1 MFA Transportation Design 2019 in Collaboration with BMW BMW

BMW DUALITY - Exterior Interactions and how to utilize a future cars shell in a meaningful way. by Maximilian Troicher

MFA Transportation Design 2019 in Collaboration with BMW

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 4 Abstract 6 Introduction 8 Process 10 Research 12 Design Brief 32 Ideation 48 Results 60 Visualisations 62 Modelling 70 Physical Model 72 Conclusion 76 References 78 Appendix 80 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

4 First and foremost, I would like to thank my family believe and trust in me as a designer. for their understanding, that time for them was limited during this intensive project and during I want to thank you, Sebastian Simm for guiding my studies abroad. Thank you for the constant me through my internship and thesis project as support and your deep believe in me and my a mentor. You always had time for me ad always dreams to become a car designer. guided me in the right direction.

Thank you, Demian Horst, for your dedication to The whole team at BMW was always open to this position. Your efforts throughout the years give feedback whenever I needed any kind of in Umea are unprecedented. Your advice and guidance, being in design modelling or in the questioning was always so helpful to me when workshop and I want to thank you as well for your being lost in projects. time and efforts! Let me express a special thanks to you, Anja. Thank you, Jonas Sandström, for constantly You motivated me throughout the past 6 years reviewing my work and giving experienced since we met in our first year of Bachelors in feedback also in your free time. It was awesome Graz. I know now that without you I would’ve not to have you as a teacher throughout those years. reached my goals and I will never forget your love and support. BMW and especially Krzysztof Szews handed me the opportunity for an internship and a following THANK YOU! degree project in collaboration with BMW. It was a dream for years and I really enjoyed it to be part of the team! I want to thank you for your early

5 ABSTRACT

6 New opportunities open up in a future, where The degree project process started with a general senses but can also communicate in a direct way autonomy is daily business, car lighting loses research phase analyzing our future world with to individual users simultaneously. its main purpose and engine sounds are gone focus on technologies that work together with completely. human senses. After the concept was set, the The car will bring users or potential customers design process started with thumbnail doodling one a journey towards the car already without BMW Duality is a Concept that focuses on and rough ideation sketches. Selected themes even entering. interactions with the exterior of future vehicles. then got further detailed with digital 2D tools These interactions use multiple human senses or modelled as rough 3D volumes. The CAS- to create a unique exterior experience that modelling phase was structured by constant changes the sensual perception of vehicles VR review sessions to get a real feeling for the when approaching them. The cars physical volume in space. This simulated a real-world shape is inspired by the simplicity of 80s and process, where multiple models are built in full 90s design to offer a clean canvas for the layer scale. To finalize the project and tell the complete of rich digital impressions which will be added story, a physical model and a virtual animation on top of it. Sound design, haptic feedback and was created. visual feedback in combination with a modern appearance create a totally new way how BMW The outcome of the project is a compact could set itself apart in a future where every autonomous EV, using multiple ways of brand will offer its own shared mobility service. communicating with its surrounding. Light, sound These exterior interactions are not just beneficial and haptic feedback are combined in countless for the brand but will enhance the daily life of situations to create unique experiences on users as well as the society around it. the vehicle’s exterior. The car can express its character by peripheral feedback through multiple

7 INTRODUCTION

8 RELEVANCE When cars become driverless, major changes needs but the opportunity that opens with it. into new fields of technology to bring back just in their design will happen. When thinking of Vehicles are around us most of the time when a fraction of that to a feasible state. I hope to exterior interactions on vehicles nowadays, they being in urban areas and these vehicles can then inspire some experienced designers to think in are always serving very defined purposes. Lights be used as a canvas to express much more than new directions about how to approach exterior ensure a driver’s sight, honking the horn alerts just rational functionality. Laws today prevent cars design. pedestrians around the vehicle and touching the to have unidentified light or sound expressions car almost always is for opening doors or the due to safety reasons but in a not so distant trunk. future also these will change.

A future where drivers become passengers, they Its is important to look for potential technologies won’t need perfect vision of the street. Or the that could change a future exterior car experience. honk of a horn will become irrelevant as a driver This project focuses on exploring some of these to driver communication due to perfect sensing technologies and aims to influence future real- technologies. The key is not the absence of these world projects. It is always needed to push heavily PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Gaming has been a long-lasting personal as it can be when sharing it with fellow men. The third part to complete a truly magic passion, and I think, gamers love immersive Completing a task together, showing an enemy experience is presence. An experience should experiences which let you forget the world that you have superior skills, or making up genius be so seamless, that you will never ever get around you. What makes these experiences so strategies to succeed are things that keep people interrupted by bad UI, misunderstood actions or magic for users are three main components. doing team sports, playing games or persecute advertisement. The author thinks that the goal big ideas. is ultimately to remove any unnecessary tech or Extraordinary content is one main ingredient for gadgets from holistic experiences which could a valuable experience. Without good content, Knowing that other people appreciate or pull the user back to reality. In a truly immersive the best user-interface, the most dramatically recognize actions we take is somehow very experience, your body should feel like being filmed Netflix scene, or the most detailed virtual satisfying for humans but in recent applications, part of something bigger. To go even further it world will not survive in our selective society. like social media, these elements are reduced to could be said that some experience can become An example for this statement is the Disney Star a level, at which the direct human interaction gets almost subconscious. Humans adapt quite Wars trilogy. Great visual effects and good actors lost almost completely (e.g. remote likes, emoji quickly to common actions they do daily. If a with poor content made resulted in generally reactions, tweets as responses). But the trendy, person has worn a watch for a long time, he/she disliked movies. Even with the intended content with stories on Instagram/Facebook or voice will automatically turn their wrist when feeling is great, many busineses fail when great ideas messages tends to go back to a level where usual the need of knowing the time. When hearing a are badly executed, which tells the story of great human senses like audible or visual expressions vibration on the tv, many people immediately experiences. It should always be holistic package get more and more important again. Virtual touch their laps, to check if their phone might that catches a human’s mind and augmented reality tech could bring these have a notification popping up. elements back and combine them with a digital A shared experience is the second most future to even enhance human communication to Creating subconscious ways of communication important topic on this list. When experiencing new levels. could simplify daily lives when being bombarded something alone, it is generally not as enjoyable with visual inputs all around.

9 PROCESS

10 11 RESERCH BMW HISTORY Design icons

BMW has one of the clearest design icons of all automobile manufacturers. A BMW face is easily recognizable without a brand logo on display. The face consisting of the kidneys (split grille, since 1935) and the twin headlamps that characterize it and result in a strong focused “look” of the car. 01 02 03 BMW Isetta 1955 A long wheelbase, long sweeping bonnet and setback passenger compartment create and define the dynamic proportions of previous and current BMW models.

Driver focused design defined BMW’s interiors ever since. With “Sheer Driving Pleasure” as the brand’s catchphrase, this totally made sense so far, but has 04 05 06 to be explored in the future changes to the car as BMW Turbo X1 Concept 1972 a means of tr ansportation. (BMW Design Icons, 2012)

Creating icons

BMW is known for exploring the unknown. Creating polarizing and iconic cars that greatly influence the brands future was always the 07 08 09 company’s habit. BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics BMW Vision Efiicient Dynamics Concept 2009 for example, paved the way for the 2013 released BMW i8 which is still the visually most futuristic vehicle on today’s roads. The Isetta at the other hand, was BMW’s first Vison for modern urban transportation. Limited space and growing cities brought BMW to create a sustainable and inexpensive mobility solution already in 1955.

