable to give this attention, because it assists the trees to bear the followi ng season ; otherwise they may require ’ a year s rest to recover . n In winter it also pays to thi out the boughs, as even 6d I S a rise of . to . per bushel for improved quality will n repay this atte tion . S d r tan a ds may be planted on arable or grass land . It is useless to plant choice Pears un less the soil is

— n as - suitable such, for i stance, a rich, deep brick earth but the small sorts recommended above for standards are so as not particular to soil . P P erry ears are not grown in Kent, but they may be the M purchased from some of idland nurserymen . 80 P R E S ENT - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

CHAPTER XIX

NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE

THE following table wi ll give the proper distances

— — A Y NG Y M IG A ST N A E T EE F o O P RA ID F . A DARD L R r . 3 . U 4. PP

re and bushes should be planted apart, and the number We quired per acre. give the details relating to Currants

82 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

CHAPTER XX

PROBABLE MARKET PRICES

THE prices which fruit will realise in the open market depend to a very large exten t on the character Ofthe season n S n and exte t of the crops . peaki g generally, the higher prices Obtained in a scarce year are as satisfactory as the s Of lower prices reali ed for full crops, because the cost n an d picking, packi g, marketing is higher in a bountiful

' An sieve or year. average price per bushel for Kitchen A 8 6d pples would be about 3 . . net to the grower, and for

D A - 3 Fo r essert pples sent in half sieves about 3 . net . choice n A 1 6d boxed specime s of early pples, about s . . a dozen

’ ‘ may be expected ; fo r Cox s Orange Pippi n an d similar 2 6d o n 5 . 8 varieties, from . to 4 . a d ze other later dessert

n 8 ki ds, about 3 . can These are wholesale prices, and if small growers meet with private customers i n the locality they may make S double the above prices . ome growers supply hotels, s especially at seaside resorts, at high price . In dealing with small shopkeepers there is always a risk of incurri n g n bad debts, and it is advisable to insist upo having cash o n delivery . P Of n ears the commo er sorts are best sold in sieves, 18 8 and they make prices varying from . to 4 . per sieve ;

- in - 2 6 All 8 d 8. better class fruits, half sieves, from . . to 4 P A C K I N G FR U I T F O R S A L E 83

b e 2 8 n d P . large a choice ears should packed in boxes, when

5 n . L to 4 . per doze may be realised for them arge fruits Of n é du rn n l Doyen Co ice with clear ski s, from wal s, make up

I S . to . each

CHAPTER XXI

PACKING FRUIT FO R SALE

THE matter O f gradi ng shoul d have careful atten tion from

as . All o f P growers, it is of vital importance kinds ears A an d n an d pples pay well for grading, whe marketed as

an d 0 n firsts, seconds, thirds, will usually realise 5 per ce t . more than the same fruits would sell for if sen t to the market unsorted. Large growers should register a special “ brand name

n o a distinctly coloured paper, and thus secure a reputation

l t n . n for qua i y and honest packi g The printi g of the paper, after the first cost of a wood block, would be but a small

an d - charge, a half sheet could be placed after the usual n n Of a packi g paper had bee bent over the top the b sket, n n n the cor ers being tur ed dow into the basket rim . When o n ce a reputation has been thus built up for t n ot n n high quali y, it infreque tly happe s that the produce all a is booked before it reaches the m rkets, at prices greatly Of exceeding the rates the day . The packi ng and grading O f Apples is a matter of the B most serious import for the future of the ritish fruit trade . Success depen ds largely upon the growers adapti ng themselves Of r t to modern methods ma ke ing. They must realise that 84 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R DE N I N G

row n of o ne the g i g the fruit is but part of the business, and the more difficult question of selli ng it to the best advantage t mus be met and overcome . In regard to cultivation , it must be remembered that a bushel of bad fruit costs more o f to pick, and as much to market, as an equal quantity

fi - P n n rst class fruits . acking in bra ded boxes will e able a reputation to be built up and secure a new opening for O f l sale, namely, that the wholesale grocers, who wil be only too glad to buy English fruit if it is packed in a can u manner that they handle it. The packing m st be attractive and the fruit uniform in quality and size ; the n grower who fulfils these conditio s should, in a few years, be able to deal direct with the wholesale grocers, thus saving the intermediate profits which now press so hardly upon him . A 1 2 Choice Dessert pples may be placed in a box, n so ested in wood wool that they do not touch each other . S 18 2 maller sizes may be arranged to 4 in a box, and P S can choice ears in the same manner . everal boxes be as A tied together to travel one parcel . fter the fruits are an d placed in the boxes, cover them with thin , soft paper, over this place some wood wool so that the fruits will be;

. kept firm The best white wood wool only should be used. The author was much interested recently in an i n stitutio n called the Hereford CO - Operative Fruit Gradi n g

. n O Company, Limited This concer has been in peration an d n i n for two years, is increasi g favour with growers . All an d n fruit is sold by weight, is well packed and bra ded A1 1—2— , or quality 3 . This work is done by women, and he 3 . . t who the cost appears to be about 3 per cwt to growers, r Of s all are subscribe s s . a year, and are bound to send in

86 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I NG

8 b e a sieve 4 lbs . It is, however, to hoped that all fruit was will ultimately be sold by weight . This approved by 1 0 F the 9 7 ruit Conference, but the smaller buyers cling l to the O d custom .

