All About Natural Gas A Children’s Educational & Activity Book
By Hosanna Terrell-Causey Introduction
Do you know what natural gas is? Did you know that it is used to make your life better, cleaner, healthier and more efficient, every single day? Natural gas serves as a transportation fuel and also generates electricity, as well as many other benefits.
3 What is Natural Gas? How does natural gas THEform? OCEAN 300–400 MILLION OCE N The animal remains mix withYEARS layers AGO What is natural gas of sand, clay and rock to form many SEDIMENT ND ROCK made out of? H fossils. For millions of years they were buried deeper and deeper, Trapped Gas Natural gas is a fossil fuel that is Trapped Gas made from the elements hydrogen H C H which caused the pressure and heat SEDIMENT ND ROCK to change these fossils into oil and IMPERME BLE ROCK and carbon, which together H Small marine organisms POROUS SEDIMENT RY ROCK form hydrocarbons. The lightest natural gas. This is why it is called Trapped Oil hydrocarbon is methane and it fossil fuel. Organisms turn into oil and natural gas makes up about 70-90 percent of natural gas. Where is natural gas found? Natural gas is found with deposits of oil. It can be found between large cracks of overlying rock layers or within tiny holes of rock formations. It can also be found THE OCEAN How does 300–400 MILLION OCE N underwater using seismic surveys, which explore and see YEARS AGO natural gas form? if natural gas is available on the ocean floor. Geologists Natural gas is a fossil fuel that use seismic surveys either on land or underwater to find forms deep beneath earth’s where to drill natural gas from oil wells. surface. It was created millions SEDIMENT ND ROCK
of years ago by plant, land, Trapped Gas Survey ship Trapped Gas and marine animal remains, Soundave source SEDIMENT ND ROCK which built thick layers on Hydrophones IMPERME BLE ROCK land and ocean floors. Sea bed Small marine organisms POROUS SEDIMENT RY ROCK Rock layer Trapped Oil Reflective ave path Organisms turn into oil and natural gas
4 5 Natural Gas Production Where Is Natural Gas Used?
Natural gas is drilled through Natural gas is used as a fuel to make chemicals layers of sand, clay, and rock to and materials. Most of the gas used in the world is THEreach OCEAN oil and natural gas deposits. natural gas. Residential uses of natural gas are to 300–400 MILLION OCE N YEARSNatural AGO gas deposits are drilled heat buildings and water, cool the air, do laundry vertically and horizontally by and cook meals. In American homes, natural gas is forcing water, chemicals, and SEDIMENT ND ROCK used the most for hot water and heating. sand up through wells. This is Trapped Gas called fracking, the Trappedbreaking Gas of rock formations whichSEDIMENT NDrelease ROCK and allow natural IMPERME BLEgas to flow ROCK up Small marine organisms from the wells. POROUSNatural SEDIMENT RY gas ROCK is also Trapped Oil drilled underwater,Organisms turn more into oil and natural gas than 10,000 feet deep.
Then, natural gas is put into factories to be cleaned, where unwanted toxins and impurities are separated and removed. After that, it is sent through gas pipelines to storage fields underground.
Lastly, the pipes carry the gas to companies which help buildings, homes, and people like you and me function every day.
6 7 Where Is Natural Gas Used? Natural Gas and the Environment
Commercial uses of natural gas are in offices, Gas is the most important fuel that is used by hotels, stores, hospitals, schools and restaurants. millions of people and businesses, because it In these buildings, gas is used the most for produces little air pollution when burned. heating and cooling because larger buildings are air conditioned by gas powered equipment. Countries around the world are reducing harmful emissions of carbon dioxide, because it creates The equipment is similar to residential appliances, air pollution, increases the earth’s temperatures, only larger. Restaurants cook with natural gas and and impacts the earth’s climate. These rising use its heat. Along with restaurants, laundromats temperatures also melt ice glaciers, raise ocean and beauty salons use large amounts of hot water. levels, cause extreme weather events and so Gas is the most popular cooking fuel because it much more. This is called global warming. costs less than other resources.
8 9 Natural Gas and the Environment
Global warming’s major environmental issue is from air pollution, especially in urban areas. Williams is an American energy company Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas of growing that handles 30% of the natural gas in the concern. These pollutants cause many lung and United States. This company, based in health problems and also damage crop growth. Tulsa, Oklahoma, helps us heat homes, One way to help reduce these problems cook food and generate electricity. is by switching to natural gas.
Natural gas has environmental benefits because it is the cleanest burning fossil fuel.
The Earth’s atmosphere would be cleaner if natural gas was used instead of more carbon- intensive fuels like coal or oil, because it releases fewer emissions.
