BODHI International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
An Online, Peer Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal
Vol: 2 Special Issue: 15 April 2018 E-ISSN : 2456-5571 UGC approved Journal (J. No. 44274)
CENTRE FOR RESOURCE, RESEARCH & PUBLICATION SERVICES (CRRPS) www.crrps.in | www.bodhijournals.com
BODHI
BODHI International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science (ISSN: 2456-5571) is online, peer reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal, which is powered & published by Center for Resource, Research and Publication Services, (CRRPS) India. It is committed to bring together academicians, research scholars and students from all over the world who work professionally to upgrade status of academic career and society by their ideas and aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in the fields of humanities, arts and science.
The journal welcomes publications of quality papers on research in humanities, arts, science. agriculture, anthropology, education, geography, advertising, botany, business studies, chemistry, commerce, computer science, communication studies, criminology, cross cultural studies, demography, development studies, geography, library science, methodology, management studies, earth sciences, economics, bioscience, entrepreneurship, fisheries, history, information science & technology, law, life sciences, logistics and performing arts (music, theatre & dance), religious studies, visual arts, women studies, physics, fine art, microbiology, physical education, public administration, philosophy, political sciences, psychology, population studies, social science, sociology, social welfare, linguistics, literature and so on.
Research should be at the core and must be instrumental in generating a major interface with the academic world. It must provide a new theoretical frame work that enable reassessment and refinement of current practices and thinking. This may result in a fundamental discovery and an extension of the knowledge acquired. Research is meant to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous works, solve new or existing problems, support theorems; or develop new theorems. It empowers the faculty and students for an in-depth approach in research. It has the potential to enhance the consultancy capabilities of the researcher. In short, conceptually and thematically an active attempt to provide these types of common platforms on educational reformations through research has become the main objective of this Journal.
Dr. S. Balakrishnan Publisher and Editor - in - Chief [email protected] www.bodhijournals.com
BODHI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES, ARTS AND SCIENCE (BIJRHAS) An Online, Peer reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Dr. S. Balakrishnan Executive Director, Centre for Resource, Research and Publication Services (CRRPS) Tamil Nadu, India
Vice Editor-in-Chiefs Dr. Manimangai Mani Dr. B. Jeyanthi Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Assistant Professor & HOD of English, Faculty of Modern Languages and Anna University, Tirunelveli Region, Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Tamil Nadu, India Selangor, Malaysia Dr. T. Marx Dr. Mamta Brahmbhatt Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Associate Professor of Management, Faculty of Modern Languages and B.K. School of Business Management, Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Selangor, Malaysia
Pradeep D. Waghmare Mr. B.P. Pereira Assistant Professor of History, Visiting Professor of English in Journalism, Ramnarain Ruia College, Madurai Kamaraj University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Editorial / Review Board Dr. Sunil S. Narwade Dr. H.S. Rakesh Professor, Dept. of Economics, Assistant Professor of History, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Davangere University, Karnataka, India University, Aurnagabad, Maharashtra, India Dr. Indira Banerji Dr. V.N. Kendre Assistant Professor of English, Yogoda Satsanga Assistant Professor of Sociology, Mahavidyalaya, Ranchi University, Ranchi, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Jharkhand, India Maharashtra, India Dr. Punam Pandey Dr. Nana Pradhan Assistant Professor, Dept. of English & Modern Assistant Professor of Physics, European Languages, JR Handicapped Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, University, Chitrakoot, UP, India Maharashtra, India Dr. Harshad Bhosale Dr. Prasenjit Panda Assistant Professor of Political Science, Assistant Professor, Dept. of English & Foreign Kirti College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Languages, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Koni, Chattisgarh, India
Dr. H.M. Kantharaj Dr. Vaishali Pusate Assistant Co-ordinator of Education, Assistant Professor of Zoology, Davangere University, Karnataka, India Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Dr. Vipin Kumar Pandey Associate Professor of English & Other Foreign Dr. P.V. Mahalinge Language, DSM National Rehabilitation Assistant Professor of Hindi, University, Lucknow, UP, India Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Dr. B.V. Dhananjaya Murthy Assistant Professor of Political Science, Dr. Neelkanth Bankar Davangere University, Karnataka, India Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Dr. Vijaykumar Chavan Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Dr. Rajeshwar Andhale Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, Associate Professor of Mathematics, Maharashtra, India Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma Assistant Professor of Special Education, Dr. Anupama Mujumdar DSM National Rehabilitation University, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Lucknow, UP, India Ruparel College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Sunil Shankadarwar Dr. Parvez Shamim Assistant Professor of Botany, Assistant Professor of Physical Education & Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, Sports, Government P.G. College, Noida, Maharashtra, India G.B. Nagar, UP, India
Mr. Amit Agnihotri Assistant Professor & Head of Information Technology, JR Handicapped University, Chitrakoot, UP, India
EDITORIAL
We are very much delighted to place this Journal on your hands, the selective compilation of most thought pouring views scripted in papers by the presenters in the International Conference on “Commerce, Economics and Management - An Interdisciplinary Perspective” held on 26 February 2018, jointly organized by the Department of Commerce, Mangayarkarasi College of Arts & Science for Women, Madurai, Tamil Nadu and Bodhi International Journal India.
It is a matter of glistening pride to bring the three conceptually different academic disciplines; Commerce, Economics and Management in one roof under single banner with spill-over explanations packed with spread-out information sprayed over multi-definitions of narrations penned by distinctive sectors of learning and the learned people besides researching aspirants and the researched geniuses with good command on the themes, commenting on the sub-themes and commending the topic values, from concept to crux travelling interiorly with involvement through the content.
This book is a compendium of the discussions, sharing, interactions and feed back of the platform staged practically to express the views of the authors of the papers as the contents are purely their own views based on their knowledge, intake and initiations grabbed and experienced empirically and orally besides reading of the thematic definitions explanations from various sources and resources. Hence it is published here as their own originals for intra and inter-personal discussions. We are indebted to all the Professors, Research scholars, Students and other well- wishes who have contributed their papers and efforts with full commitment and conviction to make this publication meaningfully purposeful and successful with knowledge value and thematic conceptual credit.
At this Moment we make our Sincere thanks to Thiru.P.ASHOK KUMAR, Secretary, Mangayarkarasi Institutions, Thiru.A.SHAKTI PRANESH, Director, Mangayarkarasi Institutions, Dr.S.RAJESWARI, Principal of Mangayarkarasi College of Arts & Science for Women, Madurai and all faculty fraternity of Commerce Departments for this Successful Academic event backed by their wholehearted contributions and supports, which exhorted us at large that are really appreciably commendable.
Special Issue Editors
Mrs.R.VEERAMANI Assistant Professor & Head of Commerce Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women, Madurai Dr.C.JESTINA JEYAKUMARI Assistant Professors of Commerce Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women, Madurai B.P.PEREIRA Founder Director, SPEECH POINT, Madurai Dr.S.BALAKRISHNAN Editor, Bodhi International Journal- India
Special Issue Editorial Board Members
Mrs. R.MAHALAKSHMI, Mrs.S.RAJI, Mrs.S.SRI DHARSHINI, Ms.C.POORNIMA, Ms.K.SARANYA, Mrs.MUTHURADHA, Ms.S.VIDHYA, Ms.A.ABIRAMI, Mrs.P.ABINAYA, Mrs.P.VIJAYALAKSHMI, Ms. K. MATHIBALA Assistant Professors of Commerce Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women, Madurai
ABOUT THE EDITOR
Mrs.R.VEERAMANI, M.Com., M.Phil., NET., M.B.A., (Ph.D)., Head of the department of commerce at Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for women. She has performed at responsible post in college like Institutional co-ordinator, N.S.S Co-ordinator and treasurer for staff club. She is pursuing her Doctorate at Alagappa University, Karaikudi. Her area of special interest in Banking, Finance and Management. She has organized several state level seminar and workshops, National and International conferences and she has attended and presented papers in many National and International conferences. She awarded as a best Assistant professor in commerce from Pearl Foundation in the year 2018. She has a track record of 12 years in teaching and possesses excellent instilling capacity to motivate the aspirants backed by effective and efficient communication skills at multifaceted levels which ensures an excellent working environment for all faculties of the team perform their tasks successfully and admirably at their bests.
DR.C.JESTINA JEYAKUMARI, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Assistant Professor in Economics at Mangayarkarasi College of Arts & Science for Women. She has been awarded Doctorate in the field of Economics entitled “An Economic analysis of fishing industry at Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram. She served as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli (2009 to 2011). She was Research Assistant in ICSSR project at Gandhigram University. She has presented 20 Papers and Published 15 Research papers in Journals and Books with ISSN and ISBN
Mr.B.P.PEREIRA, founder Director of SPEECH POINT is a Soft skills/HR/English trainer after his M.A.(Eng), M.A.(Psy), M.A.(Edn) besides holding M.B.A,, B.G.L, PGD-JMC and other few PG Diplomas in multi disciplinary academic status. He has authored three books, edited 14 books, published 23 papers, presented 40 papers and carried out nine major event managements. He is one of the Associate Editors of Roots & Bodhi International Journals. He is associated with three NGOs for their project guidance and executions and also Psychological Counselor for few homes for the aged, deserted children and Geriatrics Centres. He is a coordinating member of Placement Officers’ Cell India Chapter.
Dr.S.BALAKRISHNAN has been awarded Doctorate in the field of Philosophy entitled “Antonio Gramsci on State and Culture: A Study @ The Madura College, Madurai. He is working as an Editor - in - Chief @ Roots & Bodhi International Journals. He served as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy, The Madura College, Madurai (2011-2014). Served as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy, Arul Anandar College, Karumathur in F.I.P. Vacancy (2010-2011. He has published 20 Books with ISBN, Presented & Published 70 Research Papers in Journals and Books with ISSN & ISBN.
BODHI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES, ARTS AND SCIENCE An Online, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal with Impact Factor
Vol: 2 Special Issue 15 April 2018 E-ISSN: 2456-5571
Aim & Objectives Academic Excellence in research is CONTENTS continued promoting in research support for young Scholars. Multidisciplinary of research is motivating S. Page Title all aspects of encounters across disciplines and No No research fields in an multidisciplinary views, by 1 Economic Contribution towards 1 assembling research groups and consequently Tourism Development in India projects, supporting publications with this S.Umamaheswari inclination and organizing programmes. 2 Barriers to Adoption of Online Shopping 5 Internationalization of research work is the unit – An Empirical Study of Consumers in seeks to develop its scholarly profile in research Kanniyakumari District through quality of publications. And visibility of P.S.Hermis & Dr.R.Rathiha research is creating sustainable platforms for 3 Service Quality and Customer 9 research and publication, such as series of Books; Preference of BSNL Mobile Services in motivating dissemination of research results for Madurai District people and society. Dr.M.Neelavathy 4 Trends in the Growth of Online 14 Disclaimer Shopping in India Contributors are advised to be strict in S.Gayathri academic ethics with respect to acknowledgment 5 Solid Waste Management in 17 of the original ideas borrowed from others. The Tiruvannamalai Municipality Publisher & editors will not be held responsible for K.Puganraj, Dr.A.M.Ayyothi & any such lapse of the contributor regarding Dr.A.Udhayakumar plagiarism and unwarranted quotations in their 6 A Study on Green Banking Initiatives of 22 manuscripts. All submissions should be original and SBI and ICICI Bank must be accompanied by a declaration stating your Dr.K.Karthikeyan & M.Dinesh Kumar research paper as an original work and has not 7 A Study on Solid Waste Generation and 29 been published anywhere else. It will be the sole Management at Household Level in responsibility of the authors for such lapses, if any Aundipatty Taluk of Theni District, on legal bindings and ethical code of publication. Tamilnadu
Communication R.Alaguraja & Dr.T.Indra Papers should be Mailed to 8 Logistics Management 32 [email protected] Mrs.K.Vijayalakshmi 9 A Study on Consumer Attitude on 35 Social Media Marketing Soundarya Ramanathan 10 Impact of Online Marketing 39 A.Babilakingsly
11 A Study on Information and 43 Communication Technology (ICT) Practices of District Central Co- Operative Banks (Dccbs) in Tamil Nadu Prof.Dr.K.Maruthamuthu & Dr.K.Munusamy 12 A Case Study on Microfinance 51 Institutions in Tamilnadu Dr.V.Vanitha & Dr.J.Radha 13 Make in India – Mission and Vision 53 Dr.J.T.Sharmila 14 A New Insight of Hr Managers in the 58 Globalized Era; As a Care Taker Dr.S.Usha 15 Work Life Balance 60 D.Hamsa Priya 16 A Study on the Most Effective 62 Approaches to Investment Analysis Dr.C.Poorna Pushkala 17 Corporate Social Responsibility – An 66 Overview Dr.K.Gnanaguru 18 Goods and Service Tax in India- 70 Impacts and Swot Analysis V.Vishnugeetha 19 A Study on Performance Appraisal 74 System in Kone Pvt Ltd, Chennai E.Subalakshmi 20 A Study on Customers Satisfaction 78 Towards ATM Services with Reference to Public Sector Banks in Theni District Dr.K.Karthikeyan & N.Jeyakumar 21 Status of Common Property Resources 83 (CPRS) in Hilly and Tribal Zone of Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu Dr.A.Kannan & Mr.G.Elumalai 22 Impact of Industrial Pollution on Land, 87 Water and Agricultural Production in Sipcot Industrial Region in Tamilnadu Dr.Mu.Arumugam & Dr.C.Vijai 23 A Study on View of Marketing 94 S.Harun Nisha & S.Anusiya 24 Organisations’ Development through 97 Human Resource Accounting Dr.V.Murugan 25 A Study on Level of Job Stress Among 102 Government and Private School Teachers in Madurai District Dr.N.Perumal
Vol 2 Special Issue 15 April 2018 E-ISSN: 2456-5571
ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS TOURISUM DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
S.Umamaheswari Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Periyar University, Salem
Abstract Tourism is the world’s largest industry without making smoke. It occupies one in nine global jobs and contributes 10 per cent to the world’s Gross Domestic Product. It is a dynamically developing area of external economic activities. It affects different other sectors of the economy through its high growth and progress rates, substantial amounts of foreign currency inflows, infrastructure expansion and introduction of new management and educational experiences. Consecutively it adds positively to the social and economic development of the country as a whole. Its actual and potential economic impact is amazing. So this paper is an attempt to measure the economic impact of tourism in India. We need to concentrate to have liberal policies, relaxation in taxes, comprehensive package and so on to influence tourist and foreign investment. There is also a need to increase the government’s role to make India flourishing in tourism and established in the global market. India has rich source in tourism for the establishment of the brand. of course India has been launched the Incredible India Keywords: Gross Domestic Product, Tourism, economy, impact.
Introduction activity has long lasting socio-economic impacts Tourism has become the world's largest on the host economy and community. Though the industry, generating wealth and employment, industry has great opportunities, there is a need to opening the minds of both visitors and visiting the make it positive in terms of its future. different ways of life. India has strong signs of becoming one of the emerging giants in world Basic Concept of Tourism tourism. The most imperative factors for Definition of Tourism successful tourism development include product "Tourism is a collection of activities, services enhancement, marketing, regulations and human and industries which deliver a travel experience resource development. India’s tourism is one of comprising transportation, accommodation, eating the flourishing sectors in terms of its scope. and drinking establishments, retail shops, Tourism in India is growing continuously to entertainment businesses and the hospitality generate employment and earn large amount of services provided for individuals or groups foreign exchange in order to stabilize the country’s traveling away from home" economic and social development. It also helps in preserving and sustaining the diversity of the Tourism Product India's natural and cultural environments. We (Burkat and Medlik), namely tourism should develop tourism industry with government products to an array of integrated products, which supports, new initiations, actions and plans to consist of objects and attractions, transportation, influence foreigners to sustain our position accommodation and entertainment, where each strongly. This paper explains the impact of element of the tourism product is prepared by tourism in Indian economy. Tourism in India is a individual companies and are offered separately to key growth driver and a significant source of consumers. foreign exchange earnings. The tourism sector in India is flourishing due to an increase in foreign Statement of the Problem tourist arrivals (FTA) and a larger number of The tourism industry is one of the largest Indians travelling to domestic destinations. India segments under the services sector of the Indian has a dramatic growth of tourism and it is one of economy. The promotion and aggressive the most remarkable economic changes. Tourism marketing measures undertaken by the government is expected to aid influx of tourists. 1 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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The industry would also benefit from introduction of new forms of tourism and development. Tourism Hospitality Medical tourism in India has gained considerable Marketing Strategy popularity in recent years. India has a major cost The Goa Tourism Development Corporation advantage in this field compared with other (GTDC) is planning to organize familiarization countries. In addition to cost advantages, Indian Trips or “fam” trips for international tour healthcare industry offers state-of-the art operators to showcase Goa as a tourist equipment, technological advancement, qualified destination. and experienced medical personnel and a blend of It has also planned to promote Goa in modern and traditional medicines. Thus, medical international markets through the print and tourism has immense potential in India. electronic Media. Benefits such as such as priority Opportunities also exist in ecotourism, adventure reservation and Indian rail pass for train travel are tourism, and cruise tourism. Eco-tourism is Also being extended to foreign tourist’s increasing in popularity, evident in the ministry of Tourism organized the first ever development of eco-friendly hotels and tour Incredible India Tourism Investors Summit in packages. September 2016, to bring together state governments and global & domestic investors, for Methodology funding investment ready projects in the country. The present study is based on the secondary data published by various agencies and One stop Solution organizations. The present study makes use of Players are trying to ensure convenience for data and information provided by, UNWTO, their customers by providing all services available Ministry of Tourism. on a single portal. For example, makemytrip.com and a host of other websites provide a Types of Tourism in Tamil Nadu comprehensive basket of offerings which include Leisure Tourism outbound and inbound travel for leisure and Tourists visit Tamil Nadu only for fun or business trips, hotels and car booking, holiday enjoying their leisure. They usually visit hill packages within India or abroad, etc stations, beaches, waterfalls, zoological parks, etc. Multiple Channels Pilgrimage Tourism Players are opting for many channels to Tourists especially senior citizens are maximize sales and ensure convenience for their interested only in visiting temples and offering Customers. For example, Thomas Cook and worship to their favorable deity. They move to Kuoni India launched their online portals to tourist centers only if time permits and provided compete with others. On the other hand, the trip is easy on the purse. It requires planning makemytrip.com is planning to go for the offline and meticulous follow up. channel to complement its existing portal and has 3. Heritage Tourism already launched mobile apps for maximizing Medical/Health Tourism sales. Spiritual Tourism MICE Tourism Branding Adventure & Wild Life Tourism The launch of several branding and marketing Heritage & Culture Tourism initiatives by the Government of India such as Cruise Tourism Incredible India! And Athiti Devo Bhava provides Polo Tourism a focused impetus to growth.
Eco Tourism M-Visa
Indian government has also released a fresh
category of visa – the medical visa or M visa, to 2 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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encourage medical tourism in India. Indian backward regions contain areas of high scenic medical tourism is expected to reach USD8 billion beauty and cultural attractions. by2020. Economic Value of Cultural Resources: Tourism provides monetary incentives for the E-Tourist Visa development of many local crafts and culture, thus In December 2016, a total of 1,62,250 foreign it has an effect on the income of the local artisans tourists arrived on e-Tourist Visa, in comparison and artists. with103,617 foreign tourists in December 2015, Promotion of International Understanding: registering a growth of 56.6 per cent over previous Tourism can also become an effective tool to year E – Tourist Visa. Develop a better understanding and interaction M-visa amongst people of different countries. Impact of Tourism on Economy Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Generating Income and Employment: Undesirable Social and Cultural Change: Tourism in India has emerged as an instrument of Tourism sometimes led to the destruction of the Income and employment generation, poverty Social fabric of a community, the more tourists alleviation and sustainable human development. It coming into a place, the more the perceived risk of Contributes 6.77% to the national GDP and that place losing its identity. 8.78% of the total employment in India. Almost Increase Tension and Hostility: Tourism can 20 Million people are now working in the India’s increase tension, hostility, and suspicion Between tourism industry. the tourists and the local communities when there Source of Foreign Exchange Earnings: is no respect and understanding for Each other’s Tourism is an important source of foreign culture and way of life. exchange Earnings in India. This has favorable Creating a Sense of Antipathy: Tourism impact on the balance of payment of the country. brought little benefit to the local community. In The Tourism industry in India generated about Most all inclusive package tours more than 80% of US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to travelers’ fees go to the airlines, hotels and Other increaseto US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4% international companies, not to local businessmen annual growth rate. and workers. Preservation of National Heritage and Adverse Effects on Environment and Environment: Tourism helps preserve several Ecology: One of the most important adverse places which are of historical importance by effects of tourism on the environment is increased declaring them as heritage sites. pressure on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem Developing Infrastructure: Tourism tends to in Each tourist locality. encourage the development of multiple-use of Import Leakage: This commonly occurs when Infrastructure that benefits the host community, tourists demand standards of equipment, food, including various means of transports, health care Drinks and other products that the host country facilities, and sports centers. cannot supply, especially developing countries. Promoting Peace and Stability: Tourism Seasonal Character of Job: The job industry can also help promote peace and stability. opportunities related to tourism industry are In developing country like India by providing jobs, seasonal in Nature as they are available only generating income & diversifying the economy. during the tourist season. The Multiplier Effect: The flow of money Increase in Prices: Increasing demand for generated by tourist spending multiplies as it basic services and goods from tourists will often passes through various sections of the economy. Because price hikes that negatively affect local Regional Development: The underdeveloped residents whose income does not increase regions of the country can greatly benefit from proportionately. tourism development. Many of the economically
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Conclusion and Recommendations environment: India; Jaisalmer, Khajuraho and Tourism has become the world's largest Goa” industry, generating wealth and employment, 4. Honey, Martha and Gilpin, Raymond, opening the minds of both visitors and the visited Special Report, 2009, “Tourism in the to different ways of life. In worldwide this industry Developing World - Promoting Peace and currently employs more than 200 million people. Reducing Poverty” Moreover tourism is one of the best instruments of 5. Market Research Division, Ministry of economic development in all the way. Tourism tourism, GOI, 2009 “Tourism Statistics 2008 sector plays a vital role in the way of helping poor 6. Jyothirmaye RS, Venkateswara RB, Durga countries to provide employment opportunities in Rao S (2012) Rural & Eco Tourism in India– an increasing rate. It is one of the important Problems & Prospects Environmental Impacts foreign exchange earning industries and has on Tourism. The International Journal of manifested great potential of growth under Business & Management 1: 1-5. liberalized Indian economy. 7. Travel & Tourism (2013). World Travel and Incoherence or fragmentation in regard to Tourism Council. governmental vision, strategy, policies and actions 8. Billion Mark (2014). IANS India’s Domestic can however become barriers which prevent LDCs Tourists increase by 16% crossing 1 Billion from achieving sustained and successful tourism Mark (2014). development. A minimum coherence among the 9. Blanke J, Chiesa T (2013) WEF Travel and various policy instruments and complementarily is Tourism Competitiveness Report: needed to foster a more comprehensive 10. Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and development of the sector Job Creation. World Economic Forum. 11. Hari Srinivas (2001) Environmental impacts References of tourism. United Nations Environment 1. Auroubindo Ganesh and Dr. Madhavi, C. Programme. 2007. Jan-June, “Impact of Tourism on 12. http://www.incredibleindia.org/ Indian Economy - A Snapshot” Journal of 13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism Contemporary Research in Management, 14. http://www.incredibleindia.org/media- Volume-1, No.1, 2, PP. 235-240. section/latest-news/1676-dr-kchiranjeevi- 2. Lugosi, P. 2007. Consumer participation in 15. launches-incredible-india-2013 commercial hospitality, International Journal 16. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, /economy/finance/india-earned-27-bn-from- Vol. 1, No. 3, pp.227-236 foreign-tourist-arrivals-in-2017- 3. Krishna, A.G., 1993 “Case study on the minister/articleshow/62526432.cms effects of tourism on culture and the
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BARRIERS TO ADOPTION OF ONLINE SHOPPING – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CONSUMERS IN KANNIYAKUMARI DISTRICT
P.S.Hermis Research Scholar, Research Centre in Commerce, Women’s Christian College, Nagercoil
Dr.R.Rathiha Head & Associate Professor of Commerce, Women’s Christian College, Nagercoil
Abstract Online retailing is slowly developing and gaining its importance in the field of E-Retailing. But the online retailing has not penetrated the minds of customers very successfully as expected. Online shoppers are of all ages, come from all types of backgrounds, and both men and women. Considering the advantages and disadvantages carefully, the researcher has made an informed decision about what's best for customer. For online shopping the customers should have knowledge about usage of internet and computer. Internet has become the centre not only for personal and social lives, but also for business and professional lives. In this paper an attempt is made to identify the types of problems faced by consumers while buying goods from online shopping. This study is based on primary data. The primary data were obtained through interview schedule. The convenient sampling technique was adopted for collecting data from respondents. In this paper the suggestions were also given to overcome the problems faced by online shopping consumers. Keywords: Consumers, Problems, Internet, E-Retailing.
Introduction significant that online purchasing is increasingly In the past decade, there has been a dramatic rapid. change in the way consumers have altered their The process of online buying behavior way of shopping. Although consumers continue to consists of more steps and it is similar to purchase from a physical store, consumers feel traditional shopping behavior. For instance very convenient to shop online, since it frees the customer recognize the need for buying some customer from personally visiting the store. product, they refer to the internet to buy online Internet shopping has its own advantages and it and start to search for the information and look for reduces the effort of travelling to a physical store. all the alternatives and finally make a purchase Decisions can be made from home at ease looking which best fits to their needs. Before making final at various choices and prices can be easily purchase customers are bombarded by several compared with the competitor’s products to arrive factors which limits or influence customers for the at a decision. Online shopping offers the customer final decision. The main theme of the study is to a wide range of products and services wherein he analyse the problems faced by customers towards is able to compare the price quoted by different online shopping. suppliers and choose the best deal from it. The invention of internet has created a new Objectives of the Study pattern of the traditional way for the people to The aim of this research paper is shop. Customers are no longer tied to the opening 1. To examine socio economic status of the hours or specific locations; it may become active online customer. virtually at any time and any place to purchase 2. To analysis the problems faced by the products and services. The Internet is relatively a customer related to online shopping. new medium for the communication and the exchange of information which has become Statement of the Problem present in our daily lives. The number of Internet Marketing helps to fulfill the needs of the users is constantly increasing, which is also consumers more effectively and efficiently with 5 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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good product/services with affordable price and risk, time risk, and delivery risk. Attitude towards delivery. A good marketer continuously satisfies online shopping and the variation in the the consumers needs in better way. Sometimes perception of these two sub-dimensions along the opportunity give the consumers a better way two demographic factors, that is age and income. which is designed by marketers himself and The research findings revealed that product sometimes it is offered by the technology. But performance risk, delivery risk, and financial risk along with its vital growth the number of scamps, are the negative impact attitude towards online fraudulent practices and cheating has also shopping while time/ convenience risk has no increased. Such cheating activities had created fear impact on attitude towards online shopping. It in the minds of customers and also an adverse also served that consumer’s perception of all the impact in the attitude of consumers towards online mentioned sub-dimensions of risk varies with age. purchase. The area of this survey is to analyse However, it was found that income impacts only barriers towards online shopping and to formulate the perception of a product and financial risk. suggestions to overcome the problems. Shu (2003) in his research tried to identify the factors that affect consumers’ willingness to Research Methodology indulge in Internet shopping. For the research Descriptive analysis has been made to explain purpose, 296 university students were selected as systematically a trend, and provides data research participants, securing 175 usable and concerning attitudes and preferences towards a meaningful responses. The survey result show that problem. The data has been collected from (50.9%) of the respondents were between the age Kanniyakumari district. The simple random group of 20-30 years out of the respondents technique has been chosen for this study. Simple (53.7%) were undergraduate students. Majority of random sampling method, assumes that each and the respondents had more than one year every unit in the population has equal chance of experience in working with Internet. The result occurrence or equal probability of occurrence and showed that consumers’ willingness to indulge in the sampling units are selected randomly. An Internet shopping correlated positively and unbiased random selection of individuals is significantly with trust placed in Internet important to represent the population. The shopping, perceived ease of use, usefulness, researcher has taken 150 samples randomly from playfulness, security, privacy, information quality, the total population. Primary sources of the data and service. collected through questionnaire and secondary source from magazines, journals and website. Analysis and Interpretation Socio Economic Status of the Respondents Review of Literature Socio economic condition of the respondents Smith and Rupp (2003) have examined and is an important aspect in determining the buying identified the factors in their work that affects the behavior and the satisfaction of the customer. behaviour of consumers. These issues have been Table 1 explains the details regarding socio identified as for the marketing effort, socio- economic classification of the respondents. cultural influence, emotional factor, the psychological factors and privacy factors, to the Table 1 Demographic Consideration of the experience, the purchase and post -purchase Respondents decisions. They also show that consumers are Classification Frequency Percentage affected by various psychological factors, such as Gender perception, motivation, personality, attitudes and Male 95 63.3 Female 55 36.7 emotions. Total 150 100 Priyanka Sinha and Saumya Singh (2014) Age from their study an attempt has been made to Below 20 28 18.7 understand the impact of various sub dimensions 21-30 66 44.0 of risk like financial risk, product performance 31-40 51 34.0 6 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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Above 41 5 3.3 Total 150 100 Problems Faced by Online Shopping Customers Marital status Table 2 explains about the problems faced. Married 67 44.7 Unmarried 83 55.3 Total 150 100 Table 2 Problem of Customers in Online Educational qualification Shopping Up to high school 26 17.3 No. of Percentage to Sl.No. Opinion Graduate 99 66.0 Respondents Total Professional courses 25 16.7 1 Yes 64 42.67 Total 150 100 2 No 86 57.33 Occupation Total 150 100 Students 43 31.7 Source: Primary Data. Employee 67 44.7 It is clear from the Table 2 that among the 150 Business 13 8.7 respondents, 42.67 per cent respondents are facing Agriculturist 12 8.4 Professionals 9 6.5 problems, 57.33 per cent respondents are not Total 150 100 facing problem. More than two-fifth of Monthly income respondents are facing problems at the time of Up to Rs.25,000 32 21.3 buying product through online shopping. Rs.25,001-50,000 74 49.3 Table 3 examines the problems faced by the Rs50,001-75,000 39 26.0 customers through online shopping. Above Rs 75,000 5 3.4 Total 150 100 Table 3 Problems Faced by Customers S. Standard Source: Primary data Problems Mean Variance Rank No Deviation The gender distribution of the respondents Wrong consisting 63.3% of male respondents and 36.7% 1 Product 3.39 1.69 2.84 II of female respondents. The major age group of Delivery online buyers was below 20 years (18.7%), Deliver of 2 damaged 3.44 1.29 1.67 I followed by 21 to 30 years 44%, 31 to 40 years product 34% and above 40 years 3.3%. The marital status Lack of of the respondents was, with 44.7% married 3 Personalized 2.94 1.47 2.17 III respondents and 55.3% unmarried respondents. In Service Poor terms of education qualification, majority 66% of 4 2.56 1.29 1.67 V Packaging the respondents were graduates, 17.3% of the Difficulties respondents were up to high school, and 16.7% of 5 in E- 2.67 1.24 1.53 IV the respondents were professional. In terms of payments occupation, almost 44.7% of the respondents were Source: Primary Data employees, 31.7% of the respondents were From the table 3, delivery of damaged product students,8.7% of the respondents were engaged is the major problem faced by the respondents and them in business 8.4% of the respondents were following wrong product delivery. The last rank agriculturist, 6.5% of the respondents were goes to poor packing of the product through online professionals. With regards to annual income of shopping. online buyers, the major group of online shoppers had annual income of Rs.25,001- Rs.50,000 49.3% Suggestions , followed by Rs. 50,001- 75,000, 26% followed by The following are the suggestions on the basis of up to Rs. 25,000 (21.3%), and 3.4% of the the findings of the study: respondents had annual earning income were 1. Majority of the customers are facing the above Rs. 75,000 p.a. problem of delivery of damaged product through online shopping. Therefore internet online shopping companies should pay more
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attentions about the delivery of right product 3. Shu J O (2003) “Identifying the actors that to the customers. affect consumer’s willingness to do internet 2. The fake products are more in case of online shopping ” Degree of master of science in shopping sites and the products should be administration dissertation , John Molsen School of verified before delivery. Business, Concordia University, Retrieved from 3. Since transaction is online the customers must http://spectrum.liabrary.concordia.ca/2153/Febr be ensured of web security and confidential uary. card information. 4. Chris Treadaway, “Face Book Marketing: an 4. The online shopping could be made successful hour a day” –Wiley India Private limited. only by making the delivery of undamaged 5. JeannieyMullen,”E-mail Marketing: an hour a goods and proper delivery time. day”- Wiley India Private limited. 6. Dr. S. Mohan & M. Deepa (2015) “A Study Conclusion of Students Attitude Towards Online Online shopping is gaining popularity among Shopping With Special Reference To Pollachi people specially among the younger generation Taluk”, Acme International journal of but in today scenario to become equally popular Multidisciplinary Research, Vol-III, Issue-VII, among all age groups online shopping will have to July-2015. P.No.36-39. cover a longer distance. The main intention of the 7. Dr. M. V. Sathya Bama, & M. Ragaprabha paper is to identify the various problems faced by (2016) “Satisfaction on Online Shopping, A the customers and to know the reasons for the Study with Special Reference to Pollachi problems while conducting online shopping. The Taluk” International Journal of Multidisciplinary response collected through questionnaire helped a Research and Modern Education, Vol-II, Issue-I, lot in finding the problems and to know about 2016. P.No.90-94. customer opinion regarding online shopping. The 8. K. Veerakumar & A. Venkedasubramaniam products should be verified before delivery and the (2016) article titled “A Study on Consumer delivery of fake product should be reduced. Satisfaction Towards Selected Health Drinks In Pollachi Taluk” International Journal of References Multidisciplinary Research and Modern 1. Smith and Rupp (2003) was published the Education,Vol-II, Issue-I, Feb – 2016. book “The factors that affect buying behaviour of P.No.112-115. customers”. 9. www.googlescholar.com 2. Priyanka Sinha, and Saumya Singh, (2014) 10. www.google.com “Determinants of consumers perceived Risk in 11. www.snapdeal.com online shopping,” Indian Journal of marketing, 12. www.flipkart.com Vol.44, No.11, p.22, January.
