Bio-Prospecting Potential of Tacca Leontopetaloides (L.) O

Acta Scientific Biotechnology (ASBT) Volume 1 Issue 6 June 2020

Review Article

Bio-prospecting Potential of Tacca leontopetaloides

(L.) O. Kuntze for Access and Benefit Sharing Dereje Mosissa* Received: Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Assosa Biodiversity Center, Ethiopia Published: *Corresponding Author: May 01, 2020; May 21, 2020 Dereje Dereje Mosissa, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Mosissa. Assosa Biodiversity Center, Ethiopia. © All rights are reserved by

Abstract - - Phytochemical studies on the plants of this species have led to the isolation of ca. 122 compounds including steroidals, diarylhep fore, Tacca tanoids and terpenoids. Some chemical constituents displayed cytotoxic activity, microtubule-stabilizing activity and so on. There Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) O. Kuntze, for are important plants not only in the medicinal sense but also as a food source or as an energy material. Thus, we encourage any bio-prospecting company or an individual interested to work on the genetic resource, ethno-medical/pharmacological/usesKeywords: and industrial activities in the production of medicinal extracts, food and beverages. Bioprospecting; Phytochemical; Tacca leontopetaloides; Steroidals; Diarylheptanoids; Terpenoids; Cytotoxic

Introduction Description of the plant Tacca leontopetaloides - - Ethiopia is endowed with rich plant biodiversity and associated (L.) Kuntze is a wild perennial herb be - traditional knowledge which creates an environment for success longing to the family Taccaceae. The genus has 10 species of which Tacca J.R. and G. Forst is the only genus in Africa, a relatively newly- ful bioprospecting. However, like other developing countries, Ethi [1] developed plant family carved out of the Dioscoreaceae, but both opia lacks financial resources to exploit the plant genetic resources [2,3] families are still closely connected taxonomically . The plant is significantly. The only options for Ethiopia is to collaborate with - the developed nations or domestic investors and interested one native to Malaysia and the Pacific Islands and it is naturally - [4]. - in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and other companies alike and distributed from Tropical Africa, through Southern Asia to north jointly explore them strategically and wisely. The National Compe ern Australia and Pacific islands Because of its wide distribu tent Authority, the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute (EBI), through tion, the plant has numerous common and synonymous scientific the Access Benefit Sharing Directorate and its respective acting names, but Polynesian arrowroot appears to be the most widely centers, plays a practical role in the implementation of the Nagoya used. The plant is more widespread in the middle belt to North Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing of Genetic Resources and West and South West of Ethiopia. Associated Community Knowledge. Based on Proclamation No It is more abundant in solitary forms, in open fields or under 482/2006 and Regulation 169/2009 (Access to Genetic Resources the shade of trees or hill tops. The plant is found mainly in rainy and Community Knowledge and Community Rights), Ethiopia has - season (April to October), while dormant through the dry season been implementing the access and benefit sharing objective of the (from November to February). It is interesting to note that this CBD. Both the Proclamation and Regulation include a range of is [5]. - plant which produces tubers also produces fleshy sweet tasting sues such as ownership, user rights, conditions for access, benefit fruits which are dispersed by birds and mammals sharing, types of benefits, powers and responsibilities among oth - ers. Therefore, the objective of this information is to encourage The plant still remains in the wild and is underutilized in Ethi Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze, for any bioprospecting company or an individual interested to work opia. The seeds have shown poor germination while vegetative - on the genetic resource, propagation by tubers appears to be the most prevalent method ethno-medical/pharmacological/uses and industrial activities in most region of Ethiopia. In remote rural areas of Benishangul Gu [6]. the production of medicinal extracts, food and beverages. muz Regional State, the plant is considered an economic food crop which is already in domestication

Citation: Dereje Mosissa. “Bio-prospecting Potential of Tacca leontopetaloides Acta Scientific Biotechnology 1.6 (2020): 03-07. (L.) O. Kuntze for Access and Benefit Sharing". Bio-prospecting Potential of Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) O. Kuntze for Access and Benefit Sharing

thorny bush, open savanna and desert of Dry and Moist Kolla agro climatic zones of Tigray, Gondar, Gojam, Wollega, Keffa, Showa, Gamo Gofa and Sidamo, areas, 500 - 1,900 m a.s.l. [4].

