Archaeological Activity at Taxila from the Beginning to 1947 a Historiographical Study

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Archaeological Activity at Taxila from the Beginning to 1947 a Historiographical Study ARCHAEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AT TAXILA FROM THE BEGINNING TO 1947 A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL STUDY A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By IFQUT SHAHEEN TAXILA INSTITUTE OF ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABD 2016 CERTIFICATE This thesis by Ifqut Shaheen is accepted in its present form by the Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, as satisfying the thesis requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Studies. Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Khan _________________ Supervisor External Examiner __________________ Prof. Dr. Taj Ali External Examiner __________________ Dr. Ghazala Misbah Director __________________ TIAC Dated: __________________ DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis in its present form is the result of my individual research and it has not been submitted concurrently to any other university for any other degree. IFQUT SHAHEEN TAXILA INSTITUTE OF ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD I hereby recommend that the Dissertation prepared under my supervision by MS. IFQUT SHAHEEN, entitled ARCHAEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AT TAXILA FROM THE BEGINNING TO 1947: A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL STUDY be accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Studies. ___________________ Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Khan Supervisor To My Parents And Dr. Rafiullah Khan CONTENTS Acknowledgements 1-3 Introduction 5-14 1. Taxila valley: Geography and history 16-35 2. Theoretical framework 37-56 3. Archaeologists in the field: Pioneers in the study of the archaeology of Taxila And their methods and approaches 58-108 4. Archaeological landscape of Taxila valley: Reconstruction of its history till 1947 110-167 5. Archaeology of Taxila: A contextual and historiographical analysis 169-205 Conclusion 207-210 Maps 212-216 Bibliography 218-234 Appendix 236-241 Pictures 243-283 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The realities of existence make one owe much to co-human beings right from the very beginning of one’s life. Some debts of gratitude count more perennially which one neither can forget nor flout throughout the life. Initiations of a novice into the field of knowledge and learning by the savants entail such a lofty clout especially in matters of research and writing. The sense of obligation gets augmented when it comes to working on a PhD dissertation. It is in this context that I shall express strong feelings of indebtedness to a number of people ranging from patrons to teachers, helpers, will-wishers and friends. First of all, I shall extend my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Professor Dr. M. Ashraf Khan, Director, Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. He had been kind enough to during my research to provide great sources about Taxila and its archaeology. His cooperation remained so significant and passionate that even a number of sources were obtained from friends from abroad. It was Professor Ashraf Khan’s consistent supervision and timely response which made the completion of this thesis possible in a speedy manner. Beside such kind of help, the Professor’s deep acquaintance with the archaeology of Taxila proved of great help and significance. He knows about the valley ad nauseam in terms of its archaeological landscape and the related literature. Hence, his great help which is appreciable here. Similarly, I feel indebtedness to my teachers from whom I have learnt throughout my academic career. Dr. Ghani-ur-Rahman, Associate Professor, Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, comes first in this respect. His important cooperation in terms of research guidance and assistance is to be appreciated. Dr. Sadeed 2 Arif, Assistant Professor, Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University also may be remembered for providing some material during this research. Dr. Rafiullah Khan, Assistant Professor, Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, constantly remained source in guidance, encouragement and help. It was him to whom goes the credit of introducing to some theoretical debates and discourses which add great strength to this research as a historiographical study. He also provided some basic sources and theoretical works. A number of other well-known scholars have in one way or in another way supported me during this research. Discussions with Dr. Saifur Rahman Dar, during one of his visit to Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, proved significant for getting clarity about some problems in relation to archaeology and history of Taxila. Professor Dr. Mokammal Bhuiyan, Department of Archaeology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, kindly sent me hard photocopy of the unpublished thesis of Dr. Nazimuddin Ahmad. Similarly, Professor J. Mark Kenoyer, Wisconsin-Madison University, also shared some his recent publications