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MUGHAL EMPIRE ZAAHIT-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD of Panipat. Babur arrayed his army on BABUR very scientific lines and used his artillery Babur was the founder of Mughal Empire to his great advantage. A.t last Babur's in India. His real name was Zahir-ud- generalship bore fiiti and the enemy took din Muhammad Babur. His father Omar to their heels leaving about 1511 men dead Shaikh Mirza was a petty chieftain of on the battle field. The ill-fated Lodhi Fargana, now in Uzbekistan, in Central monarch Ibrahim Lodhi, was also one of Asia. He was a worthy descendent of the dead. This was a deri- I, sive victory Amir Timur from his father's side of for Babur which made him an undisputed Changez Khan. His family belonged -master of Delhi and Agra. to the 'Chagatai' section of the Turkish The first cause responsible for the defeat race and were commonly known as of Ibrahm was his general unpopularity. Mughals. He became the ruler of Fargana Babur's use of artillerys another cause of in Transoxiana at the age of 12 after the his success against Ibrahim. Babur's great death of his father . generals, Ustad Aji and Mustafa, also Babur's first invasion of India was directed made the use of their cannon and killed against the Yusufzai tribe in 1519 A.D. the enemy in large numbers. Moreover, He captured Bhira during this expedition Babur's army was better disciplined and and used gun-powder for the first time. was fully conversant with the latest war- Daulat Khan Lodhi of Lahore was greatly tactics. His soldier knew how to create insulted by his nephew and Sultan of panic in the enemy by taking them in the Delhi Ibrahim Lodhi. Similarly, Alam rear while acting on the Uzbegi-tactics of Khan, another uncle of Ibrahim, ran to the "TulughaniKabul, to invade India. He at also proved a great blessing for Babur. It once started his fourth expedition in 1524. was easy for him to defeat petty states and But Daulat Khan turned hostile and tried small principalities one by one rather than to check his guest. After defeating Daulat facing a well organized and all-powerful Khan, Babur went back to Kabul to get empire. more reinforcements. Both Dalut Khan and Alam Khan had proved faithless. First Battle of Panipat (21April, 1526 A.D.): On hearing the news of Babur's approach Ibrahim collected a huge force numbering about 1,00,000 and marched against Babur. Babur had only 12,000 soldiers but they were all well-trained and better-disciplined. Both the armies met on 21st April, 1526 on the historic place
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Battle of Khanwa (1527 A.D.): The Bengal (under Nusrat Shah) on the bank of establishment oi the new empire in the river Ghagra near the junction with Ganga Indo-Gangatic valley by Babur was a threat at Pataa and inflicted crushing defeat on to Rana Sanga's ambition, who himself them. was intending to enlarge his dominions Thus with the help of these battles Babur towards the valley. Many | Afghans extended his dominions from the Oxus including Mahamud Lodhi, a younger to Ghagra and from the Himalayas to brother of | Ibrahim Lodhi rallied to Rana Gwalior. Babur died on 26 December Sanga. Hasan Khan Mewati, £ the ruler of 1530 at the age of 48. Mewat also joined Sanga. Babur declared He was buried at Arambagh in Agra the war against Sanga as jihad. Rana Sanga for sometime and later shifted to Kabul was injured badly, but was carried away according to his wish, Babur successes in to safety by his men in March 1527. The India was mainly due to Ottoman (Runni) battle of Khanwa secured Babur's position device of warfare and use of gun powder in the Delhi Agra region. He assumed the for the first time in India. Babur's had a title of 'Gazi' after his victory. refined test of literary activities. He wrote Battle of Chanderi (1528 A.D.): Babur his own biography 'Tuzuk-i-Baburi' in followed up his successes at Khanwa Turkish. It was translated into Persian by and led a campaign against Medini Rai Abdur Rahim Khan-Khanan known as of Chanderi in Malwa. Chanderi was Baburnama. captured after Rajput defenders had died NASIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD fighting to the last man and |; their women HUMAYUN performed Jouhar. Humayun was born to Mahamanga in Battle of Ghagra (May 1529 A.D.): 1508 in Kabul. The word Humayun means Babur met the allied forces of Bihar and