10 11 Natural Gas Crossword Natural Gas Word Search To test your knowledge of natural gas, complete this crossword by filling in the vocabulary words that fit each clue. i l b d e p o s i t s n w d 1 2 p o a i z f r a c k i n g e i o q u t b t x k h l z c v h d l k n s d d w a f f o e 3 4 e y u l g d n f h m z a m g m g d e u m r f j o k q m f 5
i e e r b t y o g c y e e o 6 s n l y o x a w m d p j r s 7 s e e p d c m n b a r n c s i r m d w p a j t t t l i i 8 9 o a e e w e h r o s j s a l n t n w i q f j b b d k l s s e t d a k k l b o x e a v b s s h u r b a n l n l r i 10
c y j r e s i d e n t i a l urban marine fossil fuel air pollution geologists
seismic surveys global warming climate toxins impurities
residential emissions elements Across Down pollutants generates commercial 7. a process for measuring waves 1. Earth specialists 9. harmful substances released in the air 2. warming of the Earth fossils laundromats deposits 10. something unclean 3. poisons hydrocarbon fracking urban 4. oceanic 5. a natural fuel like gas 6. weather conditions in an area 8. related to cities 12 13 Natural Gas Industry Jobs
Natural Gas Maze Help the gas move through pipelines from Natural Gas Industry Jobs processing plants to consumers.
Our dad is an Start 1 Environmental Specialist. The Environmental Specialist job is to get all necessary environmental permit The Environmentalapprovals Specialist’sfor the job isconstruction to get and all necessaryoperation environmentalof natural permitgas approvalspipelines and for the constructionplants. They and operationthen make of naturalsure Williams gas pipelinesfollows and plants.these Theypermits then makeand sureall other Williams followsenvironmental these permitsregulations and all .otherThey also help environmentalensure regulations.Williams Theyrestores also helpand maintains ensure Williamstheir restoresproject andsites maintainsin an theirenvironmentally project sites in anfriendly environmentallyway. friendly way.
A Brand Director’s job is to tell people My mom is a about the great things Williams does Brand Director. through stories, videos, ads, social media and much more. They, along with the 2 A Brand Director’s job is to tell peoplerest of their team, make sure to tell about the great things Williams doesthese stories to people like landowners, Finish customers, investors, public officials and through stories, videos, ads, social communities. The goal is to explain the media, and much more. They, along with importance of natural gas in our world, the rest of their team, make sure to tell and how Williams provides gas to those these stories to people like landowners, who need it. An example is this booklet! customers, investors, public officials and communities. The goal is to explain the importance of natural gas in our world, and how Williams provides to those who 14 15 need it. An example is this booklet!
Pg # Natural Gas Industry Jobs
3 The Director of Tactical Projects works Natural Gaswith Industrysome of the most talented Jobsengineers and project managers on the planet to provide energy through advanced means, while being cautious and careful towards the environment. Their goal is to serve NaturalNatural Gas Gas Industry Industry Jobs Jobs the community and power this country by Natural Gas Industry Jobs keeping natural gas pipelines operating 6 Our dad is a Manager reliably and safely6 . Our dad is a Director of User Productivity. of Tactical Projects. The User Productivity Department’s The User Productivitymain Department’sjob is to mainselect jobthe computers4 and 3 3 is to select the computerssoftware and softwarethat Williams that employees use The Director ofTheTacticalDirectorProjectsof Tacticalworks Projects works The Director of Tactical Projects works with every day. They also teach employees with some of thewithmostsometalentedof theengineersmost talented engineers A transportsWilliamsand employees use every day. They also some of the most talented engineers and Pipeline Controller how to use the software which is a very and project managersand projecton themanagersplanet to on the planet to teach employees how to use the software, projectprovide managersenergy through on theadvanced planetmeans, to provide monitors natural gas in an underground big, but rewarding process. provide energy through advanced means, which is a very big but rewarding process. energywhile throughbeing cautious advancedand careful means,towards while being pipeline all over the United States. An the environmentwhile. Theirbeinggoalcautiousis to serveand careful towards cautiousthe community and carefultheand powerenvironment towardsthis country .theTheir byenvironment.goal is to serve interesting part of this job is one can Theirkeeping goal naturalis tothe servegascommunitypipelines the communityoperatingand power andthis countrypower by operate a pipeline in Pennsylvania, 350 this reliablycountryand safelybykeeping keeping. natural naturalgas gaspipelines pipelinesoperating miles away from their desk in Tulsa, Ok. reliably and safely. operating reliably and safely. 