CHAPTER XXII

W AY S AND M EANS

BEGINN ERS may wan t to know the probable cost O f layi ng O f A P m out a plantation pples or ears . In this case uch n o n depe ds the price of local labour, the condition Of n the la d, and whether the proprietor works at the job M himself . oreover, it will be Obvious that it is cheaper,

ro rata o ut . p , to lay ten acres than one It n s is, however, esse tial that the planter hould have sufficient capital to last him for the first three years o f h t i In planting, for althoug the ca ch crops may br ng a A e P little ready money, a plantation of ppl s or ears will n o t n begin to pay u til the fourth year if the trees are dwarfs, and the fifth or sixth year if standards are planted . But if a mixed plantation is decided on an earlier return is secured . In an orchard composed Of stan dard trees at 48 to the e n acre, the cost of tre s, planting, and securi g the stems with n 1 2 an d - netti g would be about £ , for half standards about h the same, for, although the smaller trees are c eaper, they are generally planted closer together .

In a plantation of dwarf bush trees no stakes are needed, W A Y S AND M E A N S 87 and with 3 0 0 trees to the acre the prime c ost would be 0 an d sa about £3 to £3 5 for trees of two years Old, y f £5 extra o r Older trees . If middled with Gooseberries an d Currants the cost would be about £ 10 per acre more . A fter the mixed plantation is made, labour generally, n k n 10 i cluding pic i g, would be about £ per acre annually . is sa n n That to y, that if five acres were laid dow , a pla ter 2 0 0 an d n should start with a capital of £ , beyo d this have S enough to keep him for three years . ome might do with s as n le s, one man may succeed where a other fails . The cost Of standard Apples an d Pears ranges about

10 0 - n n £7 per for well grow , clea trees, and for half two - standards, £4 to £5 , and for year trees, as dwarfs P On n 10 0 . Qui ce or aradise stocks, from £4 to £5 per

B 10 5 . 2 0 3 10 0 ush fruits, from to . per . Raspberries for n 1 an d S e 10 0 0 5 . pla ting, from £ per , trawb rries from 7 to 1 f 1 3 0 0 0 O . 5 . per , according to the time year The best plan is for buyers to state their requirements o f to a reliable firm nurserymen, and get a special quota tion for free delivery .

C H A P T E R X X I I I

PROPAGATION

A is THE pple increased either by budding or grafting. Fo r Of n n the purpose buddi g, stocks should be pla ted in November or December in order to be ready for buddi ng 88 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G i n n A an d S c the followi g ugust eptember . The Crab sto ks P are ready to bud before the aradise stocks, and the work can be started when the shoots (Or scions) of the varieties c n whi h are to be propagated are about three parts grow . n n can Off The poi t of the scion shoot, bei g useless, be cut n as far as it is sappy or gree , and some six to eight buds

n . at the base of the Shoot, bei g dormant, should not be used

All - the leaves may be removed, leaving the leaf stalks on

n n the scio for ease in handli g the selected bud, which should be removed by making a slanting cut under the bud into the hard wood, starting inch above the bud and 1 n drawing out i ch below the bud . This is best don e by taki ng the scio n in the left hand

n c and holdi g it firmly on the thumb as a ful rum . The

n i n k ife is then held the right hand, and the bud is scooped n n out by usi g the knife in a slanti g position . The knife Th cut . e should be very sharp, as the must be clean loop like bud is then taken in the first finger and thumb O f the left hand, and with the forefinger of the right hand t e n h woody part is separated from the bark, leavi g only, Of i n as it were, the skin remaining . If the base the p (or n young bark bud) is then level with the gree inside bark, it is a good one but if i n removi n g the wood this pin comes out with it and leaves a tiny hollow, that is a useless bud . P revious to the removal of the bud, the stock Should be prepared to receive it, as the bud must not be allowed to get dry . If it is a Crab stock, first make a cross cut 1 2 n about i ches from the ground, and then a down out 1 c n outs n about % in h lo g, the two resembli g the en d O f n n letter T . Then insert the flat the buddi g k ife under the edges below the cross cut, and lift up the

9 2 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

downwards . The grafts are then prepared by cutting the 6 n lower end Of the Shoot about i ches long, cutting this length down from about the third eye of the upper end o f an d Off n the scion , shaving the base to next to othing, and to match as far as possible the loop on the stock . If t O cut Off it is O long, more must be then make an upward

notch in the scion , to fit into

the notch on the stock, and press the scion and stock closely

together . It is important that the bark at the base O fthe scion meets the bark at the base of

the stock, as the healing growth starts at that point and a co m lete p junction is then secured . In cutting the sc ion the wood

should be slightly scooped out .

