Philanthropic Mission An Interview with Edgar M. and Adam R.

Interviewed by Abigail Pogrebin

Edgar M. Bronfman, president of the Samuel Bronfman Foundation, and his youngest son, Adam R. Bronfman, the foundation’s managing director, sat down with former 60 Minutes producer and author, Abigail Pogrebin, to discuss their philanthropic mission.

INNOVATIVE THINKING Abigail Pogrebin: Let’s fi rst defi ne the word “innovation,” because I think for people it can be kind of general and mushy. What is innovation to you? Edgar: Innovation is out-of-the-box thinking and acting.

Abigail: And what’s the box? Edgar: The box is what’s conventional; for example, comparing a conventional Seder to the Haggadah I wrote.

Abigail: And would you call yourself an innovator? Edgar: I try to be.

Abigail: Why do you fi t that bill? Edgar: Because I try to do different things. MyJewishlearning.com is totally dif- ferent from what’s been done before, and it is now shaping the evolution of the Jewish internet. I’m not a rebel. I just want to make changes, make things work, make them better.

Abigail: Adam, would you say your father is an iconoclast? Would you say that he goes against the grain? Adam Bronfman: No, I would say that he’s a brave man. If going against the grain is being brave when other men and women are fearful, then I would say that Dad is willing to stand up and say what he thinks needs to be said, and often he is right.

Abigail: And have you ever seen resistance to it? For instance, in his book, Hope Not Fear, he talked about how Judaism has become kind of entrenched and even stuck, a perspective that resonated for a lot of people. But some may be defensive about the idea that maybe we’re defi ning ourselves by fear—of assim- ilation, of anti-Semitism—not by the positive kind of renewing, enriching aspects of Judaism. Some Jews might get their back up at that kind of a message. Adam: I think that’s true; Jews do get their back up. But Dad has a really impor- tant message, which is that we need to look at the positive aspects of our

Abigail Pogrebin is a TV producer and author, whose second book, One and the Same: My Life As an Identical Twin and What I’ve Learned About Everyone’s Struggle to Be Singular, was recently published.

122 Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Volume 86, Nos. 1/2, Winter/Spring 2011 AN INTERVIEW WITH EDWIN AND ADAM BRONFMAN inheritance, at how we can imbue our lives with what is meaningful. And then we need to contribute back to the world.

Abigail: Edgar, can you comment on that a little bit? Because it does feel to me that the message, for instance in Hope Not Fear, goes against the grain somewhat in the Jewish world. Edgar: Yes, well, the question of anti-Semitism has always been with us and maybe it always will. But it should not be the focus of our attention. I quote Joseph Ber Soloveitchik, who told me when I was elected to head the World Jewish Congress, that Jews weren’t put here just to fi ght anti-Semitism. I’ve taken those words to heart. In terms of doing things differently, like hav- ing a different attitude toward intermarriage, you see, it’s not revolutionary. The fact of the matter is that intermarriage is here; it’s not going anywhere. So why don’t we try to use it to our benefi t rather than rip our clothes over it? You know, one of the things that’s disturbed me is that too many in Jewish circles only bemoan our past. “Oh, we’ve been persecuted for 2,000 years. We got whipped.” Well, it’s true, we took a lot of whipping, but we survived. So from that standpoint, we’re a remarkable success. Look at the Nobel Prizes; look at the achievements of Jews. You can’t just call us a bunch of victims who got put into concentration camps. We’ve been a great, successful tribe. And we’ve got a lot more to contribute, a lot more to be done.

PHILANTHROPIC LEGACY Abigail: The Bronfman name carries a long legacy obviously, and much of it’s connected to philanthropy. Adam, how have you been affected by that legacy? How does it inform what you do, if it does? Adam: It’s very important, and it’s something that I’m very proud of. The Bronfman legacy of trying to make the world a better place than we found it is a model that was taught to me and that I want to continue. Different members of Edgar: “One of the family have done it in different ways, so I don’t feel it as a constraining model. the things that’s I feel it as an empowering model. disturbed me is that too many in Jewish Abigail: How have you taken that legacy personally and acted on it or carried circles only bemoan it on? our past.” Adam: One of the things that I’ve done is actually come back. I lived separately; I really didn’t interact with my father that much. So I’ve come back, and it’s been important for me to spend time and to work with my father, to understand what his achievements have been and how they can inspire others, future generations to work toward a better world, a more just, moral world. There’s that legacy in my family—of seeing that things can get really dark, but doing some good despite it. If we look at my grandfather’s time, living through World War II and the Holocaust, and then being as impactful as he was in the formation of the State of ; or the work that my father’s done with the World Jewish Congress and all of his other initiatives and projects. There’s a tradition of saying, “I’m willing to look at a dark time, where the voices of either hatred or other negative voices were very strong, and still we stood up for what is right and good.”