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SERVICE QUALITY AND CUSTOMER PREFERCNE OF BSNL MOBILE SERVICES IN MADURAI DISTRICT
Dr.M.Neelavathy Assistant Professor in EMG Yadava Womens College, Madurai
Abstract Mobile telephone services have achieved great commercial success, because users recognize that mobile telephone access can improve productivity and enhance safety. As mobile network cover more geographic area and as rates drop, new subscribers are opting for mobile services for personal security, safety and convenience. Increase in demand and the poor quality of existing telecommunication landline services led mobile service providers to research ways to improve the quality of service and to support more users in their system. Keywords: customer satisfaction, quality, retain customers, prepaid, postpaid services
Introduction the individuals including professionals and Indian mobile services market has grown businessmen. Customer satisfaction is the primary manifold in the last five years and the subscriber aim of all service providers since there is a cut base had crossed 20.21 million by the end of throat competition in the GSM market. Hence, March 2011. The growing affluent-middle-class, they are being increasingly confronted with with low cost of handsets and call tariffs held this challenges to attract their subscribers by providing stupendous growth. Even now, the penetration high quality services. With the rise in the cost of rate of mobile phones in India, in comparison to acquisition of new customers, BSNL mobile other markets like China, Japan and European continually seek new ways to retain and increase countries is low. This presents an enormous their subscribers. opportunity for the Indian mobile service operators to enhance their market share through Review of Literature mind share. The recent policy initiative of Revathi and Padmavathi (2005) analyse the allowing new operators in a circle has added fuel awareness of cellular service users. They examine to the competition in the cellular market, bringing the problems faced by the users and enlist the the call tariffs to the lowest in the world. The factors which influence the choice of cellular fierce competition among the cellular service service provides. providers resulted in numerous tariff plans, contracts (life long validity etc), and top-up plans. Objective of the Study Today, an Indian mobile customer is To evaluate the attitude of customers and overwhelmed with the competing offers and their level of satisfaction towards the mobile service packages from the competing operators. services of BSNL. To offer suitable suggestions based on the Statement of the Problem findings of the study. BSNL Mobile has become an integral part of the growth, success and efficiency of any Methodology business/ economy. The government of India The present study is an empirical one based recognized that the provision of a world class on survey method. Data were collected from both telecommunication infrastructure and information primary and secondary sources. The primary data is the key to rapid economic and social were collected from those customers who are development of the country. Mobile having either BSNL mobile connections by means communication is a tool for the beneficial use of of interview schedule and questionnaire. 9 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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Secondary data have been collected from Garrett Ranking Technique is used to rank the published sources like books, Journals, research factors influencing a customer to select BSNL for dissertations, documents, reports of owning a phone connection. Telecommunication Department and websites of Table 1 Garrett Ranking of customers score BSNL. S. Total Factors Average Rank No scores Sampling Design 1 More Coverage 32653 65 I The study aims at analyzing the customer 2 Attractive offers 30862 62 II Reasonable satisfaction on the services of BSNL in Madurai 3 28351 58 III Telecom District. The respondents are selected for tariff Value added the study such as customers who are using 4 24738 49 IV service Landline or Internet. A total of 500 samples were 5 Roaming 24442 48 V taken for 353 prepaid customers and 147post paid Reputation of 6 22295 45 VI customers. service Familiarity of 7 21545 43 VII Tools for Analysis service Data are analyzed by using SPSS package. Source: Computed Data Then the tables were prepared by using statistical Interpretation: From Table 1 it is inferred that techniques such as visualization percentage more coverage has been ranked by the customers analysis, Garrett Ranking and factor analysis. as the first factor for choosing BSNL mobile services. Attractive offers has been ranked second, Data Analysis and Interpretation reasonable tariff acquired the third rank.
Extraction of Factor Underlying Reasons for Selecting Postpaid Table 2: Rotated factor matrix of selected variables for choosing postpaid mobile services S.No Variables F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 Com 1 Low call charges .818 .256 -.248 .389 .244 .134 .123 .768 2 Easy mode of bill .789 .396 .275 .362 .267 .489 .109 .644 3 Effective billing system .783 .111 .006 .374 .298 .297 -.052 .721 4 Low amount of deposit .586 .285 .25 .122 .17 -.144 -.144 .572 5 Easy to handle .413 .789 .324 .324 .126 -.292 -.218 .582 6 Simple new connection .099 .768 .173 .365 .164 -.388 .194 .809 7 Easy procedure .235 .695 .326 .311 .116 .233 -.125 .836 8 Very easy system .211 .563 -.105 .138 .371 .023 -.147 .697 9 Effective closed user .08 -.357 .86 .479 .084 -.152 .205 .726 10 Attractive SMS .31 .199 .798 .006 .218 .186 .247 .901 11 Useful add on card .179 .027 .576 .269 .246 -.166 -.183 .851 12 More offers -.228 .323 .266 .773 .333 -.147 .491 .738 13 Availability roaming .352 .17 .142 .761 .154 .141 .374 .816 14 Possibility to use .125 .242 .283 .617 .136 .143 -.113 .671 15 Regular dispatch of bill .384 .372 .126 .147 .839 .204 -.128 .759 16 Reasonable call charges .267 .155 .38 .475 .575 .124 .391 .736 17 Wide area coverage .003 .255 .284 .166 .539 .022 .377 .763 18 Customer service centre .289 .235 .386 .238 .372 .818 .36 .654 19 Complaints are rectified .097 .329 .318 .075 .159 .682 .282 .671 20 Easy to get the line .249 .165 .245 .117 .004 .567 -.178 .771
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21 More VAS .138 .177 .388 .181 .468 .241 .812 .008 22 Reasonable VAS .259 -.395 .424 .278 .325 .184 .796 .765 23 Message delivered .368 .112 .277 .263 .018 .151 .556 .702 Percentage of variance 13.22 13.16 12.29 9.42 8.72 8.48 8.42 Cumulative percentage 13.22 26.38 38.68 48.1 56.81 65.29 73.79 Eigen value 5.16 3.14 2.72 1.98 1.56 1.85 1.19 Source: Primary Data Interpretation: The factor analyses shown in Table 2 point out that the first factor called ‘billing management service factor’ consists of variables like low call charges compared to prepaid system, easy mode of bill payments, effective billing system, and low amount of deposit and reputation, in their order importance and explain the customers attitude positively towards choosing the postpaid mobile services..
Extraction of Factors Underlying Reasons for Selecting Prepaid Mobile Connections Table 3 Rotated factor matrix of selected variables for choosing prepaid mobile services S.No Variables F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Com 1 More offers facility .876 -.235 -.26 -.247 -.128 .248 .785 2 Regularity full talk .839 -.16 -.189 .111 -.004 .556 .758 3 Add on card .818 .123 .117 -.485 -.557 .122 .717 4 Helps in budget .785 .212 -.19 .102 .207 .014 .654 5 Easy procedure .602 .328 -.128 .123 .195 .166 .54 6 Reasonable call charges .405 .25 .315 .329 .014 .173 .484 7 Recharge available .125 .885 .456 .015 .273 .129 .83 8 Distinguished coupons .145 .864 .136 .115 -.178 .217 .842 9 Recharging procedure .011 .789 .102 .169 -.117 -.112 .674 10 Possibility for use .234 .646 -.133 .474 .013 -.254 .67 11 Wide area coverage .228 .261 .709 .369 -.235 -.025 .689 12 Messages delivery .396 -.162 .638 -.201 .273 -.104 .56 13 Broad roaming -.231 .129 .627 .36 -.063 .195 .595 14 Easy to get -.246 -.205 .566 .128 .385 .273 .593 15 More value added -.317 .205 .546 .128 .385 .273 .68 16 Complaints are rectified .128 .147 .173 .789 .104 -.234 .706 17 Customer service .312 .361 .125 .704 -.113 .452 .731 18 Reasonable charge .115 .361 .101 .014 .854 -.362 .777 19 Easy switch .286 .494 -.367 .384 .509 .256 .657 20 Economical .126 .116 -.336 .349 .213 .918 .881 Percentage of variance 18.6 16.81 10.89 9.89 7.14 5.83 Cumulative percentage of variance 18.60 35.41 46.31 56.18 63.28 69.11 Eigen value 5.15 3.17 2.22 1.16 1.13 1.03 Source: Primary Data Interpretation: Table 3 analyses the variables, viz, more offers facility to customers, regular full talk value offer, add on card facility is very useful, helps in building expenditure, easy procedures get new connection and reasonable call charges in their order importance which mainly attracted the customers to buy the prepaid mobile services. This implies that the service providers of mobile service may give more concentration on these features for further improvement.
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Level of Satisfaction of Roaming Services of satisfaction of roaming services and remaining 14 BSNL Mobile per cent of the respondents have low level of satisfaction of outgoing call charges for roaming services.
Charges Charged by BSNL Mobile Prepaid Services In this section, an attempt has been made to analyse the levels of satisfaction of the prepaid mobile charges with regard to the BSNL. Interpretation: Figure 1 shows that out of 500 respondents, 54 per cent of the respondents have medium level satisfaction of outgoing call charges, 32 per cent of the respondents have high level of
Table 4 Profile of the respondents and level of satisfaction S.No Categories Degree of freedom Calculated value Table value @5% Inference 1 Gender 2 1.021 5.99 Not significant 2 Age 6 7.076 12.592 Not Significant 3 Educational qualification 6 20.30 12.59 Significant 4 Occupation 6 5.2594 12.592 Not significant 5 Monthly income 8 23.42 12 Significant Source: Primary data Interpretation: From the above table 4 gender, age, and occupation computed value at 5 percent level is less than the table value. Therefore the null hypothesis accepted. Regarding educational qualification and monthly income table value is higher than the calculated value. Hence it can be concluded that the null hypothesis is rejected.
Usage of Facilities Provided by the BSNL waiting, call conferencing and MMS occupy the Mobile Services second, third and fourth places respectively. Table 6 Facilities usage by the BSNL mobile Services - Garrett Ranking Findings S. Total Factors Average Rank 54 per cent of the respondents experienced No scores some problem with BSNL mobile services. 1 SMS 31859 64 I 2 Call Waiting 29718 59 II It clear that 30 per cent of the respondents are Call facing problem of delayed connectivity, 28 per 3 28910 58 III conferencing cent of the respondents are facing the problem 4 MMS 28580 57 IV of lack of coverage. 5 Call forwarding 28130 56 V It is observed that among the various 6 Roaming 27465 55 VI variables , ‘More coverage’ is consider as the Missed call 7 26427 53 VII alter first factor ‘Attractive offer’ is consider as the 8 Voice mail 26112 52 VIII second factor among the most important Internet 9 24251 49 IX factors for having BSNL mobile services. (GPRS) Source: Computed and Primary Data Suggestions Interpretation: From Table 6 it is found that The call charge of landline connection is more among the various additional facilities extended than the call charge of mobile phone. This by BSNL to its mobile customers, the usage of difference often induces dissatisfaction in the SMS facility occupies the first position. Call minds of the customers and forces them to
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surrender landline and switchover to mobile the level of satisfaction derived by the subscribers phone. This can be halted by reducing the landline of BSNL network in Madurai city and the factors call charges and bringing them down on par with that influence the same. The study also offered the mobile call charges. A small decrease in some constructive suggestions for improving the revenue due to the cut in the landline charge is not subscribers of BSNL network. As there is a steady a significant one when the volume of landline increase in the number of mobile phone users the connection is retained or even augmented. improvement in the quality of the services of their network will attract more new subscribers and Conclusion would help to retain the existing subscribers in the BSNL network is one of the leading mobile further competitive market. service providers in Madurai. The study revealed
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TRENDS IN THE GROWTH OF ONLINE SHOPPING IN INDIA
S.Gayathri Post Graduate Student in Economics Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore
Abstract “If your business is not on the internet, then your business will be out of business” - Bill Gates, Founder of Microsoft Online shopping is defined as purchasing items from Internet retailers as opposed to a shop or store or the act of purchasing products or services over the Internet. It is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser. The popular online retailing companies in India are Myntra, Flipkart Snap deal, Amazon.com and e-Bay etc. This study analyses the trends in online shopping. It also concentrates on advantages and disadvantages of online shopping in India. The data was collected from various secondary sources.
Introduction To understand the pros and cons of online India is one of the fastest growing e-commerce shopping in India. markets worldwide, with millions of new internet To analyse the trends in online shopping in users taking advantage of cheap mobile India. connections to send mobile messages, watch online videos, use mobile services and to shop. Methodology Every companies are facing a tough competition This study is purely based on Secondary in this dynamic areas of business. They are always sources like Journals, Magazines, Reports and looking for new avenues so that they can increase Websites. contact with consumers and for the same they are letting no stone unturned. In this regard, the latest Findings of the Study trend is online shopping. It provides all type of Pros of Online Shopping goods to be available in the virtual world. All the Due to rapid frowth of technology, business products are displayed with price and detailed people have switched over from the traditional mention of the features. It can be accessed by the method of selling goods to electronic method of consumer at anytime and anywhere (24 x 7). Its selling goods. There are many advantages in main advantage is it saves time and energy of the online shopping. They are as follows: consumer. Convenience: One of the biggest benefits of online shopping is that you can buy almost Review of Literature anything you could imagine without ever leaving According to Agarwal (2014), online shopping in your house. Online stores are open 24 hours a day India is significantly affected by various and are accessible from any location with an demographic factors like age, gender, education Internet connection. and income etc. Ahluwalia and et.al (2016), Selection: In general, online stores are able to examined that the factors influencing online carry more selection than traditional brick-and- shopping and to findout that how these factors mortar stores. Because online stores don’t need to affect willingness to purchase online. Kothari and attractively display their items on shelves, they can et.al (2016) analysed the factors which online keep a larger amount of inventory on hand. They Indian customers keep in mind while shopping. also might only have small amounts of each item, since they don’t need to display them, and can Objectives of the Study order more from their supplier as needed. The main objectives of the study are as follows:
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Information: Online shops tend to provide Privacy: When the consumer shops online, more information about items for sale than you they waive certain privacy rights to the online would get in a physical store. Product descriptions retailer. Online stores can track the consumer most often include a description from the purchases over time to give more suggestions of manufacturer, another description from the things they might like to buy, send e-mails with vendor, specific technical and size details, reviews sale information, and, occasionally, sell their from professional magazines and journals, and contact information to other companies. reviews from people who have bought the Bargaining: In offline store a customer can do product. physical bargaining to the seller unlike shopping Time consuming: It takes a lot of time to go online. In online shopping a customer cannot do shopping to a store. Distance from home or bargaining as the price of the product is fixed. workplace to the store is time consuming. It is also Anxiety: People’s anxiety of exploring the time consuming while trying out the outfits in a sites and experimenting over them is also a matter store or even going through other products. of concern. Sometimes people those who are not Price: Because online stores don’t have to pay very known to any sites, they just feel like it’s a rent for a storefront in a nice part of town and tend tough kind of activity over net and its complicated to sell much larger quantities of goods, they can in there sense as they are not very fond of doing offer to sell products for a much lower price. There online shopping as it takes a time to even are even some sites that only sell clearance items! understand the product about its details. This However, buying online does take away from particular activity makes them irritated and local business, so that is a consideration to keep in anxiesious over any kind of fatal online dealing. mind. Risk: When customer buy products from Offers: Online shopping always provides online shopping they do not touch or feel the offers at all the time and day. In every purchase product in a physical sense .Hence we understand we get some offers even if there is no festival or that lot of risk is involve while buying an online carnivals. Offers are a great factor which attract product whether it will reach us on proper time or customer to purchase online. Discounts online can not is also a concern and also there may arise a be substantial up to 25-50 percent off the suggested risk of product size and colour as it may differ in retail price. real view or sense. Source: https://herrickdl.org Cons of Online Shopping Trends in Online Shopping Even though online shopping has many The Internet is a great resource and can be a advantages there are many disadvantages. They powerful tool for finding information, shopping are as follows: and communication. In India, internet users are Hands-On Inspection: One thing that online increasing every day. stores can’t replace is the experience of actually Table 1 Represents the Trends of Internet Users seeing and touching the item you are considering in India from 2014 – 2020 buying. No .of Internet users Year Shipping: Some major online retailers now (in Million) offer free shipping for their products. In general, 2014 364.1 the consumer may expect to pay an additional 2015 408.4 shipping cost on top of the price of the items that 2016 451.5 you order. 2017 493.1 * Wait Time: Waiting for your item to arrive is 2018 532.5 * another downside of online shopping. In online 2019 569.5 *2020 604.0 shopping, the consumer may have to wait days or * Indicates that the estimates of future internet even weeks for the item to arrive at the door. users. Source: www. Statista.com 15 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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From the above table, we can understand the References trends in internet users in India. In 2014, there are Journals 364.1 million internet users in India. It is showing 1. Kothari and et.al (2016), “A Study on increasing trend since 2014. The future estimates Customers Attitude towards Online Shopping also showing the rising trends of online shopping in India and its Impact: With Special in India. Reference to Solapur City”, International Journal of Advance research, Ideas and Table 2 Represents the Trends of Online Innovations in Technology, Vol. 2 (6), Pp. 1 - Shopping in India from 2014 - 2020 10. Year Sales in US Billion Dollars 2. Agarwal (2014), “A Study of factors affecting 2014 6.1 online shopping Behaviour of Consumers in 2015 13.31 Mumbai Region”, Tactful Management 2016 23.39 Research Journal, Pp. 98 -104. 2017 37.5 3. Ahluwalia (2016), “Online buying behaviour: *2018 52.54 A Case study of Jalandhar city in India”, *2019 65.09 Pacific Business Review International, Vol. 8 *2020 79.41 (7), Pp. 23 -30. * Indicates that the estimates of future internet users Thesis Source: www. Statista.com 1. Puja Gupta (2015), “Comparative Study of From the above table, we can understand the Online and Offline Shopping: A Case Study trends in online shopping in India. In 2014, the of Rourkela in Odisha”, National Institute of Sales in online was about 6.1 US billion dollars. It Technology, Rourkela. is showing the rising since 2014. The future 2. Faize Ali Shah (2014), “Online Shopping in estimates also showing the increasing trends of India: A Paradigm Shift in Consumers’ online shopping in India. Buying Behavior”, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra.
Conclusion Websites “Leadership in telecommunications is also 1. www.statista.com essential, since we are now in the age of e – 2. www.ibef.org commerce.” 3. https://herrickdl.org - Michael Oxley, FBI Agent.
Due to revolution in telecommunication sector number of users of internet are increased in
India in recent time. The statistical data are showing that the online shopping will have an intensive growth in India. It is also understand that the curiosity of consumers towards the online shopping is higher.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TIRUVANNAMALAI MUNICIPALITY
K.Puganraj Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Government Arts College, Tiruvannamalai
Dr.A.M.Ayyothi & Dr.A.Udhayakumar Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Government Arts College, Tiruvannamalai
Abstract Solid waste management is among the basic essential services provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep cities clean. Due to industrialization, rural to urban migration and high growth rate of population have induced rapid urbanization in developing countries and obviously in India also. The haphazard urbanization created acute problem of solid waste management. The per capita waste generation rate in India has increased from 0.44 kg per day in 2011 to 0.5 kg per day in 2011; such a steep increase in waste generation within a decade has severed the stress on all infrastructural, natural and budgetary resources. Tiruvannamalai town generates 52 Tons of Solid Waste per day out of this nearly 40 MT of the Solid Waste being collected, transported and disposed daily, which works to per capita generation of 250 gms/day. The efficiency of the present mechanism is able to collect 75% of the total waste generated in the town. The Urban Local Body also carry out weekly mass waste cleaning programme to clear the left out wastes by making extra vehicle trips in the town. The total garbage collected constitutes 48% of the domestic wastes 42% commercial wastes and 10% of construction wastes. The development along with population growth resulted in the accumulation of huge amount of solid waste including hazardous and toxic waste. The main purpose of this paper is to give a view of the solid waste management, practices and its implications on environment in Tiruvannamalai municipality. Keywords: Solid, Waste, Municipality
Introduction Solid waste management is a science The term solid waste encompasses “the associated with the control of generation, storage, heterogeneous mass of throwaways from the collection, transfer and transport, processing and urban communities as well as accumulations from disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in agricultural, industrial and other activities”. The accord with the best principle of public health, disposal of such a huge quantity of waste is giving economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics rise to many environmental issues. Most of the and other environmental conditions. Solid waste countries face the problem of land availability for management includes all administrative, financial, the disposal of huge quantity of solid waste. The legal, planning and engineering function involved increasing population with respect to the disposal in solutions to all problems of solid wastes. The of solid waste space is running out in most of the solid waste management has become a worldwide countries. Solid waste disposal has become a concern since its disposal is resulting in several major concern. The environment has a capacity to environmental and health issues. The dilute, disperse and absorb the unwanted residues environmental and health problems related to or waste. However, the quantity of solid waste solid waste are not a recent phenomenon, the generated has become so vast that it has exceeded concerns towards solid waste and health can be the natural assimilative capacity of the earth, traced to the history of mankind. Gives this resulting in environmental deterioration. Several backdrop, the present study analyses the solid ecologist and environmentalist are questioning the waste management in Tiruvannamalai consequences of the environmental pollution due municipality to solid waste which endangers man’s survival on earth. The need to find a solution to control the Objectives of the Study environmental repercussions associated is one of The objectives of the present study are as the major emphasis of solid waste management follows: studies.
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1. To study the infrastructure provided by the dustbins are placed 300 feet away from their government authority for managing solid households and23.33percent of them registered waste. 200 feet. From this, it is evident that the dustbins 2. To analyses the solid waste generation and its are placed far away from the households. This management by surveyed respondents. may lead the residents to dump the waste in public
Methodology places, which may affect the environment. In order to analyze the solid waste Therefore, it would be better to place more management, Tiruvannamalai municipality is dustbins to reduce the negative effects to the selected from Tamil Nadu. The study uses the environment and human being. primary data for the study. Table 1 Distance of Dustbins Placed from the Household Study Area Sl. Category Frequency Percentage For analyzing the solid waste management, No Tiruvannamalai municipality is selected from 1 300 yard feet 63 70.00 TamilNadu. 2 200 yard feet 21 23.33 3 100 yard feet 6 6.67 Sample Design Total 90 100.00 The stratified random sample technique is Source: Based on field survey. adopted the sample. From study area Note: Figures in parenthesis denote percentage to 90households are selected. column total. Table 2 gives details about the religion of the Statistical Design sample respondents. The majority of the The primary data were collected through field respondents were Hindus forming 70.00 per cent. survey with the structured interview schedule. Christians were 23.33 per cent followed by Statistical package for social science (SPSS) was Muslims forming 6.67 per cent of the sample used in addition to Ms Excel for data processing, respondents and remaining two per cent from analyze the household’s income and waste other religions. generation. Besides, simple statistical measures such as averages and percentages are also used Contamination of Water Resources extensively for analysis. The highest percentage of the respondents (32.22%) strongly agreed and 25.55 per cent of the Results and Discussion respondents agreed with the statement that Distance of Dustbins Placed from the Household Contamination of water resources. Only 14.44 per Table 1 shows the distance of the dustbins cent of the respondents disagreed those members placed from the households. From the results, of the SWM face problem Contamination of water 70.00 per cent of the respondents report that the resources.
Table 2 Problems Facing Due To Solid Waste Sl. No Problem SA A N D SD 1 Contamination of water resources 29 (32.22) 23 (25.55) 13 (14.44) 10 (11.11) 15 (16.67) 2 Damage to eco system 20 (22.22) 27 (30.00) 16 (17.78) 17 (18.88) 10 (11.11) 3 Degradation of flora and fauna 25 (27.78) 30 (33.33) 17 (18.89) 11 (12.22) 7 (7.78) 4 Reduction of soil fertility 29 (32.22) 25 (27.77) 15 (16.67) 12 (13.33) 9 (10.00) 5 Sewage problem 35 (38.89) 20 (22.22) 15 (16.67) 14 (15.55) 6 (6.67) 6 Unclean waste dumping 25 (27.78) 30 (33.33) 12 (13.33) 8 (8.89) 15 (16.67) 7 Effect of inefficient recycling 22 (24.44) 32 (35.55) 18 (20.00) 11 (12.22) 7 (7.78) 8 Bad smell 29 (32.22) 24 (26.67) 15 (16.67) 12 (13.33) 10 (11.11) 9 Increasing diseases 33 (36.67) 23 (25.55) 14 (15.55) 11 (12.22) 9 (10.00) Source: Based on field survey. Note: Figures in parenthesis denote percentage to column total.
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Damage to Eco System faced by members of SWM. Only 7.78 per cent of Of the total number of respondents, 30.00 per the respondents strongly disagreed. cent of the respondents agree and 27.78 per cent of the respondents strongly agree with the statement Bad Smell that heavy interest rate of the bank is the difficulty Of the total number of respondents, 32.22 per faced by the members of SWM. Only 11.11 per cent of the respondents strongly agree and 26.67 cent of the respondents have strongly disagreed. per cent of the respondents agree with the statement “Bad smell” is the problem faced by Degradation of Flora and Fauna members of SWM. Only 11.11 per cent of the Out of the total sample respondents, 33.33 per respondents have strongly disagreed. cent of the respondents agreed, and another 27.78 per cent of the respondents strongly agreed that a Increasing Diseases problem faced by SWM Only 7.78 per cent of the Out of the total sample respondents, 36.67 per respondents “strongly disagreed” with the cent of the respondents strongly agreed, and statement “Degradation of flora and fauna”. another 25.55 per cent of the respondents. Only Therefore, it is very much clear that majority of 10.00 per cent of the respondents expressed the respondents opined that the factors for the strongly disagreed. success of their SWM. Transportation Reduction of Soil Fertility Transportation is carried out by using The highest percentage of respondents (32.22 different types of vehicles depending on the per cent) strongly agreed and another 27.77 per distances to be covered by them. Small vehicles cent of the respondents agreed that the problem discharge waste at transfer stations where the faced by the members of SWM. Only 10.00 per wastes are loaded into larger vehicles for cent of the respondents “strongly disagreed” that transportation to the disposal sites. Transfer the problem faced by SWM. stations are centralized facilities where waste is unloaded from smaller collection vehicles and re- Sewage Problem loaded into larger vehicles (including in some For the statement “Sewage problem”, 38.89 instances barges or rail roads) for transport to a percentages of the respondents have strongly disposal or processing site. agreed and 22.22 per cent of the respondents agreed with the opinion that problems faced by Table 3 Transportation of the Waste members of SWM. Only 6.67 per cent of the Sl. Transportation Frequency Percentage respondents disagreed with the view that the No officials are not friendly and encouraging. 1 Open trucks 12 13.33 2 Tractor-trailers 15 16.67 Unclean Waste Dumping 3 Tipper trucks 25 27.78 Among the total, 33.33 per cent of the 4 Tricycle 30 33.33 Dumper respondents strongly agree and 27.78 per cent of 5 8 8.89 placers the respondents agree that problems faced by Total 90 100.00 members of the SWM and, only 8.89 per cent of Source: Based on field survey, Note: Figures in the respondents disagreed. parenthesis denote percentage to column total
For transporting waste mostly Tricycle were Effect of Inefficient Recycling used (33.33 percent) followed by Tipper trucks The highest percentage of the respondents (27.78 per cent). Only 16.67 percent were handled (35.55 %) agreed and 24.44 per cent of the by Tractor-trailers and 13.33 per cent collected by respondents strongly agreed with the statement Open trucks. However 8.89 percent of respondents that “Effect of inefficient recycling” is the problem throw the Dumper placers.
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Table 4 Communalities Sl. Problem SA A N DA SDA No 1 Absence of organized primary collection 33 (36.67) 28 (31.11) 14 (15.55) 10 (11.11) 5 (5.55) 2 Overflowing secondary collection units 30 (33.33) 25 (27.78) 19 (21.11) 10 (11.11) 6 (6.67) 3 Manpower in adequacy 32 (35.55) 20 (22.22) 22 (24.44) 12 (13.33) 4 (4.44) 4 Weak institutional setup 23 (25.55) 34 (37.78) 15 (16.67) 8 (8.89) 10 (11.11) 5 Poor civic sense of people 15 (16.67) 30 (33.33) 25 (27.78) 14 (15.55) 6 (6.67) 6 lack of laws 37 (41.11) 20 (22.22) 15 (16.67) 12 (13.33) 6 (6.67) 7 Paucity of financial resource 23 (25.55) 34 (37.78) 15 (16.67) 10 (11.11) 8 (8.89) 8 Lack of co-operation from the public 21 (23.33) 30 (33.33) 20 (22.22) 14 (15.55) 5 (5.55) 9 absence of recycling unit 32 (35.55) 25 (27.78) 11 (12.22) 13 (14.44) 9 (10.00) 10 Inefficiency of labour 26 (28.88) 34 (37.78) 12 (13.33) 11 (12.22) 7 (7.78) Source: Based on field survey. Note: Figures in parenthesis denote percentage to column total.
Absence of Organized Primary Collection 6.67 per cent of the respondents strongly The highest percentage of the respondents disagreed. (36.67%) strongly agreed and 31.11 per cent of the respondents agreed with the statement that Lack of Laws Absence of organized primary collection. Only The highest percentage of the respondents 5.55 per cent of the respondents disagreed. (41.11%) strongly agreed and 22.22 per cent of the respondents agreed. Only 6.67 per cent of the Overflowing Secondary Collection Units respondents strongly disagreed. Of the total number of respondents, 33.33 per cent of the respondents strongly agree and 27.78 Paucity of Financial Resource per cent of the respondents agree with the Of the total number of respondents, 37.78 per statement that overflowing secondary cent of the respondents “agreed” and 25.55 per collectionunits and, 6.67 per cent of the cent of the respondents “strongly agree”. Only respondents have strongly disagreed. 8.89 per cent of the respondents have “strongly disagreed”. Manpower in Adequacy Out of the total sample respondents, 35.55 per Lack of Co-Operation from the Public cent of the respondents Neutral, another 24.44 per Out of the total sample respondents, 33.33 cent of the respondents strongly agreed. Only 4.44 percent of the respondents “agreed” another 23.33 per cent of the respondents “strongly disagreed. percent of the respondents strongly agree. Only Therefore, it is very much clear that “Manpower 5.55 percent of the respondents strongly disagreed. in adequacy”. Therefore, it is very much clear that majority of the respondents opined that Lack ofco-operation Weak Institutional Setup from the public. The highest percentage of respondents (37.78 per cent) agreed and another 25.55 per cent of the Absence of Recycling Unit respondents strongly agreed. And, 8.89 per cent of The highest percentage of respondents (35.55 the respondents “disagreed”. percent) “strongly agreed” another 27.78 percent of the respondents agreed. And, 10.00 percent of Poor Civic Sense of People the respondents strongly disagreed. For the statement “Poor civic sense ofpeople”, 33.33 percentages of the respondents agreed and Inefficiency of Labour 27.78 per cent of the respondents Neutral. Only For the statement “Inefficiency of labour”, 37.78 percentage of the respondents “agreed” and
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28.88 percent of the respondents strongly agreed. Only 7.78 percent of the respondents “disagreed” Conclusion with the statement. The researcher has asked the respondents opinion for improving the existing solid waste Willingness to Pay for Solid Waste Management management system. They have come forward to Lack of financial resources is one of the major give certain suggestions and the respondents obstacles in managing solid waste. Willingness to suggest to burn the dusts every week and to pay helps to find out the amount the households dispose it far away from the person’s residence. are willing to pay for waste management service. The government authorities must have a plan to Though there was so much waste, all the surveyed dispose the degradable and non-degradable waste population did not agree with paying for waste without harming the society. The local management. The response from the households, government’s employees have to clear and re- towards the willingness to pay for waste dispose the waste from street every day so as to management service is recorded. provide a good environmental to the human beings. Besides the availability and non- Table 5 Willingness to Pay for Solid Waste availability of dustbin determines dumping of Management waste in dustbins or streets. Willingness Sl. No Frequency Percentage to Pay Select References 1 Yes 69 76.67 1. B. Abraham lingan and G.Poyyamoli (20140 2 No 21 23.33 A study on current status of Municipal solid Total 90 100.00 waste management practices in Cuddalore Source: Primary Data Municipality India Note. Figures in parentheses indicate percentage 2. Ahsan,N.,“Solid Waste Management Plan for to total Indian Mega Cities”, Indian Journal of The data pertaining to whether households Environmental Protection,19(2),1999 are willing to pay some amount to get a better solid waste management service reveals that, 3. Ibrahim Bathusha,M. and Saseetharan,M.K., 76.67 percent of respondents were willing to pay “Characterisation, Generation and and only 23.33percent of respondents were not Management of Municipal Solid Waste in ready to pay any amount for the better Coimbatore City”, Indian Journal management of solid waste. The respondents Environmental stated various reasons for their unwillingness to Protection,Vol.26,No.3,March2006. pay for solid waste management. Among those 4. Singh,R.P., Singh,Y., Swaroop,D., Gupta,N., who were not willing to pay, most of them Singh,S., and Gautam,A., “Quality and reported that people with higher income should Management of Solid Wastes in Agracity”, pay and few of them were of the view that it is not Proceedings of National Symposium on necessary to pay the amount. Some of the Environment, Bangalore University,6, 2000. respondents explained that payment will not help 5. Yeshodha, Karibasappa and Karthiheyan in reducing the solid waste problem and the (2015) solid waste management – A Case money paid will be of no use. study for housur- Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu, International J. of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
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A STUDY ON GREEN BANKING INITIATIVES OF SBI AND ICICI BANK
Dr.K.Karthikeyan Associate Professor of Commerce, PG and Research Department of Commerce Vivekananda College, Thiruvedakam West, Madurai
M.Dinesh Kumar Ph.D. Scholar (Full Time), PG and Research Department of Commerce Vivekananda College, Thiruvedakam West, Madurai
Abstract Green Banking is fully focused or engages on eco-friendly initiatives by reducing carbon footprint in banking operations. Green Banking practices perceived a variety of electronic products and services to measures supporting eco-friendly procedures to electronic waste management systems and reduction of power energy utilization. Green banking are resources of developing for complete banking strategies they will make sure sustainable financial development in India banks. State Bank of India (SBI) and Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) Bank is a public and private bank sector are two largest banks in India. They are best performance and efficiency of commercial banks in the key of elements in the financial system. This relative study of SBI and ICICI Bank shows that there are significant differences on the performance of SBI and ICICI Bank in terms of Internet Banking, ATM Services, Cash Deposit Machine, Electronic Wallet, RTGS & NEFT. Based on the study, it can be said that SBI has an extensive operation than ICICI Bank. Analysis simple percentages have been used to analyze and interpret the data on ATMs, POS, Credit Card Outstanding made in India during the study period of 2013 to 2017(5 years). Keywords: Green Banking, Eco-Friendly Banking, Sustainable Development, Environmental Banking and Corporate Social Responsibility.