If left rounded, it makes a

bumpy union .

‘ - G SCl OIl Fm . 5 . GRAFTIN The graft or should be a 6 the oc e a e for af m , , st k pr p r d gr t then fir ly tied in , and some "1 3 f the “ i03 ‘4 the af 8 , 3 gr t Of mixture, either wax made completed . ’ and “3810 Of C (FrOrn the Gardener s from grease : lay and horse droppi. ngs beaten Into a pudding with a flat stick and afterwards well kneaded like dough . The material prepared is firmly placed all s S round the tock and scion to exclude the air . pecial care should be taken to close the mixture well below the graft, ” Pu o ut . and also above it, to keep water The g is made f n up in finishing to the shape o a long egg . In usi g is on is wax, it put hot, and if the first finger dipped in G R A FT I N G 9 3

a w ter, the needful finishing can be done without scalding n the fi ger . The wax is first put on with a flat stick, f rubbed on both sides of the gra t . When the buds have made growths about 8 i n ches b e O f long, they require to tied to the upper portion the stock above the bud . This is done by looping one round f t n O f O the mat i g on the outer side the growth, with two rounds encircling the stock ; this leaves the n eedful b u t a free space for the d grow h to expand . In gr fts, the growths require to be tied to a stake placed close to the t n stock, to keep hem upright and to prevent the wi d in the greak g the graft away from stock . The snag of t e stock above the bud should be cut away in October,

n n n i a sla ti g direction , to allow the new growths to swell n In over the stock and make a perfect u ion . grafts, the wedge - shaped snag should be cut away for the same purpose . The scions which it is proposed to graft should be cut in january or February and be tied in bundles Of not more t n i n - ha twelve, then laid by the heels one third of their

n i n n n le gth in soil or sand a shady positio . This is do e “ ” to make them hungry or partially dried, in order that they may more readily absorb the sapfrom the stock when grafted . W O ld here it is proposed to graft trees, the boughs a off i n F should be s wn below the branches ebruary . On s l standards and dwarfs or bushe , the sma ler boughs can or u be grafted, , if espaliers, the arms must be c t back to 1 foot Of the central stern . Tongue grafting, as advised for dwarf stocks, can be practised on small boughs, but o n the larger ones an opening i s made with a chisel and the 94 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G scion is cut with two wood sides an d one bark side an d n a forced into the cavity, the scion being poi ted and m de

- fo r three sided the purpose . The wax or pug must cover the end Of the bough as grafted , and very early in May the n S ties Should be loose ed, but not removed . ticks Should b e ttached o as a to the bough to support the new gr wths, the union at first from the new growth is very feeble, and, i n n a the abse ce of ties, grafts are sure to blow out in gale, en o n A or be forced out wh any large bird settles them . fter ’ o n e cut summer s growth, the new wood is again back ; n and even if the growth is lo g and free the first summer, it is wise to cut a foot O ff the en ds in September to preven t n o n an undue strai the junction . The growths i n after-y ears are pruned according to the But n form of tree desired . on sta dards the best method is an d n to spur the side shoots, leave only such lo g growths as are required for the purpose Of extending the n tree, or cutti g others for the purpose of multiplying the A an d n branches . pyramid sta dard tree are illustrated 80 on p . . It is somewhat difficult to put i n to words the exact A Operations of budding and grafting . mateurs might grasp the work more readily if they could see it done by an expert, and we suggest this should be arranged if pos S n sible . till, with the descriptions and drawi gs, it should f W not be di ficult . e would advise amateurs at first practisi ng o n such easily raised barks as the Ash or W or o n B R n ot n eces illow, riar ose, standards which do

In m en o n 2 0 0 sitate stooping . the nurseries the put 5

0 0 0 n to 3 buds per day, with the help of a boy followi g behind them to make the ties .

9 6 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

CHAPTER XXIV

CALENDAR O F O PERATION S IN APPLE AND PEAR ORCH ARDS

JAN UARY

AP PL S ll E now in the store should be carefu y examined, and those that are not keeping well should be sorted Over and the sound fruits marketed . The best prices are obtained by S ’ sending regularly, rather than by saving up for a aturday s

- i n market . Get the manure on the land for digging . Com plete the planting of trees stake orchard standards and W can n protect them from cattle . inter pruning be do e in b ullfinches F mild weather . Destroy and sparrows . ill up

- gaps in hedges and wind shelters by planting afresh .