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Abigail: Edgar, how much was it a part of how you raised your children, this idea that they were obligated in some way or that they had a responsibility? Edgar: I think they do what they do by example. It was not something we talked about a lot. I had a father who lectured us at every meal on some subject, and I was determined I wasn’t going to do that to my children. You know, we get together and we talk about the baseball game and whatever. On the other hand, my father certainly left a wonderful example for my brother, myself and my sis- ters in terms of philanthropy.

Abigail: When I talked to Adam just now, he said he had a very clear take- away of having to leave the world a better place than he found it. You’re saying that he absorbed that, but that it wasn’t explicit. Edgar: Well, we’ve talked about it when he was older. But when he was a child, no. I didn’t lay it out there.

Abigail: How much did you feel it, though? How important an idea was that—or is that—to you? Edgar: Oh, it’s gotten more important as I’ve gotten older. My fi rst job was . I did the best I could with that. After my father died, I got involved with the World Jewish Congress. And what convinced me to really go forward in a big way was that all my grandparents came from . Israel Singer con- vinced me that the World Jewish Congress was the best way to help the remain- ing Jews in the Soviet Union get out. I carried out Nahum Goldmann’s three points, which was: free the refuseniks; get those who wanted to go out, out; and let those who live there live dignifi ed lives as Jews. We, of course, accomplished all three. It was quite extraordinary to see this effort become almost more important to me than Seagram, to get those things done, to go from step to step in the Soviet Union, from leader to leader. It took some time. But you get a success like that, and I was ready for the next thing, which turned out to be restitution for Holocaust survivors. I was asked to head the committee to get restitution from Eastern Europe in which the Israelis were partners. We started with properties that were stolen by the Nazis and then by the Communists, and we wanted to get them back from Eastern Europe. Then we turned to Western Europe and the Swiss banks and all the property that had been stolen in those countries. And that was just a wonderful part of my life, seeing justice done. I think the most wonderful achievement was not the money. It was the fact that the Swiss offi cially changed their history to fi nally admit what had really happened during the period. I thought to myself, “That’s really an accomplishment.”

Abigail: So Adam, when you look at your own four children, and you watch your own trajectory, do you think about what you’re instilling, what they’re absorbing, in terms of these kinds of questions, philanthropy, the reasons behind it, the focus not just on people in need but often with a real Jewish emphasis?

124 Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Volume 86, Nos. 1/2, Winter/Spring 2011 AN INTERVIEW WITH EDWIN AND ADAM BRONFMAN Adam: It’s interesting that my father said he didn’t make it explicit, because when a father says to a son, “I think a person’s job in the world is to leave the world a better place than one found it,” I don’t see that as leaving much of an option. Right? That was my father’s way of telling me that that’s how he chose to lead his life. As a son, I heard that as an admonition to understand that there is value and importance in doing just that. Certainly, if my father were to have said those words, and then gone on to do other things, to be a playboy, then it wouldn’t have had any legitimacy. But my dad went on to actually walk his talk, to live his words. So I think that, while I do say out loud those same words to my children, and I lead my life, I assume that my children will learn from me. But they’re going to have to fi nd their own path. They will need to impact the world in a way that is internally meaningful to them. And I don’t want to guide what that is. I’m one of seven children; I’m the only one who works at the Samuel Bronfman Foundation. That doesn’t mean my siblings don’t do wonderful things in their lives, because they do. But I have the privilege also of being Dad’s partner. In other ways, I think my siblings are partners with our parents in striving to make the world a better place. They don’t necessarily have to be in the same suite of offi ces. I feel the same way about my children: that they are equipped with the intellectual wherewithal and the internal drive to understand what tzedakah means and to live a life that includes that.