10 11 12 BMW M2 2017

12 BMW FUTURE BMW aims to make this fascinating driving experience even more intense in the future. Drivers should be in constant communication with the vehicle in an intuitive and natural way. At the same time, the vehicle’s skills expand the driver’s range of perception. A Companion responds to the driver’s personal needs in order to create emotionally-intense experiences. 13 14 15 BMW Vision Next 100 Concept 2016 BMW communicates a lot about their pursued modes of Ease and Boost. In Boost Mode, the to an individual comfort zone for relaxing or focusing on other things.

The Alive Geometry, in BMW’s Vision NEXT 100 performs two main functions. On the one hand, it serves as an analogue display system on 16 17 18 the dashboard, alerting the driver to incidents BMW Vision iInside 2017 and objects ahead. From the exterior, the Alive Geometry is visible in the form of movable wheelhouse covers for optimal aerodynamics as well as car to pedestrian communication.

The BMW iNEXT focuses on the interior experience mainly. It is BMW’s first vehicle to combine autonomous driving technology, artificial 19 20 21 intelligence and high connectivity in a single BMW Vision iNext 2018 realistic car concept and should be a look into BMW’s close future. (The future has begun, 2016)

22 23 24 „Hofmeister Kink“ development

13 DIGITALIZATION CHANGING SOCIETY Empathy is the ability to feel or understand with their journey or the added value simply isn’t Startups are starting to buy personal data. They another person’s perspective. It’s putting yourself big enough, they will buy elsewhere. gain access to multiple of your social media in someone else’s shoes. Basically, asking Until the late 2010s, most consumers were open accounts and credit card information for an ourselves internally “What if it was me?”. Social to share personal data in exchange for free average price of 8-12$ per month. This seems like media has harmed society’s ability to do so. service, like Facebook or Google, grocery store a rip off. But nobody can be blamed for trying to loyalty cards, or for the convenience of receiving take advantage of the Wild West of data in which Many people between the age of 15-27 are a more personalized experience. But this “free” we are living at the moment. But when you put constantly engaged with technology. Neural experience value is rapidly losing popularity and the price into comparison, I personally already scientists found that when you engage with your developers have to find a way to change. get cash for my personal data. The Payback card I phone, or something external, the areas in your use for shopping groceries already pays me about brain that involve daydreaming, self-reflection Now consumers are starting to shift back and 10-15$ a month, and its only groceries. There are or internal dialog just shut off. This development hold their privacy closer to the vest. Many are tons of other consuming and living habits c shows that it is indeed important to lead the realizing that privacy is a high-value currency ompanies could be interested in. development of digital experiences into a healthy on which they are consciously deciding on how, Is BMW a suitable company to pay people to give path. (Bruner, 2013) when and where they’re willing to spend that up their privace ? currency. (Tkatchuk, 2017) Data as currency But what could one get in return for his personal Today’s consumers are picky. If an experience data? doesn’t satisfy, the path to purchase doesn’t align

25 People deepened into smartphones.

14 IMPACT OF HUMAN CENTRIC TECHNOLOGY What social consequences does progressive The limiting factor to connect the world, is the effective in finding and resolving errors in their digitalization have in your opinion? Will cost of data. Even though projections state that systems. there be bigger class distinctions in the most people will have access to smartphones in future? How will those differences become the coming decades, the cost of data transfer will The real problem to solve first is, how to approach noticeable as seen in concrete examples? remain much more expensive and unaffordable connecting the rest of our world. for many people for a long time. When seeing these facts, not being connected These questions highlight that there is a danger Of course, being connected has advantages and can lead to major minorities. You could go as that digitalization will result in much bigger class downsides, but ultimately it is the direction our far as saying: It leads to disabilities of certain differences. Economic and political power might society is going. (West, 2018) groups of people that don’t have the access that be concentrated in the hands of a tiny elite. Most is needed to live a comfortable life in the future. people might become economically useless and So, accessibility becomes a key part of human politically powerless. As biotechnology improves Advantages of a connected world centric technology! moreover, it will be possible to extend human lifespans and to upgrade human abilities, but • Instant long-distance communication and the new wonder treatments might be expensive, feedback and might not be freely available for everybody. • Stored health care data Therefore, human society in the 21st century • Virtual spaces to meet may be the most unequal in history since the • Reaching thousands of people in seconds upper classes will not only be richer than the • Personalized advertisements rest of humankind but will also live much longer • Gathering information and be far more talented. For the first time in • Promoting freedom of speech history, economic inequality will be translated into biological inequality. Hence humankind will Risks of a connected world: split into biological castes – an upper caste of upgraded superhumans, and a massive lower • Data security and privacy class of useless people. We may eventually enter • A place to hide for organized crime a post-work world. • Health concerns due to excessive consumption When reading statements like above coming • Unknown changes to our society from renowned historians and scientists, there are some frightening facts linked to it. Today, only There are pros and cons with almost everything. about 2.7 billion people are online – a little more While the stated advantages can lead to than a third of the world. That number is indeed innovations, political revolutions or enormously growing, but only by 9% annually, which is very speeded up workflows, the risks show problems little, considering the early state of the internet that could come with them. But these problems can be solved. Humans are generally very 26 A connected world visualized

15 FUTURE TRANSPORTATION Infrastructure and transportation waste pf space, especially for city centers. categories. Autonomous car-sharing (ACS) and autonomous pooling (AP). In urban environments, In 2008 a major turning point in our population Banning cars from centers will free up a lot space these models have great potential to bring car- was reached. More than half of world’s population for green areas, optimizing public transport and sharing from a niche to mainstream. The ACS lived in cities or urban areas. At the time this new housing. And it will limit the car as a medium system allows at most one party in the same car thesis is written (2019) the level has risen to 56% of transportation to be used only for suburban at all times. The AP system allows more than one and is predicted to hit 70% by 2050. (Urban life: medium-haul ways, intercity transport, or trips into party in the same car, i.e. a sharing of trips and Open-air computers, 2013) rural areas. out-of-pocket costs; however, passengers have to expect detours for picking up and dropping off Besides the obvious benefits of living closely Autonomous drive impact others. Vehicles are on the move for a maximum together, the relentless growth of cities has of 50% of the time, balancing operating costs and lots of negative side effects on society and the Automation technologies in road transport can waiting times of passengers. environment. Air pollution, development of huge be classified into various levels reaching from slums, loss of Biodiversity and water inequality level 1 which is a manually operated vehicle to While ACS systems could be operated at 0.30- (disturbing the natural process of fresh water level 5 which represents a vehicle with no human 0.35$/km while AP systems could reach price production) are just a few to name. needed inside to be operated. Theraster shows levels of public mass transport at around 0.10$/ all specific steps of possible vehicle automation. km. (Institute for Mobility Research, 2016) When looking into city planning, the amount of (Faggella, 2018) space being needed especially in high density areas naturally increases with the amount of people living close by. Today, vehicles spaces (incl. By 2035, Autonomous vehicles (further referred to parking lots, roads, rails, bike paths, etc.) take up as AVs) in private car fleets are expected to take a from 40-60% of cities space real estates with share of 25-42% depending on the assumptions roads and parking lots making up around 70% of that underlie these figures. that. Between now and 2035, autonomous car fleets With global urbanization, mankind’s demand for have great potential for increasing the market space grows daily as well. One way million cities share of mobility-on-demand systems, taking approach to fulfill this need, is the banning of them up to perhaps 8-10% of all Trips in Germany private cars from their centers in the near future. This step makes sense in a lot of ways. Cars are AVs are, in addition to their private use, part of parked for about 95% of the time and in use new mobility-on-demand concepts. Regulations for the rest 5%. If in use, cars have an average will change, so that vehicles are allowed to passenger rate of 1.4-1.6 (passengers per vehicle). move without humans inside. Future mobility- Combining these 2 statistics, results in a horrible on-demand systems can be split into two main 27 Levels of autonomy