FEBRUARY

AS Canadian and American Apples will soon arrive in large quantities, it will be well to market most of the S fruit now in the store . end the best to distant markets, “ as . At the seconds will sell to local buyers this season , A as large kitchen pples make good prices, imported fruits n t co m leted as do o cook well . Digging should be p soon n as possible . Towards the middle of the mo th any large e d n tr es which are to be grafte Should be headed dow , and b e the grafts to put upon them should be procured, and be heeled - in in a shady place two -thirds of their lengths below C A L E N D A R O F O P E R A T I O N S 97

l ground, in bund es of thirty to forty, properly labelled . February is a good month to dress fruit - trees with the W Caustic ash . MARCH Newly planted trees require a mulch O f half-long litter to prevent the sun drying the surface and i njuring the upper roots ; it is best to hoe over the surface B round the tree before applying the mulch . y this month . An all digging and planting should be completed . y fresh f P trees O lums and Damsons, planted carefully before

Christmas, may now be headed back, but all other trees should be allowed to make a year ’s growth before they u n n are pr ed . I sect life will now be awakening, and all

- - prunings, bark scrapings, rubbish, and hedge cuttings should be collected for burning. Orchard trees must now b e again gr eased to catch the spring species of moths that will be hatching and ascending the trees . The spraying apparatus should be put in order, and materials for use should be procured, as when the first buds begin to swell W spraying must be started without delay . here ground is n rough after the wi ter digging, a dry period Should be chosen for the men to break the clods in the plantations

- G with Canterbury three prong hoes . rafting is best per formed i n March ; the younger trees should be treated c F u first, the old trees headed ba k in ebr ary, in which the is flow of sap less active, being left until last .

AP R IL

If heavy rai n s have hardened the surface soil of planta ti ons, it will pay to loosen it by means of the pon y hoe or G 9 8 P R ES E N T - D AY G A R D E N I N G

. weeds render by hand labour This will kill small , _ the o f summer cultivation easier, and prevent that evaporation n moisture which goes on where la d is hard and unmoved . F - n ow n an d ruit trees will be blossomi g, great damage may n be done by early frosts . This cannot always be preve ted so c but smother fires, arranged that their smoke travels a ross O W the plantation, will ften be of service. eeds should be destroyed .

MAY

A A pple blossom will now be abundant . The pple r n sucke pest may ecessitate spraying, and a late crop of ae A winter moth larv may also be in evidence . good spray ing as soon as the petals of the blossoms fall will be ad visable in plantations that have been injured in the past year the check to growth caused b y cold nights and frosts is favourable to insect pests, and extra attention is required W at this period . eeds must be destroyed, and even when hOe n there are but few, the will be Of service in keepi g a O f Ma surface tilth . Towards the end y, where trees are promising a heavy crop , a mulching of long strawy manure

~ . O f little use will be beneficial It is close to the stems, but Should be spread over a circular space 6 feet wide at

3 feet from the main stems . If dry weather sets in, the soil round newly planted trees Should be stirred and well pulverised, in case the surface may cake and crack ; a Y mulch of s hort manure afterwards will be useful . oung n O f trees that Show sig s distress may be thoroughly watered .

The growths from buds upon young stocks, if 9 inches

S c . in length , hould now be tied to the sto k for safety Grafts inserted last March will now require the bands to b e loosened

10 0 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A RD E N I N G summer pruning (as in August) can be continued ; and even old trees where crops are gathered can have their boughs and surplus shoots removed, whilst all dead, leafless wood can be the better taken out when the E foliage is on the rest of the tree . xtra long shoots upon 12 8 young trees may be shortened, removing to inches . OCTO BER During this month buyers who are thinking of planting see A should visit the nurseries and the trees growing . pples P S P like King of the ippins and ummer Golden ippin , that are stored for a short time, may be gathered . Nearly all P the market ears will be fit to store this month . The snags or stock ends of grafted or budded dwarf trees may now be cut off O f A . The main crop pples will require gather ing, but do not hurry the work, as the few fruits that first drop will be maggoty, and perfect maturity is needful for n Apples to be stored for a lo g time . They should always be stored dry . If the prices are fairly good, they may, ’ perhaps, pay well to market from the tree ; but Bramley s S W eedling, Lord Derby, Newton onder, and Jubilee will ’ n P pay for storing . Cox s Ora ge ippin and choice dessert

Varieties will also pay for the extra trouble . Choice Pears All must be laid singly on the shelves . stored fruit must be looked over on wet days, and decayed examples u removed before they infect the so nd fruits near to them .

