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World Water Week, 1-6 September 2013, Stockholm, Sweden Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Aquatic Procedia 2 ( 2014 ) 24–34 World Water Week, 1-6 september 2013, Stockholm, Sweden Environmental Restoration in the Shiyang River Basin, China: Conservation, 5HDOORFDWLRQDQGPRUH(I¿FLHQW8VHRI:DWHU Q. Zhua and Y. Lib a Room 77-403, Yijiequ, Taihuguoji Shequ, Binhu District, Wuxi 214123, China.* b Gansu Research Institute for Water Conservancy, 13, Guangchang Nanlu, Lanzhou, 730000, China. $EVWUDFW Overexploitation of water resources in the Shiyang River Basin, an inland river in Gansu, China has promoted a SURVSHURXVDJULFXOWXUDOHFRQRP\EXWDWWKHVDPHWLPHFDXVHGGRZQVWUHDPÀRZVWRVKDUSO\UHGXFHDQGWKHJURXQGZDWHU table to fall rapidly. This has degraded local ecosystems and caused the terminal lake to completely dry up. A project for addressing these problems was initiated aimed at rescuing a downstream oasis that was at risk of being buried by the moving dunes. During the project implementation, the irrigation area has been decreased, a water conservation program introduced and water use reallocated between upstream and downstream users and between economic and ecosystem services. Positive results have started to appear. The main factors in this preliminary success are positive political ZLOODQGFHQWUDOJRYHUQPHQWVXSSRUWWKHDFFHSWDQFHDQGZLGHSDUWLFLSDWLRQE\ZDWHUXVHUVDQGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRID powerful integrated water resources management organisation. ©© 20142014 Elsevier The Authors. B.V. This Published is an open by access Elsevier article B.V. under the CC BY-NC-ND license (3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHVFLHQWL¿FFRPPLWWHHRI6WRFNKROP,QWHUQDWLRQDO:DWHU,QVWLWXWHhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Stockholm International Water Institute Keywords: ecosystem restoration; water reallocation; water conservation; inland river basin; arid area %DFNJURXQG The Shiyang River Basin is one of the three inland river basins in the northwest of Gansu Province, China. It is located in the western part of Gansu along the Hexi Corridor and the ancient Silk Road. The Shiyang River can be divided into three parts in terms of geomorphology, namely, the rocky Qilian Range in its upper reaches where the eight tributaries of the Shiyang River originate, the Quaternary alluvial fan in the middle reaches and the alluvial plain in the ORZHUUHDFKHV .DQJDQG=KDQJ0Det al.D 7KHPLGGOHDQGORZHUUHDFKHVRIWKH6KL\DQJ5LYHUDUHLPSRUWDQW agricultural regions despite being arid with low annual precipitation and high potential evapotranspiration. The altitude, annual precipitation and evaporation of these three geomorphologic units are shown in Table 1, and a map of the Shiyang River Basin is shown in Figure 1. * Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] 2214-241X © 2014 Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Stockholm International Water Institute doi: 10.1016/j.aqpro.2014.07.005 Q. Zhu and Y. Li / Aquatic Procedia 2 ( 2014 ) 24–34 25 )LJXUH0DSRI6KL\DQJ5LYHU%DVLQ6RXUFH.DQJDQG=KDQJ Table 1. Elevation, annual precipitation and potential evaporation of the Shiyang River *HRPRUSKRORJLF (OHYDWLRQDERYH $QQXDO $QQXDOSRWHQWLDO XQLW