16 Car sharing & owning from highly overpriced renting models. So, it is This will also relate to the future of transportation, expectable that car ownership will not die out at With autonomous driving being established in especially cars. While one person might prefer all but sharing models will catch up drastically in a not so distant future, the space of a car will the benefits of shared vehicles, others prefer popularity in the near future. become somewhat of another room we live in; a the benefits of owning one. The perfect system mobile room. When listening to arguments if cars in this case would be a highly personalized One problem, car manufacturers will face with will be shared or owned in the future, the thought system, where everyone can take part, whether sharing and subscription models is how to comes up, if this must be a clear split? Right they are owner, heavy user, or sporadic user and differentiate from each other. How could BMW now, especially when looking at millennials and each individual will have the best personalized make sure, users choose their services over young families, the sharing of private space is experience. multiple competitors around? How can a user quite common. Shared apartments, with a kitchen, This finding also matches with the research be attracted to a certain vehicle which gives bathroom and living room to be used together just outcomes learned from the development of him effectively the same functional service? has a lot of advantages: less rent, less to clean, human centric technology, described later in the Some very interesting questions that could lead “free” company around you if needed. But at the research process. to new findings of how to shape future exterior same time there are a lot of people who clearly experiences. not value this experience as much as others. They It is still not to forget that sharing services and love to be under full control of their private space, subscription models are on a rise right now. shape it accordingly to their ideas and just have This happens because people who want to the feeling of having something that’s completely benefit from not owning a car but still want to owned. use one, didn’t have the opportunity yet, except

28 Shared vehicles

17 EXTERIOR INTERACTIONS There is one problem now with external side of vehicles. interaction elements. Laws prevent pretty much By 2035-2040 our public and personal transport Also pedestrian safety became a huge topic everything one can do on a car while driving. will most likely be highly to fully automated. This when talking about autonomous driving. The lack A lighting element always must have a visible development will result is a drastic decrease of of engine sound simply makes cars unpredictable effect on the ground for example, which makes functional driver to driver communication and for people around them. This results in a clear illuminated patterns very hard to homologate most likely even pedestrians and motorcycle need of alternative communication methods for today. EU laws also prevent car manufacturers riders will be highly predictable for future car. pedestrians in certain situations. Visual or audible to illuminate their logos because illuminated There are two categories of exterior interactions. feedback would be the most obvious solutions for advertisements on cars are forbidden. (Audi Driver to driver/pedestrian communication, which that new challenge. (Rasouli & Tsotsos, 2018) MediaCenter, 2017) mainly take place during a drive. And driver – car interactions, mainly used when approaching the New sound designs for electric vehicles are These laws will most likely change with the rise c a r. already in development by different companies. of autonomy in our traffic soon. Autonomous The priority for such features is mostly set to concepts are released frequently by almost Exterior interactions have always been pedestrian safety and minimizing the sound every manufacturer. This shows that autonomous functionally driven features like, indicator, hazard pollution. Brand expression or other interactions cars are obviously on the rise. While Car light, horn, break light, door opening etc. But are barely present. (Kobayashi et al., 2017) makers themselves predict that by 2021 lately a lot of showcars show emotional features (average)(Institute for Mobility Research, 2016), that can be added to a cars’ shell. Words that autonomous driving technology will be ready to greet you, curtains that show you the way in or go, rules and legislations are far from ready customizable displays covering the whole body

29 30 31 Mini Vision Next 100 exterior Mini Vision Next 100 light carpet Audi Aicon warning signals

18 ACCESSIBILITY Technology- and service-development has recently undergone a dramatic change. Development processes change from focusing on the overall big picture to focusing on an individual’s experience. Especially the spread of mobile devices of any kind influenced the processes.

System optimization models have shifted to personal optimization models. One example is the font size on mobile devices. For early generation phones for example, font sizes were never adjustable. But when thinking about elderly or disabled people, exactly this feature makes a huge difference and gives a big part of our society access to a new technology. This leads to a significant point. Accessibility of new technologies for every human is important for a healthy development of society. When certain groups of people are left behind, it creates inequality.

“Connectivity is a human right” (Zuckerberg, 2017)

According to experts, digital inclusion is a major goal for the future in our digital world. (Austin Tech Alliance, 2018)

32 Illustration visualizing the complexity of big data

19 HUMAN BODY AND MIND When looking into the body-mind-relationship, it is information are sent to the conscious mind. often deleted immediately. When not deleted, it is very similar to how computers work. The hardware, In fact, the unconscious mind is valued to be often distorted to match our expectations. Data represented by your body, is responsible for the capable of processing about 11 Million bits of is also very often generalized, to fit it into certain power supply, the sensing of the surrounding information per second which is comparable to categories. Things that influence these processes and the management of resources. The software, a data transfer rate of 10 Mbits/s or the speed are very individual. Values, beliefs, memories or your mind, at the other hand is split into two main of USB 1.0 ports. From this information, only a attitudes distinguish our internal computer, from parts. The conscious mind, like the user interface tiny fraction is sent to the conscious mind. The dead electronics. of a computer and the unconscious mind, which comparison of our body with a computer is limited works like background processes. (Sharma, 2016) though and could lead to false assumptions, so let’s look at the human factor. While the human’s unconscious mindware processes all the information our body receives, Data is filtered by our brain in multiple ways. it also filters and prioritizes which bits of Data that doesn’t match our expectations is

33 Human mind and body collaboration

20 SENSES Sight and sensed by tiny hair to be finally transformed Touch is found to be not just to interact with the into electrical impulses. Hearing is our second world, but for human well-being. Touch is found Sight, knows as the perception of things through most important sense not just because of audible to be capable of transferring feelings from one the eyes is a complex process. Light reflects off sound, but our sense of balance which is retained human to another. an object into eye and gets flipped and distorted because of a pressurized tube in the inner ear. Touch can also influence how humans decide. multiple times until our conscious mind receives Touch Texture can be associated with abstract a clear picture. Sight is a human’s most reliable concepts, and touching something with a texture sense. can influence the decisions a person makes. Touch is thought to be the first sense that humans For instance, hardness may evoke concepts of Hearing develop, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia stability, rigidity and strictness. Roughness can of Philosophy. Touch consists of several distinct lead to thoughts of difficulty and harshness, while This sense works via the complex labyrinth that sensations communicated to the brain through heaviness conjures up impressions of importance is the human ear. Sound is funneled through the specialized neurons in the skin. Pressure, and seriousness. external ear and piped into the external auditory temperature, light touch, vibration, pain and other canal until reaching the eardrum, just to get sensations are all part of the touch sense and are Smell and taste transported further by an arrangement of bones all attributed to different receptors in the skin. Humans have 400 smelling receptors. While this isn‘t as many as animals that are super smellers have, the much more complicated human brain makes up for the difference. By contrast with the enormous power of the eye and the distances from which it can receive a stimulus, the tongue is thought capable of distinguishing only sweet, sour, bitter, and salt, and only in direct contact with the substance providing the stimulus. Smell and taste are generally the least relevant senses for a modern human’s daily life since the need of reading tracks and finding food to survive is no longer there.