As before stated, when a developed tree has been cleared of its fruit, the pruner should at once attend to the thinning of the branches and spurs, and the removal of dead n branches . Old trees are greatly benefited by a dressi g of

K cwt. ainit, applying 5 per acre on the ground surface . ’ BAUMANN S REINETTE

(A good Apple for cultivati on in towns . )

C A L E N D A R O F . O P E R A T I O N S 10 3

Purchasers should now place their orders for trees an d an d bushes required for the coming season , procure wire d i & c . . nett ng, stakes, , ready to support the trees when plante About the middle O f October the perfect insects of the b winter moth egin to appear, therefore grease banding should b e r at once carried out on orchard t ees, and the work should be completed by November 5 . NOVEM BER P This is the chief planting month . ears should be generally quite fit for remo val by the second week in A November, and pples the second or third week, but the A exact date will depend on the weather . dry October may n - prevent lifti g until November, because fruit trees are apt to t shrivel in transit if lifted too early or in dry wea her.

D ECEM BER

Old Continue planting . Cut down and useless trees in frosty weather, and prune established trees . In large plantations it may be necessary to start pruning you ng can f trees this be safely done, except in very rosty weather.

Collect manure for the winter spreading, before the diggers E a o enter the plantations . arly m nuring is g od for bush

and n fruits and young trees, but for orchards plantatio s A F is of pples ebruary a good time to apply the manure . D uring the slack time in November and D ecember scrape th e loose bark off O ld tree stems and branches before the l n usua limewash is put o . If possible a cloth should be put under the trees so that the scrapings can be collected fo r an d ae burning . The limewash will kill eggs larv of many enemies and make the bark smooth and healthy . 10 4 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G Some soft soap and soot may be stirred into the lime n wash , and it should be applied not o ly to the stems, but A into the principal limbs . good recipe is first slake fresh I lime to a paste, and to every gallon of this add pint of ffi an d 1 1 . para n, lb . of salt, lb of soft soap . The soap

Should be first dissolved in hot water, and then be added to

n A - the bulk, stirri g all well together . pply with a tar brush n on a long ha dle or whitewash brush . The salt and paraffin n an d make the wash e ter all the interstices, are distasteful to insects . If soot is added, use a quart to a gallon of n water, always keeping it well stirred . It is a good pla to market Apples that are fit at least fourteen days before

Christmas, as at Christmas foreign produce is preferred .

n n f r About january 10 the dema d agai sets in , o late culin ary A an d dessert pples . Rubbish of all kinds should be collected

- and burnt, spreading the ashes on the manure heaps . Hedges can be repaired and old ties on the fruit- trees examined, renewing any that need it .

CHAPTER XXV AP P L E C O O K ER Y

THE old saying

An Apple a day ee s the o c o awa K p d t r y,

has some truth in it . There is a valuable corrective element A n in the pple (malic acid) , and whether eate raw (as is best) or taken as a drink in cider, this acid is no doubt In n an antidote to rheumatism . those cou ties where cider

10 6 P R ES E N T - D A Y G A R D E N I N G

2 with half a pound flour, quarter pound butter, oz . sugar . W ork these together without adding any water . Roll out o n the pastry, slip it to a flat, round tin, ornament the s edges with a fancy strip, or little balls of pa te, and cook M the paste in a fairly hot oven for 45 minutes . eantime, f A make a sti f marmalade of pples flavoured with cinnamon, W s nutmeg, and sugar to taste . hen the pa te is cooked, tin take it from the oven , but do not lift it from the till W to . cold, or it will break pieces hen ready, lift it care

fully on to a dish , ornament the edge with candied A an d Cherries, spread the pple marmalade smoothly on it, r se ve . — - atea des Po es . flavoured G u mm Take some acid, well ’ ’ A D um elow s S W pples, like eedling ( ellington) or Bramley s S as s eedling, those with an earthy ta te give unsatisfactory t resul s . A : 2 lb s . . Ingredients pples, 4 oz white, moist sugar, 12 1 9 pint water, sheets gelatine, lemon . M a P elt the gelatine in h lf of the water . eel and cor e A cut Put the pples and them fine . them into a lined saucepan with the sugar and the rind and juice of the the W A lemon and the rest of water . hen the pples are

soft, add the gelatine, and cook for five minutes more .

- Rub through a sieve, and then pour . into a well wetted

mould . This may be stuck over with split almonds, or

garnished with whipped cream after turning it out . Ordinary Apple pudding is too well known to need P is O description, but Town udding less ften served, and is it very nice . own P in T udd g requires 35 oz . suet, 3 oz . flour, 3 oz . 8 A 2 breadcrumbs, oz . finely chopped pples, oz . sugar, BA K E D A P P L E S 19 7

Mix 1 e l . g , a litt e nutmeg all these together without a an d - dding any water, press into a well greased mould . S for team 3; hours . Let it stand for 5 minutes before

out . turning , and serve with cinnamon sauce 1 oz corn flour 1 To make this sauce, take . , teaspoon 1 1 1 rum, teaspoon sugar, oz . butter, fi pint water, stick cinnamon . Mix cornflour O f Put the with a little the water . the W rest on to boil with the other ingredients . hen boiling, pour it gradually on to the cornfl our and put it back into S s the saucepan to thicken and keep hot . tir occa ionally, and remove the cinnamon before serving . A desirable pudding for the nursery is made by lining a