Introduction done by handle so many ways of using online In this modern technology world banking banking through paying bills; e-statement and sectors have enabled the information technology digital money paying to buy domestic products for devices for banking transaction activities. It point of sale multi banking activities for making process of greater insists to digital banking product steps to support relating green initiatives. Global and services position of cashless transactions are warming and climate change are now having a moving the digital economy. In the focus on direct impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, natural production developing and adapt to dry land, water resources and human health. In modern needs and globalization, they become this principle of one private bank, ICICI and one aware some natural issues like global warming, public sector bank in SBI have been in use to environmental safety concerns, social, ethical or revise the financial performance on the basis of sustainable issues. The banking products and analysis. As SBI is one of the most important services are provided through electronic devices public sector banks in India and ICICI is the with the help of online or internets. The banks are second largest and important bank of the private adopted go green concept to initiatives of a green sector in India they are two banks focus on go banking system based on banking process into green to adopt green initiatives. modern banking services. The green banking system is the help of sustainable development to Objectives of the Paper product global for the green initiative by a member The following are the objectives of the present of stakeholders to save the environment natural paper: resources. Green banking is encouraging social 1. To examine the green banking initiatives in and eco-friendly practices and reducing the carbon India footprint from banking activities. This could be
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2. To study the Green banking initiatives of SBI Gobinda Deka. (2015) examined that & ICICI Bank sustainable banking means using all of the bank's resources with responsibility and care, avoiding Research Methodology waste and giving priority to choices that take The present paper is a descriptive in nature sustainability into account. These highlights of and is based on secondary data only. The data environmental and eco-friendly banking practices were collected from SBI & ICICI Bank annual assume by the SBI in India. Green banking report and other related publications. The practices are also beneficial to the banks because literatures were collected from published journals they cause less postage cost and also reduce the and websites. A study period of 5 years has been workload of the bank personnel. In the banks must taken. The period of study cover (2013 to 2017), be literate their customers about the use simple percentage have been used to analyze this procedures of green banking practices to adopt all data. green strategies to save the earth. Sinu, Gopi. (2016). said that green banking as Literature Review a concept is a protective and smart way of Varalakshmi Alapati, Chowdari Prasad & thinking towards future sustainability. That higher Srinivasa Rao.K.S. (2013) analyzed that than the impact of green banking in environmental technology was launched in a progressive way protection than identify the strategies adopted by both at back-office and front organization level in SBI for green banking. Many of the organizations almost all the branches in cover the area has rural, took necessary steps to control such problems. semi-urban, urban and metro centers. Gradually, Financial sector or banking sector also takes such ATMs, Internet Banking, Credit, Debit & Smart initiatives. That is called as green banking. In Cards and additional services were made other words, the green banking is the operation of successful at all the bank branches. Hi-tech the financial sector with special focus on the advancements have brought in both lean and environmental, ecological and social factors. Green Banking in the banks in India over a period Anantha Shayana, Ashrith N Raj & which is positively better in the smooth and Shivaprasad Rai K. (2017) suggested that the resourceful performance of the banking sector as banking sector is one of the major sources of also primary to clean environment. financing industrial projects such as steel, paper, Neetu Sharma, Richa Chaudhary & Harsh cement, chemicals, fertilizers, power, textiles, etc. Purohit. (2014) said that green Banking is not only Banking sectors can be playing an agents role in a CSR activity of an association but also it is about economic development and environmental creating the public livable without any substantial protection of nature, for promoting injury. while Public sector banks beside with environmentally, ethics or sustainable and socially ICICI bank are taking different initiatives such as responsible asset. To identify opportunity for creating green awareness among the public, giving inventive eco-friendly financial products then extra preference to eco-friendly commercial issues and challenges faced during the adoption of developments, promoting the pollution control green banking and appreciate the sustainable procedures, promoting Environment Management growth of green banking in India. System official recognition etc. along with the basic green initiatives such as paperless banking, Green Banking energy able products recycling, Recently, Ms. Green Banking is a normal banking service Kochhar MD & CEO of ICICI Bank on 11th Nov system it’s consisted that environmental 2014 said that ICICI Bank’s involvement in the production, eco-friendly, social and natural Swachh Bharat Abhiyan would be a sustainable, resources to avoid the global warming. The green continuing exercise that the Bank would make for banking sector in that way of reducing internal over a year. and external impact for carbon footprint using and that sustainable development term of increasing
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energy use for lighting, air conditioning, paper financing Green Industries and Green Business consumption, computer, communication letters, peoples toward the help of green entrepreneurship. statements, reports, documentation, letters etc. Green Computing: Green computing refers They correct inspection of all projects that are an to environmentally sustainable computing. Green investment in the terms of environmental activity computing is an eco-friendly use of computers and and another majority element of Green Banking. their resources. It is also clear that the study of Green banks will support paperless banking scheming, developed or manufacturing, wires transaction, green building, solar energy, green using and disposing of computing devices in a way garden, green campus, green technology online of reduces their environmental impact. The aims transfer, online account opening, re-checking, of green computing reduce the utilization of reducing paper, solar using energy consumption of unsafe materials, make the majority of energy clients, mobile banking apps, video conference, efficiency during the products of a lifetime, and greenhouse loans, eco-friendly car loans, green encourage the recyclability or bio-degradability of credit for industries that have eco-friendly obsolete products and factory waste. measures, green cards, green education loan, and Green Campus: Green Campus is the best green transport ATMs and electronic passbook concept of standardization for his effective to the printing machine. establishment of environmentally sustainable practices in hospitals, colleges, IT companies and Green Banking Initiatives in India educational institutions in India. The concept of Green banking was first Green Technology: The term technology introduced by Mt. Dora, Florida, United States in refers to the request of knowledgeable for human 2009. The company promoted by Dora is known practical main reasons of "green technology" for focusing on environmental friendly and includes an always developing group of techniques sustainable banking practices. and equipment from methods for encouraging Paperless Banking Transaction: Green energy to harmless cleaning products. banking is paper-less work (paper-less work means less cutting trees in the forest) to enable electronic Comparative Study of Green Banking Initiatives transactions likes ATMs, net banking, and mobile by SBI and ICICI Bank banking through banking transactions by the To make clear understanding of the concept customers. of green banking in India, an attempt is made to Green Building: Green building surrounds all examine the various initiatives taken by the largest the alternative of building resources to anywhere a public sector bank in India i.e., State Bank of building is situated. Green Building is the usage of India (SBI) and largest private sector bank in India water to make a recycle that water has proper use i.e., ICICI bank. that is a green Building process. Green Solar Energy: This is a save for power Green Banking Initiatives by SBI – Green energy in natural resources to the sunlight to get Channel the solar power and prepare the plant in save State Bank of India (SBI) shall be initiatives power energy that can be used in winter season. green channel banking at additional of its branches Green Garden: Green Garden is measured to encourage paperless banking work and to make that eco-friendly activities to develop the green it is very easy and faster transaction for bank garden it can be green banking are a help to customers. SBI Turns Green, Installs Windmills in provide loans to developing the green garden. Coimbatore State Bank of India BSE -1.68 % SBI Green Loan: Green loaning refers to a has become in the first bank in the state to lending dependent on environmental criteria for business enterprise into a generation of green the intended use of funds and lately that power by equipment are fixing windmills for commercial banks in India have dedicated to captive use. In the part of green banking, the initiative has set 10 windmills with a collective
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aptitude of 15 MW in the states of Tamil Nadu, personally, banks processes and banking Maharashtra, and Gujarat. customers to cost-efficient automatic green SBI adopts green banking to the counter in a channels to creating awareness and realization of long with its ‘Go Green' development, State Bank saving our environment and nation resources for of India inaugurated a “green channel counter” at our society. The past few years green bank services a Chennai branch are respect customers making have listened carefully maintain on reducing its paperless deposits, withdrawals, and remittances. carbon footprint and taking in well-organized Customers are not needed to fill any pay in slips or technology processes. In line with this thought draw cheques for deposit and withdrawal money take some actions to ensure that the Bank actively from their accounts for saving paper. The services providing towards environmental sustainability. have been enabled to make use the modern The SBI has saved 34.2 million units in terms transactions to start with the banking assumes that of energy consumption more than past 3 years. it would make things easy for every person has This is equal to the quantity of energy that can who like this banking system. In future buildings power 42,000 rural households for use entirely in will be made on the green with initiatives such as the year. ICICI Bank has utilized 20 million units the utmost use of natural lighting and recycled of solar energy measures that nearly 10% of the water. Banks energy consumption at present depends on SBI launches Green PIN to generate paperless the sources of solar energy. In the general energy ATM PIN is an easy and convenient way of savings & utilization of energy has enabled the operating Debit card through various channels like Banks to reduce carbon release by nearly 40,000 ATMs, internet banking, mobile banking and tones. This is a similar effect as planting beyond 1, SMS Banking etc. SBI is a largest commercial 90,000 trees to consideration the size of carbon banks in India to announced that SBI Green PIN. emission. In this new initiative was launched by Mr. Save Paper & Save Trees: In every tone, Arundhati Bhattacharya, Chairman of SBI. The papers are destroyed 17 trees; they can be made Green initiative has taken steps for paperless recycle paper, paper use of carbon footprint on banking which will helps both customers and double side and send for reports or e-statements employees of the banks. Bank employees will not through e-mail. be necessary to sustain physical care of ATM PIN, Conserve Energy and Conserve Natural that new alternative can be brought to other Resources: Online paying bills for all transaction helpful operational analysis at the same time should have 38,000 bills paid with online and customers are does not need to actually visit the 5,058 pounds of greenhouse gases are restricted branch to get their ATM PIN. Green PIN will and 2 tons of trees are preserved. Using car pools significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the going to work avoiding 10 miles of driving each Banks. It will help customers with most easily by week would eliminate concerning 500 pounds of avoiding delay and visits to a bank branch for carbon-dioxide emissions of year. Drive sensibly accepting renewal ATM PIN needs. This initiative each gallon of gas burned discharge 20 pounds of is very using of saving substantial cost on carbon-dioxide making the most of boiler. Use stationary and documents. Compact fluorescents lights (CFL) creating the same value of lighting as normal bulbs, but uses Green Banking Initiatives by ICICI – Go Green concerning a quarter of the electric power and uses ICICI Bank is accountability business people of last ten times as long. Utilization of unplugs that every small green step taken today would go a electronics Cell phone chargers, TVs, DVD long way in building a greener future and that players, stereos, microwaves and every electronics each one of us can work towards a better global with transformers carry on to produce power. Save environment. Go Green is a banking sector-wide water turn off the tap while every use at home. initiative that goes further than moving us
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Green Banking Initiatives of SBI and ICICI Bank ITEMS SBI ICICI Bank The Internet banking gateway of our bank Internet Banking is a convenient way to do enables its retail banking customers to accounts banking from the ease handle at home or office. process from anywhere anytime, take off the Avoid the queue or delays for this Internet limits era. Using Internet banking services for Banking facility on online banking options are transactions online funds transfer our accounts, check account statement, transfer funds, payee interbank transfers to accounts with other management, bill payments, recharge, my Internet Banks, Request for Issue of Demand Draft, profile, deposits, Pockets, view our transaction Banking opening of new accounts, closure of Loan status, apply for government schemes, view Accounts, Issue of Cheque Book, Utility bill statements, demat account, invest online, payments, Online Ticket Booking for travel by ensure online, link your accounts, tax centre, Road, Rail and Air, SBI life LIC and other manage credit cards, manage loan accounts, insurance premium payments really smart service requests, unique features and other banking transactions services. services ATM offers the convenience of more than ICICI Bank 24/7 in the large area covers by 43,000 in India; the largest network in the ATMs and branches. To help you find the near country and lifelong to expand quickly. State ICICI Bank branch or ATM, here is easy to use Bank ATMs is state bank credit card, cards map based interface. Touch Banking Branches - issued by other banks showing maestro, master offers customer’s to-do real time cash deposit ATM card, cirrus, VISA card, using cash withdrawal, into a bank account, withdraw cash, deposit Services pin change, balance enquiry, mini-statement, cheque, transfer funds, open fixed deposit, card to card transfer, credit card payment, SBI combining bank statement and a large number life premium payment, mobile top-up, cheque of additional transactions. Customers can be book request, trust donation, mobile banking, transaction look for account related to and inter-mobile mobile payment system for the information through Internet banking and IMPS service at all our ATMs. Videoconference ability round the clock. The Cash Deposit Machine to improved known ICICI Bank cash deposit machines offer as CDM is an ATM likes a machine that allows complete computerized solution for cash does deposit cash directly manner into your deposit. Customers and also representatives on account using the ATM used a debit card. The behalf of customers can deposit cash into an Cash Deposit transaction receiving also gives our account ICICI Bank account and get immediate credit Machines balance. Some of the salient for saving paper; and alert SMS. Customers can deposit cash direct credit or cash deposit in the account, this through debit card swipe and customer’s transaction is a quick and convenient way to beneficiary accounting number on the kiosk deposit cash, paperless transaction, and other Banking services etc. Mobi-Cash is a Mobile Wallet by State Bank of ICICI Bank introduced Multi-Wallet Prepaid India in connection with BSNL. It offers Card to use easy solution for all corporations to services like fund transfer, mobile recharge, bill make payments to its employees. All payments Electronic payment, balance inquiry and mini statement. swiping like a meal, medical, fuel, telecom, Wallet The wallet available is Smartphone’s as well as travel, gifting or incentives and others. Holistic essential feature phones. The wallet can be payment solution especially planned for accessed in self-mode as well as in information corporate to make their payments practice are mode with the help of BSNL CSPs. simpler and faster. RTGS &NEFT enables a well-organized, Real Time Gross Settlement can be clear that secure, cost-effective and dependable system of the continuous settlement of funds separately on transfer of funds from one bank to another bank an order by order basis. Pay for transactions like Real Time as well as from remitters account in the bank. cash management transfer, hedging, interest, Gross Need for transfer of funds is amount to be loan, securities, supplier payment, tax payment, Settlement / remitted to A/c number, Name of a/c holder, trade, trade settlement payment, and value- National IFSC code (IFSC Code is printed on cheque added tax payment etc. National Electronic Electronic leaves.) These services are available at all our Funds Transfer is a national wide payment Funds Core Banking branches. system easier fund to funds transfer. Use NEFT Transfer service to transfer funds anywhere using the following modes is Internet Banking, iMobile, and ICICI bank pay.
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Table 1 No of ATMs of SBI & ICICI ATMs in It is observe from table- III that the number of India (As on 31st March) Credit Card outstanding of SBI and ICICI Bank. No. of ATMS In the percentage of total number of Credit Card Year Total SBI ICICI has increased from 51.79% in SBI to 48.21% in 2013 27175 (72.17) 10481 (27.83) 37656 (100) ICICI bank 2017. 2014 43515 (79.36) 11315 (20.64) 54830 (100) Therefore, show that Tables it is concluded 2015 45502 (78.52) 12451 (21.48) 57953 (100) 2016 49724 (78.32) 13766 (21.68) 63490 (100) that SBI and ICICI bank have increased 2017 50188 (78.33) 13882 (21.67) 64070 (100) significantly during the study period from 2013 to Source : RBI bank wise atm/pos/card statisticals 2017 (5years). Finally the largest network is State march’2013 to march’ 2017 Bank of India. It is clear from table- I that the total number of ATMs percentage of SBI and ICICI Bank Conclusion estimations had been developed to higher range in Green banking is very vital for progress in every consecutive year. The utilization of the banking sector activities in India. The initiatives of ATMs had been changed according to the going green concepts in SBI and ICICI bank development in technology. It marks the activates to development of the Indian ecology development in the transactions of the buyers and banking services and financial institution. The business sectors by the entrepreneurs. So, it will be awareness of green banking products and services profitable for banking sectors with customers. The is ready to do all common people using the SBI & ICICI bank of made through number of modern banking activities. The adoption of go ATMs has increased from 78.33% in SBI to green concept public and private banks should be 21.67% in ICICI bank 2017. implementation sustainable development they concept is reduce paperless work, low use of Table 2 No of Point of Sale (POS) of SBI & energy consumption, install solar power, reuse the ICICI bank in India (As on 31st March) building using wastewaters and less than impact No. of POS natural environmental etc. Green banking is street Year Total SBI ICICI to reduce greenhouse gasses and save environment 2013 65514 (24.88) 197852 (75.12) 263366 (100) natural resources and using information 2014 135853 (31.67) 293166 (68.33) 429019(100) technology devices for proper handling net 2015 200878 (47.54) 221663 (52.46) 422541 (100) 2016 302119 (60.08) 200759 (39.92) 502878 (100) banking, banking websites and mobile apps etc. 2017 509113 (62.41) 306593 (37.59) 815706 (100) Hence, they are study on green banking initiatives Source : RBI bank wise atm/pos/card statisticals of SBI and ICICI bank. march’2013 to march’ 2017 It is observe from table- II that the number of References Point of Sale (POS) percentage of SBI and ICICI 1. Alapati, Varalakshmi., Prasad, Chowdari., & Bank. The SBI & ICICI bank of made through Rao, Srinivasa, K.S. (2013). Banking percentage of total number of POS has increased Innovation For A Eco-Friendly Environment: from 62.41% in SBI to 37.59% in ICICI bank A New Trend Of Lean And Green 2017. Management. Journal of International Table 3 No of Credit Card Outstanding of SBI & Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, ICICI bank in India (As on 31st March) 1(6), 400-421. No of Credit Card Outstanding 2. Sharma, Neetu., Chaudhary, Richa., & Year Total SBI ICICI Purohit, Harsh. (2014). A Comparative Study 2013 2572777(47.30) 2866278 (52.70) 5439055 (100) 2014 2858116 (47.33) 3180205 (52.67) 6038321 (100) on Green Initiatives Taken By Select Public 2015 3158032 (48.68) 3329101 (51.32) 6487133 (100) and Private Sector Banks in Mumbai. IOSR 2016 3620042 (49.77) 3653052 (50.23) 7273094 (100) Journal of Business and Management, 8th 2017 4569048 (51.79) 4253992 (48.21) 8823040 (100) International Business Research Conference, Source : RBI bank wise atm/pos/card statisticals march’2013 to march’ 2017
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IES Management College and Research 5. Shayana, Anantha., Raj, Ashrith, N., & Rai, Centre, Mumbai, India, 32-37. Shivaprasad, K. (2017). A Study on Problems 3. Deka, Gobinda. (2015). Green Banking and Perspects of Green Banking With Practices: A Study on Environmental Reference to Coastal Regions, Karnataka, Strategies of Banks with Special Reference to India. International Journal of Research in State Bank of India. Indian Journal of Finance & Marketing, 7(1), 141-151. Commerce & Management Studies, 6(3), 11- 6. https://www.sbi.co.in/ 19. 7. https://www.icicibank.com/ 4. Gopi, Sinu. (2016). A Study on the Impact of 8. https://www.rbi.org.in/ Green Banking in Environmental Protection. IJARIIE, 1(4), 382-388.
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A STUDY ON SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL IN AUNDIPATTY TALUK OF THENI DISTRICT, TAMILNADU
R.Alaguraja Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Mathematical Economics School of Economics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
Dr.T.Indra Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematical Economics School of Economics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
Abstract Modernization, industrialization and rapid urbanisation have resulted in growing concern of waste management. The waste generation and It can cause serious impact on health and problems to the surrounding environment. This paper aims to identify the waste generation and management of domestic solid waste in Aundipatty taluk. The study entirely relay on primary data collected with the help of a well structured schedule. The study revealed that
Introduction minimizing the amount of surface water entering “Solid waste” is the term now used into and gas escaping from the waste [1]. internationally to describe non-liquid waste Kreith Frank (1994) has studied about the materials arising from domestic, trade, health impact of an improper solid waste, commercial, industrial, agriculture and mining management system. As the population increased, activities and from the public services. Solid the demand for food and the other essential items wastes comprise countless different materials dust, also increased so that the wastes also increased. food wastes, packaging in the form of paper, Unattended wastes normally led to the spread of metals plastic or glass, discarded clothing and epidemics in the various parts of the country [2]. furnishings, garden wastes and hazardous and Leena Singh, R. Sunderesan et al. (2014) radioactive wastes. With increase in the have explained that each year, about 55 million worldwide population and the increasing demand tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 38 for food and other prerequisites, there has been a billion litres of manure are generated in the increase in the quantity of waste organism municipal areas of India. This has important generated daily by each household. This waste is impacts on the quantity of ground that is and will eventually thrown into municipal waste collection be essential for discarding, economic expenses of centres from where it is collected by the area collecting and transporting waste, and the municipalities to be additional thrown into the environmental consequences of greater than landfills and dumps. before MSW production levels [3]. Aurangabadkar and Swaminathan (2011) Review of the Literature indicate that Chennai is the largest city in south Turk L.J. (1970) said that Sanitary landfill is India with nearly 3.80 million people a completely engineered disposal choice, which (1991census). The majority of landfills are avoids unsafe effects of abandoned dumping by operated in an uncontrolled way and without spreading, compacting and covering the harsh proper lining measures to prevent leachable environment that has been carefully engineered mitigation into underlying and surrounding before use. The compacted layer of soil restricts ground water environment. There was little or no sustained access to the waste by insects, rodents regards given for measurement of the potential and other animals. It also isolates the refuse, impact of leachate generation from landfills on ground water quality [4].
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Methodology Table 3 Quantum of Total Solid Waste For the reason of the current study Generated by Households Aundipatty taluk of Theni district has been Sl. Quantum of No of Percentage chosen. The current study is completely based on No solid waste respondents primary data. The primary data has been collected 1. Less than 10 kg 92 49.7 2. 10 to 15 kg 79 42.7 through interview method by using well structured 3. More than 15 kg 14 7.6 questionnaire. The field survey was carried out Total 185 100 from December 2014 to April 2015. Statistical Source: Primary Data package for social science (SPSS) were used for It is clear from the table 3 that out of 185 analytical purpose and Two-Way ANOVA was respondents highly 49.7 percent of the respondents used. have generate less than 10 kg of household waste per week, 42.7 percent of the respondents have Analysis and Interpretation generate 10 to 15 kg of household waste per week Table 1 Family size of the respondents and remaining 7.6 percent low level of the Number of Sl.No. Family Size Percentage respondents have generate more than 15 kg of Respondents household waste per week in the study area. 1. 1 and 2 14 7.6 2. 3 and 4 136 73.5 3. 5 and above 35 18.9 Awareness of Disposal of Solid Waste Sl. Educational Somewhat Don’t Total 185 100 Know Total Source: Primary Data No status Know Know 1 Illiterate 0 8(4.3) 4(2.2) 12(6.5) Table 1 shows that out of 185 respondents 1 10 12 2 Primary 1(0.5) highly 73.5 percent of the respondents have (0.5) (5.5) (6.5) 1 18 32 between 3 and 4 family members, 18.9 percent of 3 High School 13(7.1) (0.5) (9.7) (17.3) the respondents have 5 and above family members Higher 1 19 34 4 14(7.6) and remain 7.6 percent low level of the Secondary (0.5) (10.3) (18.4) Degree and 19 36 95 respondents have between 1 and 2 family 5 40(21.6) Above (10.3) (19.4) (51.3) members in the study area. 22 87 Total 76(41.1) 185 (11.9) (47) Table 2 Educational Status of the Respondents Source: Primary Data Sl. Educational Number of It is inferred from the table that out of total Percentage No. Qualification Respondents respondents highly 47.0 percent don’t know 1. Illiterate 12 6.5 awareness about the disposal of solid waste 2. Primary 12 6.5 generation in quantum of solid waste, 41.1 percent 3. High school 32 17.3 somewhat know awareness about the disposal of 4. Higher secondary 34 18.4 solid waste generation in quantum of solid waste 5. Degree and above 95 51.3 and 11.9 percent low level of know awareness Total 185 100 about the solid waste generation in nature of solid Source: Primary data waste in the waste hierarchy. Table 2 indicates that out of 185 respondents highly 51.3 percent of the respondents are studied Hypotheses Testing degree and above level, 18.4 percent of the Hypothesis: Educational level and family size respondents are studied up to higher secondary do not influence the quantum of solid waste level, 17.3 percent of the respondents are studied generation in sample household respondents. up to high school level and remaining 6.5 percent In order to study the influence of education low level of the respondents are illiterate, primary level and family size on quantum of solid waste level in the study area. generation at households in the study area Two-
Way ANOVA was used The F values were calculated as follows
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MSC Conclusion F() v v 1, 2 MSE Solid waste management is an integral part of the urban environment, and planning of the urban Where vc1 ( 1) and v2 ( c 1)( r 1) infrastructure to ensure a safe and healthy human MSR environment, while considering the promotion of F() v v 1, 2 MSE sustainable economic growth. Currently the municipal waste management system of the Where v (r 1) and v( c 1)( r 1) . 1 2 municipality is extremely poor, the waste management and handling is done by the Table 4 Estimated results municipal sanitation staff who handle the entire Type III Mean waste collection and transportation which is Source Sum of Df F Sig. Square inefficient and inadequate and improper. Due to Squares Corrected lack of awareness and improper positioning and 1419.727 14 101.409 56.211 .000 Model maintenance of dustbins, segregation of waste is Intercept 8837.613 1 8837.613 4.899E3 .000 not efficient. Creating awareness among the Education 22.562 5 4.512 2.501 .032 F 790.356 2 395.178 219.047 .000 Students’ through education is the way to find education 25.266 7 3.609 2.001 .058 solution to the environment problems. Public * f involvement in awareness programs which results Error 306.694 170 1.804 Total 22149.980 185 in segregation at point source and reduction of Corrected 1726.421 184 waste. Solid waste management system in Total Auntipatty taluk is inadequate. a. R Squared = .822 (Adjusted R
Squared=.808) The estimated results show that F-statistic References corresponding to educational level is 2.501 which 1. Turk, L.J. (1970) disposal of solid waste are significant at 5 % level and F-statistic acceptable practice or geological nightmare. corresponding to family size is 219.047 which are In: Environmental geology. American also significant. Therefore null hypothesis is geological institute, Washington, D.C.pp.1- rejected .i.e., the educational level and family size 42. influencing the quantum of solid waste generation 2. Kreith Frank(1994): Handbook of solid waste at households in the study area. management Newyork, McGraw-Hill. 3. Leena singh, Sunderesan, R. (2014) “Waste to Suggestions energy generation from municipal solid waste Environment awareness programs can be in India”, international journal of Chem Tech arranged so that people would take research, vol.6, No.2, pp 1228-1232. responsible to reduce solid waste, when the 4. K. Aurangabadkar and k. swaminathan, awareness program shows the consequence of (2011) ” Ground water quality around a increase of solid waste. municipal solid waste dumpsite at Chennai”, Environmental classes can be a subject in Indian journal of environmental protection, every school where the students would know vol.21, No.4, pp 323-327. about solid waste management which would lead them to do something new such as art from waste with solid waste.
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LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Mrs.K.Vijayalakshmi M.Phil. Scholar, Anna Adarsh College for Women, Chennai
Abstract Logistics has evolved in the late 1940s. In the 1950s, and 60s, military was the only organization which used logistics. The scope of logistics has been extended beyond the army, as it has been recognized as one of the important tools for developing competitiveness. Competitive advantage means the company has the ability to differentiate itself, in the customer’s eyes, and also is operating at a lower cost and greater profit. Logistics facilitates in getting products and services as and when they are needed and desired to the customer. It also helps in economic transactions, serving as a major enabler of growth of trade and commerce in any economy. Keywords: Transportation system, Logistics, Components, Inventory.
Introduction origin to point of use to meet the customer’s need Logistics has come to be recognized as a at the profit”. distinct function with the rise of mass production History and Advancement of Logistics systems. Production and distribution were earlier The probable origin of the term logistic is the viewed as a sequential chain of extremely Greek logistikos, meaning ‘skilled in calculating’. specialized activities. The role of logistics is to It was initially developed in the context of military ensure availability of all the required materials activities in the late 18th and early 19th centuries before every step in this chain. Obviously and it launched from the military logistics of inventory of raw materials semi-finished and World War II. It was initially a military activity finished goods is a must across the chain to ensure concerned with getting soldiers and munitions to its smooth functioning. The concept of logistics the battlefront in time for flight. Military typically has its base upon the systems approach. There is a incorporate the supply, movement and quartering single chain, the flow of materials starting from of troops in a set. The main background of its the supplier, then to the plant and finally to the development is that the recession of America in end customer, and also these activates are done the 1950s caused the industrial to place sequentially in order to achieve customer importance on goods circulations. Now it is seen satisfaction at low cost. For this to be successful as an integral part of the modern production there has to be co-ordination in the activities of the process. Business logistics was not an academic department. subject until the 1960s. A key element of logistics, the trade-off between transport and inventory Definitions of Logistics costs, was formally recognized in economics at The American Council of Logistics Management least as early as the mid-1880s. Based on the defines logistics as “the process of planning, American experience, the 5 development of implementing and controlling the efficient, cost logistics could be divided into four periods. effective flow and storage of raw materials, in- Logistics historical development Before the 1950s, process inventory, finished goods and related logistics was under the dormant condition. information from point origin to point of Production was the main part of the managers consumption for the purpose of conforming to concerned, and industry logistics was once customer’s requirements”. regarded as “necessary evil” in this period. During Philip Kotler defines logistics as “Planning, the 1950s to and 1960s, applying new ideas of implementing, and controlling the physical flows administration on business was a tendency. Due of materials and finished goods from point of to petroleum price rise in 1973, the effects of
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logistics activities on enterprises grew. Slow packaging, mechanized material handling growth of market, pressure of high stagflation, equipment, etc will reduce with damage. release of transportation control, and competitions Quicker and Faster Response of the third world on products and materials all A firm must have the capacity to extend increased the significance of logistics system on service to the customer in the shortest time frame. planning and business at that time. The further By utilizing the latest technologies in processing tendency of logistics in the early 21 st century is information and communication will improve the logistics alliance, Third Party Logistics (TPL) and decision making, and thus enable the enterprise to globalized logistics. Logistics circulation is an be flexible enough so that the firm can fulfill essential of business activities and sustaining customer requirements, in the shortest possible competitiveness, however, to conduct and manage time frame. a large company is cost consuming and not economic. Therefore, alliance of international Various Functions of Logistics industries could save working costs and Order Processing cooperation with TPL could specialize in logistics Processing the orders received from the area. customer’s is an activity which is very important by itself and also consumes a lot of time and Objectives of Logistics paperwork. It involves steps like checking the Reduction of Inventory order for any deviations in the agreed or Inventory is one of the key factors, which can negotiated terms, price, payment and delivery affect the profit of an enterprise to a great extent. terms, checking if the materials in available in In traditional system, firms had to carry lot of stock, producing and scheduling the material for inventory for satisfying the customer and to ensure shortages, and also giving acknowledgement to excellent customer service. But, when funds are the owner, by indicating any deviation. blocked in inventory, they cannot be used for Inventory Planning and management other production purposes. These costs will drain Planning the inventory can help an the enterprise’s profit. Logistics helps in organization in maintaining an optimal level of maintaining inventory at the lowest level, and thus inventory which will also help in satisfying the achieving customer goal. This is done through customer. Activities like inventory forecasting, small but frequent supplies engineering the order quantity, optimization the Economy of Freight level of service proper development of inventory Freight is a major source of cost is logistics. etc. are involved in this. This can be reduced by following measures like Warehousing selecting the proper mode of transport, This serves as the place where the finished consolidation of freight, route planning, and long goods are stored before they are sold to the distance shipments. customers finally. This is a major cost center and Reliability and Consistency in Delivery improper warehousing management will create a Performance host of problems. Material required by the customer must be Packaging delivered on time not ahead of the schedule or Packaging is a critical element in the physical behind the schedule. Proper planning of the distribution of the product, which also influences transportation modes with availability of the efficiency of the logistical system. inventory will ensure this. Transportation Minimum Damage to Products It helps in physical movement of the goods to Sometimes products may be damaged due to the customers place. This is done through various improper packing, frequent handling of modes like road, rail, air, sea etc. consignment and other reasons. This damage adds to the logistics cost. The use of proper logistical
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Insights and Future Directions First, the logistics issue regarding the people’s livelihood becomes a hot spot. The traditional research in this regard is related to perishable product, fashion product, and electronic product, which have short life cycle. Nowadays, such topics might include city logistics, emergency Conclusions logistics, and agriculture supply chain. Second, Logistics system has a more and more new directions on logistics and supply chain important position in the society activities. management can be brought about by the Transportation and logistics systems have development of economy and technology. A interdependent relationships that logistics typical example is the information technology management needs transportation to perform which leads to the research on e-business and its activities and meanwhile, a successful related distribution channel choice. Nowadays, logistics system could help to improve traffic the common usage of RFID, cloud technique, and environment and transportation development. big data can be important research directions for Since transportation contributes the highest future study. Third, the environmental related cost among the related elements in logistics systems, the improvement of transport research will continue to be big issue. With the efficiency could change the overall steady increase in global population and economic performance of a logistics system. scale, resource crisis, ecological damage, Transportation plays an important role in environmental pollution, and other issues have logistics system and its activities appear in drawn universal concern. It has been the various sections of logistics processes. consensus of the international community to Without the linking of transportation, a attain socioeconomic sustainable development powerful logistics strategy cannot bring its through a greener economic pattern and lifestyle. capacity into full play. Many countries create a new outlook in industrial The review of logistics system in a broad sense and technical competition by increasing might help to integrate the advantages from investment in the green logistics and supply chain different application cases to overcome their current disadvantage. field, formulating and implementing various bills, The review of transport systems provides a plans, and strategies, and strengthening the clearer notion on transport applications in implementation of green economic development logistics activities. strategy. The development of logistics will be still In the future, the range of this topic will not vigorous in the following decades and the only be just remanufacturing, reverse logistics, and logistics concepts might be applied in more closed-loop supply chain. Low-carbon issues can fields. be an important research direction. Finally, multi- References methodology is an important direction for future 1. Indian Institute of logistics, Fundamentals of study. Traditionally, major research Logistics, Chennai, 2011. methodologies in operations management can be 2. Indian Institute of Logistics, Transportation classified into several categories, such as and distribution management, Chennai, 2011. theoretical modeling, computation and 3. Report of IMAP, Logistics-India 2017. simulations, surveys, cases, event studies, and 4. Dr. T. Srinivas, journal on The Role of behavioral experiments. In recent years, there is an Transportation in Logistics Chain, volume- emerging trend towards combining multiple I, 5-7. research methodologies to explore research 5. Supply Chains Operating Performance- problems in logistics and supply chain A Financial Approach to Measurement, management. Roger Oakden, Australia, 2011. 6. htttps://economictimes.indiatimes.com.
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A STUDY ON CONSUMER ATTITUDE ON SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING
Soundarya Ramanathan Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration Dhanapalan College of Arts and Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Abstract Every year, the number of internet users is steadily rising. This has increased the number of businesses that use internet for its various management functions. Companies are now using social media platforms to market their products or services. The study primarily focuses on understanding the consumer perception towards social media marketing. It has been found that there is a significant relationship between the age of the respondents and their readiness to believe unfamiliar businesses that market through social media. The study also shows that there is a relationship between area of residence and the belief that the business expands through social media platforms. It has also been found that the more the respondents perceive that these media are effective tools of advertisements less they post feedbacks online. It is recommended that firms should focus on increasing their brand awareness in social media to expand their business further. Also respondents have ranked YouTube as their most favorite social media platform to look at advertisements. Keywords: Social Media, Marketing, Consumer Attitude
Introduction al. 2011). These social media websites often hold a Social media is an online platform that brings group of people who bond over a similar liking together diverse groups of people to share their and hence form online communities. The ideas, communicate information, provide members of the online communities gain the trust feedback, showcase their talents in different fields, of one another by with the increase in familiarity build relationships. Hence social media is a virtual (Lu et al. 2010). These online communities world, which is suited for all. Businesses have provide an opportunity to firms to have a better begun to utilize this platform to their advantage in customer relationship management system order to conduct marketing research, develop (Ridings and Gefen,2004). Sinclair and Vogus communication, enable sales promotion, build (2011) have stated that large companies are loyalty, monitoring, tracking and analyzing the considering these sites as strategic tools and even consumer usage patterns. Social media, as a recruit employees to oversee their social media marketing tool, helps organizations promote their pages. Consumers are no longer passive with their products or services via the passive approach opinions, they share it online on these platforms. where only monitoring takes place and active Consumer’s participation with a brand on social approach where consumers are influenced to make media augment the need for retailers to be active a purchase through an agent. in social networking sites and the virtual brand communities they create. Review of Literature With the raging growth of the internet and the Research Objectives facilities that it offers, it has become easier for the To analyze consumer perception on social customers and businesses to apportion a common media, as a tool for marketing. platform in the virtual world, resulting in better To identify the factors influencing consumers collaboration (Fuller et al. 2009). This has helped to view an advertisement on social media in sharing of consumer content and establish sites. communication through various social media To study the social media usage pattern of the platforms like Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia consumers. where information is shared free of cost (Chen et
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Research Methodology Table 2 Ranking of Preferred Social Media to The study was conducted by distributing 200 VIEW Advertisements well-organized questionnaires to people who use Social Media Sites Weighted Average Rank social media. Non-members were excluded from Facebook 6.683 II the study. The samples were chosen by YouTube 7.508 I convenience sampling. This forms the primary Instagram 4.825 III Google+ 4.133 IV data of the study. The secondary data was Twitter 3.816 V collected through journals, magazines, books, and content from the internet through blogs and other Interpretation online communities. The tools used for analysis Table 2 shows that the most preferred website include percentage analysis, weighted average to view advertisements is YouTube, followed by using ranking method, correlation coefficient Facebook, Instagram, Google+ and the least method and chi-square test. preferred is Twitter.
