Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 222 2nd Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education Conference (SoSHEC 2018) Varieties A Sociolinguistic Study

Sumani Agita Risma Nurhikmawati Universitas PGRI Universitas PGRI Madiun Madiun, Madiun, Indonesia [email protected]

Ugig Prabandini Universitas Brawijaya , Indonesia

Abstract—The aim of this study is to describe the form, the Wardaugh [2] distinguishes into two types: regional socio-cultural context, and the social meaning of the Javanese dialect and social dialect. The first type is the regional dialect. language varieties. In this research, the researchers used The regional dialect is geographically based. The regional descriptive qualitative research with case study design. The data dialect is the distinctive variety in the language which we notice of this research were obtained from the people utterances. as we move from one location to another. The second type is Observation, interview, and documentation were used to collect the social dialect. Social dialect is a term of variety in the the data. There were 30 participants involved in this research. The language based on the social class and the social status. Social instruments of this research were an audio recording, a originate among social groups and are related to questionnaire, and note. Triangulation was applied to measure the language variety factors, such as social class, religion, and validity of data. The researchers used content analysis for peeling ethnicity. According to Wardaugh [2], the term dialect can also utterances in text form. For analyzing the data, the researchers used An Interactive Model of Analysis. The results of this study be used to describe differences in speech associated with revealed that 40 words differ from the basic vocabulary. The various social groups or classes. context of the Javanese language varieties is particular context and Language use is determined not only by linguistic factors general context based on the participant, setting, topic, and the but also the non-linguistic factor, i.e., social and situational function. There are four social meaning such as group identity, factors. The research conducted by Kurniati [3] reveals that the solidarity, politeness, and pride. The participants in this study variation of Javanese language might happen in various aspects, were relatively small. Conducting similar studies with more i.e., phonology, lexicon, pengkraman symptoms, pengokoan participants involved would be helpful. Moreover, it would be insightful to examine the use of Javanese language varieties among symptoms, and morphemic proses. Especially in the lexicon people around . level, the variations in the use of Javanese are increasingly diverse. Based on the research results, there are the changes in Keywords—language; language varieties; Javanese the sound, such as onomasiology, metathesis, attenuation, language varieties; sociolinguistics study prosthesis, epenthesis, anaptiksis, compression, and sound reduction. Such social factors as education, age, and occupation I. INTRODUCTION have an effect on the realization of Javanese language [3]. In sociolinguistics, a variety, also called a lect, is a specific The Javanese language has many variations. The Javanese form of a language or language cluster. This language variety language has krama inggil (high level), ngoko alus (medium may include , dialects, registers, styles or other forms level) and ngoko biasa (low level). Wedhawati et.al.[4] in her of language, as well as a standard variety. According to Holmes research finds that there are three Javanese language levels: 1) [1], variety is the board term which includes different accents, Ngoko is informal speech or low level, used between friends different language style, different dialects, and even different and close relatives. 2) Madya is the intermediary form between language which contrast with each other for particular reasons. ngoko and krama. use this language level for People can use different varieties of language in a different communication with the people that have a lower social status context and situation [1]. than the speaker. 3) Krama is the polite and formal style. Javanese people use this language level for the people of the Dialect is used to refer to varieties of a particular language same status who do not wish to be informal. It can be used to that differ in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation of a talk to people with the highest social status. Zulfikar [5] also group in societies that stay in a particular area. The explanation reveals that the Javanese language has several levels of speech: above is supported by [1] that dialects are merely linguistic krama, madya and ngoko with its distinctive function. The varieties which are distinguishable by their vocabulary, results of his research Javanese language variation also informs grammar, and pronunciation; the speech of people from that for the participants; solidarity is more important than different social, as well as regional, groups, may differ in these politeness in communicating with the people around them. ways.

Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 159 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 222

Based on the short description above, the Javanese language that is used for has developed in many Javanese language variations. Therfore, standing or walking 9. Sawang, Ngingeti () to be conscious Lihat/ it is important to understand the Javanese language variation in delok, of what is around melihat (see) Ngawi, one of located in the western part of . deleng, someone by using Therefore, the purpose of this research is to describe the form dengok his eyes of the Javanese language varieties in Ngawi, the socio-cultural 15. Dolan Mblayang (V) someone spends Main (play) time doing an context of the Javanese language varieties in Ngawi, and the enjoyable and/or social meaning the Javanese language varieties in Ngawi, East entertaining activity Java. 18. Karo, kambi Mbi, kambek (Preposition) using Dengan something (with) II. METHOD 21. Anyel Pegel, cegeh (Adj) angry Jengkel (annoyed) In this research, the researchers used qualitative research as 24. Arep Ape (Modal Verb) at a Akan (will) the approach of this research and case study as a type of the low temperature, especially when research [6]. The researchers developed an in-depth analysis of compared to the the cases that were bounded by time and activity, and temperature of the researchers collected the detail information using a variety of body, and data collection procedures over a sustained period [7]. not hot or warm 25. Montor Udhug, () a vehicle with Montor In collecting the data, the researchers used observation, honda two wheels and an (motorcycle) questionnaire, interview, and documentation. The researchers engine 27. Juweh Nggambleh (Adj) not easily Cerewet collected the varieties from the questionnaire and will be satisfied; having (fussy) completed by observation. For the observation and interview, very high standards the researchers focused on collecting the data based on the or very fixed standards about language used. The questionnaire consists of 230 basic particular things vocabularies proposed by Morish Swadesh. The researchers 30. Bar Rampung (V) to complete Selesai used the interactive analysis models as the technique of data something or come (finish) analysis. According to Miles et. al. [8], there are three primary to the end of an processes. They are data condensation, display and conclusion activity 31. Podo wae Ranggajusi (Adj) exactly like Sama (same) drawing, and verification. another or each other III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 32. Mbok ben Mboyak (V) free to do Terserah (up something too you) The setting of this research was in Ngawi, East Java, 33. Los ne Los dol (V) to go away from Membiarkan Indonesia. The data is the form, the socio-cultural context, and someone or (leaving) social meaning of Javanese language varieties in Ngawi. something, for a short time or The researchers discussed the lexical meaning of the word permanently of Javanese language varieties in Ngawi. Lexical meaning is 34. Peso Lading, (N) a tool, usually Pisau (knife) pengot, with a metal blade meaning as defined in the dictionary. In this part, the research tengul and a handle, used will explain the lexical meaning of Javanese language varieties for cutting and in Ngawi. The researchers classified the word class using the spreading food or Cambridge dictionary. The data are as presented in table I. The other substances, or as a weapon form of Javanese language varieties in Ngawi. (Adj) in need of rest TABLE I. THE LEXICAL MEANING OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE or sleep VARIETIES IN NGAWI. 35. Males Keset (Adj) not willing to Malas (lazy) work or use any Javanese Javanese effort Language Language in 36. Kesel Sayah, (Adj) in need of rest Capek/ lelah No Standard Ngawi Lexical Meaning Primitives lungkrah or sleep (tired) (Ngoko (Ngoko 37. Pancen Nyat, tarah (Adv) really or Memang Language) language) certainly, often used (indeed) 1. Dudu; ora Uduk, gak (Determiner) used Bukan/ tidak to emphasize in signs and on (not/no) something notices to show that 40. Gak mesti dupeh (Adj) with any Tidak pasti something is not doubt (not sure) allowed The data of the form of Javanese language varieties in 4. Mata Mripat (N) one of the two Mata (eye) Ngawi can be seen in Table I. The researchers used Swadesh organs in one' face, which he uses to see words as the basic vocabulary. There are 230 words to compare with with Javanese language varieties in Ngawi. The researchers 5. Lambé: Cocot (N) consisting of the Mulut founds 40 words that differ from the 230 basic vocabularies cangkem lips and the space (mouth) between them proposed by Morish Swadesh. The researchers found 2 6. Sikil; Cutang; (N) one of the parts Kaki (leg/ determiners, 9 nouns, 16 verbs, 10 adjectives, 1 adverb, 1 sampeyan thokor of the body of a foot) preposition, and 1 modal verb human or animal