- - -flavoured basin with bread and butter, filling it up with well

A - - l pple sauce and bread and butter p aced in layers alternately, and pouring over it a custard made with two eggs and a Of a pint milk . Bake in a moderately w rm oven for three s u quarter of an ho r . Bak ed Apples are apt to be uninteresting unless served A very hot, and care should be taken to serve all pple dishes as as hot possible, for they lose much of their attractiveness -an - is when served tepid . Half hour in a fairly hot oven -siz ed A le TO enough to bake a good pp . prevent bursting, it is well to prick the fruits three times with a skewer near l A the sta k, before putting them into the oven . pples cored e r and p eled, and baked with a little strawber y jam in the r centre, or simply basted with butte and Sprinkled with sugar, are very good . The following sweets are best cooked in a fireproof the dish , being sent to the table in dish in which they are An l A t can the baked . y p ain baked pples lef have pulp 10 8 P R E S E N T - D A Y G A R D EN I N G

SO scraped out and be used for curry, which is never good as A S when there is pple in its composition . weetened Apples may be used up in the same way for Apple Char A lotte, although this is nicer made with pples stewed to a e marmalade, and flavour d with lemon and nutmeg . Apple Charlotta—Well butter a pie dish and line it S A with fresh breadcrumbs . pread a layer of pple marmalade so on this, then a layer of breadcrumbs, and on , finishing Put with a layer of crumbs . pieces of butter here and 0 there O n the top . It will take some 3 to 45 minutes to cook, according to Size, and will be all the smoother if an ou n ce of butter is stirred into the “ Apple marmalade

- - before the Charlotte is made . If bread and butter is used instead of crumbs, and two tablespoonfuls of treacle are n poured over the pudding, it is known as Brow Betty . Compote of Apples is a favourite ' with those who like

- n F well sweete ed dishes . The following is a rench recipe . “ ” Co m Ote P . A p des ommes Take four or five pples, pre ferab l Eck li nville S y Norfolk Beauty or eedling, halve, core, n i and peel them, droppi g each piece when done nto a M basin of acidulated lemon water . ake a syrup of one

- O f pound of white loaf sugar and half a pint water . Drain A the pples from the water, put them in a lined saucepan n Add or preservi g pan , and pour the syrup over them . f an d B strips O lemon rind a pod of vanilla . ring quickly n Of to the boil, and the draw the pan to the side the A stove and let the pples simmer till they cook clear . Lift th an d e pieces carefully into a dish with a Silver Spoon , r S when cool pour the syrup ove them . erve quite cold . Thicker syrup can be made by boiling the juice till it out A jellies, after first lifting the pple .

l 1 10 P R E S E N T - D AY G ARD ENING

hear hard, make a salt and water pickle thick enough to A i n his an egg, place the unripe pples t and stir them about . u Leave for four days, stirring daily . Then lift the fr it ro f m the brine, wipe and core, filling up the hollows with mustard made with vinegar . Have ready the following A pickle, and pour it boiling hot over the pples

1 1 1 . quart of vinegar, oz . peppercorns, oz garlic,

8 Oz . . mustard seed, 5 oz whole ginger . Boil the liquor up again every alternate day for a week, letting it cool

. A At before pouring it back on the pples . the end of that time tie down firmly with bladder, and leave for a few months before eating . Apple Bread and Apple Gi ng erbread are both eaten in O f France . The former is made by using half a pound A pple pulp to every pound of flour, making the mixture

{ n up in the usual way with yeast . Half an ou ce of yeast ffi would be su cient for this quantity . The dough will take a long time to rise, and will need little if any water . 8 oz A Apple G ingerbread requires . pple syrup (see

S des P . ucre ommes, page oz powdered ginger, 8 1 ca W 4 oz . butter, oz, flour, p of candied peel . ork these together and ba—ke in a brisk oven . - - Crab Apple Jellyc v Delicious jelly is made from the D is john ownie Crab, and if the following recipe carefully d followe , the result will be a brilliant, firm jelly . The S iberian , Dartmouth, and Transparent Crabs are also useful . W ipe the Crabs and remove the stems, then put them in a large crock with just enough water to cover them, h to till and stand this in the oven , wit a plate over the p, ,

n ~ the Crabs begi to burst their skins . Turn them out into a large colander (which mus t b e used for jam -making only) C R A B- A P P L E JE L LY 1 1 1

i c has or nto a pie e of coarse muslin, until all the juice M . u drained away . Do not press them easure the liq id, allowing a po und of the best loaf- sugar to every pi nt of Put the juice . sugar into a preserving pan , pour the juice

over it, and let it stand by the side of the stove until the

sugar is disso lved . Then stand the pan over the fire and l n bring the jel y quickly to the boil, stirring and skimmi g