VHDOHYHO P SUHFLSLWDWLRQ PP HYDSRWUDQVSLUDWLRQ PP Qilianshan Range 2000-5000 300-600 700-1200 Alluvial fan 1400-2000 150-300 1200-2000 Lower alluvial plain 1200-1400 < 150 2000-2600 The Shiyang River is fed by eight main tributaries with a total catchment area of 41,600 km2. The annual runoff of these tributaries amounts to 1.56 billion m3ZKLFKÀRZVRXWIURPWKHPRXQWDLQVRQWRDYDVWDOOXYLDOIDQFRPSRVHGRI deep gravel and sand. The tributaries converge at the southern boundary of the downstream plain. Seepage from the FDQDODQGLUULJDWLRQV\VWHPVIRUPWKHJURXQGZDWHUDQGVSULQJZDWHUZKLFKWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHÀRRGZDWHUIURPWKHWULE- utaries, are the main water sources feeding the downstream Minqin Basin. The total water resources of the basin amount to 1.66 billion m3, including the surface runoff and the groundwater minus overlap that is common to surface runoff and WRDTXLIHU =KX*DQVX3URYLQFLDO%XUHDXRI:DWHU5HVRXUFHV>*3%:5@DQG*DQVX3URYLQFLDOGHYHORSPHQWDQG 5HIRUP&RPPLVVLRQ>*3'5&@ 26 Q. Zhu and Y. Li / Aquatic Procedia 2 (2014 ) 24–34 6LQFHWKHVWKHUHKDVEHHQVLJQL¿FDQWGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHZDWHUUHVRXUFHVLQWKHEDVLQ%\UHVHUYRLUV with a total capacity of 450 million m3 had been built and seven of the eight main tributaries had been dammed. The PDLQDQGEUDQFKFDQDOVGLYHUWLQJZDWHUIURPWKHULYHUVWRLUULJDWHG¿HOGVKDYHDWRWDOOHQJWKRINPPRVWRIZKLFK have been lined with concrete or masonry for seepage control. Additionally, 16,900 wells have been constructed, LQFOXGLQJLQWKHGRZQVWUHDP0LQTLQ%DVLQ .DQJDQG=KDQJ*3%:5DQG*3'5& $PRQJWKHWZRPXQLFLSDOLWLHVDQGHLJKWFRXQWLHV GLVWULFWV LQWKHEDVLQ/LDQJ]KRX'LVWULFWLQWKHPLGGOHVHFWLRQ and Minqin County in the lower reaches of the basin are the main agricultural water users. The population in the basin is 2.27 million in 2003, of which 68 per cent are rural. The cultivated land accounts for 371,000 ha, of which 300,000 ha is irrigated. Due to its well-developed irrigation system, the Shiyang River Basin has the most productive agriculture LQWKHSURYLQFHDQGLVRQHRIWKHPDLQDUHDVRIFRPPHUFLDOJUDLQSURGXFWLRQLQ*DQVX .DQJDQG=KDQJ*3%:5 DQG*3'5& 7KHEDVLQDOVRKRVWVWKHVHFRQGODUJHVWQLFNHOUH¿QHU\LQWKHZRUOG,QWKH*'3SHUFDSLWD ZDVWLPHVWKDWLQWKHZKROHSURYLQFH KWWS]KZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL*'3RI*DQVX3URYLQFH*3%:5DQG*3'5& A unique feature of the water resources system in the basin is the complex interplay between surface and groundwater. The seepage water from irrigation systems in the upper basin recharges the groundwater in the lower SDUWV$IWHUXVHE\WKHZHOOVWKHJURXQGZDWHUZLOOÀRZRXWWRUHDSSHDUDVVSULQJVDQGEHFRPHDZDWHUVRXUFHDJDLQ IRUULYHUVGRZQVWUHDP 0Det al.D 7KHWRWDOZDWHUGLYHUVLRQE\UHVHUYRLUVFDQDOVDQGZHOOVLQWKHEDVLQLV characterised by a multiple replication of using the water resources. This amounted to 2.88 billion m3 in 2003, accounting for 173 per cent of the water resources, of which irrigation water use accounted for 86 per cent. The intense water resource development in the past now appears unsustainable as although it successfully supported the rapid economic and social development it also caused serious ecological and environmental problems. This is especially true in the downstream Minqin Basin which now faces the risk of being buried by sand dunes. This is threatening