which added new dimensions to my understanding of archaeology of Taxila. I am grateful to Richard L. Lyman as he sent me two important articles. I am also mindful of the help of Mehmood ul Hassan of Department of Archaeology and Museum for help and cooperation as he kindly provided me list of protected sites of Taxila valley. He also commented on first draft of my thesis. Beside the above mentioned scholars I would like to mention clerical staff of Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations for their help throughout my studies at Quaid-i-Azam University. Sardar Lala, Qaim Ali Shah, Fateh Haidar Ja’afari, Tayyiba Mussarat, Javed Masih, Muhammad Nasim and Basharat deserve my sincere gratitude their help and 3 assistance. The credit for most of photographs goes to Mehr M. Akmal, MSc student at Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations. I ought to remember syrupy memories and company of my friends Amara Yunas and Mehwish Tariq who have been my supporters from MSc times. I shall also appreciate from the core of my heart the constant help provided by friend and roommate Dr. Abida Bano. She always guided me and advised me during my research. I can’t forget her cooperation. Ms. Latifa and Nadia also deserve a special mention here due to thier benevolent friendship. Ms. Nahida, Banafsha. Last but not the least, my family members deserve my sincere gratitude as it have been them who always remained passionate about my studies and research. My parents and my grandfather Muhammad Ali come first as it was their vision which enabled me to pursue my education and research. I can’t express my feelings for my mother. It was her wish for my higher Education. My aunt Ftima also supported me like a mother. My uncle Nazir Dahar may also be appreciated for his father-like love and support. Similarly, my brother Sajid needs my appreciation for his help and cooperation in relation to my studies. My sisters, Nusrat, Ishrat and Asma always supported me and remained cordial and friendly in matters of my education and research. My brother-in-law Shoaib also needs appreciation as he always encouraged me in my studies. My nephew, Imran and niece Hoorain Fatima and my niece, Dua-i-Zainab, are to be mentioned here as they always kept me animated during the tiresome period of research and writing. Ifqut Shaheen 4 5 Introduction The history of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent is largely deficient in documentary sources. And this fact gives a great role to archaeology in the reconstruction of the ancient history of India and Pakistan. This enterprise got started with the British period of India when the western scholars and administrators took interest in the ancient history of the area. For this purpose the field of archaeology was given due importance. Different areas of the country saw archaeological surveys and excavations and the reports were frequently published. Taxila is one of such areas which got the attention of the British scholars and archaeologists. They made surveys, explorations and excavations and published their reports about Taxila and its cultural heritage. They tried to solve many historical problems in the light of the researches. Their explanations and interpretations need a fresh evaluation and investigation in the light of the subsequent researches and discoveries. Similarly, these pioneering scholars adopted methods during their fieldwork which also make the subject of inquiry especially in a postcolonial milieu. All such related questions and problems have been probed into in this study. Before we proceed further, a short historical sketch of Taxila may be presented here. Taxila, a modern town of Pakistan, is one of the most historic places of the country. It is situated on the bank of two local rivers known as Tamra-nala and Lundi-nala. Taxila lies on the western side of the Margala Hills. It is located about 40 km northwest of Rawalpindi and Islamabad and comes within the administrative boundaries of district Rawalpindi, Punjab. The total area of Taxila is 375 square kilometers. Its elevation is 549 meters above 6 the sea level. This valley is watered by Haro River and surrounded by a girdle of hills of Margalla, Hazara and Murree. The history of Taxila goes back to the prehistoric and protohistoric period of which remains are found at Sarai-khola, Hathial and Bhir-mound. The Indo-Aryans are said to have come here during their so-called historical movements. But the most vivid history of the valley, traditionally speaking, starts with the Achaemenids followed by Alexander of Macedonia, the Mauryans, Indo-Greeks, Scythians, Parthians, Kushanas, Sassanians and finally to the time of the Huns and of the Shahis. Taxila has played an important role throughout the history of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent. Taxila has served as a crossroads and melting-pot of peoples and cultures. It has had significant routes and paths network. One of the various routes, passing through Taxila, proceeded from Pataliputra (modern Patna) and connected the north-west of the Mauryan Empire. Another ancient route was coming from Western Asian through Kapisa, Bactria and Charsada (Pushkalavati) and reached Taxila across the Indus at Hund (Ohind or Udhabhandapura).