until finished, which will take about fifteen minutes after At Of it has begun to boil . the end ten minutes , put a o n little sample a cold plate and stand it in a cool place . Off If it sets firm , take the pan and put up the jelly in wax e an d t n small jars, covering immediately with pap r, yi g

down as soon as possible . The pulp left after the juice F a . h has drained aw y must now be used irst, put it t rough th e an d a sieve or potato masher, to free it from cores

pips . This latter method, although quicker, is very messy, W and covers the cook with splashes . eigh the pulp, and allow half to three-quarters of a pound O f sugar to every Put pound of pulp . both together in a preserving pan n l a and boil u til firm . It wi l t ke a little under an hour . is f i s The jam very sti f, and apt to bubble up in little - n t explosions, so that the jam maker who co sults the safe y and comfort o f her hands and face will wear gloves an d use

- n a long ha dled spoon to stir it . If the larger quantity of

s tu o t sugar is u ed, the jam will rn out in the shape of the p . S It will keep best in small pots . ome families like sweet conserves and others prefer the fruit flavour to predo m i t nate, so hat two quantities of sugar are named . The less o r n sweet Crab pulp makes a fine sauce for game mutto . A e l ppl J el y is made in exactly the same way, and the ’ f l es are en B S n o lowing varieti recomm ded ramley s eedli g, 1 12 P R E S E NT - D A Y G A RD E N I N G

L ’ P A W ane s rince lbert, Tower of Glamis, Newton onder, W Chelmsford onder, and Golden Noble ; and, best of all, ’ P or A n Cockle s ippin , a little, hard, red pple sometimes fou d Old W i in gardens, which is something like inter Queen ng . n fa e —W A an Wi d ll J lly. ipe the pples d remove the

. Put stalks, cutting away all decayed and bruised parts into a jar with just enough water to cover them, and i n M cook to a pulp the oven . easure the juice which n has flowed from this, and to every pi t allow one pound

- S can of loaf sugar . pice be added in the proportion Of

ix n n . s cloves, the ri d and juice of a lemo , 1 oz of whole C ginger, and one stick of innamon to every quart . Cook Wa i n in the usual y, tying up the spice a piece of n muslin , and removing it before potti g . This pulp may either be sieved and used for making chutney, either with equal weights of pulp and tomatoes, or, if alone, using to every pound as follows 1 4 oz . brown sugar, 4 oz . chipped onion, oz . whole 1 1 ginger, 4 oz . sultanas, oz . chillies, oz . salt, and enough previously boiled vinegar to bring it to the con n sistency of raspberry jam . The whole gi ger should be removed before potting. W A can e here pples are scarce, peelings be used for j lly . This recipe is from Ge—rmany . Apple P eel J elly . To every pound of Apple peel allow half a pound of sugar, the peel of half a lemon , and half

‘

Of . A n a pint water Cook the water, pple peel, and lemo W together, adding the bruised pips and cores . hen the - n water has reduced one half, tur the whole into a basin , and when cold pour the juice on to the sugar, boiling both in the usual way until the mixture jellies .

1 14 P R E S E N T - D AY G A R D E N I N G

F ree the sardines from the bones, break them into fillets, e an d A m arm ade put th m with the ham, veal, pple to for an hour in the following mixture : 2 dessertspoonfuls clear 2 I stock, 5 teaspoonful sugar, dessertspoonfuls vinegar, O f r pinch pepper and salt, the g ated shallot. Then turn Ch O the meat on to a sieve to drain , pup the cornichons, d put them with the meat, and prepare the following ress 2 O il 1 O f ing dessertspoonfuls , pinch each salt and pepper,

1 .

teaspoonful sugar Q

Mix this dressing well with the salad, garnish with the sliced cucumber and capers, and serve directly . Salad made in this way and dressed with mayonnaise is excellent . e - H orseradish S au c . A novel sauce is made thus

2 2 e dessertspoonfuls horseradish, d ssertspoonfuls vine

1 A 1 gar, small, sharp pple, 5 a saltspoonful each of salt and pepper . the A Grate horseradish and pple, mix in the vinegar A and condiments, and serve . British pples should always W be used in preference to foreign . hen they are not A obtainable, a tiny pinch of salt added to imported pples n will help to soften them I cooking . e F itters A e S now A e m in s Appl r , ppl , ppl Du pl g , and n ve s Tur o r have not been included in the recipes, as they - E are to be found in every cookery book. nthusiasts cannot do better than consult a little book published in 6 How to cook A les M 18 4 by Routledge, called pp , by iss E G . Hill . ven wine and cider making are described h in its pages, and alt ough the subject is inexhaustible, there are few aspects which have not received due con a sideration from the talented uthor. S TE W I N G AND BA K I N G P E A R S ” 5