Figure 1: T. leontopetaloides plant;

Photographs showing A: Whole plant; B: Upper leaf surface; C: Root tubers; D: Flowers; E: Fruits; F: Seeds (All photos taken by author, except F). Figure 2: of T. leontopetaloides Photographs showing the distribution The leaves are erect, with long sheathing cataphylls enclosing plant in Ethiopia. - the bases of the petioles and flowering stems. The petioles are Propagation ridged longitudinally, with a sheathing base; leaf blade is trisect ed at the apex of the petiole; the lobes are ovate-acuminate with smaller, orbicular lobes between them (Carter, 1962). There is just The seeds are easy and light and are probably dispersed by - one flowering stem, also ridged longitudinally. The flowers are of birds. The seeds have shown poor germination while vegetative [3]. the perianth type, 20 - 40, with erect perianth segments and usu propagation by tubers appears to be the most prevalent method of - ally green tingled with purple. However, only a few of the flowers propagating the species in these regions - Phytochemical constituents produce fruits. The flowers are actinomorphic and hermaphro Tacca - ditic, umbellate, and the bracts form an involucre, which is green ish. The stamens are usually 6, the anthers are 2-celled, ovary is The chemical constituents of include steroidals, diaryl [7,8] - inferior and one-celled with three parietal placentas but the ovules heptanoids and their glucosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and some are numerous (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1968). The fruit is a berry, other compounds . Of all the compounds, one hundred steroi - Tacca . sub globose and 6-ridged. The seeds are numerous with copious dals are the predominant constituents have been isolated from the Genus [7,9] endosperm and a minute embryo. The seeds are ovate, longitudi Steroidals Taccalonolides nally ridged, and red-brown but surrounded by a thin fleshy aril (Carter, 1962). - Taccalonolides are a new class of plant-derived natural steroids In addition, the inflorescence is borne on a leafless unbranched with a microtubule-stabilizing activity. In 1987, two new steroi T. plantaginea [10]. scape arising directly from the rhizome. The flowers are made up dal bitter principles, Taccalonolides A (1) and B (2), were isolated of two whorls of three tepals, basically fused, green to dark brown from a Chinese medicinal plant Then Chen and [1]. [11] Tacca or purple in colour. The fruits are indehiscent, while the seeds are his group first elucidated their complete structures with modern prismatic with thin-walled endosperm and a distinct raphe chemical techniques . Extensive studies of the Genus - [7,12,13] The leaves are broad-blade, deeply lobed and divided into three have led to the identification of Taccalonolides C-Z (3-26), AA-AJ - sections (Ounruen and Sangyojarn, 2001). The leaf in upper sur (27-33) and H2 (34) . All of them were new constituents face has depressed veins and the under surface is shiny with bold and have antitumor activities. Taccalonolide AJ (33), an epoxida yellow veins. Figure 1 illustrates the different plant parts. tion product of Taccalonolide B, was generated in semisynthesis. Distribution of the plant in Ethiopia Each Taccalonolide molecule contains a C (2)-C (3) epoxide. [2,3] and Pregnane glycosides - The plant is native to Malaysia and the Pacific Islands T. leontopetal- it is naturally distributed from Tropical Africa, through Southern Steroidals, namely Taccagenin (97), nuatigenin (98), stigmas oides and T. chantriers [14,15]. Asia to northern Australia and Pacific islands. Because of its wide terol (99) and daucosterin (100) were isolated from distribution, the plant has numerous common and synonymous Starch scientific names, but Polynesian arrowroot appears to be the most widely used. The plant is more widespread in the middle belt to Starch is a natural biodegradable biopolymer which is in high North West and South West of Ethiopian regions, especially in demand recently for use in many industrial products. Search for Citation: Dereje Mosissa. “Bio-prospecting Potential of Tacca leontopetaloides Acta Scientific Biotechnology 1.6 (2020): 03-07. (L.) O. Kuntze for Access and Benefit Sharing". Bio-prospecting Potential of Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) O. Kuntze for Access and Benefit Sharing

05 4. et al. - increased. Tacca T. leontopetaloides more new sources of starch from plants, however, has also greatly Sue Edwards., “Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea”. Hydrochar