Recommended publications
  • S# BRANCH CODE BRANCH NAME CITY ADDRESS 1 24 Abbottabad
    BRANCH S# BRANCH NAME CITY ADDRESS CODE 1 24 Abbottabad Abbottabad Mansera Road Abbottabad 2 312 Sarwar Mall Abbottabad Sarwar Mall, Mansehra Road Abbottabad 3 345 Jinnahabad Abbottabad PMA Link Road, Jinnahabad Abbottabad 4 131 Kamra Attock Cantonment Board Mini Plaza G. T. Road Kamra. 5 197 Attock City Branch Attock Ahmad Plaza Opposite Railway Park Pleader Lane Attock City 6 25 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 1 - Noor Mahal Road Bahawalpur 7 261 Bahawalpur Cantt Bahawalpur Al-Mohafiz Shopping Complex, Pelican Road, Opposite CMH, Bahawalpur Cantt 8 251 Bhakkar Bhakkar Al-Qaim Plaza, Chisti Chowk, Jhang Road, Bhakkar 9 161 D.G Khan Dera Ghazi Khan Jampur Road Dera Ghazi Khan 10 69 D.I.Khan Dera Ismail Khan Kaif Gulbahar Building A. Q. Khan. Chowk Circular Road D. I. Khan 11 9 Faisalabad Main Faisalabad Mezan Executive Tower 4 Liaqat Road Faisalabad 12 50 Peoples Colony Faisalabad Peoples Colony Faisalabad 13 142 Satyana Road Faisalabad 585-I Block B People's Colony #1 Satayana Road Faisalabad 14 244 Susan Road Faisalabad Plot # 291, East Susan Road, Faisalabad 15 241‭ ‭ Ghari Habibullah Ghari Habibullah Kashmir Road, Ghari Habibullah, Tehsil Balakot, District Mansehra 16 12 G.T. Road Gujranwala Opposite General Bus Stand G.T. Road Gujranwala 17 172 Gujranwala Cantt Gujranwala Kent Plaza Quide-e-Azam Avenue Gujranwala Cantt. 18 123 Kharian Gujrat Raza Building Main G.T. Road Kharian 19 125 Haripur Haripur G. T. Road Shahrah-e-Hazara Haripur 20 344‭ ‭ Hassan abdal Hassan Abdal Near Lari Adda, Hassanabdal, District Attock 21 216‭ ‭ Hattar Hattar
    [Show full text]
  • "Family Motacillidae" with Reference to Pakistan
    Journal of Bioresource Management Volume 2 Issue 3 Article 10 Short Report: Description and Distribution of Wagtails "Family Motacillidae" with Reference to Pakistan Nadia Yousuf Bioresource Research Centre, Isalamabad, Pakistan Kainaat William Bioresource Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan Madeeha Manzoor Bioresource Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan, [email protected] Balqees Khanum Bioresource Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm Part of the Biodiversity Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Yousuf, N., William, K., Manzoor, M., & Khanum, B. (2015). Short Report: Description and Distribution of Wagtails "Family Motacillidae" with Reference to Pakistan, Journal of Bioresource Management, 2 (3). DOI: 10.35691/JBM.5102.0034 ISSN: 2309-3854 online This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Short Report: Description and Distribution of Wagtails "Family Motacillidae" with Reference to Pakistan © Copyrights of all the papers published in Journal of Bioresource Management are with its publisher, Center for Bioresource Research (CBR) Islamabad, Pakistan. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Journal
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformation in a Muslim Nation by Mohammad A
    Book Review (Muhammad Aurang Zeb Mughal∗) Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformation in a Muslim Nation by Mohammad A. Qadeer London and New York: Routledge, 2006 ISBN: 978-0-415-37566-5 Pages: 336, Price: £85 In post-colonial era, many non-western societies have set their own goals of development and they have been successful to an extent in achieving their objectives, therefore, according to Mohammad A. Qadeer the view that poor especially Muslim societies are socially stagnant and resistant to modernization is not justified. Pakistan is an important Muslim country with reference to its historical and geopolitical location. Despite of not having a high level of economic triumph Pakistan represents a model of culturally and socially dynamic country. Qadeer himself regards this book as a ‘contemporary social history’ of Pakistan that elaborates geography, history, religion, state, politics, economics, civil society and other institutions of Pakistani society in a historical and evolutionary perspective.1 Qadeer demonstrates the dynamicity of Pakistani culture through economic development and social change, and has given the demographic figures on urbanization, population growth and such related phenomena. The book specifically explains the topics like popular culture, ethnic groups and national identity, agrarian and industrial economy, family patterns, governance and civil society formation, and Islamic way of life. Even a new state emerged in the mid of 20th century, Pakistan’s history and culture can be traced thousand years back in the Indus Valley Civilization. The land of Pakistan has experienced the cultures of Aryans, Greeks, Arabs, Turks ∗ Ph.D. Scholar, Durham University, UK Book Review 147 especially Mughals, French, British and other foreigners either in the form of rulers, preachers or traders.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Heritage, Vol