P ears for S tew and ak n — ing B i g . When pears are plen A i u can . t f l, any sort be used for stewing fter November Catillac P P the best will be or ound ear, which will ’ St keep till May and Cook a good colour . Uvedale s . G is As ermain a very good stewing variety of large size . W and a late sort, Verulam or Black orcester is valuable, Wi nk field Bell isim e Vicar of , which is ready at Christmas . ’ d Hiver is also good then and bakes well . In a cold season any o f the Pears which do n ot ripen well i n store can be util ised for cooking ; but they must always be

n slowly stewed, and if cloves are added the rou d bud s at the top mu t first be removed, or the colour of the juice will be spoiled . Red Beet sliced makes a good P colouring for stewed ears or cochineal. As this book may be handed to cooks who are not as familiar with weights, it may be well to state that 8 4 oz . are a quarter of a pound, oz . half a pound, and 1 2 - a n oz . three quarters of pound ; that a new pen y weighs a quarter of an ounce, two pennies half an ounce, s and four pennie one ounce . I ND EX

APPLE e Ofthe , p sts , 5 4 Apples (conti n ued) A e can t 6 for ex on o e 2 m ri bligh , 5 hibiti purp s s , 3 a e 6 for O c o e and a e phid s , 5 t b r l t r , 33 A e c e 61 for o t c re ppl su k r, p ultu , 39 can e f the k r , or Northern Counties and Scot ca e a e the an t rpill r p st , , 5 5 l d , 34 e 61 e ec Of 2 mild w , s l t list , 7 e ca e 61 o e o fthe ne e coo n 2 muss l s l , s m w r ki g, 3 Pea e 62 o e ofthe ne e e e 1 r midg , s m w r d ss rt , 3 Pea o 6 r slugw rm , 3 Arches and pergolas; I I red S e 60 pid r, C EN S ofo e a n 6 eev s AL DAR o , 6 w il , 5 9 p r ti s, 3 9 Apl e andPear culture for profit S ALIE R ee ea m en of 20 X les fOr th e a e E P tr s, tr t t , pp m rk ts, 75 oc ofone va e not e a e 6 bl ks ri ty d sir bl , 7 FAN-TRAI N ED ee on a 2 2 tr s w lls , t fo r an n e een ‘ bush frui s pl ti g b tw Fee n and nn n di g thi i g , 47 A e and Pear 81 ppl s s, c ea an 6 GATHERIN G and o n the f 2 h p l d , 9 st ri g ruit, 5 P ar for e cho ice e s bush s, 77 I STORI CAL no e 1 va on for rofit 66 H t s , culti ti p , Hon z Ontal ree on a 2 2 an ea a o n or al wa 6 t s w lls , l d n r t w r i y , 9 a e A le for o n l t pp s st ri g, 77 O PERATI ON S for the ea m on y r , thly n e o f ee er ac e umb r tr s p r , ca en a of 6 6 l d rs , 3 , 9 ac n ru for a e 8 p ki g f it s l , 3 c a o e A e and Pea Or h rd h us s , ppl r Pea as an a 8 rs st d rds , 7 c e in ultur , 35 P for e n and a n 1I ears st wi g b ki g , 5 an n 2 PEARS c o ce pl ti g , 7 , h i , 49 re ra on of an 2 for co on 0 p ti l d , 7 rd s , 5 ro b l e a e n ces 82 for the N o o f n an and co p m rk t p , rth E gl d S t o a a on d i n ofA e 8 an 0 pr p g ti , (bu d g ppl s) 7, l d , 5 a :m : Pe ofthe A e (gr ft g) 9 sts ppl , 5 4 o ai on ofPea P an i n e o of 16 pr pag t rs, 95 l t g , m th d , ni n P e a a on of o I pru g, r p r ti s il , 5 c a e O f an 6 P n n 18 0 pur h s l d, 9 ru i g, , 7 c a e of ee 1 P c a e of ee 10 pur h s tr s, 7 ur h s tr s , e e 1 sh lt r, 7 ” ROOT -PR UNI NG 2 - , 3 standards or half standards in orchard 1 or an a on , 8 S ITE c o ce o f 10 pl t ti s , h i , too an n e 68 m y i quiri s , S o e a a on o f I il , pr p r ti , 5 t an va e e 6 oo m , 7 S e n n 2 y ri ti s umm r pru i g, 3 va e of o 2 lu f wls, 7 e c ff a and ean 8 TE RM S e to e ype o , 9 w ys m s , 6 us d d s rib t s ruit T c a e of Io n e e 0 rees, pur h s , wiri g h dg s , 7 A e coo er 10 ppl k y , 4 N E T T 2 U F R ILI Y, 6 Apples e e for ex on in A u or VaRIETIEs of A e and Pea for d ss rt, hibiti ug st ppl s rs S e e e 2 ar c a a ec 12 pt mb r, 3 p ti ul r sp ts ,

b BALLANTY NE H ANSON fr Co. Pri nted y , " Edi nb urgh é London