Proprioception

In addition to the traditional big five, there is the sense of space. Proprioception includes the sense of movement and position of our limbs and

34 Human sensual distances

21 HAPTICS Haptics (meaning of touch, interhuman, human- our “reality” is just a tiny fraction of what exists, a The only group of people who ever experienced tech, medically) slice of the world. (Haptic communication, 2019) something similar are astronauts. When they enter At first, haptics can be split into two main zero gravity for the first, they must learn how hard categories. Haptic communication, the means by Humans have 5 senses but one of them is special they push themselves off walls to reach certain which people and other animals communicate in a certain way. We can close our eyes, or hold points and not crash into the wall in high speeds. via the sense of touch. Haptic perception, our nose and ears shut but there is no way to And even when you fully relay all your muscles in which describes the process of recognizing turn our sense of touch off. That’s very good for zero gravity, you lose the sense for body position. objects through touch. Haptics is also very often us because shutting off our sense of touch would But in the very moment when you slightly move understood as the science of applying tactile end in a disaster. That shows the unfortunate story your finger tip, your brain knows exactly where sensation and control to interact with digital of Ian Waterman, the man who lost his body. A your whole arm is located relatively to the rest of computer applications very rare virus was killing all his sensory nerve your body. This is what Ian is still missing and will cells from the neck downwards. He can still feel always miss. The word descended from the Greek “haptein” pain and heat, but he can neither feel touching meaning „to fasten.“ Haptics as a human anything nor the position of his body in the 3d Our brains are trapped in a dark pit, the skull. sense offers an additional dimension to our world. This is very hard to imagine for a human A Brain doesn’t know where electrochemical 3-D environment being real or virtual and with a healthy nervous system. But essentially signals come from, but it knows what to do drives essential to the immenseness of those His brain doesn’t know anymore where his limbs with them! Finding patterns and linking these environments. are and when his limbs hit anything. At first Ian patterns together creates a so complex system couldn’t walk anymore, couldn’t grab something that we can’t even understand it yet. Things like We as humans see our world, our surrounding, or even couldn’t sit straight up, but with a huge Braille language for blind people, sonic glasses everything how it is presented to us. Having amount of dedication and years and years of or tactile vests for deaf humans show that our certain senses in our portfolio defines how we training he managed to regain some of our brain is indeed capable of learning new sensory literally see the world. If you could talk to a dog, common human skills. The difference is that Ian languages and immediately connect them with he would probably say something like, “How the will never ever again be able to do something meaning instead of painfully translating them hell could you possibly not know that there is a automatically. He has to think and plan every little character by character. cat 100 meters away from here ?!?” or that your movement of his body. How much he lifts his leg, neighbor was at this very spot where you are how much forward he must put it. Or which effect Why shouldn’t we use our whole body for exactly sitting right now, 6 hours ago. This is because in on his balance it has to lift a heavy object. So, His this functionality of our brain. The one sense you a dog’s world is all about smelling. Its long snout day consist of planning movements mainly. And can’t turn off luckily covers every centimeter of with around 200 Million scent receptors can when Ian shuts his eyes, his actions fail. His only your skin and it is not in use for most of the day. scan the world and extract information from its way to control the correctness of his actions is surrounding totally different from what humans seeing them. In this way Ian’s brain learned a new Defined as interactions that involve the sense of can extract. Other examples would be Bats, using way to gather information about certain facts of touch, it’s a major topic to ensure functionality compresses air waves or some fish, sensing their his body. (McNeill et al., 2008) of a holistic future interaction concept. Haptic world by electric impulses. But the point is, that communication is very important to achieve a

22 level of subconscious communication between Examples of subconscious development of a human and a machine. The ability to recognize senses: an object, a meaning, or a feeling by touching something is important to explore. The Haptic • Blind people (sonic glasses) perception of humans is defined by our evolution, • Brain port (electro grid on tongue) see which led to a certain distribution of touch with tongue sensors spread around our body. • Sonic impulse vest, Deaf people can feel Now it’s about haptic technology to use our suroundings body as a tool of perception. An interface that communicates with the user through the sense of touch has to be optimized to fit the human abilities, since the touch sense for humans is comparatively rough. Human’s ability to learn by training although shows great potential to achieve a subconscious way to communicate haptically. It could almost be like creating a new sense by using our existing brain receptors. (Raymann, 2017)

35 36 37 Hand touching fur Hand touching 3D-print Hand touching textile interface

23 ULTRAHAPTICS Ultrahaptics An interview with a company developer, cllarified some technical conditions with this technology. Ultrahaptics is a company, developing a breakthrough haptic technology using ultrasound The maximim radius of the created feedback field to create rich, three-dimensional shapes and at the moment is up to 2 meters. The ultrasonic textures that can be felt, but not seen. waves travel though cloth but are mostly sensible on the palms and facial areas. Full room With this technology, tools and expertise you can experiences are alrewady possible when scaling add amazing haptics to virtual objects, develop the nowadays technology, while the latest panels

immersive holographic interfaces, and augment already have a three times higher resolution that 40 gesture control with natural tactile feedback. You the tested one which is abour five years old. can unlock the true potential of touch. The angle in which the speakers can precisely emit feedback is 35 degrees. There is a certain Mid-air haptics could revolutionize how we noise level produced by the sound interfearence interact in the future. but it is heavily depending on the quality of the code and can be optimised. (Stratos Explore, An array of ultrasound speakers can focus 2018) their soundwaves to certain points in space so precisely that it creates pressure so high that it could even dent your skin. This makes you feel an object in mid-air, where there is none, just sound. 41 Combining this technology with augmented Ultrasconic waves hitting palm of hand reality, and a virtual experience gets as real as it never has been.

Interfaces can be projected into our 3D-space with this technology but maintain their Haptic feedback. A button click or a rotational wheel with different, programmable types of feedback can be felt in mid-air. You could even potentially steer a car with an invisible input device.

38 39 42 Hand touching water Hand interacting with light Ultrahaptrics development kit

24 FULL BODY EXPERIENCE

The technology is scalable to a certain extend. In this case, for a mid-air projection of haptic Nowadays, the focus is heavily set towards feedback, Hands should still be used for tactile feedback made for the hands. The author conscious and very dedicated tasks that require a imagines, that the whole body could be used high level of feedback. The rest of our body could to sensor and process information, submitted be used as a more washed out image, which through ultrasonic soundwaves. approaches the subconscious level of human machine interaction. Maybe even emotions can be Possible examples are rhythmic waves that could transported to a human better in a subconscious communicate different messages in different way. patterns. The sound pattern could flow through the human body when walking by a car. It could Scaling the experience to a full body size and have different intensities, varying intervals, flow a comfortable distance from the device also from top to bottom of your body or the other way requires scaling the technology. While nowadays around. There are tons of possibilities how to mid-air touch technology is in developments, it make our skin do even more. (Hands-On: Echo focuses mainly on small scale interactions. Using Combat and Ultrahaptics!, 2018) tiny off-the-shelf ultrasonic speakers in a 20 by 20cm grid already creates a feedback space that An interface that talks with humans reaches about 80 cm into the space, having a subconsciously through the sense of touch, balloon like shape. obviously must be optimized to fit the human abilities, since the touch sense for humans is Scaling the technology, will also result in a lower comparatively rough. But people who lost sight resolution “image” which is perfect to apply on our show that the learning to further utilize our sense lower resolution sensors in the rest of our skin, of touch is something not too hard when trained compared to i.e. the fingertips which are highly regularly. sensible to haptic feedback. 43 Artistic illustration representing a full body experience

25 AUDIO SPOTLIGHT Audible Audio waves for humans generally are quite large. A human’s audible range reaches from 20 to 20.000 Hertz. These low frequencies create soundwaves that are spreading very widely in space. The Audio spotlights can create ultrasonic sound beams with frequencies up to 80.000 Hertz. These sound beams alone are not audible for people. But if 2 of these high amplitude sound beams are overlaid, they can create audible sound within the beam. This results in a laser-like speaker that can be used directionally over tens of meters, and focuses the audible sound on a very small area. Every other person which is not inside the sound beam will perceive complete 45 Audio spotlight function principle silence.