an oasis community spread over an area of 1,000 km2WKDWKDVH[LVWHGIRUPDQ\FHQWXULHVEXWPLJKWGLVDSSHDULQWKHQHDUIXWXUH .DQJDQG =KDQJ*3%:5DQG*3'5& 3UREOHPVZLWKZDWHUUHVRXUFHVPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH6KL\DQJ5LYHU%DVLQ 7KH VLJQL¿FDQW SURJUHVV LQ WKH UHFHQW VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW KDV EHHQ REWDLQHG DW WKH FRVW RI RYHU use of water resources and serious degrading of ecosystems and the environment. These have been studied by many LQYHVWLJDWRUV .DQJDQG=KDQJ.DQJ et al.:DQJet al DQGWKH*3%:5DQG*3'5& 7KH main problems are listed as follows. 2.1. Unbalanced use of water resources between the middle and lower basin In the past 50 years, the annual water consumption from the middle reaches of the Shiyang River increased from 567 million m3LQWKHV¶WRELOOLRQP3LQDQGWKHLUULJDWLRQDUHDLQFUHDVHGE\SHUFHQW7KHZDWHUÀRZRIWKH eight main tributaries was stored in the reservoirs and/or diverted by sluices into the canal system for supplying water WR/LDQJ]KRX'LVWULFW2QO\ÀRRGZDWHUZDVDOORZHGWRÀRZWRWKH0LQTLQ%DVLQ6HHSDJHFRQWURODQGJURXQGZDWHU H[SORLWDWLRQLQWKHPLGGOHSDUWVRIWKHEDVLQUHGXFHGWKHJURXQGZDWHUÀRZWRWKHORZHUEDVLQGRZQVWUHDP .DQJDQG =KDQJ*3%:5DQG*3'5&0Det al.D $VDUHVXOWWKHDQQXDOZDWHUÀRZGRZQVWUHDPGHFUHDVHG sharply from 460 million m3LQWKHODWHV¶WRPLOOLRQP3LQ)LJXUHVKRZVFKDQJHVLQWKHLQÀRZWRWKH +RQJ\DVKDQ5HVHUYRLUWKHRQO\VXUIDFHVRXUFHLQ0LQTLQ&RXQW\VLQFHWKHV .DQJDQG=KDQJ*3%:5 DQG*3'5& Q. Zhu and Y. Li / Aquatic Procedia 2 ( 2014 ) 24–34 27 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 Annual runoff 10^6 m3 10^6 Annual runoff 50 0 1956-59 1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-2000 2003 Year )LJXUH,QÀRZWRWKH+RQJ\DVKDQ5HVHUYRLU 2.2. Overexploitation of groundwater causing the water table to fall 6LQFHWKHVDORQJZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRIZDWHUGHPDQGDQGWKHGHJUDGLQJRIVSULQJÀRZZHOOVKDYHEHHQEXLOW UDSLGO\WRPLWLJDWHWKHZDWHUVKRUWDJHV,Q0LQTLQ&RXQW\LQSDUWLFXODUDQHQRUPRXVGHFUHDVHRIVXUIDFHZDWHULQÀRZV forced farmers to switch to using groundwater for irrigation, causing serious overexploitation of groundwater and a continuous decline in the water table. Furthermore, in the 1990s, driven by the economic improvements, farmers in Minqin County built numerous wells for growing seed melons, a high value crop. It is estimated that over use of the groundwater amounted to 0.43 billion m3, 26 per cent of the water resources. The water table has descended by 6-7 m in the Liangzhou Basin and 15-16 m in the lower Minqin Basin, respectively. The annual drop in the water table has been LQWKHUDQJHRIP7KHPD[LPXPGURSZDVPLQWKHVRXWKDQGPLQWKHQRUWKRI0LQTLQ%DVLQ .DQJDQG =KDQJ*3%:5DQG*3'5&0DHWDOE 8QUHDVRQDEOHDOORFDWLRQDQGORZHI¿FLHQF\RIZDWHUXVH While irrigation water has comprised 86 per cent of the total water use in the basin, the water used by ecosystems and industry only amounted to 4.5 and 5.4 per cent, respectively. The GDP per unit of water used has been about 86P3, only 1/5 of that averaged in the state. The grain production per unit of water used has been about 0.41 kg/ m3, compared to 0.6-1.0 kg/m3LQWKHVWDWH *3%:5DQG*3'5& 2.4. Serious deterioration of the natural environment in the Minqin Basin This has been highlighted by the following:
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