PARTNERSHIP

Abigail: The fact that you both are so closely entwined now, in terms of your professional lives, was that a surprise? Edgar, would you have said, 20 years ago, “Adam will be the one at my side for this work”? Edgar: No, not 20 years ago. My life was kind of in disarray 20 years ago, when I was around 60. But at one point, Adam decided to go with me on a trip to Rio for Hillel. We had a long talk on the way down and back about this whole program, and Adam decided he wanted to get involved. He wrote out a letter about his vision for the foundation, and I didn’t change a word. I said, “Fine. Let’s do it.” To me it was one of the most wonderful things I’d ever read, and very exciting that my son wanted to get on board as much as he did. Sometimes, you know, I get the opportunity to kvell, because he’s very valuable. And sometimes we disagree, which is very good.

Abigail: How about for you, Adam? Was it a surprise, if you look at the arc of your life? Adam: Oh, absolutely. In fact, particularly 20 years ago, if you had suggested to me that we would be working together, I would’ve laughed. But life has an interesting way of twisting and turning in ways that one could never imagine. There were other aspects in the life of the family and in Dad’s life, and in my life that allowed for us to come together again. But for years, we really didn’t get along. I had respect for Dad, but in terms of his respect for me, I don’t know that I had done enough, or whether Dad was aware enough of my life, for him to have had a deep respect for me. That took time to develop, even after we went to Rio. But there were things that needed to be done, and a partnership was available, and because Dad was 75 years old and was

Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Volume 86, Nos. 1/2, Winter/Spring 2011 125 AN INTERVIEW WITH EDWIN AND ADAM BRONFMAN looking at the rest of his life and how that was going to play out, and I was asking him questions about that, we were able to engage in a real conversation and see where the points of contact really were. By the way, I just want you to know I didn’t present a grand design of how I was going to do anything. I was going to help Dad’s foundation in a very limited way.

Abigail: Was the letter a letter to him? Adam: Yes, I wrote a letter to him with my ideas about how I wanted to live my life, and where I thought I could help, and so on. It was much more limited than what it has turned out to be. For a man in Dad’s position who’s been as successful, and has had as much power as Dad has had, to be willing to work with someone who is sometimes quite forceful as well, and to sit and to say, “Let’s agree to disagree sometimes, let’s listen to each other, and let’s try to collaborate and not butt heads,” that takes a special person. I feel very honored and respected by Dad. I don’t know that a lot of sons necessarily feel that way. I don’t think it’s easy.

Abigail: Especially when there’s a very high bar. I mean, obviously you grew up with someone who was a public fi gure as well as your father. Adam: Right. And also, we’re different enough; we will approach a problem or an issue or challenge differently enough so that we complement each other.

Abigail: I think people are curious about how you make your philanthropic deci- sions. I know the Foundation does more than just allocate funds, but in terms of what you decide to support, how extensively do you discuss each grant? Adam: We have an amazing staff of professionals who help identify and fi lter the requests that come in. At the same time, Dad and I and the staff created a mission and a set of guiding principles against which we weigh all of the ideas and requests that come into the foundation, and we also continue to chal- Adam: “Our focus lenge our core grantees against those core principles. So ultimately, I fi nd that continues to move our discussion tends to be less about who we’re going to give money to or toward the concept what we’re going to give money to, because those decisions tend to work their of open, welcoming, way out by themselves. Our focus continues to move toward the concept of and inclusive open, welcoming, and inclusive Jewish models that focus on deep under- Jewish models that standing of Jewish ideas and youth and education. Those are really important focus on deep things to us. understanding of I don’t think we’ve ever fought about or even had a deep discussion about Jewish ideas and which entity we’re going to fund. Dad started something called the Bronfman Youth Fellowship in Israel. We don’t decide whether we’re going to fund it. We youth and education.” want to help nurture its evolution. I think that’s much more powerful. The ideas that come out of that collaboration between Dad, myself, our staff, and the pro- gram, that’s the power. That’s what’s exciting.

LIVED JUDAISM: JEWISH LEARNING

Abigail: A lot of the focus seems to be on Jewish learning. How would you describe the relationship between Jewish learning and innovation?