    Proceeding of the International Conference on Archaeology, History and Heritage, Vol. 1, 2019, pp. 1-11 Copyright © 2019 TIIKM ISSN 2651-0243online DOI: https://doi.org/10.17501/26510243.2019.1101 HISTORY AND HERITAGE: EXAMINING THEIR INTERPLAY IN INDIA Swetabja Mallik Department of Ancient Indian History and Culture, University of Calcutta, India Abstract: The study of history tends to get complex day by day. History and Heritage serves as a country's identity and are inextricable from each other. Simply speaking, while 'history' concerns itself with the study of past events of humans; 'heritage' refers to the traditions and buildings inherited by us from the remote past. However, they are not as simple as it seems to be. The question on historical consciousness and subsequently the preservation of heritage, intangible or living, remains a critical issue. There has always remained a major gap between the historians or professional academics on one hand, and the general public on the other hand regarding the understanding of history and importance of heritage structures. This paper tends to examine the nature of laws passed in Indian history right from the Treasure Trove Act of 1878 till AMASR Amendment Bill of 2017 and its effects with respect to heritage management. It also analyses the sites of Sanchi, Bodh Gaya, and Bharhut Stupa in this context. Moreover, the need and role of the museums has to be considered. The truth lies in the fact that artefacts and traditions both display 'connected histories'; and that the workings of archaeology, history, and heritage studies together is responsible for the continuing dialogue between past, present, and future.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Universities in India
    Ancient Universities in India Ancient alanda University Nalanda is an ancient center of higher learning in Bihar, India from 427 to 1197. Nalanda was established in the 5th century AD in Bihar, India. Founded in 427 in northeastern India, not far from what is today the southern border of Nepal, it survived until 1197. It was devoted to Buddhist studies, but it also trained students in fine arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, politics and the art of war. The center had eight separate compounds, 10 temples, meditation halls, classrooms, lakes and parks. It had a nine-story library where monks meticulously copied books and documents so that individual scholars could have their own collections. It had dormitories for students, perhaps a first for an educational institution, housing 10,000 students in the university’s heyday and providing accommodations for 2,000 professors. Nalanda University attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey. A half hour bus ride from Rajgir is Nalanda, the site of the world's first University. Although the site was a pilgrimage destination from the 1st Century A.D., it has a link with the Buddha as he often came here and two of his chief disciples, Sariputra and Moggallana, came from this area. The large stupa is known as Sariputra's Stupa, marking the spot not only where his relics are entombed, but where he was supposedly born. The site has a number of small monasteries where the monks lived and studied and many of them were rebuilt over the centuries. We were told that one of the cells belonged to Naropa, who was instrumental in bringing Buddism to Tibet, along with such Nalanda luminaries as Shantirakshita and Padmasambhava.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan History Culture and Goverment.Pdf
    Pakistan: History, Culture, and Government Teaching Guide Nigel Smith Contents Introduction to the Teaching Guide iv Introduction (Student’s Book) 7 Part 1 The Cultural and Historical Background of the Pakistan Movement Chapter 1 The Decline of the Mughal Empire 9 Chapter 2 The Influence of Islam 11 Chapter 3 The British in India 14 Chapter 4 Realism and Confidence 24 Part 2 The Emergence of Pakistan, 1906-47 Chapter 5 Muslims Organize 27 Chapter 6 Towards Pakistan: 1922-40 36 Chapter 7 War and Independence 41 Part 3 Nationhood: 1947-88 Chapter 8 The New Nation 47 Chapter 9 The Government of Pakistan 52 Chapter 10 The 1970s 60 Part 4 Pakistan and the World Chapter 11 Pakistan and Asia 66 Chapter 12 Pakistan and the rest of the world 71 Chapter 13 Pakistan: 1988 to date 77 Revision exercises 86 Sample Examination Paper 92 Sample Mark Scheme 94 1 iii Introduction to the Teaching Guide History teachers know very well the importance and pleasure of learning history. Teaching the history of your own nation is particularly satisfying. This history of Pakistan, and the examination syllabus that it serves, will prove attractive to your pupils. Indeed it would be a strange young person who did not find a great deal to intrigue and stimulate them. So your task should be made all the easier by their natural interest in the events and struggles of their forebears. This Teaching Guide aims to provide detailed step-by-step support to the teachers for improving students’ understanding of the events and factors leading to the creation of Pakistan and its recent history and to prepare students for success in the Cambridge O level and Cambridge IGCSE examinations.