By creating such precision in sound, there can even be a binaural sound experience much more true than a full on Dolby Digital 7.1 system could deliver. Two individual sound beams could be aimed at both ears, but of course also a bigger area like a 2 by 2 meter cone-shaped beam can be created.

That technology could be used to communicate with pedestrians around vehicles on multiple levels. Safety warnings, personalized advertisement, communication from inside the car or directional music are just some to be named. (Preserve the quiet, 2019)

44 Audio spotlight hardware 46 Audio spotlight creating cone of sound

26 ELECTROSTATIC TANVAS

Surface-haptics is another technology that could change our perception of touch interfaces drastically. Tanvas is a company that developed a touch screen capable of simulating different surface haptics, from cloth to water to grains of rice. It is a flat polished screen that feels like any surface you program it to. This could give our screen-based applications a level of feedback that is missing at the moment. (Touch the next level, 2019)

47 48 49

53 Tanvas screen

50 51 52 Possible surface structures

27 ALTERNATED REALITIES Alternated Realities AR/VR/MR societies daily routine, haptic feedback could make these realities much easier to understand. o AR, Augmented reality - digital overlay on Touch is THE missing link to immersive virtual real world picture and mixed realities and reveals big design o VR, Virtual reality - Virtual space enables opportunities for a more virtual future. by a device o MR, Mixed reality - Combination of AR and VR

Concentrating on these different realities by using special input/output devices (joysticks, data gloves, vests or other devices), users can receive feedback from digital applications in the form of felt sensations in the hand or other parts of the body.

In combination with a visual output device, haptics technology can be used to train people for tasks requiring hand-eye coordination, such as surgery and space walk maneuvers. It is also vastly used for games, in which the player feels as well as sees his/her interactions with images and haptic feedback through vibrations. For example, two might play tennis with each othe being in completely different locations globally. Both can see the moving ball and, use the haptic device to position and swing the tennis racket to hit the ball. (Augmented reality, 2019)

Human reality, the space around us gets more and more flooded with information. Lots of Impressions are so overwhelming for the brain, that it is harder and harder to filter relevant stuff. Imagining, one day mixed reality, is so far developed that it’s implemented into most of 54 Artistic illustration representing a possible future in virtual riality

28 FUTURE SENSE OF VEHICLE AESTHETICS So, what are aesthetics in the first place? In relation to car design, aesthatics are rarely related to anything else than sculptural beauty Philosophically, aesthetics can be defined as the and the expression or sensual experience mosly study of the mind and emotions in relation to the insignifficant. sense of beauty. When a vehicle can trigger senses on more than Focused on the individual it is mostly referred to just the visual level, the general perception of as a particular individual’s set of ideas about style them will change drastically. A new sense for and taste, along with its expression. vehicle aesthetics could than potentially aspire Notions to describe feelings about aesthetics are in society that is much deeper than the common beautifun, ugli, sublime etc. visual one.

29 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS From the research phase it became clear, that clarified who benefits from such new concept in the relation of senses and technology to create which way. a new experience is a key factor to build the story around. The aim is to push heavily into an The following pages cover the set design brief, unexplored field in car design and make new that resulted from the research phase. The technologies more accessible to everybody. findings were brought in order to form a holistic concept that shows the logical decisions made Multisensual synchronized experience and haptic during the process. The concept will optimally feedback particularly are the areas, in which the result in very defined functional and emotional author sees most potential to explore further needs for the vehicle, which will ultimately define during the process. To use more of the body’s the design. ability to sense its surrounding and combine it with future technologies that sense their The most important questions that came up surrounding could lead to major innovations in to clarify during the concept phase are the interaction design as well. following:

Data handling turned out as an overwhelming How can altered realities be explored in a way topic to cover in this project and the needed that makes sense for the society around us? knowledge, covering it in detail is not given. But it can be said that BMW as it is now, is not a Which experiences can be brought to society by a company handling user data as currency. BMW car, besides just being transported? stands for privacy and luxury and these values heavily interfere with the valuing of personal data. Which experiences can be brought to the public by vehicle exteriors specifically, that are Although car ownership will always be present, beneficial? the rise of sharing models will demand a way for the providers to differentiate their services. How would such progressive approach influence There is potential to create experiences that help a vehicles architecture? establishing a unique model. How can such potential vehicle integrate in the With a car communicating through its exterior, the daily life of the user, considering a rise of VR/AR group of shareholders being the manufacturer in the future? and the direct user gets extended by the surrounding and adds potential indirect users to this system. During the process it must be

30 Prior to the design phase, goals were set to maintain a clear target throughout the whole GOALS process. These goals represent personal development goals as well as wishes for the project.

--- Design an experience that is entirely new to the transportation industry --- Showing the potential of future technologies in the transportation industry --- Testing and experimenting with such technologies. --- Create a vehicle that is influenced by the experience but still recognizable as a car aesthetically. --- Create valuable experiments and use VR-technology to test and evaluate the user’s impressions during the process. --- I want to get very familiar with virtual presentation techniques because I think that these will drastically affect not just presentations but also ideation and evaluation processes in the future

31 DESIGN BRIEF & INSPIRATION HUMAN

What if a cars shell could attract visually AND attract anenhance human senses in anew and emotional way ?

The human body consists of a hardware part, the body, which senses surroundings and a software part, our mind, which process perceptions and turns them into experiences.

32 HEADING 2 DUALITY

A full body exterior experience that involves This dualism between a real sensual multiple senses stands opposite to a fully experience and a virtually simulated virtual experience inside the vehicle. experience gives the project its name, BMW Duality. The outer reality attracts users by subtle personalized sensual experience and gives a glimpse of what happens inside the vehicle.

33 INNER REALITY

The inner reality of the vehicle (interior) focuses on the depth of human minds and creates a new world around the user.

34 HEADING 2 OUTER REALITY

The outer extended reality (exterior) at the other hand is focusing on the humans ability to react to the tiniest change of surrounding. It works with tangible direct communication as well as peripheral perception to create different experiences.

35 SENSES

When looking deeper into the human life. body it becomes clear that sight, hearing While the sense of touch direct haptic and the haptic sense have a major or close-range communication, sight impact on experiences in a human‘s daily and hearing can is able to perceive

36 HEADING 2 ROLE OF VEHICLE

When overlaying the human distances of communication with a car, it becomes clear that the visual and audible communication can be used across all distances, while the use of haptic feedback is restricted to close proximity of the vehicle and the human interacting with it.

37 A lamella construction creates an effect for TECHNOLOGY light communication that enables the light to pass through only in the direction of the observer. This personalises the shine to each observer.

Multisensual stimulation enriches the overall experience and adds depth.

The audio spotlight ensures directional The Ultrahaptic technology ensures a sound feedback from the vehicle. It‘s able haptic communication on a tangible level to follow people when walking by the car in close distances to the vehicle while a and can be used for supporting sounds, 42 44 more abstract communictaion on longer character expressions as well as safety distances up to 1,5 meters is possible. feature

38 HEADING 2 INFRASTRUCTURE

Due to car-free city centers in 2040, the vehicle will be used for suburban and long- distance transportation.