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los dol 2017 at giving Besides, the researchers discusses the socio-cultural context aku. Home informati and the social meaning of Javanese language varieties in (informal) on 34. Lading, Nduk Li (49) On Saturday, Ask to do Directive. Group Ngawi. pengot, jipukno 25th March somethin identity tengul lading 2017 at TABLE II. THE SOCIAL MEANING AND THE SOCIAL MEANING OF nang mejo Kitchen JAVANESE LANGUAGE VARIETIES IN NGAWI kae (informal) ndang! 35. Keset Mbok yo Ug (22) On Friday, Giving Phatic Solidarit Javane Context sinau ojo An (14) 12nd sympathy se keset May2017 at Langua nemen- Home ge in Social No Co-text Participa Topic/ nemen. (informal) Ngawi Setting Function Meaning nt purpose 36. Sayah, Awak Kresno On Saturday, Expressi Referenti Group (Ngoko lungkra rasane (48) 25th March on of al identity languag sayah 2017 at giving e) kabeh bar Home informati 1. Uduk, Gak sing Tantri On Expressi Referenti Group nyemproti (informal) on gak kuwi. (22) Wednesday, on of al identity suket. Annisa 5th April 2017 giving 37. Nyat, Nyat An (14) On Sunday, Expressi Referenti Positive (21) at informati tarah ngono yo! 26th March on of al politene Boardinghous on 2017 at giving e Home informati (informal) (informal) on 4. Mripat Mripatku An (14) On Saturday, Expressi Referenti Positive 40. Ra Ra dupeh Bi (14) On Expressi Referenti Group kelilipen Li (49) 8th April 2017 on of al politene dupeh terahe. An (14) Wednesday, on of al identity sambermo at home giving ss 12nd April giving to buk. (informal)Ho informati 2017 at informati me on School on 5. Cocot Cocotmu Khanif On Saturday, Asked to Directive Solidarit (informal) lo mbok yo (45) 18th March do y dijogo. 2017 at Yard somethin (informal) g 6. Cutang; Minggiro Ug (22) On Saturday, Ask to do Directive Solidarit The researchers analyzed the context according to Holmes thokor cutangmu An (14) 8th April 2017 somethin y [1]. The discussion are as follows: ngeling- at home g ngelingi. (informal) 9. Nginget Sinau Annisa On , Giving Phatic Positive A. The Participants i mong (21) 18th Mei 2017 sympathy politene diingeti Upik (21) at ss A participant is a person who speaks and involves in wae. Boardinghous communication. In this study, the participants is the speaker and e (informal) the hearer. The participants affect the language chance when 15. Mblaya Ayo sesok Tantri On Sunday, Asked to Directive Solidarit they make a communication. From the data above, 15 persons ng mblayang (22) 2nd April 2017 do y nang at Home somethin gave the data in a sentence, but all of the participants were 30 jamus! (informal) g persons to collect the word varieties. The participants had 18. Mbi, Kowe Ug (22) On Saturday, Asked Directive Group kambek dolan An (14) 22nd April question identity different ages. The older people talked the ngoko language with kambek 2017 at sopo dek? Home their children, and they have the close relationship. For (informal) example, the participants that had a close relationship as shown 21. Pegel, Wes An (14) On Sunday, Telling Expressi Solidarit cegeh menengo Ug (22) 30th April their ve y in the utterance number 6. They were Ug and An. They had a wae aku 2017 at feeling close relationship with family. lagi cegeh. Home about (informal) somethin g Utterances: “Minggiro cutangmu ngeling-ngelingi.” 24. Ape Buk aku An (14) On Monday, Expressi Referenti Group ape nang Li (49) 27th March on of al identity Participant Ug and An warnet sik. 2017 at giving Setting On Monday, 29st Mei 2017 at home (informal) Home informati (informal) on Topic Aks to do something 25. Udhug, Bude rus Li (49) On Saturday, Expressi Referenti Group Function Directive honda tuku 25th March on of al identity udhug 2017 at giving Function Directive anyar Home informati winginane. (informal) on Based on the utterance above, the participants are Ug as the 27. Nggam Nggamble Mustangi On Sunday, Telling Expressi Positive bleh h tenan n () 19th May their ve politene speaker informs to An as the hearer. The speaker had a close lambene. 2017 at feeling ss relationship with the hearer as the sister of the hearer. Cutang Home about (informal) somethin word was high ngoko level. The speaker would choose this g word that has the same age and has a close relationship. 30. Rampu PRku wes An (14) On Sunday, Expressi Referenti Pride ng rampung 26th March on of al mbak. 2017 at giving Home informati (informal) on . The Setting 31. Rangga Ranggajus Merine On Thursday, Expressi Referenti Group jusi i weki. (13) 30th March on of al identity The setting is the place where the participants are doing An (14) 2017 at giving doing the communication. The setting took place at home, yard, School informati (informal) on school, and the boarding house. The setting also affects 32. Mboyak Mboyak Sep (21) On Telling Expressi Pride language choice. The participants will show the natural lah Ug (22) Wednesday, her ve 16th feeling language in the natural setting too. In this research, the November about researchers found the data in the participant's home, yard, 2016 at somethin boarding g. school, and the boardinghouse. house (informal) 33. Los dol Wes An (14) On Sunday, Expressi Referenti Pride mboyak, 26th March on of al