Analysis and Interpretation Table 3 Factors Attracting to Click an Table 1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents Advertisement in Social Media Weighted Percentage of Factors Rank Particulars Average respondents Brand 7.392 I Age Need for product/ Less than 15 years 16.5% 6.492 III 16-25 years 30% Service 26-35 years 38% Attractive Advertisement 6.783 II 36 – 45 years 12.5% Brand Ambassador 6.35 IV Above 45 years 3% Discount/Freebies 4.408 V Area of Residence Urban 64% Interpretation Semi-Urban 24% Table 3 shows that the respondents choose to Rural 12% click an advertisement on social media mostly Educational because of the name of the brand. The second Qualification Uneducated 0 most attracting factor in choosing is an interesting School level 28% advertisement, followed by the need for the Undergraduate 41% product/service, brand ambassador and Postgraduate 27% discounts/ freebies attract the respondents the Others 4% least. Occupation 58.5% Student 10.5% Table 4 Relationship between Social Media Unemployed 26.5% Salaried Employee Increasing Brand Awareness and Recommending 3.5% Self Employed it as a Tool for Marketing 1% Contractual/ Freelancer X= Factors for recommending social media as a tool for marketing Interpretation Y= Social media increasing brand awareness Table 1 shows that majority of the X Y XY X^2 Y^2 respondents belong to the age group of 26-35 years 69 68 4692 4761 4624 and are mostly female. Also, a large portion of the 33 45 1485 1089 2025 respondents come from the urban region and have 41 34 1394 1681 1156 done their under-graduation. It has been shown 36 36 1296 1296 1296 that a majority of the respondents are students and 21 17 357 441 289 that the many do not earn any income. ∑= ∑= ∑= ∑= ∑=
200 200 9224 9268 9390
R=0.92
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Interpretation X S.A A N D S.D Total The correlation coefficient R=0.92 indicates a Y strong uphill, that is, the relationship between Urban 56 41 19 12 0 128 social media increasing brand awareness and Semi- 17 13 10 7 1 48 recommending it as a tool for marketing is Urban positively correlated with a magnitude of 0.92. Rural 0 4 0 20 0 24 This shows that the more brand awareness that Total 73 58 29 39 1 200 social media creates, the more are the chances for Where, the respondents to recommend it to others as a X= Respondents consider social media, beneficial tool for marketing. in business expansion. Y= Area of residence of the respondents. Table 4 Relationship between Respondents S.A= Strongly Agree, A= Agree, N= Neutral Posting Product/Service Feedback on Social D= Disagree, S.D= Strongly Agree Media and Social Media as an Effective Tool for
Marketing Result X= Posting product/service feedback on social Degrees Chi-square Critical media of α Outcome Value Value Y= Social media effective for marketing Freedom H0 X Y XY X^2 Y^2 64.803 8 0.05 15.51 Rejected 11 76 836 121 5776
11 58 638 121 3364 Interpretation 42 18 756 1764 324 This shows that there is a significant 61 29 1769 3721 841 relationship between the area of residence and 125 19 2375 15,625 361 respondents considering social media as beneficial ∑= ∑= ∑= ∑= ∑= tool for business expansion. 200 200 6374 21,352 10,666 R= -0.273 Table 5: Relationship between age of the respondents and clicking advertisements from Interpretation strangers through social media The correlation coefficient R= -0.273 indicates H0= No significant association between age of the a weak downhill, that is, the respondents who respondents and clicking advertisements from consider social media as an effective tool for strangers through social media. marketing, do not post feedback about their online H1= Significant association between age of the purchase on social media. However, the respondents and clicking advertisements from magnitude 0.273 indicates a weak relationship strangers through social media. between the considered factors X and Y. X S.A A N D S.D Total Y Table 5 Relationship between Area of Residence 0-15 years 0 0 4 5 24 33 of the Respondents and Social Media, Beneficial 16-25 years 0 2 18 24 16 60 in Business Expansion 26-35 years 1 4 21 19 31 76 0 0 11 12 2 25 H0= No significant association between area 36-45 years Above 45 years 0 0 0 0 6 6 of residence of the respondents and considering Total 1 6 54 60 79 200 social media, beneficial in business expansion Where, H1= Significant association between area of X= Respondents clicking advertisements from residence of the respondents and considering strangers through social media. social media, beneficial in business expansion Y= Age of the respondents. S.A= Strongly Agree, A= Agree, N= Neutral D= Disagree, S.D= Strongly Agree 37 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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Result along with the anonymity that it provides, users Chi- Degrees can freely communicate their opinions about a Critical square Of α Outcome Value product or service. Therefore, businesses aim for Value Freedom their product or service to be the trending topic on H0 39.281 16 0.05 26.30 Rejected social media in order to attract more customers. Also, social media offers the chance for the Interpretation businesses to maintain their relationship with their This shows that there is a significant customers and help increase customer loyalty. relationship between the age of the respondents Creative strategies are now emerging among firms and clicking advertisements from strangers to make their products perceived differently from through social media. that of their competitors. With the most expected concept of Internet of Things(IoT) slowly Findings becoming a reality, social media is about to The study shows that all of the respondents witness a drastic change which will provide more use Facebook and almost everyone uses opportunities to businesses. WhatsApp. A majority of the respondents use social media for about 16-20 hours per day and References mainly access social media through their 1. Aral, Sinan and Dylan Walker (2011). smartphones. Also, unfamiliar marketers would Creating Social Contagion through Viral not be trusted in these whereas it can be used as a Product Design: A Randomized Trial of Peer medium to increase brand awareness about Influence in Networks. Management Science, emerging businesses due to its broader exposure 57, 9, 1623–39. range lower cost and better business networking 2. Baltas, George (2003), “Determinants of options. With the increase in brand awareness and Internet Advertising Effectiveness: An satisfaction with the brand, the respondents are Empirical Study,” International Journal of more likely to recommend social media to others Market Research, 45, 4, 505–13. in order to buy a product or service. But 3. Bickart, Barbara and Robert M. Schindler respondents hesitate to post positive feedback (2001), “Internet Forums as Influential online while they readily give out negative out the Sources of Consumer Information,” Journal negative feedback. The respondents have stated of Interactive Marketing, 15, 3, 31–40. that they would like to view an advertisement 4. Eisend, Martin (2006). Two-Sided online because of its brand name and discounts/ Advertising: A Meta-Analysis. International freebies influence them the least to view an Journal of Research in Marketing, 23, 2, advertisement. The respondents further believe 187–98. that social media would be an effective tool for 5. Fennis, Bob M. and Wolfgang Stroebe (2010). marketing about a product or service as most The Psychology of Advertising. Hove and people use social media not only for personal use New York: Psychology Press Curran, Kevin, but for business purposes as well. Sarah Graham, and Christopher Temple (2011). Advertising on Facebook.” Conclusion International Journal of E-Business Social media is a platform with abundance of Development 1: 26-33. this information that can be used by any member of the society. With free access to social media
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IMPACT OF ONLINE MARKETING
A.BabilaKingsly Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil
Abstract Online marketing, which is also called internet marketing, involves use of interactive, virtual spaces for the sake of promoting and selling goods and services. In fact, new synchronous, internet-based communication technologies had contributed to the restructuration of major economic sectors including marketing. Being cost-effective, flexible, and fast and enjoying an on unprecedented global reach, internet marketing has brought about different businesses incredible gains. However, this effective, new method also involves its special disadvantages, e.g. lack of personal contact, security and privacy, etc. which should be taken account for. Internet marketing is still an experimental area that continues to grow, evolve and adapt. With the virtual limitlessness space of the WWW, the strategic placement of internet advertisements is much more complex and goes beyond the traditional marketing approach of researching demographics. Several attempts have been made through the fields of technology and marketing to overcome the anonymousness of the computer user’s interests and preferences to move toward a direct behavioral approach to online marketing; more specifically, identifying the users on the internet, collecting profiles of their interests and delivering advertisements that appeal to their specific preferences. This paper includes tools of online marketing, the advantages and disadvantages of online marketing.
Introduction available. Companies had the option to advertise As defined by the American Marketing themselves on a larger scale. Due to advertising Association, “marketing is the activity, set of perception at the time, many businesses were institutions and processes for creating, assumed to have great value, and thus traded on communicating, delivering, and exchanging offers the stock exchange at extraordinary high rates. that have value for customers, clients, partners, This collapsed in 2001 at what is commonly and society at large”. Marketing changes the known as the dot-com bubble. After the dotcom perspective of a person. There are two approaches collapse, the Internet was almost disregarded of marketing because of many failing website-based businesses Traditional marketing that had expectations to the market and Online marketing assumptions about consumers. However, both Online marketing is advertising and marketing consumers and companies continued exploring the products or services of a business over online options. Internet. Online marketing relies upon websites or Online marketing is becoming a hot topic in emails to reach to the users and it is combined every business sector, and gradually plays a truly with e-commerce to facilitate the business important role in any company’s multi-channel transactions. In online marketing, we can promote marketing strategy. It uses the Internet to deliver the products and services via websites, blogs, promotional marketing messages to consumers. It email, social media, forums, and mobile Apps. includes email marketing, search engine Online marketing is also termed as Internet marketing, social media marketing, many types of marketing, Web marketing, or simply, OLM. display advertising (including web banner Even before the Internet there were many advertising), and mobile advertising. Like other different ways to advertise, in different media such advertising media, online advertising frequently as radio, TV, newspapers, magazines, as well as involves both a publisher, who integrates via telemarketing or pamphlets. Usually the goal advertisements into its online content, and an was to get a company- and/or product name, a advertiser, who provides the advertisements to be statement etc. communicated to as many people as displayed on the publisher's content. Other possible for the smallest price possible. When the potential participants include advertising agencies Internet arose, a number of search options became that help generate and place the ad copy, an ad
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server who technologically delivers the ad and Text Ads: A text ad displays text-based tracks statistics, and advertising affiliates who do hyperlinks. Text-based ads may display separately independent promotional work for the advertiser. from a web page's primary content, or they can be embedded by hyperlinking individual words or Tools of Online Marketing phrases to advertiser's websites. Text ads may also Display Advertising: Display advertising be delivered through email marketing or text conveys its advertising message visually using text, message marketing. logos, animations, videos, photographs, or other graphics. Display advertisers frequently target Search Engine Marketing (SEM): Search users with particular traits to increase the ads' Engine Marketing, or SEM, is designed to effect. increase a website's visibility in search engine Web Banner Advertising: Web banners or results pages (SERPs). Search engines provide banner ads typically are graphical ads displayed sponsored results and organic (non-sponsored) within a web page. Banner ads can use rich media results based on a web searcher's query. Search to incorporate video, audio, animations, buttons, engines often employ visual cues to differentiate forms, or other interactive elements using Java sponsored results from organic results. Search applets, HTML5, Adobe Flash, and other engine marketing includes all of an advertiser's programs. actions to make a website's listing more prominent Frame Ad (Traditional Banner): Frame ads for topical keywords. were the first form of web banners. The colloquial Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Search usage of "banner ads" often refers to traditional Engine Optimization, or SEO, attempts to frame ads. Website publishers incorporate frame improve a website's organic search rankings in ads by setting aside a particular space on the web SERPs by increasing the website content's page. relevance to search terms. Search engines regularly Pop-Ups/Pop-Unders: A pop-up ad is update their algorithms to penalize poor quality displayed in a new web browser window that sites that try to game their rankings, making opens above a website visitor's initial browser optimization a moving target for advertisers. window. A pop-under ad opens a new browser Many vendors offer SEO services. window under a website visitor's initial browser Sponsored Search: Sponsored search (also window. called sponsored links or search ads) allows Floating Ad: A floating ad, or overlay ad, is advertisers to be included in the sponsored results a type of rich media advertisement that appears of a search for selected keywords. Search ads are superimposed over the requested website's often sold via real-time auctions, where advertisers content. Floating ads may disappear or become bid on keywords. less obtrusive after a preset time period. Social Media Marketing: Social media Expanding Ad: An expanding ad is a rich marketing is commercial promotion conducted media frame ad that changes dimensions upon a through social media websites. Many companies predefined condition, such as a preset amount of promote their products by posting frequent time a visitor spends on a webpage, the user's click updates and providing special offers through their on the ad, or the user's mouse movement over the social media profiles. Mobile Advertising - Mobile ad. Expanding ads allow advertisers to fit more advertising is ad copy delivered through wireless information into a restricted ad space. mobile devices such as smart phones, feature Interstitial Ad: An interstitial ad displays phones, or tablet computers. before a user can access requested content, Mobile Advertising may take the form of sometimes while the user is waiting for the content static or rich media display ads, SMS (Short to load. Interstitial ads are a form of interruption Message Service) or MMS (Multimedia marketing. Messaging Service) ads, mobile search ads, advertising within mobile websites, or ads within
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mobile applications or games (such as interstitial Publicizes traditional fundraising programs. ads, “advergaming,” or application sponsorship). Offers more fundraising choices, such as Email Advertising - Email advertising is ad copy partnerships with e-commerce sites, charity comprising an entire email or a portion of an auctions, direct donations, selling web space email message. for advertising and corporate sponsorship, Email Marketing may be unsolicited, in buying or trading web space or links, and which case the sender may give the recipient an selling products and services. option to opt-out of future emails, or it may be Cost of hardware, software, network sent with the recipient's prior consent (opt-in). connections, consultants, staff time, and training. Positive Impact of Online Marketing Cost of hardware, software, network Reaches a large audience inexpensively connections, consultants, staff time, and Markets your mission with more marketing training. opportunities and more marketing niches Computer glitches and other technological Allows renewal/retention at a much lower headaches• Legal complexities since online cost. fundraising is relatively new. Increases new donors, retention and renewal Credit card laundering or “factoring” when an rates, and loyalty agent that’s not authorized as a service reseller Makes renewals easier and more effective by a credit card company use sits own when you use your website and email as tools merchant account to offer credit card services for donor cultivation, relationship to others. management, and stewardship versus purely Unrelated business income tax when for solicitation. nonprofits partner with for-profits in an online Increases accountability and donor confidence cause-related marketing venture. because you can offer easy access to Up-front time investment to research and information about where funds are being consult with attorneys, and accountants. spent. Potential unfamiliarity with the technology Gives immediate, personalized thank you among donors. messages online.• Offers higher response rates Tax implications and possibility of alienating than pure direct mail. donors by pushing commercial advertisements Allows you to provide free public service on them through corporate sponsorships information online in exchange for email addresses that will help build your core Conclusion audience. Internet has revolutionized every aspect of life Fosters community. including economy and marketing. Introducing major techniques and methods of online Negative Impact of Online Marketing marketing, this study has shed light upon Creates opportunities for affinity programs in opportunities and challenges of Internet. The which your organization gets a portion of major advantages internet has are its Empowering sales that originate from links on your web effect, Elimination of geographic barriers, target page. reaching, immediate results, cost effective, Improves your capabilities for researching reaching wider or international auditory, individual, foundation, and corporate support. measurable result, can be personalized, Offers new and more effective ways to relationship build, 24 hours / seven days cultivate donors, such as email greetings and availability. However, implementation of Internet video. in the field of marketing involves special Reaches higher disposable income group disadvantages such as copying, too much adds compared to other marketing methods. clutter, unserious perception, unconformity to the 41 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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product, too much competition, and damage by 2. www.dypatil.edu/.../Study-Of-The- negative feedback, technology dependence, is not Effectiveness-Of-Online-Marketing-On- embraced by all people and lack of trust. As the Integrated-.. Internet continue to evolve, new technologies in 3. www.turiba.lv/f/StudZinKonf_Yurovskiy.pdf Internet marketing will emerge and will define 4. www.worldscientificnews.com/wp- how products and services will be marketed in the content/uploads/2016/.../WSN-57-2016-712- near future. Getting a better understanding of the 721.p. power of Internet marketing by giving a 5. www.theseus.fi/bitstream/10024/38959/1/Iv comprehensive look at its advantages and anova_Natalia.pdf disadvantages will prepare business owners and 6. William Gilmore, The Future Of Online digital marketers in years to come. Internet Marketing: A Solution To Behavioral Marketing Using Biometrics, Journal of References Business & Economics Research – February 1. projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/16056831/08 2008 Volume 6, Number 2. 1103_speciale.pdf
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A STUDY ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) PRACTICES OF DISTRICT CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE BANKS (DCCBS) IN TAMIL NADU
Prof.Dr.K.Maruthamuthu Principal, Periyar University College of Arts and Science, Mettur Dam, Salem
Dr.K.Munusamy UGC-Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Commerce, Periyar University, Salem
Abstract Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a basic resource in today’s society. Without ICT people cannot live in the society. Today most of the people are sending and receiving the messages through e-mail and internet and it reduces the opportunities of face–to–face communication. Any type of information (or) message can fly round the globe at a fraction of a second through technology tools. ICT is increasingly becoming an invaluable and powerful tool driving economic development with rural development of a nation. Worldwide, banking sector had adopted ICT in all areas of operations. This sector is not lagging behind in adoption of ICT. This sector is front runner in adoption of ICT. The robust growth of Indian banking sector can be attributed to adoption of ICT. Indian commercial banks were able to adopt ICT and were successful in revolutionizing the banking sector.ICT had helped the Indian banking sector to offer value added as well as quality service to customers, reducing cost of operation, better management of risk and security and offering innovative products to customers, reaching global market, increasing productivity and enhancing competitiveness. But, the District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs) system in the country found to be lagging behind in adoption of ICT. This study has encouraged the researchers to take up the present study. The key players in DCCBs in few cities of Tamilnadu were selected as sample units. The study aims to find out the awareness level among management of DCCBs about the ICT practices do adopted by them. The study reveals that DCCBs have computerized their branches. But, none of the banks had designed its website. The banks have also taken security measures by installing the CCTVs in their branches. It was found that the banks were offering Phone-in-link services such as inquiry on product and services, change of accounts address, stop cheques instruction, status inquires on remittance, bank balance, etc. Keywords: Information and Communication Technology (ICT), District Central Co-operative Banks (DDCBs), ICT in DCCBs, ICT Practices.
Introduction teleconferencing etc. Today e-mail technology Information and Communication Technology enables computer users to send and receive simple (ICT) is a basic resource in today’s society. messages instantly, documents and reports such as Without ICT people cannot live in the society. daily, weekly, monthly and annual performance Today most of the people are sending and reports created by standard word processing, receiving the messages through e-mail and internet spreadsheet database, software and even sound and it reduces the opportunities of face–to–face animation files. communication. Any type of information (or) ICT needs are increasing day by day and message can fly round the globe at a fraction of a today every person is intending to be ICT second through technology tools. ICT is oriented. Any one of the solutions is to encourage increasingly becoming an invaluable and powerful promoting ICT leading to sharing of resources by tool driving economic development of a nation. automating all operations of information. It Today world is passing through the era of ICT. exchange of information and providing every The ICT must be an integral part of our life and needful service in all office. ICT has become a organization strategy. Modern day vital component of successful business communication service exchange includes organizations. There are no big organizations at electronic mail (e-mail) telexe facsimile present day without using ICT. Today in big transmission, bulletin board service, videotex, organization ICT can be applied in Production, voice systems, voice message system and Marketing, Accounting, Finance, Operation 43 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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Management, Customer Services, Stocking, flow need to adopt ICT aggressively to benefit the of goods, Human Resource Management (HRM) urban as well as rural India. 60 percent of rural etc., Today, small enterprises and petty shops also India even today depends on Co-operative banks apply ICT on a scale according to their need. ICT for their banking needs. The Co-operative banks is playing strategic role in organizations in terms have responsibility of making rural customers a of creating new methods of business as well as computer literate. opportunities for new businesses. Such as E-Commerce, E-Banking, E-Actions and District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs) E-Services etc., ICT solutions can help us take The co-operative movement in India has a problems in core areas of governance and sectors. long history of a century with more than 5.49 ICT can handle most advanced computing lakhs total co-operatives, but throughout India systems and computing devices. All citizens can have 372 DCCBs. In that we have 23 total go to the window, pay the electricity bill, water numbers of DCCBs in Tamilnadu we have 749 bill, telephone bill, house tax bill, medical bill, branches of DCCBs throughout Tamilnadu. The take a driving licence, get the driving licence leading co-operative banks in India have brought renewed, apply for a passport, access land records about changes in rural life. The future and get needed information through technology development of DCCBs will depend upon the way. proper and effective communication planning and ICTs. India among the developing nations has Information and Communication Technology always adopted innovative approach in the (ICT) adoption of new ICTs. ICTs can be used as an ICT has become a key element in economic effective tool for rural development through co- development and a backbone of banking operative banks at rural level. An example is the sector.Any communication is an exchange of data adoption of ICT by a rural community in the between two computers with a few clicks of the Warna wired village project (WWVP) District mouse. At present day, ICT wings have embraced Kolhapur, Thasil Panhala in the State of various departments such as Railway, Transport, Maharashtra, India. Health care services, Educational institutions, Postal services, Banks, Co-operative department, ICT in DCCBs supermarkets etc.ICT can help to find solutions to Today DCCBs can gainfully utilize computers management problems like saving time, money, in development work. This system is very useful in energy, increasing number of members or mechanized accounting, data processing and customers minimizing paper work, members or communication system. Above all the customers waiting time in queues and good work expectations of customers in terms of speed, of efficiency etc., E-banking has provided ease and quality and convenience of service have gone up. flexibility in banking operations. Many foreign Today with global scenario the main concern of banks and private sector banks like City bank, DCCBs is the use of ICT applications in new ICICI, HDFC banks brought with them ICT economic activities. It has also been visualized based products like ATM, credit cards, debit that those who are sound in knowledge and cards, on-line banking etc., decision making process are well ahead in It was observed that the DCCBs system in the utilizing new opportunities. Under these country found to be lagging behind in adoption of circumstances, DCCBs cannot keep themselves ICT. ICT offers opportunities for DCCBs to immune from technological advances. Moreover leapfrog earlier stages of development. It is also the co-operatives like IFFCO, KRIBHCO, co- important to note that the DCCBs need to adopt operative Dairy, Sugar co-operative and DCCBs ICT practices, otherwise, they may fall further that have provided emphasis to ICT transfer have behind and the gap they have with the commercial shown their competitive strength. The banks could get wider. Therefore, the need of the computerization in PACS in many states has also hour is that DCC banking system in the country been undertaken to support the policy makers in 44 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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decision making process. Management primary agricultural co-operatives have been Information System (MIS) ensures timely flow of computerized and simplified their work. information and proper management of data ICT has a lot of influence on DCCBs. It generated in the DCCBs which are improvements ensures quick services with low transaction cost of necessary for effective project monitoring. Thus a the customers. But most of the customers of scheme for computerization was introduced in DCCBs don’t know much about the banks 1984–85 with the objective of motivating transactions with electronic devices. The success federations of banks to go in for computerized of ICT in banks depends upon the employees and MIS. Under this scheme National level customers awareness about the same. ICT based federations, State level federations, state level co- solutions for any business has become a common operative banks implementing National Co- phenomenon in today’s age of computers. The operative Development Corporation (NCDC) DCCBs has also emerged as one needing project and District level co-operative societies computerization. Computerization of co-operative have been benefited. banks in all states is a very difficult task. Very few MIS is an important tool for management in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarath and all types of enterprises. The co-operative banks Goa are leading in computerization. Mostly irrespective of their size and structure need to computerized urban co-operative banks have on- develop their MIS to make the organization more line branches and have been successful in taking functional and flexible. Without the use of almost all the operational activities. The Urban co- computers, which are aids in MIS, it cannot be operative banks are leading in ICT conceived to remain in business for a longtime. implementation but State and District Co- Thus, to achieve organizational goals and fulfill operative Banks are still lagging in customer’s aspirations developing MIS is a sine computerization drive and are still in infancy stage quo non for the sustainable competitive advantage in most of the states in the country. The Urban co- for DCCBs aim to achieve dramatic operative banks in Maharashtra have started their improvements in critical, contemporary measures customer services through telebanking inter of performance, such as cost, quality, services and branches transactions and providing 24 hrs speed etc. The DCCBs in order to achieve their services through ATMs. In order to improve the Key Result Areas (KRAs) may adopt business performance of co-operatives computerization of process re-engineering by which organisations are all their transactions is a must to cope up with the remodeled and strengthened for doing their best. ongoing revolutionary changes in banking systems The advantage of ICTs has made storing, such as internet banking, ATMs, anywhere retrieving and analyzing data easy. The use of banking and any time banking etc., Hence steps ICTs to unnecessary office wastages and expenses should be taken to introduce computerization at should be reduced. There is greater need for use of all levels in all co-operative banks. ICT in DCCBs. ICT is changing the way 21st century In India in the early 1970s emphasis was companies, industries operate, Transport given to education and training for the promotion Corporations, DCCBs bringing considerable of co-operative banks. A network of benefits to both employees and members. ICT education/training institutes under the umbrella of should be adopted to cut across urgent need to all the National Co-operative Union of India (NCUI) small and medium sectors in future. The offers a wide range of co-operative development introduction of modern ICTs in DCCBs can programmes such as computer training for co- significantly improve results through facilitating operative personnel up to the master level. Some collection, analysis, storage and reporting of institutes of co-operative management are also information much faster and more accurately than engaged in software and network development. could be accomplished using manual systems. Computerization of agricultural co-operatives started 10 years ago in Kerala state and 100% of
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Role of ICTs in DCCBs ICT, District Central Co-operative Banks ICT is used in DCCBs to increase the speed (DCCBs) and role of ICT in DCCBs, there is no and accuracy of record keeping. study on the awareness level of the employees ICT is used in DCCBs to speed up the transfer with the use of ICT in DCCBs. This study is an of money through (e-Transfer) and to have attempt to fill this gap. It is based on survey of the superior cash management. employees’ opinion level of awareness about the ICT is used in DCCBs to improve house ICT in DCCBs and ICT practices do adoption by record keeping and quick preparation of DCCBs. general ledger and reconciliation statement.
ICT is used in DCCBs to improve day to day Research Methodology customer services through (E-Services). The study is empirical research based on ICT is used in DCCBs to increasing survey method. The study main purpose is the productivity, business process time, re- engineering, quick service of goods, Total measurement of the awareness level among the Quality Management (TQM) and bench employees about the ICT practices of DCCBs. marking. The data have been collected from primary data. ICT is used in DCCBs to increasing inter- The questionnaire have prepared and it contained branches transactions and quick clearance of questions relating to the awareness level of ICT, cheques. ICT practices do adopted and the reasons for ICT is used in DCCBs to increasing job adoption or non-adoption of ICT in DCCBs. The satisfaction of employees and management questionnaire circulated to the top level and also. middle level management of sample DCCBs. The IT is used in DCCBs to improve data required for the study have been collected communication between head office and from secondary data such as Newspaper, Journal, branches office at all levels. Magazines, Research reports; Annual report from IT is used in DCCBs attracting foreign investment. DCCBs and website, etc., Percentage method was used to analyze data. Objectives of the Study The study had been undertaken with the following Sample Scheme objectives: The need for introducing ICT based system To find out the awareness level among the and communication is very essential in DCCBs in employees of DCCBs about the ICT practices. order to update their operation and improve their competitive strength. The study is confined to To study ICT practices do adopted by Coimbatore, Erode, Salem and Dharmapuri. DCCBS. Simple random technique is applied in selected To know the reasons for adoption or non- employees for the study in DCCBs. adoption of ICT in DCCBs.
Geographical Coverage Scope of the Study The study is limited to the opinions of The study was covers few districts in employees use of ICT is main constituents of the Tamilnadu such as Coimbatore, Erode, Salem and DCCBs. The study is also includes ICT practices Dharmapuri. The study only mostly highlighted do adopted by DCCBs and why the reasons for employees’ awareness level with use of ICT, adoption or non-adoption of ICT in DCCBs, ICT adoption and Non-adoption the ICT practicesin can bring in. The study is not concerned with DCCBs. functioning and working of the co-operative societies. Limitations of the study The study was limited to the opinion of Review of Literature employees to the awareness level about the ICT in The review of literature related to this study their respective DCCBs and the study was ICT reveals that though there are plenty of literature on practices do adopted by DCCBs and what are the 46 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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reasons for adoption or non-adoption of ICT in factors cannot be segregated. Further it is the DCCBs. This study only ICT oriented. The entire opinion of the concerned parties in ICT, which study was qualitative in nature and quantitative matters rather than the actual facts. The study is variables have not been taken into consideration also constrained by the limited extent of technical because, the impact of use of ICT on quantitative knowledge of the Researcher in ICT for DCCBs.
Results and Analysis Awareness level of Management Table 1 Awareness Level of Management about Availability of ICT among the DCCBs Top Level Middle Level Total no. of Cumulative S. No DCC Banks Percentage Management Management Respondents Percentage 1 CDCCBs 10 15 25 40.32 40.32 2 EDCCBs 05 08 13 20.97 61.29 3 SDCCBs 05 12 17 27.42 88.71 4 DDCCBs 02 05 07 11.29 100 Total 22 40 62 100 - Source: Primary Data Note: 1.CDCCBs *Coimbatore District DCCBs.42 % of respondents have reported that Central Co-operative Banks the DCCBs were offering Phone-in-link services 2.EDCCBs *Erode District Central Co- and adopted enterprise risk management tool. operative Banks None of the bank surveyed had developed their 3. SDCCBs *Salem District Central Co- website. DCCBs arenot offering the ATM card operative Banks facility but today one or two banks are made 4.DDCCBs *Dharmapuri District establishment this facilities, SMS alerts and mobile Central Co-operative Banks. The above table: 1 depicts that 40.32% of banking services to its customers. But, majority of respondents of the CDCCBs werenormally aware respondents of the DCCBs were unaware about of availability of electronic banking services (e- these services except ATM service. banking) andICT in the banks whereas 11.29% of Majority of respondents of the sampled banks respondents of DDCCBs were unaware of this were unaware about the tele-banking services technology availability. offered by DCCBs. They are also unaware of the human sources management software adopted by ICT Practices DCCBs. None of the respondents of the sampled It is evident from the table: 2 that the entire banks were less aware of online banking, surveyed sample DCCBs had not fully Electronic fund transfer, online demand draft, computerized their branches and some branches Credit cards, Online account opening facility, E- not internet connectivity. 56.7 % of the passbook, Biometric and ATM services as the respondents expressed that Closed Circuit banks were not offering such services. Television(CCTV) technology was adopted
Table 2 ICT Practices do adopted by DCCBs Total No. of S. No ICT Practices CDCCBs EDCCBs SDCCBs DDCCBs % Respondents 1 Computerization all branches 15 10 18 04 47 47 2 Internet facilities 15 10 18 04 47 47 3 Bank website ------4 SMS Alert 06 - - - 06 6.19 5 Automated Teller machine (ATM) 35 - - - 35 36.08 6 Point of sales services ------7 Online Banking ------8 Electronic fund transfer ------9 Online demand draft ------10 Credit cards ------
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11 Mobile Banking 09 - - - 9 9.28 12 Banking Kiosk 02 - - - 2 2.06 13 Online account opening facility ------14 Tele Banking 10 05 04 02 21 21.65 15 Phone in link services 19 09 10 03 41 42.27 16 E-passbook ------17 Biometric ATM ------18 Enterprise Risk Management 15 10 10 06 41 42.27 19 Human resource Magt. Software 08 06 05 02 21 21.65 20 CCTV 35 20 - - 55 56.7 Source: Primary Data.