A car sharing system was chosen over a pooling or ownership model since it connects versatility and ensures BMW main values such as privacy and luxury.

39 WHY VR IN CARS?

Data or the internet is comparable to a layer around our planet. in the 80s, spreadsheets where the first software to enable consumers to put their life into data/ numbers. nowadays we carry the access gat to the web constantly in our pockets. When VR and AR is established in our daily lives, it will merge the real and virtual world together. At this point Virtual reality in Vehicles will be absolutely needed to maintain this lifestyle during journeys.

40 HEADING 2 WHAT TO DO IN VR?

When talking about a future in VR, most people only consider entertainment, gaming or maybe relaxing are possible activities, but VR is much more. Training, learning, socializing, simulations, or i a lot of work activities can be done in VR as well. So basically, our whole future life could be connected to VR in one way or the other.

41 HEADINGUSER GROUP 2

So, should this vehicle adapt its VR Its comparable to asking in the 90s, “who experience to each individuals’ needs. will be the smartphones’ user group?”. It That leads to the question, “Who are those turned out to be everybody 20 years later, individuals?” since it became such an essential part Defining the user group of a future vehicle, in our life. The development of VR and AR which focuses on virtual reality in the technologies will show similar results when interior is rather difficult. Since VR will be it prevails in society. so present in a near future, a wide variety of users will find its individual reality inside.

42 STAKEHOLDERS

Looking at the stakeholders in this scenario, the The technology built into the vehicle is made BMW increases the personal relationship to User, BMW as a company and the surrounding available publicly for the surrounding pedestrians each user by extending the AI experience and society everybody can benefit from these and can give basic access to certain functions and creating an interaction hub around the added values to a vehicles shell. even without the car being booked. The general vehicle. The individual response created safety on streets in increased due to the by the vehicles knowledge about the user The direct User can extend his daily life that personalised warning capabilities. The car could builds a trustworthy relationship between the takes already place partially in an augmented/ even intervene traffic occurrences that do not brand and the individual. Algorithms can also mixed/virtual reality throughout his journey. The directly affect the vehicle, but it can assist with its analyse behaviour patterns and approach new in-car time extension through virtual reality could sensory and communication equipment to ensure potential users in a subtle way. These people cover the majority of activities besides physically safety in many situations. will receive peripheral sensual stimuli and moving or nutrition in this future. Indirect users can than decide weather they lie them or not. benefit from the vehicles around them by getting supportive feedback like interaction

43 HEADINGVEHICLE PACKAGE 2 DEFINITION

After analysing multiple sitting layouts journey with more than two people, which and arrangements for the interior of the happens occasionally, can be devided vehicle, a two-seat layout was chosen. It on multiple vehicles. The VR technology proved to be beneficial in most cases over can than ensure that the journey for the a single seater or a vehicle for four or more passengers feels like being together in a passengers. While a single seater delivers physical space. the most private and luxurious experience, it doesn’t evem cover the average 1,3 passengers a car transports nowadays. At the other hand of the spectrum, a four plus- seater is almost always occupied by only one or two people. The two-seater delivers the most efficient way of transport, since a

44 INTERIOR NEEDS LUGGAGE VR&AR LVL 5 AUTONOMY

EXTERIOR NEEDS MED-LONG 360° AUDIO 360° LIGHT HAPTIC INGRESS

The hardware requirements resulting from the concept are the following: • Augmented & Virtual reality technology in the interior. • Reasonable space for luggage for 2 passengers • Lvl. 5 autonomy (GNSS, IR-CAM, Radar, Lidar)

• Medium and Long-range transportation capabilities • 360 degree Audible communication element • 360 degree Visual communication element • Close and medium Range Ultrahaptic element • Welcoming ingress/egress

45 PACKAGE A lamella structure surrounds the whole vehicle and defines the shape and volume. This structure is used for the visual and audible surrounding communication. The ultrahaptic panels are integrated in the side panels of the vehicle. The car is driven by electric motors which are powered by a flow cell battery. This battery uses a positive and a negative electrolyte to create electricity. The advantage of this technology is its flexibility. The battery can be charged like any battery but when instant range extension is needed, the electrolytes which are liquids can be exchanged and the battery is full within minutes. The electrolytes are stored in two tanks located far down in the chassis. The actual cell which creates the energy is located at the rear of the vehicle for easier maintenance access.

The interior package-vision shows how the seat is mounted on the door structure. This creates an ingress experience, where the passengers get transported into the VR “capsule” by a rotational movement. The luggage compartment is in the front of the vehicle. The centric structure houses various sensing and simulation hardware to ensure an immersive virtual interior experience.

46 SENSORIAL TECHNOLOGY

For level 5 autonomy in a vehicle, many sensors cars on different ranges. are needed to ensure safety, a comfortable The heart of the system is the lidar array on the ride and a reliable service. To locate the vehicle roof of the vehicle. Lidars create a 3d model on the planet a GNSS system is required. It is of the surrounding in real time for advanced basically a combination of GPS and the internet. driverless navigation. To recognise infra red cameras are used around surface you program it to. This could give our the vehicle. The Radar system detects moving screen-based applications a level of feedback objects such as pedestrians, cyclists, or other that is missing at the moment.

47 IDEATION INITIAL PHASE The first ideation phase was created, based on the previous hard points. The volume is defined by the two occupants’ sitting position. The greenhouse capsule feeling emphasises the physical separation of the passengers. The communication element is integrated in the volume in some sketches, while others show it as an added part fixed on the main volume. The dark part of the vehicle has a soft feeling to it while the white panels show a hard-folded, almost protective character.

48 REFLECTION The vehicle styling developed in a direction where the car looks very aggressive. It should have a sporty stance, but in combination with open wheels and many directional changes in the surfaces, it has the character of a military vehicle or a modern hot-rod. A selection of goods and bads from this first quick ideation phase was made to continue the process and find a direction that fits better to the advanced concept behind this vehicle. Personal reflection on the first ideation phase: The general proportion in combination with a sporty character should be maintained. The execution of surfaces must be reduced in complexity and focused on the strong and important features. The communication element surrounding the vehicle must be more prominent and should be the major defining element of main volumes and surfaces. The colour separation must reflect a certain meaning that can be understood by the viewer rather than confusing visually. The creased centreline (y0) of the vehicle is a nice feature to reinterpret the bmw kidney grill in a simplistic and modern way. The following task was to create an aesthetical vision of how the physical shape of the vehicle should feel based on the outcomes of the early ideation phase and feedback from designers and tutors.

49 ADVANCED IDEATION

Car design in the past 20 years developed into a sculptural nightmare full of fake vents, creases and fragmented shapes. The chosen direction was heavily inspired by cars from the 80s and 90s, when design was more honest, minimalistic and clean. Nowadays every shape is producible, but cars get defined by the technology and safety regulations under the shell. Trying to combine complex technology and complicated shapes leads to some strange outcomes in the car industry. This project should create a visually simple but modern physical sculpture which is defined by the technology sitting underneath. The physical design should consist only of necessary features being executed in a rational way. The second level of aesthetics, which will be the interaction part, will play the emotional and adaptive part in this design. So, instead of adding more features, multi-level experience will be added to create complexity.

50 HEADING 2 The Virtual reality capsule of the vehicle should have a very polygonal treatment, showing rigid strength and precision.

The body layer that folds over the prismatic core should have a similar level of precision but treats the corners in a softer, more human manner.

The communication element is the playful and emotional element that combines both worlds and creates a personal feeling for each observer.