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C. The Topic can influence someone how they speak each other based on The topic is what is talked about by the speaker and the their relationship. The use of language as the solidarity of hearer. In communication, people will choose one topic as the Javanese language varieties in Ngawi is as stated in the data subject of their speech. The researchers found 5 topics in the below: data. The topic of the Javanese language varieties are an TABLE III. THE ANALYSIS OF SOLIDARITY expression of giving information, giving sympathy, asked to do Context Lexical something, telling her feeling about something, and asking the No Utteranc participa Topic/ Setting Function meaning question. The topic is chosen based on their need. The topic e nt purpose shows the way people use the ngoko language based on the 5. Cocotm Khanif On Asked to Directive (N) function of the words. u lo (45) Saturday do consisting mbok yo , 18th something of the lips . The Functions of the Language dijogo. March and the 2017 at space The researchers found 4 functions of language in Yard between communication. There are directive, referential, expressive, and (informal them ) phatic. The functions of the language show the function of the 6. Minggiro Ug (22) On Ask to do Directive (N) one of Javanese language varieties in Ngawi. The language has a cutang An (14) Saturday something the parts of relation with the variation of the language. The relation is the mu , 8th April the body of words itself can use to direct people to do the action, to express ngeling- 2017 at a human or ngelingi. home animal that about the feeling, to show the feeling of sympathy and to show (informal is used for the statement about the action. ) Home standing or walking The last is the social meaning of the Javanese language varieties in Ngawi. The researchers analysed the meaning of Javanese language varieties connect with the relevant context. From the data above, the participants used Javanese The relevant contexts are participants, setting, topic, and language varieties in Ngawi and informal language to show that function. The researchers classified the language into two parts; the speaker and the hearer did not have distance. The they are lexical meaning and social meaning. Social meaning is participants used ngoko language to show their close the meaning related to the context. relationship with each other. A. Group Identity . Politeness In human communication, people use language to interact Politeness is the action chooses by the speaker in the in social relations. Meyerhoff [9] states that social identity community to avoid misunderstanding in their communication. theory (SIT) is a theory of intergroup relations in which According to Mayerhoff [9], "politeness is the actions taken by language is one of many potent symbols that individuals can competent speakers in a community to attend to possible social strategically use when testing or maintaining boundaries or interpersonal disturbance. There are two different types of between groups. politeness, which are positive politeness and negative politeness. For the data above, the participants used Javanese to show their identity that the participants come from Ngawi East Java. All participants used the native language from Ngawi. The TABLE IV. THE ANALYSIS OF POLITENESS example is data number 25. Context Lexica Politen N Utteranc Topic/ ess particip Functio Utterance: “Bude rus tuku udhug anyar winginane.” e Setting purpos Meani ant n Participant Li (49) e ng Setting On Saturday, 25th March 2017 at Home 4. Mripatk An (14) On Expres Refere (N) Positiv (informal) u Li (49) Saturday, sion of ntial one of e Topic Expression of giving information kelilipen 8 April giving the politen samber 2017 at informa two ess Function Referential moto home tion organ Lexical meaning (N) a vehicle with two wheels and an engine buk. (informal) s in Social meaning The speaker tells about her identity. Home some one face, From the example above, the speaker wanted to show her which identity. The speaker's age is 49 years old. The speaker used the he word "Udhug” to show her age. The word “Udhug” used by old used to see people in Ngawi. The young people used the word “montor”. with