Non-Adoption of ICT that they were unaware of ICT available in the The table: 3 reveals that major reasons for market hence they had not thought of adopting the non-adoption of ICT by DCCBs in few districts of ICT. The respondents opened opinions that Tamilnadu include: Customer treat services shortage of skilled labours and fear of security offered by bank as Convenience banking, high cost threats were not the prime reasons for non- of technology, limited geographical area and adoption of ICT by DCCBs. limited business operations. 47 respondents felt
Table 3 Reasons for Non-Adoption of ICT in DCCBs S. Reasons for Non-Adoption of Total No. of CDCCBs EDCCBs SDCCBs DDCCBs % No ICT Respondents Lack of knowledge about ICTs 1 07 14 16 09 46 47.42 availability 2 High cost of ICTs 13 18 23 12 66 68.04 Limited business operations 3 02 17 26 14 59 60.82 (transactions) 4 Limited geographical area 02 19 28 14 63 64.95 Customer treat services offered by 5 06 20 28 14 68 70.1 bank as convenience banking Shortage of skilled human 6 11 09 13 05 38 39.17 resource 7 Fear of security threats 04 06 08 03 21 21.65 Source: Primary Data Suggestions DCCBs may be customers’ access and use of ICTs must be to provide access to DCCBs; technologies should be improved, in order to they must be strengthened by the increase their operational efficiency. establishment of an enabling environment, Ultimately, they can help in achieving poverty including a legal, policy, banks environment. reduction and fulfill social development goals DCCBs should be provide ICTs, training of country. programmes to the employees such type of Govt. must be provides various software and training awareness about the operation hardware very urgent needs to DCCBs at methods, using application methods and present day. benefits of training in particular job of In particular DCCBs can function more employees. Young employees learn quickly efficiently by using ICTs and providing a about the ITCs compare the old employees. series of benefits to employees and customers, ICTs can be made the DCCBs more attractive such as enhanced connections between to lot of new customers. customersthrough DCCBs shareinformation To definitely full sufficient technologies and technical know-how, and they remain initiatives provides by the Govt. and informed about the performance of DCCBs. NABARD at the time do develop the DCCBs. Improved accounting system and employees’
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administration of DCCBs are oftenresponsible well make use of ICT in DCCBs. The banks for handling very large amounts of money and should be provides innovative banking services efficient record keeping allows DCCBs to used by Biometric Handled basic withdraw money serve its customers better and the transparency (ATM) and thumb impression scanning or retina offered by computerization and other defection for uses practices in identification. technologies enhances trust. DCCBs have Because, ICT users most of the rural customers are invested in modern management and illiterate (PACBs). The bank employees must be customers’ information systems can improve intending to lean on all the applications provides their image to attract high-quality staff and by the online customers services. The banks any gain customers trust and confidence. sort of queries can be discharged easily using ICT services. Nowadays ICTs services is the extensive Conclusion use of ICT network with internet. ICT services The study was reveals that the lop level and offer various benefits like cost effectiveness, quick middle level management team for few district in prepared all ledgers, better customers services, Tamilnadu, other sample banks respondents were information saving, data protection, time saving not much aware of availability of banking and to increased knowledge of ICT. transactions and communication technology in the market. The DCCBs have not full computerized References their branches and were having internet 1. A.A. Agboola (2000), ‚Impact of Electronic connectivity. But, none of the bank had designed Banking on Customer Services in Lagos, its website. Some DCCBs have also taken security Nigeria”, Journal of Economics and Finance, measures by installing the CCTVs in their Ile-Ife, Nigeria, Vol. 5, Nos. 1&2. branches. It was found that the banks were 2. A.A. Agboola (2003), “Inform Technology, offering Phone-in-link services such as inquiry on Bank Automation and Attitude of Workers in product and services, Change of accountants Nigerian Banks”, Journal of Social Sciences. address, Stop cheque instruction, Status inquires 3. E.W. Woherem (2000), “Information on remittance, bank balance, etc. DCCBs are SMS Technology in the Nigerian Banking alerts and may mobile banking services to its Industry”, Spectrum Ibadan. customers. But, majority of respondents of the 4. J. O. Adetayo, S.A. Sanni, and M.O. Ilori DCCBs were unaware about these services except (1999)‚ “The Imp act of Information ATM service. Majority of respondents of the Technology on Product Marketing: A Case sampled banks were unaware about the tele- Study of Multinational Company in Nigeria”, banking, internet banking services offered by Tech-innovation, Elsevier Science Ltd. DCCBs and branches. None of the respondents of 5. Nganga, Stephen Irura (2013), “Technology the sampled banks with branches were aware of Adoption and the Banking Agency in Rural Online Banking, Electronic fund transfer, online Kenya”, Journal of Sociological Research, demand draft, Credit cards, online account Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 249-266. opening facility, E-passbook and Biometric ATM 6. Oluwagbemi Oluwatolani and Abah Joshua services as the banks with branches were not (2012), “The Impact of Information offering such services. The study revealed that Technology in Nigeria’s Banking Industry”, high cost of technology (hardware and software), Journal of Computer Science and limited geographical areas, limited business Engineering, Volume 7, Issue 2, June, pp 63- operations and Convenience banking was the 67 prime reasons for non-adoption of ICT by 7. Sherif Kamel (2005), “The Use of Information DCCBs. The DCCBs should form special Technology to Transform the Banking Sector awareness programme among the employees in Developing Nations”, Information about the how to use of ICTs of internet banking Technology for Development, Vol. 11 (4), pp services in DCCBs. So, the employees can very 305-312
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8. Teresa L. Morisi (1996), “Commercial Bank”, Tamilnadu Journal of Co-operation, banking transformed by computer Vol: 5, No: 11, September - 2005, p 21. technology”, Monthly Labor Review August, 17. Dash. D. K. “Innovative Banking through pp.30-36. Technology”, Madhusudan Institute of Co- 9. Joel Edwinraj. D. “Information technology in operative Management, 2006, p.34. Co-operative Banks”, Tamilnadu Journal of Co- 18. Joel Edwinraj. D. “Information Technology: operation, Vol: 4, No: 11, September- 2004, The Emerging Driving Force in Co-operative p.31. Banks”, Co-operative Perspective, Vol: 40, No: 1, 10. National Co-operative Development Co- April – June - 2005, p.5. operation p.18. 19. Jayasudha. S. M. “Information Technology in 11. Dr. Vijaya. C “Computers in co-operative Co-operatives – With Special Reference to Breathtaking”, Tamilnadu journal of co- Co-operative Banks”, Tamilnadu Journal of Co- operation, Vol: 88, No: 4, July-1996, p.23 operation, Vol: 3, No: 8, June - 2003, p.25. 12. File://IWINDOS/ Desktop/samy. 20. Dash. D. K. “Computerization in Urban Co- 13. Joel Edwinraj. D. “Information technology in operative Banks: a case study of Amanath Co- Co-operative Banks”, Op.cit p.31. operative Bank Banglore”, Co-operative 14. Joel Edwinraj. D. “Information technology in Perspective, Vol.35, No:4, January-March - Co-operative Banks”, Ibid. p.30. 2001, p.75. 15. Raman R. “Indian Co-operative Movement – A Profile 2004”, by National Co-operative Union of Indian, New Delhi, p.32. 16. Rajendran. K. “Development of Training Programmes at Vellore Central Co-operative
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A CASE STUDY ON MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN TAMILNADU
Dr.V.Vanitha Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Valliammal College for Women
Dr.J.Radha Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Business Administration, Valliammal College for Women
Introduction shops or cottage industries like pickle making, In recent decades, Microfinance in India has flavour mills businesses. The wonderful shown that even poor families can be reliable bank experiences - taking place in cities and villages not customers. It also plays a vital role in the only in Indian Sub - continent also in Latin eradication of poverty and gender difference. America, Africa, and Asia - refute decades of Comparatively, four southern states of India have assertions that the way to serve the poor is with received 75% of the funds and reached all most all massive subsidies. This banking success should be remote pockets of their geographical area. Because celebrated. of the strong tie-up with NGOs and private partnership between banks and MFIs, the Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) enhance the movement of Microfinance has achieved a lifestyle of the Poor-Women considerable elevation. In addition, microfinance institutions have proven particularly ability to reach poor women, Triumph of Microfinance - Impact on Approach providing the hope of breaking gender-based of Banks barriers. In most places men dominate farming The greatest triumph of microfinance is the decisions, but women play larger roles in running demonstration that poor households can be household side-businesses, and women have reliable bank customers. Before the prominence of quickly become the main microfinance clients, Microfinance, Banks shouldered the task of even in countries where gender equality is far from serving the poor, particularly with a focus on the normal. farmers. The risks inherent in agricultural lending together with the misaligned incentives led to MFIs in Tamil Nadu institutions that were costly, inefficient, and not The Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in effective in reaching the poor. But, Microfinance Tamil Nadu have achieved a phenomenal growth pioneers focus on poor/down-trodden people in with 16% share of the total microfinance portfolio villages and towns running “non-farm enterprises” of 1.2 lakh crore; over 17 years. Even with the - like making handicrafts, livestock-raising, and biggest share of the microfinance portfolio in the running small stores instead of farmers by banks. country, MFIs of Tamil Nadu has been in better This paradigm shift has brought advantages: non- position in terms of non-performing asset (NPA), farm businesses tend to be less vulnerable to the according to a credit bureau; Crif High Mark vagaries of weather and crop prices, and they can Credit Information Services. They also rated better generate income on a steady basis. In due course in terms of portfolio at risk (PAR); only 4.85% of of the pilot, private partnership the banks have loans. In fact, the number of institutions providing also shaken their hands with Microfinance microfinance services has got up to 10 with 754 institutions invariably. Today, the bank describes offices and 1519 branches all over the country. them as low - income women, acquiring loans to support tiny enterprises like neighbour - hood
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mongering are the primary cause behind the aforesaid achievements.
Concern over the Prevailing System and Practices Among achievements, a major concern over the lending system of MFIs in Tamil Nadu was also pointed by MFIN, a self-regulatory organisation for the microfinance institutions. According to the report, 5% of borrowers in Tamil
Nadu, got at least one new loan in the first nine Source: CRIF High Mark Credit Information months of this fiscal year, also had active loans Services with four or more other lenders. This breach of the
Sturdy over Challenges system is higher than that of any other state. MFIs in Tamil Nadu have moved forward According the mandates of RBI on MFIs, not and got tough over the tough times of more than two microfinance institutions can demonetisation, poor monsoon and challenges provide loans to the same borrower from instability. Agreeing to a report of CRIF, simultaneously. districts like Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Conclusion Kancheepuram and Thanjavore alone had a Though MFIs has made a considerable microfinance portfolio of 1000 crore each out of change in the socioeconomic status of poor 1.3 core active microfinance loans of the entire communities in Indian sub-continent it needs nation. With a conservative approach, MFIs of enormous support in funds, practical approach Tamil Nadu have run a smooth function of the and administration by the way of legal framework, collection and disbursement as there was a expertise in MFIs evaluation tactics etc. Thus, negligible impact of demonetisation. According to MFIs needs groom their strength for sustained Microfinance Institutions Network (MFIN), it growth. indicates clearly that a strong customer connectedness that the microfinance institutions had with their clients and the absence of rumour-
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MAKE IN INDIA – MISSION AND VISION
Dr.J.T.Sharmila Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai
Abstract Foreign Direct Investment in India has increased significantly over the past 20 years, allowing it to compete with the likes of developed nations such as the UK and U.S. Because of this, India is now considered the most attractive destination for FDI. The reasons for this are clear. Throughout this paper, three words have appeared numerous times to describe the role FDI has played in India: liberalisation, integration and development. These three words have also described the order in which India has progressed as a country to become a powerhouse in the world’s economy and a market with enormous potential. “Make in India”, a type of Swadeshi movement covering 25 sectors of economy, was launched by the Government of India in 2014 to encourage companies to manufacture their products in India. This paper will aim to highlight the changes that India has gone through since 1991 in the liberalisation of its economy. Furthermore, it will demonstrate how India has grown both, socially and economically, through the encouragement of FDI, comparing the country’s performance to other emerging economies. Finally, it will show how FDI has helped to improve India’s infrastructure development programs, and the challenges the country still faces in providing a standard of living comparable to the developed world. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Inflows, Mission, Vision.
Introduction said that the development of these sectors would According to recent reports, India's economy ensure that the world shall readily come to Asia, is showing signs of a significant revival. With particularly to India where the availability of both several economic advantages coming together at a democratic conditions and manufacturing time when investor optimism is high following superiority made it the best destinations, especially Narendra Modi's landslide election victory in when combined with the effective governance recent past years, India is now considered to have intended by his administration. the best performing economy of the BRICS. India's Prime Minister Modi announced a historic Sector Wise Foreign Direct Inflow 10. Food 19.Renewable programme to facilitate investments and build best-in- 1. Automobiles class manufacturing infrastructure in the country. On Processing Energy 2. Automobile 20.Roads and 25 September 2014, India's Prime Minister, 11. IT and BPM Components highways Narendra Modi, launched the 'Make in India' 3. Aviation 12.Leather 21.Space campaign to tell the world that things are 13.Media and 22.Textiles 4.Biotechnology changing in India: doing business is going to get Entertainment and garments 23.Thermal easier, efficient and transparent. In his 5.Chemicals 14.Mining Independence Day speech on 15 August, the Power 24.Tourism Prime Minister invited businesses from across the 6.Construction 15.Oil and Gas and world saying, "Come, make in India! Come, Hospitality 7.Defence manufacture in India! Sell in any country of the 16.Pharmaceuticals 25.Wellness world but manufacture here." manufacturing 8.Electrical 17.Ports Machinery Mission of Foreign Direct Investment 9.Electronic 18.Railways For the Make in India campaign, the Systems government of India has identified 25 priority sectors that shall be promoted adequately. On the campaign launch, the Prime Minister Mr. Modi
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Automobiles India, if the Indian Air Force agreed to purchase General Motors announced an investment the aircraft. of US$1 billion. Boeing announced setting up a factory to assemble fighter planes, either Automobile Components the Apache or Chinook defence helicopter in Hitachi an auto-component plant India, as well as the manufacture of F/A-18 Super in Chennai by 2016 with the increase in their Hornet. Indian employees count from 10,000 to 13,000. Exports Aviation India confirmed will upgrade Myanmar's T-72 Aviation in India, UDAN-RCS, and List of tanks, supply DRDO's radars to Armenia, Kamov airports in India LH Aviation announced a 226 T multi-utility helicopters to Jordan, manufacturing plant in India to produce drones. indigenously developed lightweight torpedoes to Mayanmar (previously sold to sold to Srilanka and Biotechnology Vietnam), Astra 70-kilometer range air- to-air Biotechnology in India missile and 40,000 pieces of a component used in Bofors artillery guns for Rs 322 crore to UAE, Chemicals and manufacture DRDO weapons in Saudi Chemical industry in India, Indian Chemical Arabia by 2018 (Dec 2017 update). Society, and Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Electrical Machinery Electrical machinery industry in Construction India and Indian Electrical and Electronics Construction industry of India Manufacturers Association
Defence Manufacturing Electronic Systems Defence industry of India, India and weapons Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing of mass destruction, Guided missiles of India, industry in India With the demand for electronic and Defence Research and Development hardware expected to rise rapidly to US$400 Organisation billion by 2020, India has the potential to become India and Russia have deepened their Make in an electronic manufacturing hub and government India defence manufacturing cooperation by is targeting to achieve net zero imports of signing agreements for the construction of electronics by 2020. After the launch of this naval frigates, KA-226T twin-engine utility project, 24.8% of smartphones sold in India in the helicopters (joint venture (JV) to make 60 in April–June quarter of 2015 were made in India, up Russia and 140 in India), the Kamov Ka- from 19.9% the previous quarter. 226 multi-role helicopter being built in India, was Various companies pledged investment in widely seen as the first defence deal to be actually India to begin manufacturing signed under the Make in India campaign In Foxconn: US$5 billion investment over 5 August 2015, Hindustan Aeronautics years in research and development and hi-tech Limited (HAL) began talks with Russia's Irkut semiconductor manufacturing facility in Corp to transfer technology of 332 components of Maharashtra. the Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighter aircraft under the Huawei: New research and development Make in India program. Lockheed (R&D) campus in Bengaluru with an investment Martin announced in February 2016 its plans to of US$170 million and telecom hardware manufacture F-16 in India, although it did not manufacturing plant in Chennai.[51] announce any time frame. In February 2017, Lenovo: Manufacturing of Motorola at Lockheed stated that it intended to manufacture Sriperumbudur near Chennai run by Flextronics. the F-16 Block-70 aircraft with a local partner in 54 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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Micromax: 3 new manufacturing units in to promote Indian and organic foods, enhance Rajasthan, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh with 3 compliance of phyto sanitary international food- billion (US$47 million) investment). safety requirements, development of farm-to-port Qualcomm: "Design in India" programme to and farm-to-airport cold chain with focus on 25 mentor ten Indian hardware companies with the farm export clusters. potential to come up with innovative solutions and help them reach global scale Information Technology and Business Process Samsung: 10 "MSME-Samsung Technical Management Schools" and manufacturing of Samsung Z1 in its Information technology in India, Digital plant in Noida). India, and BharatNet Spice Group: 5 billion (US$78 million) mobile phone manufacturing unit in Uttar Leather Pradesh. Indian leather industry, Calcutta Leather Vivo Mobile: India began manufacturing Complex, Central Leather Research Institute, smartphones at a plant in Greater Noida with and E. I. Leather 2,200 employees. Wistron: Taiwanese manufacturing of Media and Entertainment Blackberry, HTC and Motorola devices at a new Entertainment industry in India, and factory in Noida. Bollywood Xiaomi: Smart phones at a Foxconn-run facility in Sri City made operational by producing Mining Xiaomi Redmi 2 Prime. Mining in India, List of mines in India, Iron and steel industry in India, Coal mining in India, Food Processing and Natural resources of India Food processing industry in India, Indian cuisine, List of largest producing countries of Oil and Gas agricultural commodities, List of world Oil and gas industry in India, List of oil production, and Indian Institute of Food refineries in India, Bharat Petroleum, IOC, Processing Technology ONGC, and Oil India India is among the largest producers of fruits, vegetables, rice and milk globally with trade Pharmaceuticals surplus in food items export. Pharmaceutical industry in India and Indian AarisaPithaof Jharkhand, Gushtaba of Kashm Drugs and Pharmaceuticals ir, ChickenCurry of Punjab, Khakhra and Khandv Ports and Shipping i of Gujarat, Bamboo Steam Fish, Vada and Sagarmala, Ports in India, and ports in Indian Medhu Vada of Karnataka, Khaja and Inarsa Ocean of Bihar and Kebab of Uttar Pradesh and Puran poli of Maharashtra have been selected Railways as traditional regional food to be promoted in the Dedicated Freight Corridors, Indian Railway, ongoing campaign. and Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of Marine Products Export Development India. Alstom/GE Transportation announced Authority announced the deal to supply shrimp 400 billion (US$6.2 billion) locomotive eggs to farmer in India for eventual exports of manufacturing factories in Madhepura and shrimp from India to other countries. Marhaura in Bihar.
Exports Renewable Energy In December 2017, India announced it will Renewable energy in India shortly announce a new agricultural exports policy
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Roads and Highways Economic Non-Viability Bharatmala, Indian road network, and Considering that foreign direct investments National Highway may be capital-intensive from the point of view of Space and Astronomy the investor, it can sometimes be very risky or Space and astronomy industry in India, ISRO, economically non-viable. and List of Indian satellites Expropriation Thermal Power Political changes can also lead to Electricity sector in India and List of power expropriation, which is a scenario where the stations in India government will have control over your property In May 2017, the Union Cabinet approved the and assets. construction of 10 indigenously-built Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). It is also Negative Impact on the Country’s Investment expected to create 33,400 direct and indirect jobs. The rules that govern foreign exchange rates and direct investments might negatively have an Textiles and Garments impact on the investing country. Investment may Textile industry in India be banned in some foreign markets, which means that it is impossible to pursue an inviting Tourism and Hospitality opportunity. Tourism in India Disappearance of Cottage and Small Scale Wellness Industries Medical tourism in India, Wellness Small industries’ products had to disappear tourism, Ayurveda, and AYUSH from the market due to the onslaught of the products coming from FDIs. Example: Vision of Foreign Direct Investment Multinational soft drinks. Hindrance to Domestic Investment As it focuses its resources elsewhere other Contribution to the Pollution than the investor’s home country, foreign direct FDIs contribute to pollution problem in the investment can sometimes hinder domestic country. The developed countries have shifted investment. some of their pollution-borne industries to the developing countries. Thus they have escaped Risk from Political Changes pollution. Because political issues in other countries can instantly change, foreign direct investment is very Cultural Erosion risky. Plus, most of the risk factors that we are In all the countries where the FDIs have made going to experience are extremely high. an inroad, there has been a cultural shock experienced by the local people, adopting a Negative Influence on Exchange Rates different culture alien to the country. Importance Foreign direct investments can occasionally given to human relations, hither to suffers a affect exchange rates to the advantage of one setback with the hi-fi style of living. country and the detriment of another. Conclusion Higher Costs The Government has identified 25 sectors that If we invest in some foreign countries, we India could become a world leader in and listed might notice that it is more expensive than when growth drivers, investment opportunities, the FDI we export goods. So, it is very imperative to policy, sectoral policies and specific reasons to prepare sufficient money to set up our operations. invest in each sector. Consequently, 'Make in
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India' is a programme for making India's climate thoroughly before doing it. Also, it is environment conducive to business. essential to hire a financial expert who is Manufacturing accounts for only 15% of accustomed to working internationally, as he can India's GDP, which is dismal compared to other give you a clear view of the prevailing economic developing South East Asian nations. The Indian landscape in our country. He can help us, Government wants to raise that share to 25% by monitor market stability and predict future 2022 and is committed to transforming India into growth. a global manufacturing destination, while ensuring that goods are manufactured with 'zero Reference defect' and with 'zero effect' on the environment. 1. www.google.com However, FDI also carries risks, and it is highly important for us to evaluate the economic
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A NEW INSIGHT OF HR MANAGERS IN THE GLOBALIZED ERA; AS A CARE TAKER
Dr.S.Usha Faculty, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University College, Madurai
Introduction of atmosphere and simply we can call it as smog Human resource management is a thought of which means a general term used to describe a the total knowledge, skills, creative abilities, poor air quality that is often associated with talents and aptitudes of an organization’s reduced visibility. Due to unaware of the smog workforce as well as the value, attitudes and peoples spoil the greens and they are all affected a beliefs of the individuals involved in it. The lot. But in recent times many government, non- human resource environment is currently more government organizations , even public are all turbulent than in the past. The role of the HR give more significant impact on the campaign to manager must work to the parallel the needs of raise the awareness bout pro- environmental the changing environment in the organization. habits. Now a days company are not showing their Companies are increasingly looking for ways success in the form of profits i.e in financial area, to support their employees as the complex humans their true success lies only in the hands of human they are. They must take care of employees resource relations in order. This is commonly because employees work for the company’s called as industrial relations, personal growth and development. In this regard, many administration, industrial psychology and personal companies swung into action and started taking management. various measures to ensure the health of their The process of liberalization, Globalization employees . and the consequent competition made the business Here are some actions or measures that the organizations to realize that the persons with companies took to help their employees deal with positive attitude have self- commitment and the deadly smog both in metropolitan and motivation and are loyal to the organizations. And cosmopolitan cities. with the continuous change in the business environment, the HR professionals has to become Pollution Mask a strategic partner, an employee sponsor, a change Companies operating in highly polluted cities mentor and of course a good care taker too. were distributing anti-pollution masks to all the This paper mainly focus on the HR employees both permanent and support staffs. professionals as a care taker of an employee Companies also suggested doctors to attend their because this century brings enormous employees who might be experiencing symptoms opportunities and pressure to the employees, if the associated with prolonged exposure to smog. They companies will show interest to the improve the also advised their employees not to undertake field productivity and of health of the people who are work when the air quality was poor and bad. working in the concern and treat them as a human being that leads to the vital objects of all the Air Purifiers economic activities and to industrial Companies installed air purifiers with a high development. efficiency particulate air filtration (HEPA) filter at Companies Attention towards their Employees dedicated spaces across office centers for The growth of technology and the population employees to enjoy unadulterated oxygen and in today’s world become great causes for pollution
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breathe in fresh air thereby improving indoor air Conclusion quality. Human resources management is also essential to take care of the health of the Spreading Awareness employees because Healthy, engaged employees Companies have been sending out advisories are the top competitive advantage. Effective to all employees at the time of smog. Regular human resources management strategies are memes or mailers to employees on how to tackle greatly needed to achieve better outcomes from pollution include diets plans and best time to and access to health around the world. HR exercise. Managers make their workers their top priority so that each employee feels like an important, valued Work from Home member of the company instead of just another Companies got more aggressive with their worker. The company retain best employees by already existing flexi- working programmes. They offering full benefits as well as bonuses and encouraged their employees to operate either from awards for hard work and customer service. J. home or from work centers near their homes. This Willard Marriott, founder of Marriott Hotels, measure will help not only employees but also the summed it up best when he stated, "Take care of community at large. Pregnant women within the your people and they will take care of your work force were strongly advised to take the work customers."Finally as per his words as a HR from home option. manager if we take care of our employees health then they will never allow their company to Carpooling Option become sick. Companies encourage employees to opt for carpooling especially during periods of high References pollution. Carpooling is an environmental 1. Personnel and human resource management, friendly way of travelling as sharing journeys . P. Subba Rao 5th edition, Himalaya publishing some companies will need to further strengthen house. their carpooling policies by maintaining a 2. Human resource management, David A. database of employees who commute by cars and Decenzo, Stephen P. robbins, Susan L. offer them free carpooling services. Verhulst 11th edition, Wiley india pvt ltd., 3. International HRM ,peter j. Dowling 6th edition 4. www. google.com
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WORK LIFE BALANCE
D.Hamsa Priya Assistant Professor, Women’s Christian College
Work life balance implies a couple of things: energy between work and other important aspects Work and life are separate entities of their lives. Work-life balance is a daily effort to There is a way to perfectly harmonize the two make time for family, friends, community things and achieve a state of balance. participation, spirituality, personal growth, self- The term was coined to identify the care, and other personal activities, in addition to conflicting demands women face. This term has the demands of the workplace. gained familiarity among working women than The pursuit of work-life balance reduces the men. This is because men are considered to be stress which employees experience. When they bread winners of the family. They are termed to be spend the majority of their days on work-related providers. Traditionally, men have been thought activities and feel as if they are neglecting the of as being the protectors and main providers for other important components of their lives, stress their families and, therefore, if they spent more and unhappiness result. An employee who doesn't time at the office, networking or even spend time make time for self-care eventually damages their in pursuing an education they are valued for their output and productivity. drive and praised for their successes outside the Work-life balance enables employees to feel as home. Men are commonly referred to as "good if they are paying attention to all of the important providers". aspects of their lives. It occurs when employees On the other hand women are considered to experience the flexibility of a workplace that take care of the family. Women are more likely to allows them to pursue all components of a healthy be praised for being good wives and mothers long life. before they might be referred to as "good Employers need to create a work environment providers." Society still values women as wives in which work-life balance is expected, enabled, and mothers first, and towards the end as and supported. They need to adopt few strategies economic powerhouses. As a result of this for work life balance to be implemented in their thinking, it is expected that when a child is born organization. women will take time off, or quit their jobs to raise Offering a flexible working schedule to the a family. employees In present scenario, due to the career Allowing the employees to take unpaid leave opportunities, inflation rate, increase in the during emergency situations standard of living, women extend their role from Not to disturb the employee when he is taking care of their family to support their family working from home until the situation is financially as well. This is where the concept of really critical. balancing between their life and work steps in. Company need to sponsor family events and The work which they perform and the role which functions is designed to them initiates to have a balance between the two. Most women handle this in an Important pre-requisites for women to balance excellent manner by planning appropriately. work and life Work-life balance is a concept that supports Set your goals: Be clear on your values, goals the efforts of employees to split their time and and purpose in life. Your values and purpose are
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your internal compass for how to best utilize the and fill your cup back up with goodness. Find natural gifts and talents that you uniquely have to time and work on it and practice them regularly. It express yourself in the world through your work. will calm your mind and ease your spirit. When you can walk your path and remain true to Giving and Receiving Full attention: When your values and gifts, it naturally reduces the you’re with your loved ones or with a colleague, amount of stress you experience as you honor be there fully in that moment with them as best yourself and your spirit. you can. When you give your all, they can feel it. Manage Your Health: If you don’t take care And as human beings, when we get full attention of your health, you will not be able to take care of of another person, our hearts open and it creates a others. So, be sure to eat healthy foods that feed stronger connection with them. This helps to build your body with good nutrition, and make time for trust and collaboration which goes a long way some kind of regular exercise so you can work out towards reducing misunderstandings. the stresses of everyday life. If you don’t, these Be Clear on Your Priorities: Prepare a stressors can build up in your system and lead to a schedule listing your priorities. When you’re clear variety of health issues both mental and physical. on what needs to be prioritized first, then it’s less Communicate Your Wants and needs stressful to make choices and decisions based on Clearly: Have a good and open conversation with your priorities as you honor your values, heart and your loved ones where you exchange your wants spirit. and needs clearly. This helps them to avoid from taking assumptions of what you need. References Create Space for Yourself: Be sure to take 1. www.worklifebalance.com time out for things that rejuvenate your spirit. 2. www.thebalance.com Things like meditation, prayer, getting a fabulous 3. www.theskillsyouneed.com massage or doing yoga, or taking a walk during 4. www.pingboard.com your lunch break are all great ways to de-stress
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A STUDY ON THE MOST EFFECTIVE APPROACHES TO INVESTMENT ANALYSIS
Dr.C.Poorna Pushkala Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Thiruvalluvar College, Papanasam
Abstract Investment approaches are determined by investors' views of the market. For investors who believe the market is basically efficient, so that price changes are essentially random and unpredictable, the reasonable approach is passive investing, or indexing, which makes no attempt to outperform the underlying market. Investors who believe there are clear-cut patterns discernible in stock price movements may aim for above-market returns by using fairly simple approaches, such as buying stocks with low price/earning ratios or buying small-capitalization stocks. But what if the market is not totally efficient, but there are no simple patterns that can be exploited for consistent excess returns? Such a complex market requires an investment approach capable of dealing with that complexity. Keywords: investing; equity market; stock selection; complex market; interrelated return effects; unified approach; growth stocks; value stocks; small-cap stocks; law of one alpha; disentangling; multivariate analysis; naïve returns; pure returns; portfolio construction; portfolio optimizer; performance attribution
Introduction appreciation is a direct result of value creation by Investment analysis is a broad term that the underlying company. Hence investors make encompasses many different aspects of investing. their profits due to value created. It can include analyzing past returns to make predictions about future returns, selecting the type Approaches to Investment Analysis of investment vehicle that is best for an investor's When approaching investment in the stock needs or evaluating securities such as stocks and market there are two very common methodologies bonds for valuation and investor specificity used, fundamental analysis and technical analysis. As with any investment strategy there are Definition advocates and detractors of each approach. This Quantitative and qualitative techniques for article will explain both methodologies so that you determining profitable investment strategies. can clearly understand the process of fundamental Investment analysis may include examination analysis vs. technical analysis. of market trends, monitoring of reports published by businesses, statistical treatment of economic Fundamental Approach to Investing indicators in order to detect meaningful patterns, Fundamental analysis is the approach or other methods of identifying opportunities whereby one tries to calculate the intrinsic value of for profit. a stock by looking at the basic economic factors, the fundamentals, which would impact its value. Objective Relevant factors that will be looked at include: The objectives of the decisions also differ Revenues, expenses and income across technical and fundamental analysis. Growth prospects for the company Technical analysis results in a trade. Trade is the The competitive factors the company faces purchase of a stock because the trader believes he Expected return on equity or assets in the can sell the same at a higher price. Therefore the industry profits or losses in technical analysis arise purely The goal of this analysis is to establish a value out of differing opinions of people rather than for the stock that would factor in all of these value creation. However fundamental analysis underlying factors. As the approach doesn't look results in an investment. Investment is the at short term pricing and trading swings this is purchase of a stock because the investor believes considered a long term investment approach, as it the value of the stock will appreciate. The 62 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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may take time for the intrinsic value to be realized. Types of Investment Analysis As this factors in forward looking expectations this When making investment decisions, investors methodology is considered to build a valuation can use based on backward and forward looking information. Bottom-Up Investment Analysis Approach Top-Down Approach Technical Approach to Investing Bottom-up Investment analysis entails Technical analysis is an investment analyzing individual stocks for their merits, such methodology that evaluates investments purely on as valuation, management competence, pricing the market activity surrounding them, with no power and other unique characteristics of the stock looking to the actual operations or value of the and company. company itself. Relevant factors that will be Bottom-up investment analysis does not focus looked at include: on economic cycles or market cycles firsthand for Historical pricing of the shares capital allocation decisions but instead aims to Trading volumes over time find the best companies and stocks regardless of Industry trading trends economic, market or particular industry macro The goal of this analysis is to capitalize on trends. pricing opportunities and trends that can be In essence, bottom-up investing takes more of identified in the market activity around each a microeconomic approach to investing rather share. As the methodology is purely based on than a macroeconomic one, which is a hallmark of historical market activity this is considered to be a top-down investment analysis. backward looking methodology. Top-down investment analysis emphasizes economic, market and industrial trends before Fundamental Analysis vs. Technical Analysis making a more granular investment decision to When it comes to comparing and choosing a allocate capital to specific companies. methodology between the two there are two key An example of a top-down approach is an considerations to factor in. First, the time horizon investor evaluating industries and finding that of your approach is important to consider. financials will likely perform better than Fundamental analysis is a long term investment industrials; as a result, the investor decides his strategy whereas technical analysis is considered investment portfolio will be overweight financials far more of a short term methodology. By pricing and underweight industrials. on intrinsic values fundamental analysis is The investor then proceeds to find the best working towards the long-term value of a stocks in each sector. On the contrary, a bottom- company, whereas by trading on market trends up investor may have found that an industrial technical analysis is short-term focused. company made for a compelling investment and Second, you need to consider what your allocated a significant amount of capital to it even investment approach is. Are you an investor or a though the outlook for its broader industry was trader? Fundamental analysis is investing in negative. companies and relying on their underlying value to drive your returns. Technical analysis is really a Breaking down 'Investment Analysis' trading strategy where you are aiming to drive Investment analysis can help determine how returns out of identified trends and an investment is likely to perform and how opportunities.Trading can take far more active suitable it is for a given investor. It is key to any time and management on the part of the investor, sound portfolio management strategy. Investors though major funds invest millions in who are not comfortable doing their own sophisticated technical analysis trading software. investment analysis can seek professional advice from a financial advisor or other financial professional. Investment analysis can also involve evaluating past investment decisions in terms of 63 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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the thought process that went into making them, how the decision affected a portfolio's Breaking Down 'Decision Analysis - DA' performance and how mistakes can be regarded Decision analysis (DA) can be employed by and corrected. large and small corporations alike when making various types of decisions including management, Performing Investment Analysis operations, marketing, capital investments or In conducting an investment analysis of strategic decisions. a mutual fund, an investor looks at factors such as how the fund has performed compared to Capital Investment Analysis its benchmark. The investor can also compare the A budgeting procedure that companies and fund's performance, expense ratio, management government agencies use to assess the potential stability, sector weighting, style and asset profitability of a long-term investment. allocation to similar funds. Investment goals Capital investment analysis assesses long-term should always be considered when analyzing an investments, which might include fixed assets like investment; one size does not always fit all, and equipment, machinery or real estate. The goal of highest returns regardless of risk are not always this process is to pinpoint the option that is most the goal. likely to be the most profitable for the business. The investor can also compare the fund's Businesses may use techniques such as discounted performance, expense ratio, management stability, cash flow analysis, risk-return analysis, risk- sector weighting, style and asset allocation to neutral valuation and utility theory in a capital similar funds. Investment goals should always be investment analysis. considered when analyzing an investment; one size does not always fit all, and highest returns Breaking Down 'Capital Investment Analysis' regardless of risk are not always the goal. Capital investments are risky because they Decision analysis (DA) is a systematic, involve large, up-front expenditures on assets quantitative and visual approach to addressing intended for many years of service and that will and evaluating important choices confronted by take a long time to pay for themselves. If a capital businesses. Decision analysis utilizes a variety of investment is financed, it must earn an even tools to evaluate all relevant information to aid in greater return, to compensate for the interest the the decision making process and incorporates company must pay on the financed funds. aspects of psychology, management techniques Furthermore, a poor investment decision may not and training, and economics. It is often used to be reversible. For all of these reasons, it is crucial assess decisions that are made in the context of that a company perform a capital investment multiple variables and which have many possible analysis before making any high-stakes capital outcomes or objectives. It can be used by investment decision. individuals or groups attempting to make a decision related to risk management, capital Horizon Analysis investments and strategic business decisions. A The analysis of a security or portfolio’s total graphical representation of alternatives and returns over a period of time, referred to as possible solutions, as well as challenges and the investment horizon. Horizon analysis allows uncertainties, can be created on a decision tree or an investor to assess performance under different influence diagram. More sophisticated computer levels of risk, market yields and return models have also been developed to aid in the expectations. This is referred to as scenario decision analysis process. analysis. The horizon date chosen is dependent on The term decision analysis originated in 1964 the needs of the analyst, and can correspond to by Ronald A. Howard, professor of Management a business cycle or maturity date. Science and Engineering at Stanford University.