    [Show full text]
  • Year Book 2012-2013
    CMYK + Ground Job No. 547(14) Ports & Shipping YEAR BOOK 2012-13 GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN MINISTRY OF PORTS & SHIPPING ISLAMABAD CONTENTS S. No. Contents Page No. 1. Foreword 1 2. Introduction 3-4 3. Mission Statement 5 4. Objectives 6 5. Functions of the Ministry 7 6. Organogram 8 7. Directorate General Ports & Shipping Wing 9-10 8. Mercantile Marine Department 11-16 9. Government Shipping Office 17 10. Pakistan Marine Academy 18-24 11. Karachi Port Trust 25-36 12. Pakistan National Shipping Corporation 37-43 13. Port Qasim Authority 44-46 14. Gwadar Port Authority 47-52 15. Directorate of Dock Workers Safety 53-54 16. Korangi Fisheries Harbour Authority 55-62 17. Marine Biological Research Laboratory, Karachi 63 18. Marine Fisheries Department 64-73 (i) M.T. PC # 02 Job No. 547(14)P&S FOREWORD The Ministry of Ports & Shipping presents its Year Book for the period 2012-13 as a statement of the activities undertaken during the year. 2. I anticipate that this book will also serve as a reference and source material for the policy makers and the general public at large. (HABIBULLAH KHAN KHATTAK) SECRETARY 1 INTRODUCTION Pakistan is fortunate enough to have a coastline extending 1046 kilometers along the warm waters of the Arabian Sea. This further means that Pakistan has the benefit of 370 kilometers of an Exclusive Economic Zone and a further 370 kilometers of the continental shelf. Our nation is located on the crossroads of the South Asia and Gulf region, astride the world’s busiest maritime sea route.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Career and Different Achievements of Asoka
    International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol. 7 Issue 9, September 2017, ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081 Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected] Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A Early career and different achievements of Asoka Manoj Malakar* Abstract Asoka was the greatest emperor in Mauriyan dynesty. He was a great patronage of Buddhism and art and architecture. This paper tries to high light about the early life and career of the great Mauryan emperor Asoka. There was lot of great emperor in Indian history, who wrote their name in golden letter in history and Asoka also one of among these rulers. Some different prominent writer had analysis about Asoka’s life and career. This paper tries to analyses how he (Asoka) began his career and got achievements during his region. This paper also tries to highlight Asoka’s Dhamma and his patronage of art and architecture during his region. This paper also tries to discuss Asoka’s patronage of Buddhism. He sent his own son and girl to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism. Keywords: Career, Buddha Dhamma, Art and Architecture, Inscription. * Assistant Teacher & Faculty K.K.H.S.O.U. (Malaybari junior college study centre). 624 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected] ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081 Introduction Asoka was one of the greatest kings of India.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Nalanda University Dr
    Ancient Nalanda University Dr. Manoj Kumar Assistant Professor (Guest) Dept. of A.I.H. & Archaeology, Patna University, Patna- 800005 P.G./ M.A. IVth Semester , Paper- History of Indian Buddhism (E.C.) General introduction • It is situated 7 miles south-west of Biharsharif and 7 miles north of Rajgir. • Buchanan was the first to notice its antiquity and as told by Brahmanas there, he took it to be the site of ancient Kundalapura, the capital of the king Bhimaka, the father of Rukmini. • Buchanan felt that the ruins represented a Buddhist site. • Kittoe who next realized the importance of the site in 1847 and had seen the images at Baragaon mistakenly took the area to be a Br General Introduction • It was Alexander Cunningham who identified the extensive site as Nalanda in 1861-62. • Alexander Cunningham had made some trail digs but carried no large scale excavations. • In 1871 or so, Broadly, the then S.D.O. of Bihar, began excavations on the main mound with 1000 labourers, and within 10 days he laid ware the eastern, western and southern facades of the great temple and published a short reports of the excavations. Nalanda: Center of Buddhist Religion and Learning in Ancient India History of Nalanda goes back to the days of Mahavira and Buddha in 6th century B.C. It was the place of birth and Nirvana of Sariputra, one of the famous disciples of Buddha. The place rose into prominence in 5th century A.D as a great monastic-cum-educational institution for oriental art and learning in the whole Buddhist world attraction students from distant countries including China.