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Edgar: Well, we’re Jews. And if you want to be a proud Jew, you have to know something about what you’re proud about. I went through an evolutionary period, having known nothing to being fairly knowledgeable today about text, etc. The more I go into it, the more amazed I am at how really brilliant some of our forefathers were. Jewish learning, to me, is text studies. It’s asking, What does Judaism stand for? It’s not learning how to daven. I’m not interested in that. What I’m interested in is making the world a better place by applying some of the great knowledge that I can pick up from talmudic sources, etc. Part of what every Jew should do is study a little bit about where we are and introduce it as often as we possibly can at the table on Friday night. I’m really not interested in what’s kosher and isn’t kosher. I myself don’t eat ham, pig products, or shellfi sh, nor does Adam. But that’s not because I’m kosher. It’s because they’re symbols of things that Jews do and Jews don’t do. I think it’s very hard to be a proud Jew and eat a ham sandwich. That’s my view. But there are lots of people who don’t care. That also doesn’t bother me. Being Jewish is kind of a pick-and-choose situation, which I fi nd fi ne. I have no problem with it. The learning part, to me, is much more important, because that sticks with you.

Abigail: Adam, can you address why learning is a priority for your foundation? Edgar: He studies more than I do. Adam: Well, fi rst of all, I fi nd it fascinating to study. And I enjoy it. When you asked Dad about learning and innovation, I think that, for most Jews of the 21st century, who are not from, let’s say, a fundamentalist Jewish model, the concept of learning may actually be very innovative, and it probably is. I believe very fi rmly that Judaism is and should be a discussion of ideas. I think that is what the Talmud attempts to teach us. I agree that I don’t consider myself kosher. Hopefully, when I get to that part of the Talmud that discusses kashrut, it is a discussion that goes far deeper than, “You may do this and you may not do that,” right? When it becomes a rote following of guidelines, that’s a problem for me, because I don’t like to follow guidelines by rote. Edgar: “What I’m The fact that I married someone who was not born as a Jew, who has taken on interested in is the responsibility of being a Jew and teaching her children what it means to be making the world Jewish, clearly I stand against that model that says, “One is only a Jew if one’s par- a better place by ents or one’s pedigree is that of being a Jew.” I believe what it tells me in the V’ahavta, applying some of the which is that my responsibility is to teach these things. “And you shall teach these great knowledge that things to your children.” Well, I have to teach. To be able to do that, I have to learn I can pick up from something, right? I can’t teach something I don’t have some knowledge about. talmudic sources.” I’ve heard Dad talk about the concept of pride; that doesn’t resonate for me, which is good. Not everything that resonates for Dad should resonate for me, or you, right? But it should resonate for Dad. And for me, it’s simply that I enjoy engaging in the ideas, particularly in the fact that, traditionally, rabbinic Judaism is not about black-and-white rules. It is about the understanding of contextual, nuanced ways of approaching challenges in our lives.

Abigail: What strikes me about both of you is that, whereas for a lot of Jews, their Judaism is very separate from everything else that they do, for you both, it seems integrated into the fabric almost of your daily lives.

Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Volume 86, Nos. 1/2, Winter/Spring 2011 127 AN INTERVIEW WITH EDWIN AND ADAM BRONFMAN And it’s not just the philanthropy; it’s the study, the way you throw in a Torah passage or a rabbinic commentary. It’s all part of this vocabulary that I don’t know if you realize or if you notice anymore actually isn’t typical. Edgar: Yes. I guess that could be called innovative. Adam: I had the opportunity to speak with a Jewish educator about two years ago, and she brought up the idea that Judaism has not yet resolved the intersec- tion of modernity with Judaism. We stand fi rmly in the idea that we can be modern, we can be Western, we can be part of the fabric of American and/or Western life, and we can be uniquely Jewish at the same time. I can be a Jewish American and an American Jew at the same time, and I don’t have to defi ne myself as one or the other. I’ve been brought up in a tradition that says, “It’s okay not to know. It’s okay, when someone asks me a question, to say, ‘I don’t have the answer, but let’s learn it together.’” I think that is part of the Jewish experience. And so, if someone says to me, “How do you integrate your Judaism with your attempt to live in the modern world?” I answer that I don’t know, but I’m trying to do it every day. I also think that speaks to the way we approach Judaism. It’s not just how we deal with people who are not invested in living a Jewish life who may happen to be Jewish. It’s also how we approach people who are invested in leading a Jewish life, who do believe, “If you don’t approach Judaism the way I approach it, you are wrong.” If you fi nd value in a certain way of approaching Judaism, I should respect that, and you should respect the different way I approach it. And then we can sit at the same table and see what we have in common.