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technical as well as fundamental analysis, by Breaking Down 'Horizon Analysis' looking at the investing decision in two parts. The Horizon analysis is considered more realistic first is picking the right stocks to invest in and the than simple yield analysis. When combined with second is choosing the right time to invest in them. statistical analysis, specifically the distribution of While fundamental analysis helps to answer the returns based on scenarios, horizon analysis question of ‘Right Stocks’, technical analysis is a allows investors to estimate expected and better tool to answer the question of the right time unexpected losses. This allows a portfolio to invest in a chosen stock. Using technical manager to set aside funds if returns have a higher analysis to identify the right time to make an probability of being low. investment can help to tremendously increase the returns of a fundamental analyst. Hence I would Conclusion like to conclude that the best approach for any The debate as to which is better can be as investor would be to use a combination never ending as every other debate in this world. strategy rather than a purely technical or purely However in my opinion the best strategy for an fundamental analysis. investor is to follow a combination strategy of
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CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – AN OVERVIEW
Dr.K.Gnanaguru Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Sourashtra College, Madurai
Abstract Corporate social responsibility refers to a business practice that involves participating in initiatives that benefit society. But now a days, CSR is a highly misunderstood & misinterpreted term in India. Some Indian corporate companies believe that merely complying with laws & regulations fulfills their need for social responsibility. A responsible corporate recognizes that its activities have wider impact on the society in which it operates. Although India is a favorable business destination for western investors. It is to be tremendously challenging for any business to remain competitive here in the long term. CSR is one effective tool that synergizes the efforts of corporate & the social sector agencies towards sustainable growth & development of the societal objectives at large. This paper attempts to highlights the need, Challenges, advantages and disadvantages of corporate social responsibility in various aspects.
Introduction Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also The term includes customers, consumers, known as corporate responsibility, corporate governments, regulatory authorities, suppliers, citizenship, employees & shareholders. Stakeholders represent responsible business, sustainable responsible busin various segments of the society wherein business is ess (SRB), or corporate social performance, is a one of the component of society extracting form of corporate self -regulation integrated into a resources and catering to the needs and demands business model. CSR policy would function as a of these groups. The corporates are the explorers built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby and extractors of resources from the society, business would monitor and ensure their environment and nature without giving anything adherence to law, ethical standards, and in return. Hence the concept of CSR was international norms. Business would embrace innovated and introduced. responsibility for the impact of their activities on CSR is a concept whose soul lies in the term the environment, consumers, employees, ethics. It focuses on rewarding the society and communities, stakeholders and all other members various other stakeholders with direct concern of the public sphere. Furthermore, business would with quality of life in society. The word proactively promote the public interest by responsibility implies that business organisation encouraging community growth and development, has some kind of obligation towards the society in and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the which they function to deal with social problems public sphere, regardless of legality. Essentially, and contribute more than just economic services. CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest Strong, sustained economic performance into corporate decision making, and the honoring Rigorous compliance with financial and legal of People and Profit. rules Ethical and citizenship actions beyond formal Objectives of the Study requirement, which advances corporation‘s To know the concept of corporate social reputation and long term health (The Wall responsibility. Street Journal, 2005). To identify the importance and need of corporate social responsibility. To study the challenges and prospects of corporate social responsibility.
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Challenges of Corporate Social Responsibility Visibility Factor: Communication in the right Lack of Community Participation in CSR sense, of the right act, to the group of right people Activities leads to success and motivation to perform There is a lack of interest of the local perpetually. The role of media in highlighting community in participating and contributing to good cases of successful CSR initiatives is CSR activities of companies. This is largely welcomed as it spreads good stories and sensitizes attributable to the fact that there exists little or no the local population about various ongoing CSR knowledge about CSR within the local initiatives of companies. This apparent influence communities as no serious efforts have been made of gaining visibility and branding exercise often to spread awareness about CSR and instill leads many nongovernmental organizations to confidence in the local communities about such involve themselves in event-based programs; in the initiatives. The situation is further aggravated by a process, they often miss out on meaningful lack of communication between the company and grassroots interventions. the community at the grassroots. Narrow Perception towards CSR Initiatives Need to Build Local Capacities Nongovernmental organizations and NGO‘scan prove to be a boon for Government agencies usually possess a narrow performing/carrying out various CSR activities. outlook towards the CSR initiatives of companies, However NGO as a tool is rarely considered due often defining CSR initiatives more donor-driven to reasons like their inefficiency, incompetency, than local in approach. As a result, they find it lack of resources and support for their hard to decide whether they should participate in development. Hence, there is a need for capacity such activities at all in medium and long run. building of the local nongovernmental organizations as there is serious dearth of trained Lack of Consensus on Implementing CSR Issues and efficient organizations that can effectively There is a lack of consensus amongst local contribute to the ongoing CSR activities initiated agencies regarding CSR projects. This lack of by companies. This seriously compromises scaling consensus often results in duplication of activities up of CSR initiatives and subsequently limits the by corporate houses in areas of their intervention. scope of such activities. This results in a competitive spirit between local Issues of Transparency: Lack of transparency implementing agencies rather than building is one of the key issues brought forth by the collaborative approaches on issues. This factor survey. There is an expression by the companies limits company‘s abilities to undertake impact that there exists lack of transparency on the part of assessment of their initiatives from time to time. the local implementing agencies as they do not make adequate efforts to disclose information on Corporate Social Responsibility in India their programs, audit issues, impact assessment All the Business houses and corporate have and utilization of funds. been taking up social welfare activities from time Non-availability of Well Organized Non- to time. While CSR is relevant in business for all governmental Organizations: It is also reported societies, it is particularly significant for that there is non availability of well-organized developing countries like India, where limited nongovernmental organizations in remote and resources for meeting the ever growing aspirations rural areas that can assess and identify real needs and diversity of a pluralistic society, make the of the community and work along with companies process of sustainable development more to ensure successful implementation of CSR challenging. CSR interventions-based on activities. This also builds the case for investing in commitment, mobilization of employees- local communities by way of building their voluntarism, innovative approaches, appropriate capacities to undertake development projects at technology and continuing partnership-have been local levels. making lasting differences in the life of the disadvantaged. Further, synergy of corporate 67 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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action with the government and the civil society accident. These can draw unwanted attention are making the CSR interventions more effective from regulators, courts, governments & media. and facilitating the corporate carrying on business Building a genuine culture of doing the right thing in the society. within a corporation can offset these risk.
Why CSR is Aggressively needed Today? Brand Differentiation CSR component has moved from the profit- In crowded market places, company‘s striving centered model to the socially responsible model, for a unique selling proposition. That can separate a concept referring to the way in which companies them from the competition in the minds of exercise responsibility and accountability for the consumers. CSR can play role in building economic, social and environmental impact of customer loyalty based on distinctive ethical their business decisions and behaviours. CSR has values. become increasingly important because today’s heightened interest in the proper role of business License to Operate in society has been promoted by increased Corporation are keen to avoid interference in sensitivity to and awareness of environmental and their business through taxation. By taking ethical issues. substantive voluntary steps, they can pursuit Issues such as environmental damage, governments that they are taking issues such as improper treatment of workers, and faulty health & safety, diversity, or the environment production leading to customer inconvenience or seriously as good corporate citizen for positive danger are being highlighted in the Ghanaian impact on the environment. media; elsewhere, investors and investment fund managers have began to take account of a firm’s Company Benefits CSR policy in making investment decisions; some Improved financial performance; consumers have become increasingly sensitive to Lower operating costs; the CSR programmes of the firms from which they Enhanced brand image and reputation; buy their goods and services. Increased sales and customer loyalty; These trends have contributed to the pressure Greater productivity and quality; on companies to operate in an economically, More ability to attract and retain employees; socially and environmentally sustainable way. Reduced regulatory oversight; Access to capital; Potential Business Benefits of CSR Workforce diversity; The nature of benefits of CSR for any Product safety and decreased liability. organization can vary depending on the nature of the enterprise. Benefits to the Community and the General
Public Human Resources A CSR programme can be an aid to Charitable contributions; recruitment and retention, particularly within the Employee volunteer programmes; competitive graduate student market. Potential Corporate involvement in community recruits often ask about a firm‘s CSR policy during education, employment and homelessness an interview, and having a comprehensive policy programmes; can give an advantage. Product safety and quality.
Risk Management Environmental Benefits Managing risk is a central part of many Greater material recyclability; corporate strategies. Reputation as take decades to Better product durability and functionality; build up can be ruined in hours through incident Greater use of renewable resources; such as corruption scandals or environmental 68 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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Disadvantages concern for the community is often mistaken for Work environments can be frustrating. From socialism. On the contrary, every citizen is an antiquated technology to bureaucratic red tape, asset in economic activity and has opportunities to working at a nonprofit can be downright succeed. CSR is a culture and unwritten contract exasperating. Employees are asked to do more with the community. This invisible culture can work with fewer resources, create miracles on a shape brighter future for daily basis, and satisfy competing interests. The nations. If employees don’t see the point of CSR i pace of change is often slower than it is in a for- nitiatives, or understand the message, initiatives profit environment, given that so many opinions are unlikely to be effective. must be considered and the bottom line is not as The present societal marketing concept of com clear. panies is constantly evolving and has given rise to The level of burnout is high. Those who enter a new concept- CSR. Many of the leading the nonprofit workforce with a specific mission corporations across the world had realized the and goal in mind do so with great purpose. This importance of being associated with socially great purpose often places a heavy weight on the relevant causes as a means of promoting their shoulders of those doing the work. brands. It stems from the desire to do well and get The stakes are higher. A bad day in a self-satisfaction in return as well as societal corporate job is unlikely to resemble a bad day in a obligation of business. The Indian corporate sector nonprofit job. Consider the difference between are planning to introduce CSR in the small and losing a few percent off your stock price and losing medium enterprises (SME) sector to increase its a mentored young person to drugs. The stakes are reach in remote areas. Also some companies has simply higher when you are dealing with a cause already started using the CSR as a strategy, which close to your heart. aims at mutual development of company and the There is a constant focus on fundraising. community simultaneously. Nonprofit executives wake up every morning and go to bed every night worrying about the location References of their next fundraised dollar. This constant 1. Human Resource Development – (Text and pressure leads to certain internal issues going classes) - K .Aswathappa –Tata Mc Graw Hill unaddressed until a crisis emerges, takes the chief Publishing Company Limited – third edition. executive away from the office for long periods of 2. Corporate social responsibility Dessler R time, and can lend itself to mission drift. Cooper and Pamela. S. Schindler (2006) Business Research Methods, 9th edition, Tata Conclusion McGraw CSR have no boundaries and are not constrained by race, colour, or religion. Sadly,
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GOODS AND SERVICE TAX IN INDIA- IMPACTS AND SWOT ANALYSIS
V.Vishnugeetha (Post Graduate Student of Economics) Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore
Abstract The Good and services tax (GST) is the biggest and substantial indirect tax reform since 1947. The proposed GST is expected to be another milestone in the economic growth in India. The main idea of GST is to replace existing taxes like value-added tax, excise duty, service tax and sales tax. It will be levied on manufacture sale and consumption of goods and services. The fundamental aim of GST is to make uniform the scattered indirect tax system in India and avoid the cascading effect in taxation. The impact going to make by GST will be a transformation in the entire tax system in India. This paper enlightens the impact of the GST in India and their benefits and challenges in India.
Introduction the benefits and challenges of GST after The Goods and Services Tax is meant to be a implementation. unified indirect tax across the country on products Objectives of the study and services. In the current system in India, tax is The main Objectives of the study are levied at each stage separately by the Centre and To identify the impacts of GST on various the State at varying rates on the full value of the sectors. goods. But under the Goods and Services Tax To know the SWOT analysis of GST system that is set to be introduced, tax will be levied only on the value added at each stage. It is a Methodology single tax (collected at multiple points) with a full This study is purely based on the information set-off for taxes paid earlier in the value chain. The compiled from secondary data such as magazines, main objective of the GST is to eliminate the journals, reports and websites. cascading effects of production and distribution cost of goods and services and to eliminate the Findings of the Study multiplicity of indirect taxation and streamline all Impact of GST on various sectors in Indian the indirect taxes which would be beneficial for Economy manufacture and ultimate consumer. The impacts of GST on various sectors in the (Khurana,2016) Indian Economy are as follows Table No 1 Tax Rate before and After GST Review of Literature Current After S.No Sectors Impact According to Khurana and et.al (2016) tax Tax 1. Banks 15% 18% Negative highlighted the background, objectives of the Consumer 2. 22% 18% Positive proposed GST and the impact of GST in the Staples Consumer present tax scenario in India and explored various 3. 15% 18% Negative Discretionary benefits and opportunities of GST. Vijayaragavan Media & 4. 22% 18% Positive and et.al (2017) intended to exhibit the detailed Entertainment Marginal impact of GST implementation in Indian 5. Telecom 15% 18% Dip economic system. Kour and et.al (2016) Auto and Auto 6. 27% 18% Positive deliberated that what will be the impact of GST ancillary after its implementation, difference between No 7. Metals 18% 18% Significant present Indirect Taxes and GST and what will be impact 8. Cement 27% 18% Positive 70 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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9. Pharma 15% 18% Negative Telecom No There is a increased in effective rate from 15% 10. Real Estate 15% 18% Significant impact to 18- 20%. There is a marginal increase in the Source: Holla, 2016 prices. Prices of handsets are likely to come down Table no 1 represents the tax rate before and by the impact of GST. The warehouse cost and after the implementation of the Goods and transportation cost will eventually come down. It Services Tax. The consumer staples, Media and will help them in ease of doing business and more Entertainment, Auto and Auto ancillary and and more people would have access to cheaper Cement has the positive impacts. The Banks, and high quality services. It may affect the call Consumer Discretionary and Pharma has the charges as it is 18% in GST slab. negative impacts. Industry Agriculture People associated with industry feels that One of the most radical decisions taken at the more people would have to move from GST council meet was to fix the applicable GST unorganized sector to be organized sector. GST rate at zero per cent for most of the primary farm has abolished Special Additional Duty on produce. Thus, there will be no impact of GST on imported goods which was a very cumbersome the farming community. However, the rates on procedure. A cottage industry consists of small fruit and vegetable juices, jam, sauces, purees, scale industry often operated from home. GST has mixes, concentrates and a host of processed foods imposed tax rates on cottage industries which are have been set at 12 to 18%. Cereals will be taxed labor intensive. It will make the items more at 5%. Under the new GST law, dairy farming, expensive and the sale of these items would also poultry farming and stock breeding are kept out of get affected. the definition of agriculture. Therefore, these will be taxable under GST. It could be concluded that Pharmaceuticals though the overall tax burden on consumers will India is a home of 125 crore population and be less in new tax regime, but certainly it would thus it has multi- faced diseases and viral have inflationary pressure on the food articles infections. Pharma Industries are at ease since especially processed one which may lead to earlier 8 different types of taxes were imposed but restoring the consumption towards fresh farm now only 1 tax would be applicable. But on the products. The implementation of GST is going to fresh manufacturing of these products, a new rate benefit a lot, the farmers/ distributors in the long of 12 % and 5 % would be applicable. run as there will be a single unified National Agriculture Market which will help them to sell Automobiles their produce for the best available prices. Buyers of passenger vehicles in the premium segment will be key beneficiaries of GST, which Real Estate will reduce the effective duty on such models. The stamp duty to be continued on Land and Prices of small cars will more or less remain the constructed on immovable property. Cross same as their will only be a minor hike in the duty utilization of credits on goods and services under the GST. Cars will be taxed at the top rate available under GST. Increase in price with stamp of 28% plus a cess in the range of 1% to 15%. duty and GST both being levied. Real estate is one Small cars will be charged 1% cess on top of 28% of the most important sectors of Indian Sector and tax, mid-sized cars will attract 3% cess and luxury it is one of the top employment generators of cars 15% cess on top of the peak rate. Industry economy. It is going to become more transparent experts opine that GST will lead to the dropping and efficient after this step but in the initial phases, of on road price of vehicles by 8%. Lower prices the sector is experiencing downfall. can be construed as indirect stimulus to boost volumes. Key beneficiaries would be Maruti Suzuki, M&M and Eicher Motors. A reduced 71 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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overall tax burden will pave the way for It helps in the reduction of prices of the goods stimulating demand and strengthening the and services to the consumer with the automotive market in the country. reduction of tax. It would reduce transaction costs. Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) It encourages transparency and unbiased tax GST imposition on various sectors has impact structure. on number of industries. FMCG is one of them It brings efficiency in the indirect tax and has to do a lot more with increased cost. The mechanism. logistics and distribution cost will substantially come down. Earlier they were paying 24-25%. A Weakness negative downfall can be seen in Tobacco It doesn’t include alcohol and petroleum products. products which would lead to incurring of
huge losses. Common Man Single GST rate would be high compared to The effects of the common man are as individual indirect tax rate. follows: In reality, it might result in a dual tax system A unified tax system removing a bundle of in which both state and the Centre would indirect taxes. collect tax separately. Removes cascading effect of taxes. Sudden implementation of GST might create Manufacturing costs will be reduced, hence confusion to the common man. prices of consumer goods likely to come
down. Opportunities Reduced costs means some products like cars, Reduction in tax burden will increase the FMCG etc. will become cheaper. competitiveness of Indian products in the Lower prices will increase international market demand/consumption. There would be a gradual increase in the Increased demand will lead to increase revenues of state and the union supply. Hence, rise in production of goods. Helps reducing corruption as the The increased production will lead to more implementation of GST would result in a job opportunities in the long run. But, this can gradual decrease of procedures and happen only if consumers actually get cheaper formalities. goods. One of the biggest reforms in Indian Tax A unified tax regime will lead to less Structure. corruption which will indirectly affect the Multiplicity of taxation is removed. common man.
Threats To Know the SWOT Analysis It is entirely dependent on the efficiency and Strengths effectiveness of the system A single GST could be used instead of other Beneficiaries of the system are uncertain. It indirect taxes at the state and central level. could be either state or the Centre. This would It would end the cascading effects. create a chaos while preparing budgets and There would be uniformity of tax rates across financing polices the states. Lack of co-ordination between the Centre and Common market situation will be created in the state might affect the system and also the between different states. revenues generated. (Anbarasi ,2015) GDP growth will show upper trend.
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Conclusion 2. Holla (2016), SWOC analysis of goods and Due to dissilient environment of Indian services tax: Implementation in India, economy, it is demand of time to implement GST. International Journal of Current Research and Consumption and productions of goods and Modern Education, 1(2), pp: 229-236. services is undoubtedly increasing and because of 3. Kaur (2016), Goods and Service tax and its multiplicity of taxes in current tax regime impact, International Journal of Applied administration complexities and compliance cost Research, 2(8), pp: 385-387. is also accelerating. Thus an simplify, user - 4. Khurana and et.al (2016), GST in India- friendly and transparent tax system is required A positive reform for Indirect tax. which can be fulfilled by implementation of GST. International Journal of Advanced Research, No doubt that GST will give India a world class 4(3), pp: 500- 505. tax system by grabbing different treatment to 5. Kour and et.al (2016), A study on impact of manufacturing and service sector. At end we can GST after its implementation, International say no doubt it is bigger ever change in tax Journal of Innovative Studies in Sociology structure of India. There will be fall in prices of and Humanities, 1(2), pp: 17 -24 some commodities but on the other hand price of 6. Sehrawat and et.al (2015), GST in India: some other goods and services will rise. But A key tax reform, International Journal of overall the GST will be a great change. Research- Granthaalayah, 3(12), pp: 133-141. 7. Vijayaragavan and et.al (2017), A Study on References the Impact of GST in Indian Economy, IQSR 1. Goswami and et.al (2017), Impact of Goods Journal of Economics and Finance, 8 (2), pp: and Service Tax on Varoius Sectors in India, 06-08 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 3(9), pp: 219-220.
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A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM IN KONE PVT LTD, CHENNAI
E.Subalakshmi Research Scholar, Mother Teresa Womens University
Abstract Performance Appraisal is a method of evaluating the behavior of employees in the organization, normally including both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of job performance. Performance refers to the degree of accomplishment of the tasks that make up an individual job. It indicates how well an individual is fulfilling job demands. It is always measured in terms of results. The survey is based on formal questionnaire and response was obtained. Descriptive research design was followed in this research, obviously, the aims at finding out the relationship among variables. The sample size is 90 but only 81 respondents have responded. A sum of 81respondents was met in their leisure time, with a request to survey the questionnaire. Sampling technique is an important criteria, which decides the reliability of the sampling. The lottery method was used for the data collection. The total population 100. The data collected was analyzed through, percentage analysis, weighted average and chisquare. The report provides suggestion that the online method can be improved throughout the organization for all the technical design activities in order to reduce the time. The satisfaction level of employees can be improved by providing cultural programs. Keywords: Performance Appraisal, Method, Process, Advantages, Impacts
Introduction that make up an individual’s job. It indicates how Performance Appraisal is a method of well an individual is fulfilling the job evaluating the behavior of employees in the work requirements. Often the term is confused with spot, normally including both the quantitative and efforts, which means energy expended and used in qualitative aspects of job performance. a wrong sense. Performance is always measured Performance refers to the degree of in terms of results. A bank employee, for accomplishment of the tasks that make up an example, may exert a great deal of effort while individual job. It indicates how well an individual preparing for the CAIIB examination but manages is fulfilling job demands. It is always measured in to get a poor grade. In this case the effort terms of results. expended is high but performance is low.
Process Objectives of the Study Step: 1 My job analysis, job description and job 1. To find out the method used for appraisal specification. system. Step: 2 Establishing standards of performance. 2. To identify the satisfaction level of employees. Step: 3 Communicating performance standard to 3. To find the whether the plans are prepared to employees. improve performance. Step: 4 Measuring actual performance. 4. To measure the time spent by appraiser. Step: 5 Comparing actual performance with 5. To reveal out the performance appraisal standards and discussing with employees. process in KONE Step: 6 Initiating corrective action if necessary. 6. To identify the benefit of performance appraisal. Employees Performance Appraisal After an employee has been trained to do it Review of Literature and has worked on it for a period of time, his St. Luke’s Hospital, a thoroughly modern performance should be evaluated. Performance hospital in Jacksonville, Florida, discovered a Evaluation or Appraisal is the process of deciding thoroughly modern problem. Its performance how employees do their jobs. Performance here appraisal system generated an insurmountable pile refers to the degree of accomplishment of the tasks of papers, and with 1,325 employees, the HR staff 74 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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recognized that changes were needed. participation was most strongly related to Performance appraisal forms in many satisfaction, and value-expressive participation organizations range from a simple sheet of paper (i.e., participation for the sake of having one’s to lengthy and complex packets At St Luke’s, the “voice” heard) had a stronger relationship with performance appraisal system had evolved over most of the reaction criteria than did instrumental the years into a form containing about 20 pages participation (i.e., participation for the purpose of per employee Although some of the length grew influencing the end result). The results are out of concerns about meeting numerous federal, discussed with in the framework of organizational state, and health care industry requirements, other justice. facets of the system had been developed for In spite of the importance of performance administrative purposes. appraisal for hotels to evaluate their employees, St Luke’s the existing performance appraisal the existing hospitality literature largely covers system combined job descriptions and a studies in Western countries only. Prior studies performance appraisal In addition, health care have rarely investigated the issue of performance accreditation requirements necessitated using a appraisal in the context of China, the world’s competency management program focusing on largest potential market for generating tourists and employee development and education. To receiving tourists. This paper reports on a study accommodate both, St Luke’s had merged the that used focus group interviews with employees competency profiles with the job descriptions and in an upscale hotel in Hong Kong, a special performance appraisal forms. To complete an administrative region in China, on their views of employee appraisal, supervisors and managers the appraisal system that has been used. Research scored employee performance on formal weighted findings reveal that the system could be further criteria and summarized the information by improved. compensation and benefits class. Upper management then reviewed those summaries for Research Methodology consistency. This paper intensive process Research Design - Descriptive Study required a total of 36 different steps. Data Collection Method Recognizing the need for change, This refers to the sources to be tapped for management formed a steering committee to relevant information’s that have decided to fulfill oversee the process of developing a better the objectives of the study. performance appraisal system. The committee Primary brainstormed to find bottlenecks and identify what Secondary a more automated process could be. At this point, the committee understood the current system and Sampling Techniques what key users wanted. After reviewing literature Probability Sampling on performance appraisal systems, surveying other It is a scientific technique of drawing samples hospitals, and looking at software packages, the from the population according to some loss of committee decided to design its own system. changes which unit in the universe (or) population The relationship between participation in the has some definite pre assigned probability being performance appraisal process and various selected in the sample. employee reactions was explored through the In this project, simple random lottery method meta-analysis of 27 studies containing 32 was adopted. individual samples. The overall relationship (p) Population Size between participation and employee reactions, Total population of the company was 400. corrected for unreliability, was .61. Various Sample Size conceptualizations and operationalizations of The size of the respondents covered for the participation and employee reactions also were study was 100 employees of KONE Private discussed and analyzed. Overall, appraisal Limited.
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Scales A scale is a tool or mechanism by which Performance & competencies improvement individuals are distinguished as to how they differ Neith er Stron Qualifica Stron from one another of the variables of interest to the Agr agree Disag gly Tot tion gly ee nor ree dsisag al study. agree In this project, dichotomous scale and likert disagr ree ee scale are used. Diploma 0 3 3 0 0 6 U.G 3 1 0 3 1 1 18 Statistical Tools P.G 10 30 1 1 1 42 Others 2 3 4 4 4 15 This collected data had been subjected to Total 15 46 11 6 6 81 analysis by using appropriate tool. Chi-square = ∑ (O-E) ^2/E Percentage analysis Chi-Square method. Observed Expected (O- (O- (O- Weighted Average frequency frequency E) E)^2 E)^2/E 3 1.11 1.89 3.57 3.21
3 3.33 -0.33 0.10 0.03 Weighted Average Method for the Online 3 7.77 -4.77 22.7 2.92 System 10 2.77 7.23 52.2 18.8 No. of Weight Weighted 3 3.40 -0.4 0.16 18.8 S.No Particulars Respondents Assigned Average 1 10.22 -9.2 85.0 0.04 (F) (W) (∑fw) 1 23.8 -22.8 519 8.31 Strongly 1 52 5 260 agree 10 8.5 1.5 2.25 21.8 2 Agree 44 4 176 30 0.81 29.19 852 0.26 Neither 1 2.44 -1.44 2.07 1051 3 agree nor 2 3 8 1 5.70 -4.7 22.09 0.84 disagree 1 2.03 -0.03 0.009 3.87 4 Disagree 0 2 0 2 0.44 2.56 6.55 0.004 Strongly 5 2 1 2 3 1.33 2.67 7.12 14.8 disagree Total 100 446 4 3.11 0.89 0.79 5.35 4 1.11 0.89 0.79 0.25 Degree of freedom = (r-1) (c-1) Weighted Average = ∑FW = (4-1) (5-1) ∑F = (3) (4) = 446 = 12 100 Table value for x^2 at degree of freedom at = 4 5% level of significance =21.02
Inference But calculated value of x^2 is 1132. From the values, it shows the respondents Inference agreed that online system is easy to use. Since the calculated value is greater than table Weighted average is result 4. value, the null hypothesis is rejected and
Chi-Square Analysis for Qualification and concluded that the qualification is not related to performance & competencies improvement. Performance & Competencies Improvement
Hypothesis Findings Null hypothesis (H0): There is a relationship In the company, 52% respondents are male between qualification and performance& employees. 31% respondents were senior level in competiencies improvement. the employment. 39.9% respondents falls under Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is a no the age of 31-40. 52% respondents qualification is relationship between qualification and P.G. 52% employees preferred online System. performance & competiencies improvement. 44.4% respondents agree that the appraiser spent
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adequate time for Reviewing appraisal. 57% between employee and employer. The respondents agreed that time spent on reviewing development plans may given to every employees. their Development needs by appraiser. 56.6% The appraiser can spent more time for the respondents has clear plans for improvement. 46% appraisal to improve the employee performance. respondents given preference to performance The company can give welfare benefits apart from assess. 59.2% respondents given preference to the salary;. salary increment. 40% respondents agree that motivation level increases due to appraisal. 70% Conclusion respondents says that level of satisfaction is very The study on performance appraisal system in good. 43.2% respondents says that it reduces KONE Pvt Ltd., The study concludes that the grievances. 51% respondents prefers to the team online method used for the appraisal is good. The leader position. 67% employees says that 1 year employees are satisfied with the way of appraisal for the updation of performance 76.5% accepts as conducted by the appraiser, and the employees yes for collecting feedback. 53% respondents are are getting feedback from the manager based on preferred good for overall rating. 58% respondents feed back the training are provided to improve the says after training of duration for freshers. 53% technical competencies by offering SAP Course employees are happy with way appraisal and regular counseling will enable to change the conducted. 58% respondents says after training of behavioral activities and also the development duration for freshers. From weighted average, the plans are prepared by the company which are respondents agreed on line System. From necessary to the employees. weighted average the respondents neither agree nor disagree for adequate time. Spent for References appraiser from weighted average the respondents Books Referred agree for the feedback given to them was 1. Gary dessler and Biju varkkey, Human resource qualitative. From weighted average the management, Nepal, 11th respondents agreed that time spent on reviewing edition prentices hall on development needs. From chi-square, there is 2. Roberty I. mathis and John H. jackness no relationship between qualification and plans to personal management, India, Indian 10th improve competencies a relationship. From chi- edition cengage learning. square there is a relationship between experience and participation in appraisal. Websites Referred 1. www.citehr.com Suggestions 2. www.hrlink.com The online system can be improved 3. www.wikipedia.com throughout the organization for all the technical design activities in order to reduce the time. The Journals Referred satisfaction level of employees can be improved by 1. Dharma .s mistry, Human resources management providing cultural programs. which will improve vishakapatinam, A Duarterly publication of the quality of work. The feedback may be given to Gitam institute of management, Gitam the employees in the form of group discussion University. method, so that interaction will be improved,
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A STUDY ON CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION TOWARDS ATM SERVICES WITH REFERENCE TO PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS IN THENI DISTRICT
Dr.K.Karthikeyan Associate Professor, Post Graduate Department of Commerce and Research Centre Vivekananda College, Thiruvedakam west, Madurai
N.Jeyakumar Assistant Professor in Commerce, MKU Evening College Periyakulam, Theni District
Abstract Banking is backbone of any economy. The success of an economy is supported by a strong banking system and similarly banks are more successful when the economy does well. For banks to be successful it is imperative to increase their base, retain their existing customers and offer customers the products and services which are most beneficial to them. Now-a-days the public sector banks are providing various innovative services to their Customers in order to attract them and retain the market share. This study examined customer satisfaction towards ATM services at public sector banks in Theni district. The main objectives of this study are customer satisfaction about ATM services. The data collected from the primary sources were analyzed with the help of statistical measures such as Test of normality and one sample T-Test were applied and also used secondary sources examine the customer usage of Automated Teller Machine. The Maximum customers are highly satisfied in the ATM services provided by Public Sector Banks in the study area. Keywords: RBI, PSBs, ATMs, Customer Satisfaction.
Introduction For banks to adapt the ATM s, phone banking The Indian growth story in banking can be and net banking were introduced Technology has categorized in Three phases: Phase 1 Government played a significant role in improving efficiency of of India introduced the Banking Companies ‘Act, the financial system in recent years.. The public 1949 to streamline the functioning of the sector banks in Theni District have adopted commercial banks. This was later designated as several initiatives products of e-Banking products the Banking Regulations Act, 1949. The power to one of them Automated Teller Machine.ATM supervise the banks was vested with the Reserve offer to their customers many services provided by Bank of India. Phase 2 Major steps were initiated the bank customers. by the Government after independence in 1955 the imperial bank of India was Nationalized for Review of Literature providing mass banking services especially in Subbiah., and Jeyakumar. (2009).examined Rural and semi urban areas. In 1969, the major that customer service of commercial banks with process of nationalization was carried out when 14 special reference to ATMs, analyzed the ATMs major commercial banks were nationalized Six are on the top of their agenda for enhancing more banks were nationalized in 1980 bringing customer services. ATM card is a revolutionary 80% of the banking segment in India under product of modern Banking in India that offers government ownership. Phase 3 this witnessed convenience at its best. introduction of new products and facilities in Usharani., and Gomathi. (2012). suggested 1991. The Narasimhan committee was set up for that the banks have to start outsourcing and suggesting banking reforms etc. this decade also sharing of ATM services to reduce cost and to saw the entry of foreign banks in the country. In meet the various requirements of customers like today’s technology savvy customer base, it is very Railway tickets Airways tickets and Movie tickets. important Jonarnanoyerinde Adewoye, and Nosa victor Omoregie. (2013). examined the impact of ATM
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deployment on the cost to income ratio of banks in Methodology Nigeria showed that apart from number of ATMs The Study is based on both primary and which made positive contribution to cost to secondary data. The primary data for the study income ratio, nonperforming loans and bank size was collected through a sample survey using a were also significant in contributing. structured questionnaire. A sample of 354 Meena. (2015). evaluated The Automated customers of Public sector Banks in Theni District Teller Machine has changed people’s life styles has been selected at random. The data collected and ATMs provide a lot of benefits to the people from the primary sources were analyzed with the but it has given rise to criminal activates. The help of various statistical measures such us one most important benefits the banks experience is of sample T-Test and Normality Test and also the providing its customers funds as and when it is secondary data were collected from RBI sources. required. They are able to do various other transactions also and it has proved to be very Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in India helpful to the customers. The banking industry There is no doubt that rapid development of should take steps to make its ATMs safe and banking technology has changed the way in secure for its customers. dealing with banking activities. One of the Dimple Thakwani,, and Tripathi. (2017). examples is Automated teller machine (ATM). examined that identify counterfeit currency and The first Automated Teller machine (ATM) was denomination of currency in ATM using Sensors introduced in the year 1967 by Barclays bank in and image processing technique. The key features Enfield town in north London, In India, HSBC and verified through PLC programming physically installed the first ATM in 1987.ATMs are found correct as per the guidelines of ministry of considered one of the most important e-banking finance a Government of India and the Reserve channels. Automated teller machines an electronic Bank of India who are responsible of the machine, which is linked to the accounts and circulation of currency in our country. records of a banking institution. It enables customers to carry out banking transactions Statement of the Problem without visiting bank premises. ATMs are virtual Today the public sector banks are providing banks, which allows the user to withdraw cash, various innovative services of their customers in pay bills balance enquiries, cash deposits etc order to attract them and retain the market share. This service helps the customer to withdraw Strong the various innovative services offered by money even the banks are closed..Entry of commercial banks to their customers. ATM Automated teller machines (ATM’s) has changed facility is very attractive and innovative service the office atmosphere of the branches of banks. offered by public sector banks. ATM reduces the There is no need for a customer to visit branches customers waiting time and convenience in for their day to day banking transaction like cash operation. The study will help to the bank predict deposits, cash withdrawals, balance enquiry, and analyses the overall customer satisfaction dropping cheque etc. Electronic channels have towards ATM services of public sector Banks in opened new avenues for banks. However the Theni District. pressure from private and foreign banks in India to public sector banks has posed a challenging Objective of the Study environment. Latest advance banking technology The main objective of the present study is to brought up by private and foreign banks have focus on the level of customer’s satisfaction great impact on Indian banking system. These towards ATM services provided by public sector alternative delivery channels include ATM’s banks in Theni district. The paper also examines (Automated teller machines), phone banking, the growth of ATMs in India during this study internet banking, and mobile banking. Out of all period from 2007 to 2013.A study period of 7 these e-banking services, automated teller years for 2007 to 2013 has been taken. The machines are most heavily demanded and fulfill secondary data was collected from RBI sources. most of the needs of the customers without 79 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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visiting the bank. The management of ATM’s customers through ATM’s. involves loading of cash, arrangement of money 6. Fixed deposits can be done with the help of with bank service delivers cash; ATM’s helps ATM’s. customers in withdrawing cash at any time, from 7. Utility bills can be paid by the customers with any place. ATMs are currently becoming popular the help of ATM’s. in India that enables the customer to withdraw 8. Customers can pay their credit card bill with their money 24 hours a day and 365 days. ATM’s. 9. Mobiles can be recharged via ATM’s. Facilities Provided to the ATM Customers 10. To get the latest updates on mobile, customers 1. Anytime, anywhere access to cash, can change their mobile number through withdrawal of cash is available 24x7. ATM’s. 2. Transfer of money from one account to 11. Check drop facility can also be used by another account is possible with the help of customers at ATM’s. ATM’s. According to RBI sources, the number of 3. A customer with the help of ATM’s can ATMs in India as on march 31, 2013stoodAt check his/her last transactions and current 69652.There are basically two types of ATM balance. In addition to these, a mini statement installation namely; on-site ATM And off-site can also be generated with the help of ATM’s. ATM. The total number of onsite ATMs in PSB 4. Change of personal identification number of as on march 31,2013Stoot at 40241 and the total ATM/debit card can be made with ATM’s. number of offsite ATMs in Public sector Banks as 5. Cheque book request can be made by the on march 31,2013 at29411 located in India.