From the data above, the utterance included in positive B. Solidarity politeness because the speaker shows closeness to his/ her Mayerhoff [9] states that the social distance between hearer and uses informal language in his/ her speech. In data speakers has a tremendous impact on how they speak to each number 4 above, says "Mripatku kelilipen sambermoto buk", other. Social distance has an essential role in society because it which has meaning “an utterance to tell to her mother’, it is

162 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 222 apparently without any unambiguous. A shows closeness to his B. The Socio-cultural Context of Javanese Language hearer and uses informal language in her utterance. Varieties in Ngawi D. Pride From the analysis of the socio-cultural context, the researchers derived from the participants, setting, Pride is a positive emotion that we feel as we have a very topic/purpose, and the function of the words. The first is the positive evaluation of ourselves, due to our achievements or participants. 15 persons gave the data in the sentence from 30 positive qualities. persons that gave the questionnaire. The second is the setting. Context The researchers derived the data from the setting of this Lexical No Utterance Topic/ Participant Setting Function Meaning purpose research, those were at home, yard, school, and the boarding 30. PRku wes An (14) On Sunday, 26th Expression of Referential (V) to house. The setting also affects language choice. The rampung March 2017 at giving complete mbak. Home information something participants would show the natural language in the natural (informal) or come to setting. Third, the researchers found 5 topics in the data. The the end of an activity topics are the expression of giving information, giving sympathy, asked to do something, telling her feeling about something, and asking the question. The topic of each word can From the data above, the researchers found the social be different based on their need. Each word has a function in meaning, pride. For example, the data number 30, the speaker communication. The last, the researchers found 4 functions of says "PRku wes rampung mbak". It means that the speaker language in communication. There are directive, referential, wants to show the hearer about her achievement. The speaker expressive, and phatic. The functions of the language show the feels pride in her achievement. The speaker not only want to function of the Javanese language varieties in Ngawi. inform that she has been finished doing the homework but also want to get more attention from the hearer. The result of the analysis above is related to the theory of Holmes [1] who states that the social factors have been relevant IV. DISCUSSION in accounting for the particular variety used. Furthermore, he The researchers identified the form of Javanese language states that in any situation, linguistic choices will generally varieties, the socio-cultural context of Javanese language reflect the influence of one or more of the following varieties, and the social meaning of Javanese language varieties components: participants, setting, topic, and function. in Ngawi. The discussion of the research findings are as From the explanation above, the researchers conclude that follows: the socio-cultural context will be found based on the A. . The Form of Javanese Language Varieties in Ngawi participant, setting, topic, and the function. The context will be different if the participant, setting, topic, and the function is The results of this research are the researchers found 40 different too. The other reason is the social distance scale. The words. The researchers found 40 words that differ with the 230 context will be different, in which the participant shows the basic vocabularies (Swadesh words). The researchers found 2 solidarity. Besides, the context can be different if the determiners, 9 nouns, 16 verbs, 10 adjectives, 1 adverb, 1 participants have different age, gender, and solidarity. After preposition, and 1 modal verb. that, the different setting is a factor in language choice too. The These findings were in agreement with the study conducted setting can be a formal or informal setting. by Santoso[10]. This aims of this research are to describe kinds C. The Social Meaning of Javanese Language Varieties in of language variety of Boso Jonegoroan and to analyze the Ngawi meanings of language variety of Boso Jonegoroan. The results of this research are lexical meaning of every word 24 glossaries. The researchers found four social meanings of the Javanese Research related to variations in the Javanese language has also language varieties in Ngawi. The social meaning is the meaning been done by Rahayu [11]. The results of the study concluded related to the context so the social meaning will be different that variations in the Javanese language found in Ngawi from the lexical meaning. The meaning of the Javanese Regency tend to refer to variations in the language in Central language varieties in Ngawi shows the group identity, Java, although Ngawi is located in the western part of East Java. solidarity, politeness, and his pride in their society. Besides, the study also found several variations of the Javanese There is previous research related to this topic. Santoso [10] language that emerged as a result of the influence of the use of has researched on analyzing the meaning too. The difference by the community in daily between this research and the other research is the analyzing of communication. the meaning. The other researcher analyses the meaning in the Based on the explanation above, the researchers conclude pragmatic study. The kinds of the meaning are denotation, that the language variety will be different in each region. Based connotation, and lexical meaning. In this research, the on the standard language (Swadesh basic words) this research researcher analyses the meaning in the sociolinguistic study. found 40 words. It is different from 230 basic languages. So, The meaning is social meaning or the meaning based on the the results of this research can complete the previous research. context of social. These differences happen because of the different region and the participants of this research.