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeological Analysis of Early Buddhism and the Mauryan Empire at Lumbini, Nepal
    Durham E-Theses The Mauryan Horizon: An Archaeological Analysis of Early Buddhism and the Mauryan Empire at Lumbini, Nepal TREMBLAY, JENNIFER,CARRIE How to cite: TREMBLAY, JENNIFER,CARRIE (2014) The Mauryan Horizon: An Archaeological Analysis of Early Buddhism and the Mauryan Empire at Lumbini, Nepal , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11038/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Abstract The Mauryan Horizon: An Archaeological Analysis of early Buddhism and the Mauryan Empire at Lumbini, Nepal Jennifer Carrie Tremblay The archaeology of Buddhism in South Asia is reliant on the art historical study of monumental remains, the identification of which is tied to the textual historical sources that dominate Buddhist scholarship. The development and spread of early Buddhism from the third century BCE has been intrinsically linked with the Mauryan Emperor Asoka, and is consequently reliant on the identification of ‘Mauryan’ remains in the archaeological record.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Campaigns of Alexander Free Ebook
    THE CAMPAIGNS OF ALEXANDER DOWNLOAD FREE BOOK Arrian, J. Hamilton, Aubrey De Selincourt | 432 pages | 28 Oct 1976 | Penguin Books Ltd | 9780140442533 | English | London, United Kingdom Wars of Alexander the Great I've also enjoyed reading the trilogy of Alexander novels by Mary Renault, which are highly imaginative but well researched. Before the noble could deal a death-blow, however, he was himself killed by Cleitus the Black. We don't start with an account of Alexander's birth and childhood, let alone his forebears or a description of his kingdom or the political The Campaigns of Alexander. For Arrian, it is Alexander's fairness, his appreciation for courage in both word and action, and his "nobility of heart" which allowed him to see in even those he conquered noble traits to be admired. Jun 11, Jeremiah Lorrig rated it it was amazing. More Details Greeks of Alexander's day knew nothing of China, or any other lands east The Campaigns of Alexander India. Revelation - And they had a king The Campaigns of Alexander them, [which is] the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the The Campaigns of Alexander tongue [is] Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath [his] name Apollyon. Rome and the Mediterranean. Many of these cities being many miles away from Macedonia. He left only a small contingent to guard The Campaigns of Alexander defile, and took his entire army to destroy the plain that lay ahead of The Campaigns of Alexander army. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.
    [Show full text]
  • Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha)
    Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Ihsan Ali Muhammad Naeem Qazi Hazara University Mansehra NWFP – Pakistan 2008 Uploaded by [email protected] © Copy Rights reserved in favour of Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan Editors: Ihsan Ali* Muhammad Naeem Qazi** Price: US $ 20/- Title: Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Frontispiece: Buddha Visiting Kashyapa Printed at: Khyber Printers, Small Industrial Estate, Kohat Road, Peshawar – Pakistan. Tel: (++92-91) 2325196 Fax: (++92-91) 5272407 E-mail: [email protected] Correspondence Address: Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan Website: hu.edu.pk E-mail: [email protected] * Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Currently Vice Chancellor, Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan ** Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan CONTRIBUTORS 1. Prof. Dr. Ihsan Ali, Vice Chancellor Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan 2. Muhammad Naeem Qazi, Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 3. Ihsanullah Jan, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 4. Muhammad Ashfaq, University Museum, Hazara University 5. Syed Ayaz Ali Shah, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 6. Abdul Hameed Chitrali, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 7. Muhammad Imran Khan, Archaeologist, Charsadda, Pakistan 8. Muhammad Haroon, Archaeologist, Mardan, Pakistan III ABBREVIATIONS A.D.F.C. Archaeology Department, Frontier Circle A.S.I. Archaeological Survery of India A.S.I.A.R. Archaeological Survery of India, Annual Report D.G.A. Director General of Archaeology E.G.A.C. Exhibition of the German Art Council I.G.P. Inspector General Police IsMEO Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente P.M.
    [Show full text]