Table 1 Bank Group-Wise No of Onsite and Offsite ATMs On site ATMs % to Offsite Offsite ATMs % to Year Bank Group On site ATMs Total No of ATMs Total of ATMs ATMs Total of ATMs SBI Group 3655 56.8 2786 43.2 6441 2007 Nationalized Banks 6634 67 3254 33 9888 Public Sector Banks 10289 62.2 6040 37.8 16329 SBI Group 4582 54.3 3851 45.7 8433 2008 Nationalized banks 8320 62.3 5035 37.7 13355 Public sector Banks 12902 59.2 8886 40.8 21788 SBI Group 7146 63 4193 37 11339 2009 Nationalized banks 10233 64.2 5705 35.8 15938 Public sector Banks 17379 63.7 9898 36.3 27277 SBI Group 11142 53 9836 47 20978 2010 Nationalized banks 12655 64 7047 36 19702 Public sector Banks 23797 58.5 16883 41.5 40680 SBI Group 14104 57.2 10547 42.8 24651 2011 Nationalized banks 15691 63 9145 37 24836 Public sector Banks 29795 60.2 19692 39.8 49487 SBI Group 15735 58 11408 42 27143 2012 Nationalized banks 18277 58.9 12773 41.1 31050 Public sector Banks 34012 58.4 24181 41.6 58193 SBI Group 18708 57.4 13883 42.6 32591 2013 Nationalized banks 20658 58.4 14701 41.6 35359 Public sector Banks 40241 57.8 29411 42.2 69652 Source: Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2007-2013.RBI.
Table1 indicates bank Group –wise ATMs of major role, which increase to 45.7 percent in 2015 Public Sector banks. The highest number of ATMs from 40.3 percent in 2014. Public sector Banks off site is in case of State bank of India group and maintained more than a 70 percent share in the which is 47 percent of total ATMs installed in total number of ATMs. The share of PSBs to the India as on 31st March 2010. The increase in share Maximum total number of Onsite ATMs 86438 of off-site ATMs of Public Sector banks played a and Offsite ATMs 62010 as on may 2017. 80 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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Round the Clock Customers Satisfaction towards ATM Services -1.220 0.629 Everyday customer would interact with banks Services(24*7) ATM used number of in various ways. The development of technology -0.786 -0.214 transactions like ATM, Mobile banking and internet ATM located in safe locations -1.064 0.583 penetration has opened new avenues for ATM improves banking -1.383 1.636 The payment systems service ATM is withdrawals limit on ATM -0.330 -1.101 Other banks ATM used for important in the customer service so as to enhance -0.946 -0.144 market share and business growth. Banking cash withdrawals reforms made customers to access their services Source: Primary Data more conveniently among that services offered by The above Table 2 shows that the value of the banks. ATM services play a key role to skewness and kurtosis of all the variables of minimize customer’s time and energy having customer satisfaction on ATM services in public satisfied customers and to retain them for a longer sector banks, involved in this study all the values period of time it is necessary to provide ATM of Skewness and kurtosis are between +2 to -2 , services on round the clock as well as anywhere in ensured all the variables involved in customer the nation. The researcher ascertained the satisfaction on ATM services are Normally response of customer satisfaction about ATM distributed. services through eight statements using ATM is Independent – Sample T- Test easy to use and operate ATM provides A T-Test is used to test the hypothesis that the convenience, Round the clock services (24*7). mean scores from two samples of groups such as ATM used number of transactions. ATM male and female .on some interval or ration scaled improves banking withdrawals limit on ATM and variables significantly differ from each other. It other banks. ATM used for cash withdrawals. The assumes that the two groups are normally customers expressed their opinion in likert‘s five distributed and that their variance is equal. point scale which ranges from strongly agree to Table 3 One Sample Statistics for the Level of strongly disagree. In this juncture a normality test applied and Satisfaction on ATM Services Std parametric T –Test is used to Measure the level of Variables N Mean Deviation customer satisfaction of ATM services in public ATM is easy to use and 354 4.70 0.625 sector banks and the following results were operate obtained. ATM provides 354 4.38 0.827 Convenience Round the Clock Results and Discussion 354 4.39 0.829 Services(24*7) Test of Normality ATM used number of 354 4.03 1.016 Checking the assumption of Normality is transactions Mandatory in multivariate analysis. A simple test ATM located in safe 354 4.19 0.874 to check the normality is thumb rule based on the locations skewness and kurtosis values. When the values of ATM improves banking 354 4.36 0.782 withdrawals limit on skewness and kurtosis are in the range of +2 to -2 354 3.72 1.118 ATM demonstrate of normality in the data set George Other banks ATM used 354 3.99 1.056 and Mallery, 2003). for cash withdrawals Source: Primary data Table 2 Test of Normality Customer Satisfaction From the above table 3, it is found that the on ATM mean values of ATM satisfaction variables range Variables Skewness Kurtosis from 3.72 to 4.70 and standard deviation varies Customer satisfaction on from 0.625 to 1.118 respectively this leads to the ATM computation of one sample t – test statistic of ATM is easy to use and operate -1.788 0.404 follows. ATM provides Convenience -1.503 0.106
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Table 4 One Sample T-Test for the Level of Satisfaction towards ATM Services 95% confidence Sig Mean Variables t df Interval of the Difference (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper ATM is easy to use and operate 51.285 353 0.000 1.703 1.64 1.77 ATM provides Convenience 31.372 353 0.000 1.379 1.29 1.46 Round the Clock Services(24*7) 31.619 353 0.000 1.393 1.31 1.48 ATM used number of transactions 19.087 353 0.000 1.031 0.92 1.14 ATM located in safe locations 25.539 353 0.000 1.186 1.10 1.28 ATM improves banking 32.771 353 0.000 1.362 1.28 1.44 Withdrawals limit on ATM 12.175 353 0.000 0.723 0.61 0.84 Other banks ATM used for cash withdrawals 17.709 353 0.000 0.994 0.88 1.10 Source: Primary data
It is known the above Table 4 T values of References ATM is easy to use and operate (t=51.285, 1. Thakker, Suprita. (2015) new paradigms in p=0.000) ATM provides convenience t=31.372; Banking. The journal of Indian institute of p=0.000), Round the clock services (24*7) Banking & finance, 86(3). (t=31.619, p =0.000) ; ATM used number of 2. Anuragkhanna. (2007) Technology a business transactions (t=19.087, p=0.000), ATM located in driver for banks. The journal of Indian safe locations (t=25.539, p =0.000), ATM institute of Banking & finance.37-39. improves banking (t=32.771, p=0.000), 3. Subbiah.A., & Jeyakumar.S. (2009) Customer Withdrawals limit on ATM (t=12.175, p=0.000) Service of commercial Banks with Special and Other banks ATM used for cash withdrawals Reference to ATM. Banking finance, 22(4). (t=17.709 , p=0.000) are statistically significant at 4. Shimal Das., & smt.JhunuDebbarma. (2011) 5 percent level. At overall it can be concluded that Designing a Biometric Strategy Measure for the maximum customers are highly satisfied in the enhancing ATM Security in India E-Banking ATM Services Provided by public Sector banks in System – International Journal of information the study area. and Communication Technology Research, 1(5). Conclusion 5. Adewoye, Jonathan., & Nosaomoregie. Effective use of technology has dramatically (2013) The impact of Automated Teller improved the efficiency of operation in banks Machine on The Cost Efficiency of Nigeria. leading to improved productivity and profitability. Journal of Internet Banking and commerce, The advancement in computer systems, data 18(3). communications and alternate electronic delivery 6. Usharani,K., &Gomathi,N. (2012) Customers channels also helped banks to substantially reduce satisfaction towards ATM cards. Journal of their capital and operating cost from the organizational management, 28(3). customer’s perspective. ATM plays an important 7. Meena.R (2015) Automated Teller Machine- role in tapping the customers to get the service its Benefits and Challenges. International from the public sector banks. ATM card is a journal of commerce, Business and revolutionary product of modern banking in India management, 4(6). that offers convenience at its best. More people are 8. Dimple Thakwani & Tripathi (2017) now moving towards using the automated teller Identification of counterfeit currency in ATMs machines (ATM) for their banking needs ATMs using PLC. Research journal of engineering are functioning 24 hours a day and so are science, 6(6), 28-30. providing non-stop services to the customers.
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STATUS OF COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES (CPRS) IN HILLY AND TRIBAL ZONE OF NILGIRI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU
Dr.A.Kannan Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Economics, School of Economics Madurai Kamarai University, Madurai
Mr.G.Elumalai Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Environmental Economics, School of Economics Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
Abstract This paper intends to the analysis of the status of common property resources (CPRs) in the hilly and tribal zone of the Nilgiri District in Tamil Nadu. The CPRs in the district have experienced gradual decline and the rate of decline is bigger today. It is found that the area of barren and uncultivable land in the hills and tribal zones of the district has increased while the area of uncultivable land fall down. This shows the development of land encroachment and land put on non agriculture use. Moreover, Fallow and other current fallow land has shown a fluctuating trend and sudden increase noticed in the final three years. The study uses the data for the period 1998-2013.The data were collected from the Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu. The fluctuations in the quantity of CPRs required the attention of policy makers to implement effective policies to tackle growing depletion of CPRs. This study sheds light the issues to make the intervention of government and NGOs working in this area. Keywords: CPRs, depletion, conservation, sustainable development.
Introduction cheo (perennial stream) banks and choe beds, The common property resources (CPRs) form etc.(Jodha 1990). a crucial part of environmental resources. Objectives of the Study Resources accessible to and collectively The main objective of the study is to analyze owned/held/ managed by an identifiable the status of CPLRs in the hilly and tribal zone of community and on which no individual has the Nilagiri district in Tamil Nadu and to identify exclusive property rights are called common the major reasons for declination of CPLRs in property resources (NSSO, 2000).Since time tribal and Hilly zone in Nilagiri district of Tamil immemorial, a large member of people Nadu. particularly the rural poor all over the world depend to a large extent on the CPR land, water, Methods and Materials forests, etc. For meeting the basic necessities of The study is entirely relay on secondary data. life. CPRs provide water for agricultural and other The data were collected from the reports of puposes, manure of cultivation, raw materials and Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry common pstures for grazing and other social of Agriculture, Government of India. The analysis activities. The dependence on the CPRs has been devided into two parts- the first part deals with substancial as it significantly contributed to the trend of Common Property Land Resources growth of villages economics (Dhar,2006). (CPRLs) and second part consist of analysis of The common property resources (CPRs) can Private Property Land Resources (PPLRs). The be broadly defined as those resources in which a data from 1998 to 2013 was used to analyse the group of people have joint rights over their use. trend of CPRLs and PPLRs. Simple percentage Resources falling in this category Include analysis was used to exhibit the data in a simple community forests, pastures and waste land, manner. watershed drainage, village ponds/tanks, rivers,
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Results and Discussion The present study reveals that the status of CPLRs in Hilly and Tribal Zone of Nilagiri District in particular. Common Property Land Resources (CPLRs) in Hilly and Tribal Zone of Nilagiri District in 1998- 2013 (in Hectares) Area Under Non Land Under Misc Year Current Fallow Net Area Sown Agricultural Uses Tree Crops 1998 8474(3.33) 3779(1.49) 6189(2.43) 77470(30.45) 1999 8563(3.36) 4177(1.64) 5891 (2.31) 77393(30.41) 2000 9085(3.57) 3331(1.31) 5656(2.22) 77101(30.30) 2001 9717(3.82) 3437(1.35) 4363(1.71) 78780(30.96) 2002 9732(.82) 3452(1.36) 4904(1.93) 78800(30.96) 2003 9993(3.93) 3648(1.43) 6511(2.56) 78274(30.76) 2004 9975(3.92) 3479(1.37) 5245(2.06) 79514(31.25) 2005 9975(3.92) 3538(1.39) 5069(1.99) 81000(31.83) 2006 9976(3.92) 3547(1.39) 6820(2.68) 79224(31.13) 2007 9976(3.92) 3779(1.48) 8240(3.24) 77572(30.48) 2008 9977(3.92) 3779(1.48) 8303(3.26) 77522(30.46) 2009 9977(3.92) 3763(1.48) 9147 (3.59) 76992 (30.25) 2010 9977 (3.92) 3848 (1.51) 9839 (3.87) 76172 (29.93) 2011 9977 (3.92) 3820 (1.50) 9139 (3.59) 75741 (29.76) 2012 9977 (3.92) 3820 (1.50) 2868 (1.13) 74870 (29.42) 2013 9978 (3.92) 3820 (1.50) 3686 (1.45) 74929 (29.44) Source: Department of Economics & Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu
Table 1 shows that selected categories of around 1.18 percent in 1998 and it has been CPLRs available in the hilly and Tribal zone of increased to 2 percent in 2013. As compared to the the Nilagiri District in Tamil Nadu during 1998- other categories of CPLRs in Tamil Nadu, the 2013. The availability forest is 56.35 percent in fallow and other current fallow land showed an 1998 and it has falls a little and reached at 56.03 increasing trend of 1.75 percent to 3.73 percent percent in 2013. The estimated reduction of forest during 1998-2013. Approximately 1.98 percent of during the period is approximately 0.32 percent. increases were observed in these CPLRs during The availability of barren and uncultivable land in these periods. The overall observation from the 1998 was 1.15 percent and it has increased to 1.33 table except the forest and other cultivable waste percent in 2013. It is estimated that 1.16 percent of land where showing a decline the other there cultivable waste available in 1998. It has come categories were found to be increased during the down to 0.61 percent in 2013. The availability of period of 1998 to 2013. permanent pastures and other grazing land is
Status of CPLRs and PPLRs in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiri District (in Hectares) Year Tamil Nadu The Nilgiri Total Total CPLRs PPLRs Geographical CPLRs PPLRs Geographical Area Area 1998 (32.27) (67.73) (100) (62.30) (37.70) (100) 1999 (32.48) (67.51) (100) (62.27) (37.73) (100) 2000 (33.19) (66.80) (100) (62.60) (37.40) (100) 2001 (34.8) (65.18) (100) (62.16) (37.84) (100) 2002 (35.46) (64.52) (100) (61.93) (38.07) (100) 2003 (38.28) (61.71) (100) (61.32) (38.68) (100) 84 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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2004 (37.02) (62.97) (100) (61.41) (38.59) (100) 2005 (35.16) (64.82) (100) (60.87) (39.13) (100) 2006 (35.04) (64.94) (100) (60.88) (39.12) (100) 2007 (34.95) (65.04) (100) (60.85) (39.15) (100) 2008 (34.83) (65.15) (100) (60.87) (39.13) (100) 2009 (35.25) (64.73) (100) (60.75) (39.25) (100) 2010 (35.55) (64.43) (100) (60.77) (39.23) (100) 2011 (35.64) (64.34) (100) (61.22) (38.78) (100) 2012 (36.41) (63.57) (100) (64.03) (35.97) (100) 2013 (36.58) (63.40) (100) (63.69) (36.31) (100) Source: Department of Economics & Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu.
Table 2 shows the selected the PPLRs The availability of current fallow was 2.43 percent categories of land resources available in the hilly in 1998 and it is decreased to 1.45 percent in 2013. and Tribal zone of the Nilagiri District in Tamil The availability of net area sown was 30.45 Nadu during 1998-2013. It is observed that the percent in 1998 and in has decreased to 29.44 per area under non-agricultural uses was estimated at cent in 2013. It is estimated that the current fallow 3.33 percent in 1998 and it has been increased to and net area sown decreasing trend and other two 3.92 percent in the year 2013. The availability land categories were showing increasing trend during under miscellanous tree crop was 1.49 percent in the period 1998-2014. 1998and it has increased to 1.50 percent in 2013.
Status of CPLRs and PPLRs in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiri District (in Hectares) Year Tamil Nadu The Nilgiri CPLRS PPLRS Total Geographical Area CPLRS PPLRS Total Geographical Area 1998 (32.27) (67.73) (100) (62.30) (37.70) (100) 1999 (32.48) (67.51) (100) (62.27) (37.73) (100) 2000 (33.19) (66.80) (100) (62.60) (37.40) (100) 2001 (34.8) (65.18) (100) (62.16) (37.84) (100) 2002 (35.46) (64.52) (100) (61.93) (38.07) (100) 2003 (38.28) (61.71) (100) (61.32) (38.68) (100) 2004 (37.02) (62.97) (100) (61.41) (38.59) (100) 2005 (35.16) (64.82) (100) (60.87) (39.13) (100) 2006 (35.04) (64.94) (100) (60.88) (39.12) (100) 2007 (34.95) (65.04) (100) (60.85) (39.15) (100) 2008 (34.83) (65.15) (100) (60.87) (39.13) (100) 2009 (35.25) (64.73) (100) (60.75) (39.25) (100) 2010 (35.55) (64.43) (100) (60.77) (39.23) (100) 2011 (35.64) (64.34) (100) (61.22) (38.78) (100) 2012 (36.41) (63.57) (100) (64.03) (35.97) (100) 2013 (36.58) (63.40) (100) (63.69) (36.31) (100) Source: Department of Economics & Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu.
Table 3 reveals that the categories of land property land resources (CPLRs) was 15.85 resources available in the Tamil Nadu and the percent in 1998-99 and it is increased to 20.28 study district during 1998-99-2013-14. It is percent in 2014. It is observed that the availability observed from the table that the forest in Tamil of CPLRs in the Nilgri district were estimated at Nadu was estimated at 16.42 percent in 1998-99 62.30 percent in 1998 and it has increased to 63.69 and it has declined to 16.30 percent in the year percent in the year of 2014. The availability of 2014. The availability of private land was 67.68 private property land resources available was percent in 1998-99 and it has come down to 63.40 37.70 percent in 1998 and it has come down to percent in 2014. The availability of common 36.31 percent in 2013.
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Percapita of CPLR& PPLRs in Tamil Nadu and 2. Kannan.A and A.Ramar (2013) “Status of the Nilagiri (in Ha) Common Property Resources (CPRs) and Per Capita CPLR Per Capita PPLPS Rural Poor Livelihoods: A Case Study in Year 2001 2011 2001 2011 Theni District of Tamil Nadu’’, Journal of Tamil Nadu 0.07 0.06 0.14 0.12 Scientific Research, Vol: 2, Issue: 6 June Nilagiri 0.21 0.21 0.13 0.13 3. Kannan. A, M.Ravichandran, and S. Source: Department of Economics & Statistics, Boopathi “Environmental Management Issues Government of Tamil Nadu It is evident from the table (3) that the per in Common Property Resources (CPRs) in India”, Abhijeet Publications, New Delhi capita CPLRs in Tamil Nadu was 0.07 in 2001 110094. and it has reduced to 0.06 in 2011. The Per capita 4. Damodaran A (1991) “Tragedy of the of PPLRs was 0.14 in 2001 and is declined to 0.12 Commons and Comedy of Common Property in 2011. There has been no change were found in the per capita availability both CPLRs and PPLRs Resources” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 26, No. 38 (Sep. 21, 1991), pp. 2213- in the study district during the study periods. 2215.
Conclusion 5. Dhar and Subroto (2006), “Tapping Local Now-a-days the forest thin out, Resources to Increase Panchayat Incomes”, Ecnomic and Polictical Weekly, 8 April 2006, particularly CPRs playing an important part in the Mumbai. Vol. 41, pp.8-14. support of village poorer especially standard of 6. Jodha N. S. (1990) “Rural Common Property living of the people by providing income Resources: Contributions and Crisis”, supplement for the collection of wood, honey, Economic and Political Weekly, 25(26), A65- leaf, medicinal herb, etc. The village people A78. mostly depend upon the forest, grazing land, etc. 7. N.S. Jodha (1990) “Rural Common Property The common property resources (CPRs) in the Resources: Contributions and Crisis”. Society study district has varying due to changes in the For Promotion of Wastelands Development, structure of agriculture sector. The per capita New Delhi. availability of resources shows a constant trend in 8. Rose Mary George (2012) “Common the district, whereas, the per capita availability in Property Resources and Human Rights” the state is falling. Therefore, an attention need to Politics of Water Struggle in India, New conserve the CPRs of the district as well as state to Century Publications New Delhi, India. attain the Sustainable Development Goals 9. Tony Beck and Madan G. Ghosh (2000) (SDGs). “Common Property Resources and the Poor: Findings from West Bengal”, Economic and References Political Weekly, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Jan. 15-21, 1. “National Sample Survey Organisation” 2000), pp. 147-153. (NSSO), 2000.
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IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ON LAND, WATER AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN SIPCOT INDUSTRIAL REGION IN TAMILNADU
Dr.MU.Arumugam Assistant Professor, Sriram College of Arts & Science, Perumalpattu, Thiruvallur
Dr.C.Vijai Assistant Professor Department of Commerce, Sriram College of Arts and Science, Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu
Abstract This paper deals with impact of industrial pollution on land, water and agricultural production in Cuddalore SIPCOT industrial region in Tamil Nadu. It outlines the impact of water pollution and land pollution on crop yield. This study makes an experimental analysis of crop yield in SIPCOT industrial region and non industrial region. In this study, impact of industrial activities on land and water quality has been examined on the basis of appropriate scientific method. The crop yield decline is explained with the help of soil and water test. This paper concludes with some interesting findings along with policy suggestions. Keywords: Industrial Accident, Communities, Manufacturing SIPCOT Industries, Air Pollution, Water Pollution and Sea Pollution.
Introduction Positive affectivity employees reflect enthusiastic For at least 20 years, residents living in and feeling, active and alert but negative affectivity around SIPCOT chemical industrial estate, employees experiencing subjective distress and Cuddalore, have complained of a variety of unpleasant nervousness. illnesses related to industrial pollution in general, Danna & Griffin (1999) Quality of Working and the poor air quality in particular. Regulatory Life is a holistic concept, which considers work- authorities have dismissed these claims without based factors such as job satisfaction, satisfaction offering any scientific bases or air quality data for with wages and relationships with work colleagues doing so. In the absence of regulatory oversight, and includes factors that predict the life chemical companies too have seen no reason to satisfaction and general feelings of well-being. curb emissions of harmful chemicals. Sirgy et al., (2001) suggested spillover approach to Quality of Work Life. In this Review on the Subject approach satisfaction on one life domain may Chander & Singh (1983) were indicating the influence in satisfaction of another life domain. influencing factors towards QWL from various Job satisfaction will affect other life domains such other scholars conducted on quality of work life, as financial, family, social, leisure, health and so which includes employment conditions, secured on. There is balance of influence between and employment, income adequacy, sharing of profits, among life domains. Dissatisfaction in one stock options, rewards, employee autonomy, domain is compensated by satisfaction in other commitment, social interaction, self- expression, domain. self- esteem, satisfaction, democracy, involvement, Vasisht A-K; Singh,-R-P; and Mathur,-V-C career advancement, job enrichment, relationships (2003) estimate the land degradation in the with supervisors and peers. country. Widely accepted estimates indicate that Watson et al.,(1985) there are two kinds of nearly 57% of the geographical area or 187.8 moods and emotions people tend to bring in the million hectares of land are degraded to different workplace; with these while performing their jobs intensities. in the organization employees tend to experience Kolotov,-B-A; Demidov,-V-V; Volkov,-S-N positive affectivity and negative affectivity. (2003) have observed that chlorophyll content can
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be a primary indicator of environment degradation untreated sewage, heavy siltation, eutrophication due to heavy metal contamination. Most (nutrient enrichment), invasive species, persistent pollutants decrease chlorophyll content, was organic pollutants (POP’s), heavy metals from evident when environmental pollution was mine tailings and other sources, acidification, monitored in the areas of heavy metal radioactive substances, marine litter, overfishing contamination. and destruction of coastal and marine habitats. Randall,-C-W (2004) study highlights that nutrient pollution of estuaries and coastal waters has resulted in the impairment of ecosystems and major reductions and collapse of fisheries at numerous sites around the world, resulting in major socio-economic implications. Umamaheswari,-S (2004) has made an attempt to assess the water quality of river Thamirabarani at Ambasamudram, Tamil Nadu, India, by selecting two sites, one beneath the railway bridge (Up stream site) and the other SIPCOT Industrial Units Cuddalore beneath the highway bridge (Down stream site). Set up in 1982 by the State Industries Physico-chemical and microbial analysis of water Promotion Corporation of Tamilnadu (SIPCOT), was made from June 2001 to February 2002 at an the Cuddalore Chemical Industrial Estate is intermittent period of four months. pH, alkalinity, located 8 kms south of Cuddalore town on the BOD, and COD, were found to be greater in the seaward side of the Cuddalore-Chidambaram order of 8-3-8.5, 140, 250-320 and 2411.0 mg/l Highway, stretching from Pachaiyankuppam in respectively in the downstream site of the river the North to Semmankuppam in the South. Phase water, whereas the dissolved oxygen analyzed I of the industrial complex spreads over 200 varied from 2.05-2.50 mg/l in the downstream site hectares (519 acres) and is set up to accommodate of the river. 53 units. Phase II covers 88 hectares (200acres) Paudel, K. P, H. Zapata and D. Susano while Phase III of the complex will cover about (2005) have investigated the Environmental 300 acres of land and is located about 26 km from Kuznets Curve (EKC) on water pollution with Cuddalore town, near Periapattu village on the both semi parametric and parametric models using Cuddalore-Chidambaram highway. Currently, 22 watershed level data for the state of Louisiana, functional units lie within Phase I of the industrial USA. estate on the western bank of the River Uppanar. A few companies such as EID Parry, Arkema Pollution Peroxide, Clariant and Bayer operate outside the Air pollution occurs when the air contains SIPCOT limits but in the vicinity of the Estate. gases, dust, fumes or odour in harmful amounts. These companies manufacture pesticides and That is, amounts which could be harmful to the intermediates, pharmaceuticals and intermediates, health or comfort of humans and animals or chemicals, plastics and plastic additives, dyes and which could cause damage to plants and intermediates and textiles materials. Water Pollution is the contamination of Pollution Impacted Communities water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers Air Pollution and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when After visiting SIPCOT, we were convinced pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into that the entire area is severely polluted due to water bodies without adequate treatment to industrial activity. Although monitors told us that remove harmful compounds. many industries had closed down or operating at Sea Pollution includes a range of threats low capacity in anticipation of our visit, the including from land-based sources, oil spills, pollution was quite bad in some spots. In every 88 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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village people told us about the various kinds of are convinced that the groundwater in the area has odours that emanated from the units in the area. been affected by contamination and salinity Some of the residents complained of chest tightness intrusion due to industrial activity. In Kudikadu, (maaraddaippu), itching of the throat and running nose Shasun Chemicals was reportedly supplying water as a result of their exposure to the clouds of smoke to a limited number of households. In emitted by the factories. One resident said “when Pachaiyankuppam, the water was yellow-tinged. the factories release smoke – it comes like a cloud, Women showed us aluminum vessels that had we can see it well, we immediately go inside our changed colour from silver to rust brown or houses, close everything, close the food.”We also orange within six months. Women are particularly observed that trees and plants closer to the burdened as a result of the groundwater problems. factories had a higher proportion of dead leaves One woman told us “I have to travel more than half a than those further away.One of us, Dr. Gaithonde, kilometer for drinking water and there I have to wait up was also affected by the pollution: ”Within about to 2 hours to geteven one pot of water.” Villagers 3 hours after starting the visit, I developed severe complained that goats and cows fall sick often, itching in the throat, mild breathlessness and especially after consuming local grass or water. watering of the eyes. The breathlessness was They also said that ever since SIPCOT came up, certainly a mild wheeze. This, to me, is a clear veterinarian’s visits to the villages has increased. sign of the presence of pollutants/irritants in the Industries draw their water from deep borewells. air, given that I do not have a known allergic Just as predicted by the Asian Development Bank tendency, and given the timing of the attack and in the 1990s, the drawal of water from the coastal the circumstances it could not be anything else. aquifer has now led to widespread salinisation of groundwater in the SIPCOT area. People complain that their bore wells and water sources are now useless because of salt water intrusion. Water is one of the most important natural resources essential for the survival of living organisms. Water as a commodity generates concern for being an exhaustible resource and also because of the environmental issues related to its degradation. Pollution of water courses may take place due to natural causes such as silt carried by run-off, organic wastes of plants and animals, minerals leaching through soils, thermal pollution and algal blooms. It may also be due to the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewaters. Toxic chemicals used for agriculture and other purposes, solid wastes, oil from garages and cleaning of vehicles, drainage from farms and manure, land surface drainage, cattle washing, watering and dipping agricultural wastes, dust fall, wastes due to recreational use, intrusion of sea water and many more such activities cause pollution of water bodies.
Water Pollution Looking at people’s utensils, hearing their complaints, having read about the NEERI study on groundwater, and seeing the temple pond, we
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ailments are directly related to pollution. For instance, one woman said: “The moment the 'cloud' comes there is chest tightness, itching of the throat and running nose.” This is indicative of air pollution. Other statements, such as about a spurt in cancer cases, indicate the need for urgent assessment of health issues. One woman said “There are four women of different ages who have got cancer. We have never seen this before.” In Coastal Pollution Pachaiyankuppam, we heard women complaining The major activities that are responsible for that the average age at puberty among girls was coastal pollution in Tamil Nadu are discharge and getting delayed from a normal of 13 years to 15 disposal of untreated domestic and industrial years. This is cause for concern and more in-depth wastes, discharges of coolant waters, harbour study because certain environmental poisons are activities such as dredging, cargo handling, known to disrupt the endocrine system leading to dumping of ship wastes, spilling of cargo's such disorders. chemicals and metal ores, fishing activities etc3. There are 14 major industries located in the Agriculture Ennore-Manali areas. The industries at Manali The panel witnessed first-hand the air and Ennore are mostly chemical based, pollution, widespread groundwater pollution, manufacturing petro - chemicals, fertilizers, direct contamination of land and indiscriminate pharmaceuticals, paints etc. There are two power hazardous waste dumping. We also saw about 45 plants at Ennore, namely, Ennore Thermal Power acres of land near the Temple Pond in Kudikadu Plant with a production capacity of 200 MW and that was lying barren. Agriculture on the Western North Chennai Thermal Power Plant with a side of the National Highway seemed to be production capacity of 600 MW. The fly ash healthier than on the Eastern side where the continuously deposits in the sea. The industries at industries are located. However, villagers’ Ennore-Manali are using a wide variety of raw testimonies indicate that the effects are spreading materials and discharge waste products into the to the Western side too. Residents of air, water or land as gaseous emissions, liquid Semmankuppam, a predominantly agrarian effluents and sludge, respectively. In the coastal village, say they used to get three crops a year area of Tamil Nadu 488.02 MLD of wastewater is until 1995, but have to struggle to raise one crop generated and only 226 of MLD is treated. nowadays. Also, salinity intrusion -- upto 1 km according to some -- has laid waste their borewells Health and forced them to depend on rains. Paddy yields The following ailments were frequently have dropped from 40 bags per acre to 20 bags (of reported: Skin itching and other skin diseases; 75kg each). This has had a disproportionate breathlessness; difficulty in breathing; tightness in impact on agricultural labourers and small and chest; giddiness; dizzy spells; headache; throat marginal farmers. irritation; stomach ulcers; diarrhea; nausea; indigestion; mouth ulcers; burning sensation in Response of Industries and Government eyes; hearing problems; dimming of vision; Despite invitations to attend the public asthma; white discharge and excessive bleeding hearing, representatives from the industry and (for women); uterine cancer; infertility; Government departments failed to depose in front miscarriages; jaundice. Generally, people are of the panel. The panel also saw firsthand that the affected by one or more of these ailments. There industry seemed to have an upper-hand over the are no proper medical facilities or experienced district administration and pollution control doctors. It is very clear that many of these regulators. In the instance of Pioneer Miyagi’s
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illegal construction, we learnt that the company factory should be constructed. The illegality was had ignored orders by district authorities and the pointed out. But the TNPCB did nothing despite TNPCB. The authorities too seemed reluctant to confirming the illegality. By and by, both the punish the violators, and seemed content with Ministry of Environment and Forests and the repeating their orders. We were given the example TNPCB regularized the illegality. It is clear that of Tagros Chemicals, where the company had companies with political clout can and do get expanded production at an illegally constructed away with anything in SIPCOT. Such unregulated factory unit. The illegal factory operated for two and corrupt functioning in dealing with highly years before a public hearing was held by the hazardous industries located in close proximity to TNPCB to seek comments on whether or not the residential populations is a recipe for disaster. S.No Conditions Bhopal Cuddalore Untested toxic facility to Various chemical industries have old manufacture pesticide was and badly maintained plants to set up In Bhopal. manufacture pesticides, paints, dyes, 1 Toxic facility Pharmaceuticals and bulk chemicals. Factories Inspectorate permissions are seldom sought prior to construction of Factories. The plant was located in an The plants are located next to each area with dense population, Other sandwiching at least 10villages. Location of the 2 with residential areas at a At least 30,000 people reside in the Plant distance less than 50 mts Immediate vicinity of the units. from the unit Facility located in a working SIPCOT residents are predominantly class neighborhood with working class, and from socially, Type of people from socially, economically and politically weaker 3 Community economically and politically sections of society marginalized sections of Society. No information was shared No information has been shared with with the community or the communities about the products workers about the products Manufactured or chemicals used in manufactured in the Plant the SIPCOT industries. The or the chemicals used. community has been given no No information Communities knew little information or training on what to do 4 about hazards about Disaster response. in the event of a Disaster. Serious gas Hazards and dangers were leaks and spills are routinely dismissed underplayed to give as mere odour nuisance. Fire service A false sense of security. and hospital infrastructure uninformed and inadequate to deal even with minor incidents. Environmental pollution, 5 deaths, 12 injuries, and at least 72 cattle deaths, worker major hazardous incidents and injuries and deaths due to illegalities have been recorded in a 26- workplace hazards Were Month period. SIPCOT experiences not taken seriously. No an average of 2.6 major violations Complaints 5 rootcause Investigations every Month. Local complaints, and ignored were Conducted. Routine recommendations against setting up accidents and hazardous more polluting units in SIPCOT by incidents in the Union agencies such as the State Human Carbide factory were Rights Commission have fallen on ignored deaf ears.