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V. CONCLUSION REFERENCES Based on the research finding, there are 40 words of [1] . Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, London and New Javanese language varieties in Ngawi, East Java. The 40 words York: Longman, 2001. differ from the 230 basic vocabularies proposed by Morish [2] . Wardaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, New York: Swadesh. The linguistic form is based on the Cambridge Blackwell Publishing, 2006. dictionary. There are 2 determiners, 9 nouns, 16 verbs, 10 [3] E. Kurniati, Mardikantoro, and H. Bakti , “Pola Variasi Bahasa Jawa adjectives, 1 adverb, 1 preposition, and 1 modal verb. (Kajian Sosiodialektologi pada Masyarakat Tutur di Jawa Tengah),” Humaniora, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 273-284, 2010. The socio-cultural context uses in the data based on the [4] N. Wedhawati, . E. S. Setiyanto, E. Sukesti, R. Marsono, and I. P. participants, setting, topic, and the function of the language. Baryadi, Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir, : Penerbit Kanisius, There are 15 participants in this research. The setting is in the 2006. home, yard and the boarding house. There are 5 topics in using [5] A. Zulfikar, “The Use of Javanese Variation by the Students of Unipdu Javanese language varieties; they are the expression of giving Jombang,” Diglosia, Vol. 6 No. 1. P.101-113. 2014. information, giving sympathy, asked to do something, telling [6] S. A. Sumani, “The EFL Pre-Service Teachers' Pedagogical her feeling about something, and asking the question. The last Competence based on the Instructional Approach,” Advances in is the function of the language. There are 4 functions of Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, International language in communication; they are directive, referential, Conference on Teaching , Atlantis Press, vol. 14, expressive, and phatic. The functions of the language show the 2017. function of the Javanese language varieties in Ngawi. Besides, [7] R. . Yin, Qualitative Research from Start to Finish, New York: The the varieties of the language occur in two contexts; they are Guilford Press, 2011. particular context and general context. [8] . B. Miles, A. M. Huberman, and J. Saldana, Qualitative Data Analysis Third Edition, USA: Sage Publications, 2014. Concerning the meaning, the researchers found the [9] M. Meyerhoff, Introducing Sociolinguistics. New York: Routledge, contextual meaning or the social meaning. The social meaning 2006. is group identity, solidarity, politeness, and pride. [10] B. S. Santoso, B. S, “Language Variety of Boso Jonegoroan: A Sociolinguistic Study,” Unpublished. Madiun: Program Studi The participants in this study were relatively small. Thus, Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris IKIP PGRI Madiun, 2016. the generalization of the results requires more approval from [11] I. M. Rahayu, Variasi Dialaek Bahasa Jawa di Wilayah Kabupaten other contexts. Conducting similar studies with more Ngawi: Kajian Dialektologi. Skripsi. : Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, participants involved would be helpful. Moreover, it would be Universitas Airlangga, 2012. insightful to examine the use of Javanese language varieties among people around Java.

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