Abigail: But no one is less Jewish at that table? Adam: There are people who observe differently, but there are no “truer” Jews. The concept of “I’m more Jewish” or “You’re more Jewish,” I fi nd that is—

Abigail: But it’s pervasive among Jews. Adam: It’s incredibly pervasive, and it’s wrong. By the way, it’s factually wrong. Edgar: Not only that, but it’s counterproductive.

Abigail: Because? Edgar: I don’t believe in telling anybody what else to do. Let’s study together. Let’s learn something. But, for God’s sake, the last thing I want to do is impose what I’m thinking.

Abigail: But if a Jew who hasn’t yet engaged in Jewish learning, says to you, “You know what? Learning Russian history would be interesting for me too, and I’d also like to learn how to knit. I mean, there’s a lot of things in the world I’d like to learn how to do; why should I do this as opposed to that?” Edgar: Why can’t you do them all? I study philosophy every week, and I learn to play the piano.

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Abigail: But aren’t you also going to make an argument for why a Jew should engage Judaism? Edgar: Oh, yes. But I can’t say what a Jew should or should not do. I can only say what I hope a Jew would do.

Abigail: All right, what’s that? Edgar: Study. Learn. Bring the Torah and world thinking and serious stuff to the table, especially on a Friday night. That’s what I hope they would do. That doesn’t mean I would dictate it. I’ll give an example. About a year before Ehud Barak became prime minister, I was meeting with him in . And I said, “Ehud, I can get you a couple hundred thousand more votes.” He said, “How do you do that?” I said, “All you have to do is this: Your wife has to bless the candles Friday night. You have to raise your wine and welcome the Sabbath and do a motzi. Period. Don’t do it on television; just do it. And it’ll be known.” And a year later, he said, “I just couldn’t do it.” You know, he has that very muscular secularism in Israel that is not here. There, it’s “Don’t you dare teach me or try to teach my children.” He has that kibbutz mentality that came over from Eastern Europe. I’m just sorry for him that he can’t do it.

Abigail: Why? Edgar: I think he’s missing something. He’s an Israeli, not a Jew. And my problem with Israel—it’s too Israeli. It’s not Jewish enough. When I grew up in , being Jewish was not a happy experience. The war was going on; there was a lot of anti-Semitism. I moved to New York not because of that, but New York’s kind of a Jewish city, compared to Montreal, which is a French city. And then I got involved with Jewish life. I just grew happier the more I got involved, to the point where I got involved with the World Jewish Congress try- ing to get the Jews out of Russia, etc., and then started to study. I was 60 when I started to study. That’s not late in life, but it’s a little later than it should be. But its effect was just absolutely wonderful. It gave me a whole new focus. And you think you know the difference between right and wrong, and then you start to study some of this stuff, and then you realize the nuances that are so terribly important. I write these books because I hope Jews will do these things. But that doesn’t mean you can’t be my friend if you don’t. It just means that I didn’t convince you.

LIVED JUDAISM: TZEDAKAH/GIVING

Abigail: Adam, would you say that giving or giving back is part and parcel of what being a Jew is all about? Adam: The idea is, as I understand it, that the world is created yet not perfect, and that it is our job as human beings to join with whatever the creative force may be—some call it God; some may call it something else—to fi nd ways to help that completion. It is my job as a Jew to work toward making the world a little

Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Volume 86, Nos. 1/2, Winter/Spring 2011 129 AN INTERVIEW WITH EDWIN AND ADAM BRONFMAN bit more just. I can’t do all the work, the remind me. But that doesn’t mean I can avoid the work, just because I can’t fi nish it. And so I would say that that concept of tzedakah, that concept of tikkun olam, is so necessary, so important, and it is so interwoven into what it means to be Jewish that I don’t see how it can be removed. So I involve myself in support- ing various politicians that I believe in. They’re not here for just the Jewish popu- lation. They’re here for the American population. But it is very much my understanding of Jewish values that informed my approach to these things. Edgar: I think Islam also requires a certain amount of generosity toward widows and orphans, etc., so it’s certainly not only Jewish. But Adam’s right: we’re always involved with things that are not exclusively Jewish, but we understand that that’s our heritage, that looking at the needy, widows, and orphans, etc., is our responsibility.