55 56 57

On a detail level, precision and reduction is key. Shut lines are reduced to a necessary number and graphics integrate into the flow of surfaces. The play with light and translucency creates a mysterious appearance that will make observers curious of what’s inside. The color scheme of the physical sculpture is neutral, meaning cold greyscale tones. The emotional part, being the light communication will than add life to this canvas.

51 FINAL DIRECTION

In the final side view, the intended visual directions are put together on a single monolithic volume. The rising shoulder-line creates the general stance and forward orientation of the vehicle and the elongated horizontal themes reduce the visual height. Exposing the lamella element on top and 58 59 60 hiding it behind translucent bodycolor just BMW E9 3.0 csi Low resolution car Citroën Karin below, connects the two main volumes HISTORICAL INSPIRATION in a technical way while maintaining full functionality. Surface-haptics is another technology that could change our perception of touch interfaces drastically. Tanvas is a company that developed a touch screen capable of simulating different surface haptics, from cloth to water to grains of rice. It is a flat polished screen that feels like any surface you program it to. This could give our screen-based applications a level of feedback that is missing at the moment.

52 The door opens in a rotating movement with the seat being pushed forward to pick the passenger up. The seat is mounted to the door unit and transports the passenger into the VR capsule. The unconventional windscreen surface folds inwards to clarify the separated VR experiences customized to each customer.

53 FINAL DIRECTION

54 The black front and rear area of the vehicle are made from high quality recycled plastics. Since the vehicle is most likely not owned by a private person but a company running services, the low cost of such parts is vital for maintaining a business in such public services. The Infrared sensors located in the blades at each corner of the vehicle are retractable for protection in parked mode.Surface-haptics is another technology that could change our perception of touch interfaces drastically. Tanvas is a company that developed a touch screen capable of simulating different surface haptics, from cloth to water to grains of rice. It is a flat polished screen that feels like any surface you program it to. This could give our screen-based

57 applications a level of feedback that is missing at the moment.

55 FINAL DIRECTION

The silhouette of the vehicle reflects as a very precise pyramidic shape from every angle due to the strong character lines leading from each corner reasonably straight towards the roof. A fully functional diffuser is placed between the rear wheels 55 since the wheel hub motors allow for this space to be used efficiently. The large Ultrahaptics-panel is integrated vertically in the door surface to ensure a big working radius reaching 2 meters from the vehicles side areas in an angle of 40 degrees.

56 56

KEYSKETCH REAR

The BMW kidney graphics are simplified to a point where they are basically two squares with a the creased y0 line of the vehicle as a separation between. The triangular split at the bottom houses the Long- and medium-range radar systems for the front. The creased line fading from the rear wheel towards the front wheel creates volume for the door hinge located at the component separation at close to the rear wheel.

57 JOURNEY TOWARDS THE CAR

Visual communication in the form of the 360° A subtle force field is created by the ultrahaptic The vehicles surround speakers create dedicated display synchronized with sound in expressing technology built into the bodyside of the vehicle. sounds for deceleration and acceleration. the BMW character in this case. It shows presence of the vehicle through a peripheral sensation. More tangible applications like a simulated door handle can also be created to be felt in mid-air.

The door and other exterior functions can be The door is hinged at the rear of the car and BMW Duality takes off and shows from this point operated through gesture control and are brings the seat towards the passenger. This on that it is in the occupied state. supported with mid-air haptic feedback. creates a welcoming feeling, almost like being picked up by the vehicle.

58 Due to the personalization of visual as well as audible feedback, BMW Duality can communicate with multiple individuals simultaneously. This ensures a certain level of privacy for every user or customer.

59 RESULTS

60 61 VISUALISATION

The final side view, showing the monolithic silhouette.

62 The VR capsules held the 360° communication element which connects them to the main body.

63 FINAL RENDERINGS

The suicide-door opening, to ensure a welcoming and comfortable ingress and egress.

64 The secondary light signatures are horizontal in the rear and vertical in the front of the car to show clear driving directions.

65 The rear facing radar is integrated into the rear bumper and placed behind a tinted polycarbonate panel.

66 The sharp centerline of the car creates two folded surfaces that form the reinterpretation of the BMW kidney on the front of the car.

67 The trunk opening flap for quick access to the cargo space and service panels.

68 The rims channel air towards the wheel hub-engines and the flow-cell battery due to the fan-like design.

69 DIGITAL MODELLING SKETCH MODEL - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

For the initial digital modelling process, Alias Speedform was used and proportions were checked in full scale via VR.

70 REFINED MODEL

The refinement modelling phase was mainly done in Alias Surface with little help from other tools such as Maya or Rhinocerus. The focus at this stage was, to build the geometry in way, that its is easy to assemble on the final physical model. At the same time the numer and complexity of parts had to be as low as possible.

71 PHYSICAL MODEL MILLED AND 3D PRINTED PARTS

72 73 74 75 PERSONAL CONCLUSION

When starting this project, my aim was to of what I want to achieve which helped a lot to to present it to different departments. I am happy create a new way how cars are perceived in our find the final direction. The monolithic volume with that the topic is very relevant to the industry and surrounding. I wanted to create a scenario, in a mixture of automotive surfacing, awkwardness I got the opportunity to influence some internal which my design requirements truly influence and producty details to it that make it a new and processes with it. For me it was clear from the the final shape of the vehicle in its volume and modern approach and truly represents how I see beginning that exterior interactions, have a fixed surfaces rather than just being the shell that’s future vehicles. spot in future vehicle design, but the challenge wrapped around an innovative interior concept. was to break away from mounting screens on a This setback during the ideation process was vehicle and to push the boundaries further into In contrast to earlier projects, where design briefs very valuable to me also for rethinking my design a deep multisensual experience. I think the way were more defined by scenarios based on a very process in general. I saw that the early decisions I approached the topic is more like a starting specific target group, I tried to quickly bring it I took, concerning volume, size and package of point for multiple projects that could follow up. further this time. The created scenario resulted the vehicle really paid of later in the process. The depth of the topic can be explored in many in very defined hardware needs. This helped me Having a detailed design direction already during directions. Another important focus area I could a lot to create a unique design proposal that is the concept phase allowed me to have many think of would be the handling of the data and functional yet modern. feedback loops and a very refined design as a how data security could be ensured with a car result. A personal conclusion to car design in that reacts personally to each individual. A big challenge that I faced was to stay true to general that I drew was, that the period of styling this working method and decide for a design will be over soon. It seems like every shape is Also, the experimentation with sound and haptic direction that ensures functionality over a producible with nowadays technologies and cars feedback can be pushed much further to create a sketch that corresponds to my personal taste. keep getting loaded with complicated features. range of experiences and simulate them with full Looking back, I think a moment during concept Every shape feels like it’s done a hundred scale mock ups. presentation, where my design direction was times already so in my opinion the way to go is criticised as not fitting to the story, was the major reduction of complexity. I was inspired a lot by the Working and experimenting with the human turning point in this project. During the early simplicity of cars from the 80s and 90s and tried senses generally was great fun. Also, the access ideation I fell in love with many design features, to merger their spirit with modern design. to the technology I found in my research was that were fighting each other on a small cars’ valuable to gain further insight. Having this package, and I tried to keep all of them. After this When presenting my concept to the BMW team opportunity earlier in the process would have moment I took a step back and created a vision the response was very positive and I got invited possibly changed the design slightly when