4 A Pipeline Controller transports and 4 5 A Pipeline Controller transports and My dad is a Our mom is a monitorsmonitors naturalnatural gasgas inin ananunderground underground Pipeline The Director7 of Finance, Planning & Analysis’ Director of Finance, pipelinepipeline all alloverA overPipeline thethe UnitedUnitedControllerStates States.. Antransports An and Controller. responsibility is to estimate future financial interestingmonitorspart of thisnaturaljob isgasonein canan underground Planning & Analysis. interesting part of this job is that one informationThe Director for theof company.Finance, ThatPlanning includes & operate apipelinepipeline inallPennsylvania,over the United350 States. An can operatemiles away afrom pipelinetheir desk in inPennsylvania,Tulsa, Ok. Analysis’ responsibility is to estimate interesting part of this job is one can A Project Analyst helps to determinefiguring out what we think the company might 350 miles awayoperate froma pipelinetheir deskin Pennsylvania, in Tulsa, OK.350 the value of different companies. makeThisfuture (revenues)financial or spendinformation (expenses). Thenfor the 5 miles away from their desk in Tulsa, Ok. job includes looking at buying, selling,later,company at the end. That of aincludes month orfiguring even a year,out what and developing projects. wewe comparethink thethe financialcompany estimatesmight to whatmake My owner is a The actually(revenues) happened.or spend (expenses). Then 5 Project Analyst. Director of Finance, Planning & Analysis’ responsibility is to estimate later, at the end of a month or even a future financial information for the year, we compare the financial estimates company. That includes figuring out what The Director of Finance, Planning & A Projectwe think Analystthe companyhelps tomight determinemake the value of to what actually happened. (revenues) or Analysisspend (expenses)’ responsibility. Then is to estimate differentlater, at companies.the endfutureof a monthThisfinancial jobor includeseveninformationa lookingfor atthe buying,year, sellingwe compare andcompany developingthe financial. Thatestimates includesprojects.figuring out what to what actuallywehappenedthink. the company might make (revenues) or spend (expenses). Then Pg # 16 later, at the end of a month or even a 17 Pg # year, we compare the financial estimates to what actually happened. Pg #
Pg # Natural Gas Industry Jobs
Natural Gas Industry Jobs Natural Gas Industry Jobs
Natural Gas Industry NaturalJobs 10 Gas Industry Jobs Since Williams builds pipelines to move natural gas, they must buy supplies for the pipelines and pay contractors (builders) to The Attorney’s job is to write and review contracts, Since Williams builds pipelines to move construct them. But, first Williams must10 Our mom is or agreements, to make sure Williams, the natural gas, they must buy supplies for the 8 Our mom is a VP ERP make an agreement (contract) with both an Attorney. contractors (builders) and the supply pipelines and pay contractors (builders) to 8 Implementation. the company they buy supplies from and construct them. But, first Williams must company do everything agreed to in the The Vice Presidentthe buildersof onERPhow much WIlliams is make an agreement (contract) with both contract. Since Williams builds pipelines to the company they buy supplies from and The Vice President of ERP Implementation is in chargewillingoftoapayproject. The Attorney’s job is to the builders on how much WIlliams is Implementation is in charge of a projectThe Vice President of ERP (Enterprise move natural gas, they must buy supplies to put into place new computerwrite andsoftwarereview these contracts to make willing to pay. The Attorney’s job is to to put into place new computer softwareResource Planning) Implementation is in for the pipelines and pay contractors to to help with tracking thesure Williams,company’sthe builders, and the supply write and review these contracts to make to help with tracking the company’scharge of a project to put into place new construct them. But first, Williams must money, ordering materialscompanyand services,do everything written in the sure Williams, the builders, and the supply money, ordering materials and services,computer software to help with tracking the make a contract with both the company they company do everything written in the paying bills, and planning newcontractprojects. . paying bills, and planning new projectscompany’s. money, ordering materials and buy supplies from and the builders on how contract. services, paying bills and planning much Williams is willing to pay. new projects.