Abigail: And do you think it’s very rooted also in text, Torah? Edgar: Oh, sure. Sure it is.

Abigail: Is that something that you’re conscious of? Or that’s more of an intellectual connection? Edgar: It’s subconscious with me. You see a beggar on the street; you want to give him something. I mean, that’s part of our makeup. That’s part of our human nature. It may be more so because I’m Jewish; I don’t know.

Abigail: But the fact that you have had the success that you’ve had, and you’re known for being very wealthy, do you feel like that conferred a responsibility on you? Does anyone with that kind of success have a responsibility? Edgar: I’m not sure that I can comment about what’s right for others. There’s no such thing as something totally altruistic. You do things because it makes you feel good. I never kid myself that I’m a martyr, because it’s nonsense. I enjoy it. When those kids come back from Israel after their trip on Birthright Israel, it’s fantastic to sit with them and hear them talk about their experience. It’s wonder- ful to be able to enjoy doing good work. I’m so proud of MyJewishLearning. com, because it is using the internet to shape Jewish experiences online. And we think it may be beyond the tipping point. It may really grow to where we’d like it, because that’s the way that young people learn about anything these days. And of course, one of the reasons the computer is so popular— nobody looks stupid when they ask the computer a question. So I enjoy it. I can’t say that because I’m wealthy, I should do this. It’s ingrained in me and I enjoy it.

Abigail: Adam, I just want to cover, before we fi nish, your decision to live in Utah and build a Jewish community there. Can you say why you chose that location and how your Jewish life works in a very un-Jewish place? Adam: I think we’re all informed by our childhood to some degree. I was born in 1963 in . In the 1970s, I did not fi nd New York to be a fun place

130 Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Volume 86, Nos. 1/2, Winter/Spring 2011 AN INTERVIEW WITH EDWIN AND ADAM BRONFMAN to be. I found the actual living in New York to be oppressive. And when I found that there was this opportunity, as a young man, to live amongst the natural beauty of places like Utah, I was drawn to it. Part of what is important for me is the ability to go outside and commune with nature—to ski, bike ride, hike. They’re so important to my ability to recharge and be active. There’s no question in my mind that Park City, UT, is a very Jewish place. We have a wonderful synagogue that has over 325, 340 member families. That’s well over 1,000 people who belong to our synagogue. And we are con- stantly being fi lled up with people who visit our community. In a sense, that allows me to be a Jewish pioneer, because before I was there and before I helped to build the synagogue, there was none. There were plenty of Jews there, but no physical home. So, you know, we’re a Jewish outpost. We’re part of the Jewish future. And I enjoy envisioning what the future can be.

Abigail: That’s innovation. Adam: Maybe so, but, on the other hand, building a place for people to come together and have Friday night services, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, and High Holiday services— why is that innovative? We’ve been doing that since the destruction of the Second Temple. I have a tough time with the word “innovation.” I believe that what is most innovative about Adam Bronfman is that I do things that are actually traditional.

Abigail: Let me fi nish by asking a Barbara Walters-type question. Have you thought about what you’ll be remembered for? Have you thought about what people will say, “Adam Bronfman did,” or, “Edgar Bronfman was”? And what would you want that to be? Edgar: When I’m gone, I’m gone. I’m really not so much concerned with what my legacy will be to others. I am just doing the best I can every day. Harry Truman, one of my great heroes, he had a good night’s sleep, got up, took a walk, and did the best he could. Went to bed, had a good night’s sleep, got up, did the Adam: “I have a best he could. And I think Harry Truman, especially following Roosevelt, was a tough time with the giant. But I don’t think he concerned himself with his legacy. I think Adam’s word ‘innovation.’ I much more concerned with my legacy than I am. believe that what is Adam: I actually hope that my legacy will be that my children and grandchildren most innovative can look back and say, “I enjoyed the time with him and my life is fuller because about Adam Bronf- I got to watch the snow fall, or to see a sunset together.” That would be wonder- man is that I do ful. The other thing I care about is knowing that on some level, I left the world a things that are little bit better than I found it. That was taught to me by my father. It’s the mark actually traditional.” of what humanity is supposed to do. As a human being, that is my job. And I believe that that is how my father will be remembered.

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