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Suggestions and Policy Implications punished, and repeat offenders must be closed The following important suggestions and down. policy implications of the study 9. Health Care facilities: The Health Department 1. The Health Department should play a should set up specialized health care facilities proactive role in ensuring that practices to to cater to the special needs of pollution- prevent harm are followed within industries. impacted communities. They should do this by coordinating with the 10. The Tamilnadu Government should ban the Factories Inspectorate. extraction of groundwater from coastal 2. The Health Department should facilitate the aquifers for industrial purposes, and launch an routine monitoring of workers health data aggressive groundwater regulatory regime required to be collected under the Factories based on scientific assessments of Rules to identify problems (if any) of groundwater capacity, and the prioritised occupational diseases among them. needs of drinking water for communities and 3. The Factories Inspector should be directed to agriculture. diligently perform his/her functions, particularly in regard to maintaining industrial Conclusion safety and ensuring emergency response by The present study concluded that, it supports industry. The Inspector should also ensure the spillover theory as employees satisfaction in that only trained workers are deployed on one life domain is positively influence in other life hazardous jobs and contract workers are not domains. The needs are major contributor in used for such activities. QWL; sensing of QWL leads to sense job 4. Hospital infrastructure in the areas near satisfaction, life satisfaction and general well- polluting industries should have trained being. Fulfilling the needs of the employees by the personnel and equipment to deal with cases of organization can achieve higher level of QWL and industrial injury and poisoning. organizational commitment from the employees. 5. SIPCOT should be restricted to non-polluting industries which are not water-intensive. Such References industries must commit to providing 1. Heath, A.G., 1987. Water Pollution and Fish employment locally, beginning with people Physiology, CRC Press Inc., Florida USA, pp: who may have lost their lands to SIPCOT. 245 6. The District Administration should be 2. Allen, D. & Meyer, J. (1990), “The instructed to assist the victim or his/her Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, survivors in accessing compensation and/or Continuance and Normative Commitment to pension. An interim compensation fund the Organization, Journal of Occupational should be created with advance contributions Psychology, 63, pp. 1–18. from polluters. 3. Agho, A., Price, J. & Mueller, C. (1992) 7. The Health Department should pursue the Discriminant Validity of Measures of Job Factories Inspectorate to initiate statutory Satisfaction, Positive Affectivity and Negative criminal proceedings against the TANFAC Affectivity, Journal of Occupational and with a view to delivering exemplary Organizational Psychology, 65, pp. 185–196. punishment that will serve as a deterrent to 4. Alka – Tangri, (2005) “Studies on Some corporate negligence on matters related to Industrial Effluents Causing Water Pollution industrial safety and hygiene. in River Pandu at Kanpur”. International 8. Stop Exposure by Stopping Pollution: Journal of Chemical Sciences., 3(2): 342 – Pollution control acts are often not enforced 346. rigorously as a concession to industries. This 5. Venkatachalam,-L (2004) “Sources of cannot be tolerated. Polluters must be government failure and the environmental externality: Analysis of Groundwater
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Pollution in Tamil Nadu, India”. Water- 8. Paudel, K. P, H. Zapata and D. Susano Policy. 2004; 6(5): 413-426. (2005), ‘An empirical test of environmental 6. Kaplay,-R-D; Patode,-H-S (2004) kuznets curve for water pollution’, Groundwater pollution due to industrial Environmental and Resource Economics effluent at Tuppa, New Nanded, 31(3): 325-348. Maharashtra, India. Environmental-Geology. 9. Sharma,-S-K; and Chandel,-C-P-S, (2004) 46(6/7): 871-882. “Ground water Pollution of Sanganer Block 7. Umamaheswari,-S (2004) “Water quality of Jaipur District in Rajasthan”. Environment assessment of River Thamirabarani at – and – Ecology, 22(4); 934 – 940. Ambasamudram”. Journal-of-Ecotoxicology- and-Environmental-Monitoring. 2004; 14(4): 273-276.
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A STUDY ON VIEW OF MARKETING
S.Harun Nisha & S.Anusiya Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce with CA, Ambiga College of Arts and Science for Women, Madurai
Abstract Marketing faces significant barriers to growth because there is no clear understanding of what the field is and what its role should be in relation to other approaches to social change. However, growth is possible through increases in social marketing’s share of competition at the intervention, subject matter, product, and brand levels. The author proposes a specific social marketing branding campaign to advance the field, with roles for academics and the American Marketing Association. Multilevel marketing (MLM) is a retail channel of distribution that has a negative image in the minds of many individuals and is under increasing scrutiny by government regulatory agencies around the globe. It is frequently alleged that multilevel marketing companies may be illegal pyramid schemes, and that such companies are unethical. One major concern being raised increasingly is the extent of so- called internal consumption.
Introduction Review of Literature Marketing is an organizational function and a Authors such as Stanton, Etzel & Walker set of process for creating communication and (1991); McCarthy & Perreault (1993); and Kotler delivering value for the consumer and for & Armstrong (1997) agree that the traditional managing customer relationship in such a way, marketing mix has been defined as a set of which benefits the organization. In all types of controllable instruments to manage the organizations like manufacturing, service, profit uncontrollable and dynamic marketing and non- profit marketing plays the key role. environment and consists of four major elements “Marketing is everywhere. Formally or ("Ps"): price, product, promotion or marketing informally people and organization are engaged in communication, and place (distribution) a large number of activities that could be called McCarthy’s original classification (of the 4Ps) marketing.”Good marketing has become an is especially useful from a pedagogical point of increasingly vital ingredient for business success view. "Nevertheless, the feeling remains that some and marketing profoundly affects any business. other classification, still to be born, will develop Marketing is applicable to almost every better conceptual distinctions among the large activity of our day to- day life. We can understand variety of marketing decision variables" (Kotler, that marketing management is an art as well as 1989:10). science. It is multi-functional because it chooses Some of these authors such as Brooks (1994) target market, gets prospective customers through (strategic sponsorship planning),Schaaf (1995) and creating, delivering and communicating superior Schlossberg (1996) do not really identify a customer value. structured sport marketing strategy, programme or mix. Objectives Stotlar (1993) supports the traditional 1. Provide satisfaction to consumers marketing mix and Mullin et al (2000:38)extend 2. Increase in demand the traditional marketing mix to specify a sport 3. Provide better quality product to the marketing mix. Shilbury etal (1998:iv) and Shank customer (1999:xix) extend their approach to cover strategic 4. Create goodwill for the organisation marketing applications to sport marketing. Pope & 5. Generate profitable sales volume Turco (2001:2) apply the traditional marketing
mix to events and do not identify a sport
marketing mix. Brooks (1994:159) also focuses
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very heavily on the management of statement of the problem will also serve as the sportsponsorships and may cause confusion that basis for the introductory section of your final sport marketing equals sportsponsorships. proposal, directing your reader’s attention quickly In journals and periodicals other authors such to the issues that your proposed project will as Thwaites(1995); Furlong (1994); and address and providing the reader with a concise Meenaghan (1996) include sportsponsorship as statement of the proposed project itself. one of the promotion elements of a broader sport When tested in an explicit form for given marketing strategy. There seems to be no clear categories of products, the product lifecycle agreement between authors on the sport marketing concept can be a useful tool for marketing mix. General consensus exists that sport planning and sales forecasting Polli and Cook, sponsorship is an element of sport marketing. 1969: 385). Various writers in the academic and in Other criticism against McCarthy‘s 4P-model the business press have however questioned the exists. According to Liswood(1987) and Grönroos product life cycle concept. The application of the (1994) the 4Ps focuses on consumer acquisition. product life cycle concept for marketing decision- Acquisition is important, but marketing emphasis making has been tested in mainly large has to move to the retention of consumers and organizations around the globe but not yetre managing customer loyalty - an important searched and tested locally. This gap provides application to sport marketing is that sponsorships substance and relevance to the execution of local might be aimed at increasing loyalty among fans, research on the applicability of the product life spectators and even participants towards events, cycle for marketing decision-making purposes. teams and individual athletes. Evidence from the literature search in chapter According to Donate (1991) there is an three indicates that the product lifecycle seems still overemphasis on price and product as marketing to be the dominant component of marketing instruments and an under-emphasis on place and theory. However, there are many unanswered promotion. A danger exists that organizations will questions and criticism about the practical there for make a misallocation of organizational application of the product life cycle as a marketing resources between the four marketing mix decision-making tool in the current dynamic instruments (Chintagunta & Vilcassim,1994). The environment: 4Ps of McCarthy was acceptable in the past but increasing criticism places the need to review and Conclusion extend Mc Cathy’s model (Van Waterscoot & Van This study shows that fast fashion den Bullet, 1992). sustainability strategies have not been marked Van Waters hoot & Van den Bullet (1992:) did enough which has resulted in consumer’s low an evaluation on McCarthy’s 4Ps and suggested a awareness of them. Another reason why new classification which can be applied more consumers have no attention for sustainability effectively for theoretical development, empirical strategies in Hotel, Automobile and Textile research and management decision-making. industries is they don’t see the direct connection of industries to environment. Having transparency in Statement of the Problem all the company’s activities will raise the The ultimate goal of a statement of the awareness and trust for what the company is problem is to transform a generalized problem doing. Young consumers want these marketers to (something that bothers you; a perceived lack) into work more with sustainability, but they don’t a targeted, well-defined problem; one that can be expect textile industries to offer sustainable resolved through focused research and careful garments. This is due to fast fashion is related with decision-making. short lifecycles and low price and is from a Writing a statement of the problem should consumer perspective not seen as sustainable. help you clearly identify the purpose of the Consumers find it hard to combine trendy clothes research project you will propose. Often, the and sustainable thinking.
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The result shows that consumers see green 4. Al Ries and Jack Trout, Positioning: The products as safer than ordinary products. Battle for Your Mind, McGraw- Hill, 1981 Moreover, the added value of green products is a 5. Al Ries and Jack Trout, Marketing warfare, feeling of having done something good for the McGraw- Hill, 1986 environment. Thus, the pressure from others to 6. Jack Trout with Steve Rivkin, Differentiate or behave in a certain way can affect consumers to Die, John Wiley and Sons, 2000 buy green products. Our study shows that 7. Ian C.MacMillan and Rita Gunther McGrath, consumers do not value green products high and ‘Discovering new points of differentiation’, do not understand the importance of green Harvard Business Review, July August 1997 products. They associate them as expensive, 8. V.K.Rangan, B.P.Shapiro and R.T.Moriarty, limited and as unattractive. Green products that Business Marketing Strategy, Irwin, 1995 have green labels provide the consumer 9. L.W.Stern, A.I.El- Answry and information about the garment which is of great A.T.Coughlan, Marketing Channels, Prentice- value. Furthermore our study shows that Hall,1996 consumers would prefer if companies start to 10. Philip Kotler, Marketing Management: provide more information about the products by Analysis, Planning, Implementation and using stamps saying where it is produced and by Control, Prentice-Hall, 1997 whom. 11. Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong, Principles of Marketing, Prentice- Hall, 1994 References 12. T.K.Kinnear, K.L.Bernhardt and 1. Peter F.Drucker, The Practice of K.A.Krentler, Principles of Marketing, Harper Management, Harper and Row, 1954 Collins, 1995 2. Joseph P.Guiltinan and GordanW.Paul, 13. ThomasV.Bonoma and Benson P.Shapiro, Marketing Management, McGraw- Hill, 1996 Segmenting the industrial markets, Lexington 3. Theodre Levitt, Marketing Myopia, Harvard books, MA 1983 Business Review, Sep- Oct, 1975 14. www.mohansawhney.com 15. www.cluetrain.org/#manifesto
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ORGANISATIONS’ DEVELOPMENT THROUGH HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING
Dr.V.Murugan Assistant Professor in Commerce, P.G and Research Department of Commerce Poompuhar College (Autonomous) Melaiyur
Abstract Introduction Human Resource Accounting (HRA) is a new branch of accounting. It is based on the traditional concept that all expenditure of human capital formation is treated as a charge against the revenue of the period as it does not create any physical asset. But now a day this concept has changed and the cost incurred on any asset should be capitalized as it yields benefits measurable in monetary terms. Human Resource Accounting (HRA) involves accounting for expenditures related to human resources as assets as opposed to traditional accounting which treats these costs as expenses that reduce profit. Interest and contributions to growth in HRA have been evident in a number of countries. Keywords: Human Resource Accounting, Human Capital, Intellectual Capital, International Accounting,.
Introduction includes land and capital in its financial Human resources accounting is an accounting statements, but labor and entrepreneur are not measurement system and a large body of literature given much attention and hence, they only has been published in the last decade setting for represent a charge against the profit made by the the various procedures for measurement. Human organization (Abubakar, 2006; Glautier, 1974). Resource Accounting involves the dimension of The two factors, labor and entrepreneur, are cost incurred by the organization for all the the human assets or resources organizations have. personnel function. Hence the challenge is how to Human Resource Accounting (HRA) is the measure the economic value of the people to the process of identifying, recording and reporting the organization and various cost based measures to Investments made in the Human Resources of an be taken for human resources. The two main Organization that are presently not accounted for components of Human Resources Accounting in the conventional accounting practices. In other were investment related to employees and the words, it is an extension of the existing “Expense value generated by them. Investment in human recognition principle” or “Matching Principles” capital included all costs incurred in increasing that requires revenue to be matched with expenses and upgrading the employees’ skill sets and incurred to earn that amount of revenue and of knowledge of human resources. organizing data to communicate relevant information. This effort to quantify the value of Concept of Human Resource Accounting Human Resources helps the management to cope Human Resource Accounting means up with the changes in its quantum and quality so accounting for people as the organizational that equilibrium can be achieved in between the resources. It is the measurement of the cost and required resources and the benefit derived from value of people to organizations. It involves such resources. measuring costs incurred by private firms and Success of corporate undertakings, in today’s public sectors to recruit, select, hire, train and competitive business world, largely depends upon develop employees and judge their economic the quality of human resources. It is accentuated value to the organization. Many of the experts that the Human element is the most important viewed this in various ways. input in any corporate enterprise. The investments In economics we find the major factors of directed to raise knowledge; skills and aptitudes of production are the land, labor, capital and the work force of the organization are the entrepreneur. Every organization reports on and investments in human resource. In this context, it
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is worthwhile to examine and human resource partly because most of the developed economies accounting practices in corporate sector has shifted from manufacturing to service worldwide. economies and realized the criticality of human asset for their organizations. Since the survival, Development of Human Resource Accounting growth and profits of the company were perceived HRA was first developed by Sir William Petty to be dependent more on the intellectual assets of in the year 1691. However the true research in the companies that on the physical assets, the need HRA began in 1960 by RensisLikert, founder of was felt to have more accurate measures for HR the University of Michigan Institute of Social costs, investment and value. In this stage, Research and well known for his work on behavioral scientists attacked the conventional management styles and management theory accounting system for its failure to value the (Likert 1961, 1967). human resources of the company along with its He, along with faculty member other material resources. In this situation many of R.LeeBrummet, and Ph.D., Candidates William the developing countries like India, Nigeria and C.Pyle and Eric Flamholtz, worked on a series of China etc have shown keen interest in HRA to get research projects designed to develop concepts and the fruitful benefit out of HRA. methods of accounting for human resources. According to Eric G.Flamholtz the Objectives of HRA development of HRA is a systematic and detailed To review the available models of HRA and academic activity which began in sixties. He has focus their appropriateness. divided the development into five stages. These To highlight the major characteristics of HRA are listed below: along with the practical difficulties in First stage (1960-66): This marks the implementations. beginning of academic interest in the area of To understand the needs and significance of HRA. However, the focus was primarily on HRA in the context of business performance deriving HRA concepts from other studies like the measurement. economic theory of capital, psychological theories To provide suggestions for developing such for effective leadership, and the emerging concepts accounting practices in our business of human resource was different from personnel or enterprises. human relations as well as the measurement of corporate goodwill. Why We Need HRA in an Organization? Second stage (1966-71): The focus here was According to Likert (1971), HRA serves the more on developing and validation of different following purposes in an organization- It furnishes models for HRA. These models covered both cost cost/value information for making management and the monetary and non monetary value of decisions about acquiring, allocating, developing, Human Resource. and maintaining human resources in order to Third Stage (1971-76): This period was attain cost effectiveness; It allows management remarkable for its widespread interest in the field personnel to monitor effectively the use of human of HRA leading to a rapid growth of research in resources. the area. The focus in most cases was on the issues It provides a sound and effective basis of of application of HRA in business organisation. human asset control, that is, whether the asset Fourth Stage (1976-1980): This was a period is appreciated, depleted or conserved; of decline in the area of HRA primarily because It helps in the development of management the complex issues that needed to be explored principles by classifying the financial required much deeper empirical research that was consequences of various practices. needed for the earlier simple models. Human resource is the most vital part of any Fifth Stage (1980 onwards): There was a organization, as it makes sure there exists a sudden renewal of interest in the field of HRA symbiosis between financial and all other
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physical resources towards the achievement employment and can be calculated by using the of organizational objectives and goals. following formula: E(Vy) = Py(t+1) I(T)/(I+R)t-y Methods of Valuation of Human Resource Where E (Vy) = expected value of a ‘y’ year Accounting old person’s human capital T = the person’s Historical Cost Approach retirement age Py (t) = probability of the person This approach was developed by William C. leaving the organization I(t) = expected earnings Pyle and R.G. Barry Corporation, a leisure of the person in period I R = discount rate. footwear manufacturer based on Columbus, Ohio (USA) in 1967. In this approach, actual cost Value to the Organization incurred on recruiting, hiring, training and Proposed by Hekimian and Jones (1967) this development the human resources of the model state that where an organization had organization are capitalized and amortized over several divisions seeking the same employee, the the expected useful life of the human resources. employee should be allocated to the highest bidder and the bid price incorporated into that division’s Replacement Cost Approach investment base. This approach was first suggested by RensisLikert, and was developed by Eric G. Approaches to Human Resource Accounting Flamholtz on the basis of concept of replacement HR Cost Accounting (HRCA) cost. Human resources of an organization are to HR Value Accounting (HRVA) be valued on the assumption that a new similar HR Cost Accounting (HRCA) may be defined organization has to be created from scratch and as the measurement and reporting of the costs what would be the cost to the firm if the existing incurred to acquire and develop people as resources were required to be replaced with other organizational resources. It deals with accounting persons of equivalent talents and experience. for investments made by an organization to the acquisition and development of human resource Opportunity Cost as well as the replacement cost of the people This method was first advocated by HcKiman presently employed. and Jones for a company with several divisional HR Value Accounting (HRVA) is the concept heads bidding for the services of various people based on the view that difference in present and they need among themselves and then include the future earnings of two similar firms is due to the bid price in the investment cost. Opportunity cost difference in their human capital or assets. The is the value of an asset when there is an alternative economic value of the firm can be determined by use of it. There is no opportunity cost for those obtaining the present value of future earnings. A employees that are not scarce and also those at the number of valuation models have been developed top will not be available for auction. for determining the present value of future earnings. Present Value of Future Earnings Lev and Schwartz (1971) proposed an Human Capital Theory economic valuation of employees based on the Another theory that supports this study is the present value of future earnings, adjusted for the Human Capital theory proposed by Schultz (1961) probability of employees’ and extensively developed by Becker (1964). The death/separation/retirement. This method helps theory has its roots from labour economics which in determining what an employee’s future is a branch of economics that focuses on general contribution is worth today. work force in quantitative term. According to the According to this model, the value of human theory, Human capital theory contends that capital embodied in a person who is ‘y’ years old, education or training raises the productivity of is the present value of his/her future earnings from workers by imparting useful knowledge and skills, thus raising workers‟ future income as well, 99 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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through increase in their lifetime earnings. The familiarization. The amortization will be over the theory postulates that expenditure on education or expected service period. This solution is in line training and development is costly, and should be with the existing historical cost approach. considered as investment since it is undertaken Charging the cost of recruiting, Training and with a view to increasing personal incomes. Development of the employee in the profit and Human capital approach is used to explain or loss account for a single period goes in contrary to support occupational wage differential. the expense recognition principle of accounting.
What Difficulties? The Challenges of Human Resource Accounting It would have been much better if we could The ownership of human resources is have such a well developed and highly accepted practically impossible, therefore, it cannot be model to recognize and report Human Resource considered at par with other assets. in the Balance Sheet of an organization. Even The measurement of Human Resources is though gradual development has been witnessed subjective as different firms will use different in this field, still the new approaches and models methods for this purpose. Till date there is no are being given. There are several methods and model for valuation of Human Assets, which models currently in use to determine the value of is widely acceptable and used worldwide. an individual such as cost approach and the It is not economical for small business units as economic value approach. But none of these it involves heavy costs if the firms desire to models is free from sizable limitations. Valuing install the HR accounting package in their human resource is not so easy rather it is very organization. tough task because of various reasons. Some of the The concept of human resource accounting is Attributes are:- not recognized by Tax authorities and There is no proper clear cut and specific therefore, it has only academic utility. If the procedure or guidelines for finding costs and accounting standards board makes it value of human resources of an organisation. mandatory to disclose the values of Human The systems which are being adopted have capital or Human Assets, then only the Direct certain drawbacks. or Indirect Tax Authorities will take into Models so far developed reveals that without concern of HR Accounting. considering the regular pay amount no model for valuing human capital yet possible. So any Advantages of HRA model adopted for computing human value Benefits, objectives, advantages of human will give the scope of fraudulently reporting resource accounting HRA:- moderately skilled persons as highly skilled by 1. Information for manpower planning HRA offering them a higher regular pay package. provides useful information about the cost and The period of existence of Human Resource is value of human resources. uncertain and hence valuing them under 2. Information for making personnel policies uncertainty in future seems to be unrealistic. HRA provides useful information for making suitable personnel policies about promotion, Solutions favorable working environment, job Like other physical assets as the incurrence of satisfaction of employees, etc. these costs gives benefit through more than one 3. Utilization of human resources HRA helps fiscal period, amortizing these costs over the the organisation to make the best utilization of benefit deriving period is highly accepted. So until human resources. and unless a sophisticated and accepted model for 4. Proper placements HRA helps the valuing human capital is developed, it will be organisation to place the right man in the right worthwhile to capitalize and amortize the cost of post depending on his skills and abilities. recruiting, selecting, formal training and, familiarization; informal training, informal 100 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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5. Increases morale and motivation. HRA shows Conclusion that the organisation cares about the The cost and value of people should be shown employees and their welfare. in the published financial statements. Research on 6. Attracts best human resources only reputed human resource accounting is still in infancy. No organisations conduct HRA. So, competent universally accepted method of human resource and capable people want to join these valuation is hitherto developed. More research is, organisations. Therefore, it attracts the best therefore, needed in this area for searching a employees and managers to the organisation. method which would be universally acceptable. In 7. Designing training and development programs spite of the limitations both in statute and method HRA helps the organisation to design (make) of valuation, some of the Indian companies have a suitable training and development program began to provide information of human resource for its employees and managers. accounting on the annual reports at the end as 8. Valuable information to investors HRA supplementary statements. provides valuable information to present and References future investors. They can use this 1. Gupta, D. K. (1991), “Human Resource information to select the best company for Accounting in India: A Perspective”. investing their money. Administrative Staff College of India Journal Limitations of HRA of Management, Vol. 20, Criticism, disadvantages, limitations of 2. Guthrie, J. and Petty R. (2000), "Intellectual human resource accounting HRA:- capital: Australian annual reporting 1. The valuation of human assets is based on the practices", Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. assumption that the employees are going to 1 Iss: 3, remain with the organisation for a specified 3. Guru Prasad Puttu (2009) “Human Resource period. However, this assumption is wrong Accounting Issues and Challenges, ICIMP because employee mobility is very high. 4. Human Resource Accounting Models”, 2. The human resource accounting may lead to A Paper Presented at a Seminar on Human the dehumanization in the organisation. If the Resource Accounting held at the European valuation is not done correctly or the results of Institute for Advanced Studies in the valuation are not used properly. Management, Brussels, November 3. There are no standards for HRA. Each 5. Hosseini, M. G. (2012). Human resource organisation has its own standards for it. So, accounting. IOSR Journal of Business and there are no uniform standards for it. Management. Therefore, the HRA of two organisations 6. Kesavan, S., &Dyana, P. F. (2013). cannot be compared. Disclosure of human resource accounting By adopting andimplementing HRA in an (HRA) in organization, the following important information 7. selected Indian companies- An empirical could be obtained: analysis. Indian Streams Research Journal , 3 Cost per employee (5), 1-6. Human Capital Investment Ratio 8. Sharma, Dr. C. S., & Lama, Sameer. (2014). The amount of wealth created by each A Critical Evaluation of Measuring the employee 9. Immeasurable: Human Resource Accounting (HRA). The International Journal Of Business The profit created by each employee & Management. The ratio of salary paid to the total revenue 10. Madhumalathi, R., George, Lina., & generated Madhumathi, T. K. (2014). A study on Average salary of each employee human resource accounting in corporate Employee absenteeism rates sectors. International Journal of Employee turnover rate and retention rate Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives. 101 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
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A STUDY ON LEVEL OF JOB STRESS AMONG GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SCHOOL TEACHERS IN MADURAI DISTRICT
Dr.N.Perumal Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology Directorate of Distance Education, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai
Abstract Teachers play an important role in our life to become a successful person both in our life and career. They are most resourceful person for our society. The present study has provided information about work stress among the teachers of government and private schools in Madurai district in the state of Tamil Nadu. Job stress is becoming a major problem for all teachers nowadays. Teachers can provide both effective and efficient service to the society only when they have low level of job stress. Thus, reducing stress can increase education standard and school enrolment, decrease in absenteeism, improved teacher’s morale, etc.. This made the researcher to throw light on identifying the level of job stress among government and private school teachers in Madurai district. Keywords: Job stress, absenteeism, morale, resourceful person
Introduction resources, or need. Most researchers agree that Teachers should be the best minds in the workplace factors can cause work-related stress. country” – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan These factors are divided into physical and Stress is one type of psychological pain which psychosocial hazards. Exposure to physical is a feeling of strain and pressure.[1]Low level of hazards in the workplace can be associated with stress may be desired, beneficial and even healthy. anxiety that, in turn, drives experiencing work- Positive stress helps improve athletic performance. related stress. Psychosocial hazards include factors It also plays a factor in motivation, adaptation, related to work design, organization, and and reaction to the environment. Excessive management, together with workplace social amounts of stress, however, may lead to bodily structure that can have negative effects on harm. Stress can increase the risk of strokes, heart individuals. Work-related stress usually influences attacks, ulcers, dwarfism, and mental illnesses individual and organizational issues including such as depression.[2]Stress can be external and behavioral, mental, as well as physical outcomes, related to the environment,[3] but may also be performance, job satisfaction, and organizational created by internal perceptions that cause an commitment. individual to experience anxiety or other negative Teaching is also one of the stressful emotions surrounding a situation, such as professions like many other professions. They pressure, discomfort, etc., which they then deem have to perform multiple roles and responsibilities. stressful. Not only this, they have to maintain cordial Humans experience stress, or perceive things relationship with Management Principal and as threatening, when they do not believe that their Colleagues. On job stress can be termed as resources for coping with obstacles (stimuli, Physical and Emotional responses that occur people, situations, etc.) are enough for what the when the requirements of the job do not match circumstances demand. When people think the with the capabilities, resources or needs of the demands being placed on them exceed their ability Institutions. to cope, they then perceive stress. Work-related stress is considered to be Objectives harmful when physical and emotional responses To study the demographic profile of school occur when there is a mismatch between job teachers requirements and the workers' capabilities,
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To measure the level of stress among 59% of the female teachers , 25% of them felt high respondents level of stress which is followed by very high level To analyse the factors influencing Job stress of stress at 19% and moderate level of stress at among respondents 10%. Due to man’s humour sense and other reasons, only 9% of them had very high level of Methodology stress while 11% of them had high level of job Explorative research design has been adopted stress. It is evident from the table that 17%of male for this research with use of multi stage random teachers felt moderate level of job stress. sampling. Using lottery method, each 25 sample has been selected from four (2 government schools Other Findings and 2 private schools) in Madurai District namely, Table 3 Factors responsible for job stress therefore 100 samples were selected from both Gove Private government and private school teachers in selected Factors School School schools. Questionnaire method has been adopted Teacher Teacher Insufficient infra- for collection of primary data from the 7% 2% respondents as a tool. structure Students 8% 2% misbehaviour Results Additional non- Teachers are facing some kind of work stress 15% 13% teaching work all over the world. This chapter describes Low salary 0% 14% important findings of the study in short. Lack of management 12% 16% support Table 1 Distribution of Respondents Based on Lack social support 8% 3% Demographic Profile Total 50% 50% Variable N=100 Gender The above table clearly depicts that Female 59 respondents from government schools had high Male 41 level stress due to additional non-teaching work at Age 15% followed by lack of support from their Under 45 27 superiors at 12% while private school respondents Above 45 73 felt from high stress due to lack of management Position in The Workplace support, low salary and additional workload at Teacher-Lower Grade 45 16%, 14% and 13% respectively. Teacher-Upper Grade 55 Among the two groups’ viz. Government Level Of Education High 26 school teachers and private school teachers, University (Superior Degree) 74 private school teachers felt that the job stress level was extremely high. As far as the salary is Table 2 Levels of teacher’s work-related stress in concerned, private school respondents whose relation to gender Level of work related stress salary falls under the category of above Rs.25, 000 Variable Low Moderate High Very High felt that the job stress was low. It is also observed Gender that unmarried teachers had low level of stress Female 5% 10% 25% 19% than married teachers. Respondents who live in Male 4% 17% 11% 9% nuclear family felt low level of stress. The stress The above illustrates the distribution of level was low among science teachers. Teachers respondents based on level of work related stress who are working in rural areas are facing more they have. Inference from the above is that the social related problems in their profession than level of work related stress was low among male those who are working in urban areas. teachers at 4%. It was also observed that out of
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Out of 100 respondents, female teachers were and effective teaching in schools, the following more than male teachers. Teachers who have supportive measures are recommended: more than 15 years of service had high level of Physical stress management strategies which stress than newly joined teachers which is due to includes maintaining personal diary, regular more roles and responsibilities. Most common yoga practices, aerobic dances, etc non- teaching activity, in which teachers were Organising Periodic Relaxation programmes involved, was checking test notes and exam for teachers such as meditation, yoga, etc. papers. Around one third of the teachers were Sharing of Workloads and limiting other non- involved in census survey. In addition to that, teaching duties Teachers were forced to involve in non teaching Inclusion of teachers in Decision-making activity such as inspection, National Literacy Training programme for teachers on new Mission, admissions, school health program, mid syllabus day meal program and election duty. Provision of Good infra-structural facilities Different studies were conducted to examine Teaching moral education students and the work stress school teachers in the world. A organising sensitisation programme for study result of Dlamini, Okeke and Mammen students from 2014 has showed that badly planned changes were a major source of work - related stress among References teachers in Swaziland. Changes in education as a 1. Simandan, D., 2010. On how much one can major factor among sources of work - related stress take: relocating exploitation and exclusion among teachers were also reported by studies within the broader framework of allostatic conducted in South Africa and Zimbabwe in 2002. load theory. Health & Place, 16(6), pp. 1291– These studies indicate that teachers do not object 1293. to the changes themselves, but more to the manner http://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08 in which they were implemented and the fact they .009 were made without prior consultations. According 2. Sapolsky, Robert M. (2004). Why Zebras to the study ofNayak from 2008,“ a relatively high Don't Get Ulcers. 175 Fifth Ave, New York, percentage of teachers (22%) always experienced N.Y.: St. Martins Press. pp. 37.71, 92, stress due to lack of their involvement in decision 271.ISBN 978-0-8050-7369-0. making in their organization despite given 3. Fiona Jones, Jim Bright, Angela Clow, Stress: responsibilities. A study by Öztürk from 2011 has myth, theory, and research, Pearson reported different results regarding self - perceived Education, 2001, p.4 work-related stress among Stockholm and Istanbul 4. A.Mursali, E. Basuki, S. Dharmono, teachers in relation to the lack of opportunity for Relationship between noise and job stress at a professional development/training. private thread spinning company, Univ Med, 28 (2009), pp. 8-16View Record in Scopus Conclusion 5. A. Clegg, Occupational stress in nursing: a The findings of the present study showed high review of the literature J NursManag, 9(2001), level of job stress and job dissatisfaction among pp. 101-106 Cross Ref View Record in Scopus private school teachers than government school 6. T. Cox, E. Rial-Gonzalez, Work-related teachers. Also, their involvement in job was also stress: the European picture Mag Eur Agen low. The study necessitates the immediate Saf Health Work, 5 (2002), pp. 4-6View attention from both the school management and Record in Scopus government to reduce occupational stress among 7. M. Beheshtifar, H. Hoseinifar, M. teachers in order to ensure the better education to Moghadam, Effect procrastination on work- students. According to the study findings, to related stress, Eur J Econ Finance Admin Sci, achieve lower job stress, higher job satisfaction, 38 (2011), pp. 59-64View Record in Scopus
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8. Dlamini C, Okeke Ch, Mammen K. An 12. Öztürk G. Public Primary School Teachers’ Investigation of Work-Related Stress among Perceptions of Their Working Conditions and High School Teachers in the Hhohho Region Job Stress: Cases from Istanbul and of Swaziland. Mediterranean Journal of Stockholm. Report No. 121. Institute of Social Sciences. 2014;5(15):575–586. International Education, Department of 9. Ngidi DP, Sibaya PT. Black Teachers’ Education, University of Stockholm; 2011. Personality Dimensions and Work-Related 13. Naser Honoubi et al., The Impact of Job Stress Factors. South African Journal of Stress and Job Satisfaction on Workforce Psychology. 2002;32(3):7–15. Productivity in an Iranian Petrochemical 10. Zindi F. An Investigation into Teachers’ Industry Available at Stress and Physical well-being. Zimbabwe :https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2016.07.002 Journal of Educational Research. 14. Safety and Health at Work, Volume 8, Issue 2002;14(1):57–70. 1, March 2017, Pages 67-71, open access 11. Nayak J. Factors Influencing Stress and 15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological Coping Strategies among the Degree College _stress Teachers of Dharwad City, Karnataka. Master of Home Science in Family Resource Management. 2008
105 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science