starch from is found to have itaceae to Arecaceae. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa potato higher amylose content than maize starch but a lower content than 5. University and Uppsala 6 (1997). Blumea 20 Tacca starch. Its features in the formation of compacts (tablets) more resistant to deformation [16] et al. [17] - Drenth E. “A revision of the family Taccaceae”. were comparable to those of maize starch with starch being er gelatinization range (1972): 367-406. . Maneka., found low 6. - - - gelatinization temperature and the narrow Dereje Mosissa and Berhanu Abraha. ‘Tuber Wild Plants of Shi cation for Biodiversity International Journal 2.2 (2018): demonstrated an energy efficient cooking process. It has an impli nasha People as Food and Medicine in Bullen District, North Tacca 00043. the food industry. The weak associative forces stabilizing west of Ethiopia”. disintegrant in [17]. - starch granules could be explored for its potential use as a cal properties of Tacca 7. Li J., et al. the pharmaceutical sector The physicochemi [18]. starch showed potential usefulness of the “Potent Taccalonolides, AF and AJ, inform significant Journal of the American starch in aqueous and hydrophobic food and drug systems structure activity relationships and tubulin as the binding Ethno-medicinal uses Chemical Society site of these microtubule stabilizers”. 8. 133 (2011): 19064-19067. staple foods are scarce [4]. In Western Ethiopia, the tubers are eaten especially when other Planta Medica Tripathi RO and Tiwari KP. “Phytochemical investigation of the Although the tubers are poisonous, roots of Tacca aspera”. 41 (1981): 414-415. the poison is removed by soaking or washing the starchy tubers et al. Tacca plan- - taginea - in water and rinsing repeatedly. Thereafter they can be boiled or 9. Quang TH., “Diarylheptanoid glycosides from [1]. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Let- roasted. The tuber contains starch, ceryl alcohol, steroidal sapo and their effects on NF-kB activation and PPAR tran ters 22 (2012): 6681-6687. nins and a bitter principle, Taccalin The bitter raw tubers are scriptional activity”. used to treat stomach ailments, mainly diarrhea and dysentery in 10. et al. Tacca plantag- many Gumuz and Shinasha ethnic groups of Benishangul Gumuz [18]. inea Tetrahedron Letters Regional state of Ethiopia [4,19]. The root starch is used to stiffen Chen ZL., “Steroidal bitter principles from fabrics in some of the Islands Ethnobotanical uses of the plant structures of Taccalonolide A and B”. 28 (1987): 1673-1676. Conclusionespecially in Ethiopia is immense. 11. et al. Heterocycles Tacca leontopetaloides Chen Z L., “Some chemical reactions of Taccalonolides A is a wild perennial herb belonging to the - a bitter substance from Tacca plantaginea”. 29 - (1989): 2103-2108. family Taccaceae. The plant is naturally distributed from North 12. et al. Western Ethiopia, through Central to Southern and South west Tacca Zhang L., “Chantriolide C, a new withanolide glucoside chantriers”. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin ern Ethiopia. The plant is most widely used by local peoples in the and a new spirostanol saponin from the rhizomes of remote areas of the country both as food and medicine. Different 1126-1128. - 57 (2009): phytochemical studies on the plants of this species have led to the Tacca are important plants not 13. Risinger AL., et al. - isolation of ca. 122 compounds including steroidals, diarylhep - - tanoids, and terpenoids. Therefore, “The Taccalonolides: microtubule stabiliz anisms”. Cancer Research 68 (2008): 8881-8888. only in the medicinal sense but also as a food source or as an en ers that circumvent clinically relevant taxane resistance mech Tacca ergy material. Thus, we encourage any bio-prospecting company 14. et al. - leontopetaloides - or an individual interested to work on the genetic resource, Tacca leontopet- Abdel-Aziz A., “Isomeric F-ring dihydroxylated 22,25-ep (L.) O. Kuntze, for ethno-medical/pharmacologi aloides”. Phytochemistry oxyfurostene and spirostene sapogenins from cal/uses and industrial activities in the production of medicinal 15. et al. 29 (1990): 1643-1646. - Bibliographyextracts, food and beverages. topetaloides”. Planta Medica Abdel-Aziz A., “Steroidal sapogenins from Tacca leon 1. et al. 16. Kunle OO., 56 (1990): 218-221. Dioscoreaceae and Dioscoreales”. Taxon 51 (2002): 103-114. et al. Caddick RL., “Yams reclassified: A recircumscription of - “Extraction, physicochemical and compaction 2. ent”. Starch properties of Tacca starch - a potential pharmaceutical excipi 21st Purseglove JW. “Taccaceae. Tropical Crops. Monocotyledons 55 (2003): 319-325. 518. 17. et al. Edition”. Longman Group Ltd, London 607.2 (1972): 517- Starch 57 Maneka RV., “Physical, thermal and sorption profile 3. nd (2005): 55-61. of starch obtained from Tacca leontopetaloides”. Kay DE. “Root Crops”. 2 Edition. In: Gooding E.G.B (edition.)”. Tropical Development and Research Institute, UK (1987): 380.

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Citation: Dereje Mosissa. “Bio-prospecting Potential of Tacca leontopetaloides Acta Scientific Biotechnology 1.6 (2020): 03-07. (L.) O. Kuntze for Access and Benefit Sharing".