76 looking back at its, but the project was just too preparation for the degree project and taught around their product. The quality of service could short to extend the research phase over a certain me to manage my projects on my own, setting be one major differentiation between brands point. At one point I had to decide rather focusing my own deadlines and finding efficient ways of and the importance of performance, heritage on the physical shape or detailing the experience presenting the main idea. Being always prepared or elegance will suffer along those lines. In my itself. But with my aim to work as an exterior to tell the story was very important during the opinion, especially bigger manufacturers, that designer I decided to push the aesthetic direction, process. are used to the way cars are seen today, must which is clearly influenced by the interaction adapt quickly in order to survive these new background. Finalizing my studies in transportation design challenges. These is a risk to become the “Nokia feels great. After amore than 10 years of design of automobiles” if the focus is set on the wrong When thinking about the project in relation to my education I feel ready to work in the industry and things. future real-world activities as a designer I tried to bring my visions to reality. keep the process as similar as possible. During I personally see the german car industry in a my internships and the thesis, I developed a Transportation design, more specific car design dangerous spot right now. Outdated hardware working method that involves virtual reality a lot to undergoes a major shift at the moment. The rise interfaces, missing reaearch in important future simulate the physical models you would have to of electric mobility as well as changing trends technologies such as batteries, autonomous drive check the shapes in reality. in ownership and sharing models influence it. In or digitalisation and stuck internal structures are During my education I was lucky to learn all kinds my opinion the emotional relationship to vehicles just some issures that could be mentioned here. of 3d software (poly, nurbs, solid, parametric) shrinks, while relationships to whole mobility BMW Duality adresses some of these technology and visualization tools. For the final CAS-model I services rise. That became very clear to me when topics and combines them into an extreme jumped between these programs to draw benefits I repeatedly started to hear the sentence, “I’m vehicle with the aim to polarise conceptually as from each way of modelling. This made the waiting for my Uber!” Technically, people are still well as form wise. modelling process much more efficient and also entering cars, but the focus is more towards I hope with this project, I was able to freshen up more creative because of not being limited to the getting picked up and dropped of wherever some minds inside of the company and inspire skillset in one specific program. wished. young talents to find their way into design as The last one and a half years were lifting my The effect which those developments have on well! Although the industry situation is taff at understanding of design massively. My internships the design itself are the following. Brands might the moment, there will always be a need for at Volkswagen and BMW were the perfect have to think in bigger pictures to create services innovative ideas and beautiful shapes!

77 REFERENCES WEBSITES

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futurecapetown. (2011). 4 Principles for Re-Designing the Suburbs for the Future. https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustaina- AUDIO SPOTLIGHT blecitiescollective/4-principles-re-designing-suburbs-future/32756/ Preserve the quiet. (2019). https://www.holosonics.com/

EXTERIOR INTERACTIONS ELECTROSTATIC TANVAS Rasouli, Amir & Tsotsos, John K. (30.05.2018). Autonomous Vehicles that Interact with Pedestrians. A Survey of Theory and Practice. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.11773.pdf Touch the next level. (2019). https://tanvas.co/

Kobayahi, K., Corral-Castilla, C., Harper, K. (01.04.2017). https://www.ustwo.com/blog/future-of-external-vehicular-sound AR VR https://www.ifmo.de/files/publications_content/2016/ifmo_2016_Autonomous_Driving_2035_en.pdf Augmented reality. (13.01.2019). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality Audi MediaCentre. (11.09.2017). Concept Car Audi Aicon –autonom auf Zukunftskurs. https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/de/ pressemitteilungen/concept-car-audi-aicon-autonom-auf-zukunftskurs-9332 FUTURE OF VEHICLE AESTHETICS

ACCESABILITY Lawrence, David Herbvert. (1915). Sex Versus Loveliness. https://mauriacs.tumblr.com/post/189418599705/beauty-is-an- experience-nothing-else-it-is-not-a Zuckerberg, Mark. (9.10.2014). Ist Vernetzung ein Menschenrecht?. https://www.facebook.com/isconnectivityahumanright

Austin Tech Alliance. (02.02.2018). Difining Digital Inclusion in Austin, Texas. https://medium.com/@AustinTech/defining-digital-inclusion-in-austin-texas-bb9732e111a2

78 IMAGES

IMAGES

Image 1-9; 11, 12; 22-24 - https://oliversold-fotografie.de/ Image 10; 13-21 - https://www.netcarshow.com/bmw/ Image 25 - https://medium.com/uxarmy/accelerate-your-user-feedback-with-remote-user-testing-e86ebb41509 Image 26 - https://u.osu.edu/riskinstitute/2016/08/11/building-responsible-and-resilient-supply-chains/ Image 27 - https://www.ifmo.de/files/publications_content/2016/ifmo_2016_Autonomous_Driving_2035_en.pdf Image 28 - https://www.autofutures.tv/2019/12/19/bmw-and-daimlers-drivenow-car-sharing-service-shuts-down/ Image 29, 30 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTiUMxtCbuE&ab_channel=CARTV Image 31 - https://www.caricos.com/cars/a/audi/2017_audi_aicon_concept/images/15.html Image 32 - https://bm-experts.de/definitionenfaq/definitionen/performance-marketing/ Image 33, 34 - https://www.behance.net/januszjure Image 35 - https://www.behance.net/gallery/43489899/BMW-Auriga Image 36 - http://www.leolane.com/blog/can-you-feel-it-4-3d-printed-textures-in-designs/ Image 37 - https://www.dezeen.com/2012/06/28/tangible-textural-interface-by-eunhee-jo-at-show-rca-2012/ Image 38 - https://favim.com/image/2019393/ Image 39 - https://www.pinterest.at/pin/322500023287067492/ Image 40-42 - https://www.ultraleap.com/product/stratos-explore/ Image 43 - https://www.behance.net/gallery/75942479/everydays-june-2018?tracking_source=for_you_published Image 44-46 -https://www.holosonics.com/ Image 47 - https://pixabay.com/de/illustrations/wellenbewegung-wellenkreise-wasser-64169/ Image 48 - https://de.123rf.com/photo_4238236_mountain-rocks-stone-texture-background.html Image 49 - https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-globe-shaped-cactus-long-thorns-120613564 Image 50- https://dingundding.tumblr.com/post/145256848451 Image 51 - http://ich-deutschland.blogspot.com/2018/05/ich-uber-alles_7.html Image 52 - https://weissesrauschen.tumblr.com/post/100186358324 Image 53 - https://tanvas.co/ Image 54 - https://www.artstation.com/artwork/w86zWV Image 55 - https://ifworlddesignguide.com/entry/152725-luminist-cast Image 56 - https://www.behance.net/gallery/74690187/INCEPTION Image 57 - https://www.behance.net/gallery/99079901/E-L-I-S Image 58 - https://stanceworks.com/2015/12/behind-hr-christian-heines-bmw-e9-3-0-csi/ Image 59 - https://www.classicdriver.com/de/article/autos/das-low-res-car-ist-ein-countach-minimaler-auflosung Image 60 - https://www.carthrottle.com/post/49dzyzg/ Image 61 - http://2017.zellgemeinde-bremen.de/sites/default/files/inhalt/audio/predigten/2017-12-10_erwartung_ppt.pdf

79 APPENDIX TIME PLAN

kick-off concept freeze mid-review GATEWAY submit design freeze degree report

meeting BMW

research / concept meeting BMW

concept + ideation advanced ideation meeting

3d modelling

physical model

degree report

January February March April

80 GATEWAY submit examination degree show BUDGET degree report BMW supported the process with a budget which was used for the physical model building.

Additional costs and trips were covered privately.

meeting BMW

physical model

visualisation / animation

May June