Our mom is VP The Vice President of Rockies Gathering 11 & Processing manages the people who The Vice President of Rockies Gathering of Rockies Gathering 11 & Processing. The Vicework Presidenton the pipelines of Rockiesand in GatheringWilliams’s & Processing manages the people who facilities that collect natural gas. They are Internal Auditors can be inspectors (to & Processing manages the people who 8 My mom workis an on the pipelines and in Williams’s responsible for cleaning (processing) the gas 9 see if things are working okay or not), work onwhen theit comespipelinesout of andwells inand Williams’for making it Internal Auditor.facilities that collect natural8 gas. They are Internal Auditors can be Inspectors (to detectives9 (to investigate and figure out facilitiesready thatto collectbe piped naturalto your gas.home Theyand to responsible for cleaning (processing) the gas businesses. They are also responsible for see if things are working okay or not), what went wrong or could go wrong), are responsible for cleaning (processing) Internal Auditors can be Inspectorswhen(toit comes out of wells and for making it the people working on the pipeline and for Detectives (to investigate and figure out see if things are working okay or not), and coaches (like consultants - that the gas whenfinding it comescustomers out of(producers) wells andwho forwant us what went wrong or could go wrong), and ready to be piped to your home and to make suggestions about how things could making it readyto process to betheir pipedgas .to your home and Coaches (like consultants -Detectivesthat make (to investigate and figurebusinessesout . They are also responsible for be done better or faster). They “audit” any to businesses. They are also responsible for the suggestions about how things couldwhatbe donewent wrong or could go wrong),the andpeople working on the pipeline and for type of activity, such as processes (like paying people working on the pipeline and for finding better or faster). They “audit”Coachesany type of (like consultants - that findingmakecustomers (producers) who want us employees), reports (to ensure they are customers (producers) who want us to process activity – processes (like payingsuggestionsemployees), about how things could beto doneprocess their gas. reports (to ensure they arebetteraccurate),or faster). They “audit” any typeaccurate)of and computer programs (to ensure their gas. computer programs (to ensure they work activity – processes (like paying employees),they work right). right). reports (to ensure they are accurate), Pg # computer programs (to ensure they work right). 18 19
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Pg # Job Title Word Scramble
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20 21 About the Author Works Cited
My name is Hosanna, a 14 year old who Book Sources attends Holland Hall High School. Adewumi, Michael. “Gas.” The World Book Encyclopedia 2017, 2017 ed., World Book, a Scott Fetzer Company, 2017. Busby, Rebecca L. Natural Gas Electric Power in Nontechnical Language. Pennwell, 1999. I created this book as part of my 8th grade school project while attending Chandra, Vivek. Fundamentals of Natural Gas: an International Perspective. PennWell, 2017. University School at The University of Gannadiy, Gayko, and Biletsky Volodymyr. “Development of the Oil Industry in the USA.” Ebsco, 2018, pp. 37–40. Tulsa. My curiosity about the Williams “U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.” Natural Gas Explained - U.S. Company (a natural gas company) and the Energy Information Administration (EIA), 6 Dec. 2019, www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/. natural gas industry runs deep because Ward, Richard. “Ally Renewables with Natural Gas.” Ebsco, 2011, pp. 49–50. I have been associated with Williams my entire life. First of all, my mother has worked for Williams ever since I was born. Secondly, I attended many company events such as family picnics, children’s Christmas parties, STEM programs and “go-to-work with your parent day.”
Thirdly, I participated with Williams employees at community events such as marching in the Martin Luther King Jr. parade, building a Habitat for Humanity house, and volunteering as a math mentor tutor at Sequoyah Elementary. Furthermore, I was involved in other programs that Williams funded such as the Tulsa Youth Opera. In addition, I really appreciate the people working in my mother’s department such as Ms. Susan, Ms. Peggy, Ms. Kim, and Ms. Jo. They are always so nice and kind to me.
Once during the MLK parade, I even met and walked alongside Mr. Alan Armstrong, the Williams CEO. We talked for a long time and he gave me lots of encouragement and words of wisdom. These encounters are why I was interested in learning more about what Williams does. Williams has provided many educational and voluntary opportunities for me, whether it was directly with Williams or a Williams-sponsored program in the Tulsa community. During my research project, I learned a lot about natural gas. I hope you gain a better understanding of what natural gas is and how it benefits you, the community and the world. 22 23 Notes Notes
24 25 Glossary Glossary
Page # Vocabulary Definition Page # Vocabulary Definition
3 Generates Produces 6 Impurities Things that are unclean
A resource like natural gas, formed from 4 Fossil fuel 7 Residential Relating to the home the remains of plant and animal species 8 Commercial Relating to a business A pure substance that makes up all the 4 Element matter in the world Public places where you can wash and 8 Laundromats dry clothes An organic chemical compound that’s made 4 Hydrocarbon up of the elements hydrogen and carbon The act when harmful substances are 9 Air pollution released in the air 4 Marine Found in the sea 9 Emissions Something that is given off The remains or traces of plants and animals 5 Fossils that lived long ago 9 Climate Weather conditions in an area
Deposits An area underneath the earth’s surface The gradual rise of the earth’s 5 (Oil and Gas) where oil or natural gas is trapped in layers 9 Global warming temperature of rock A method of gathering information about 10 Urban A town or city 5 Seismic surveys geological structures beneath the earth’s Something unclean that contaminates surface 10 Pollutants the environment Scientists who study liquid, solid, and 5 Geologists gaseous matter that the earth is made of The breaking of rock formations that 6 Fracking allows the natural gas trapped inside to flow up through wells
6 Toxins Poisonous substances
26 27 © 2020 The Williams Companies, Inc. 09/2020