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the fortunate, but Lane Pool remarked, the ruler of Gujarat was an able and "Never was an unlucky sovereign so ambitious ruler. He besieged Chittor and miscalled. He had to tackle with several according to some later legends, Rani problems. Afghans could not be subdued Karnawati, the widow of Rana Sanga sent by Babur and the administration of the rakhi to Humayun and sought his help. new empire was not yet consolidated. Humayun moved from Agra to Gwalior. His brothers also challenged him. At the Seeing the danger Bhadur Shah struck an time of Babur's death Kamran was the understanding. He retreated with loads of governor of Kabul, Kandhar and Punjab, cash and kind leaving the fort of Chittor. Askari of Sambhal and Hindal at Alwar On 17th February, 1537, Bahadur Shah and Mewat. Bahadur Shah of Gujarat also was treacherously killed by Portuguese. created adverse situation for Humayun. This took care of Humayun's trouble on Campaign of Kalinjar: Humayun had western fort. to march against the fort of Kalinjar in Battle of Chausa: On 26th June 1539, Bundelkhand just after six months of 'battle of Chausa' was fought between Sher his coronation in 1531 A.D. The ruler of Shah and Humayun's army. Humayun was Kalinjar was considered as the supporter badly defeated. He barely escaped his life of the Afghans. The Mughals encircled from the battle field, swimming, across the fort for several months and Humayun the Karamnasa river with the help of a did compromise at length. This was a water carrier. Sher Khan assumed the title bigh mistake because the ruler of Kalinjar of Sher Shah after his victory. This was could easily be a friend to the Mughals. the beginning of Humayun's misfortune. Eastern Campaign (1532 A.D.): Battle of Kannauj: Humayun organized Humayun was compelled to leave Kalinjar under the pressure of Mahmud Lodhi under whose leadership the Afghans of Bihar were marching towards Jaunpur. In 1532 at a place called Daurah, he defeated the Afghan forces. Then he proceeded towards Chunar which was the most powerful fort and regarded as the 'gateway of eastern India'. If had come into the possession of Sher Khan. Humayun continued the siege his army hastily with the help of his of Chunar for four months. An offer was brothers Hindal and Askari, two armies made by Sher Khan that he be allowed exchanged swords at Kannauj (May to retain the possession of the fort and in 1540). This battle decided the fate of the return he promised to remain loyal to the two. Humayun became a king without a Mughals and sent one of his sons, Qutub kingdom. He wondered in sindh for next Khan, to Humayun as hostage. one and a half years. Humayun reached Gujarat Menace: Bahadur Shah, the Iranian court and took shelter in the
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Mirza Inayatullah. Humayun brought two painters from Iran - Mir Sayyed Ali and Abdus Samad. He got built two mosques, one at Agra and the other at Fatehabad in Hissar. JALALLUDDIN MUHAMMAD AKBAR (1556-1605) Akbar was born to Hamida Banu Begum at Amarkot in Rana Veersal's palace. Akbar showed his calibre at the battle-field when he captured Sirhind from Sikander Sur palace of Shah Tahmasp under whose in 1555 when he was only 13 years old. pressure and influence he became a Shia Humayun declared him crown prince. from a Sunni. After Humayun's retaking over of the Battle of Machhiwara and Sirhind: royal throne he was made the governor Sher shah's son Islam Shah died and of Lahore under the tutelage of Bairam the Sur's empire became a centre of Khan. When Humayun died Akbar was intrigues. Humayun considered that the at Kalanauar in Punjab. On 10 February, time was ripe to make a come back to 1556 Bairam Khan erected a brick made India. He reached Peshawar in December throne in hurry and Akbar was declared 1554 where Bairam Khan met him after the Badshah of Hindustan. Bairam Khan crossing the Indus river. The Mughals was appointed as the waqil and given occupied Lahore in 1555 without any the title of Khan-e-Khana. He was a shia protest and marched towards Delhi. On 15th May, 1555, the Mughals fought a successive battle against the Afghans at Machhiwara. The Afghans fought bravely under the leadership of Nasib Khan and Tatar Khan. But they could not resist the Mughals. One more battle was fought at Sirhind against Sikandar Sur. From Sirhind Humayun marched towards Delhi and entered the city on 20th July, 1555. On 23 July, his coronation was organized for the second time. by faith while the Mughals were Sunni On 27th January, 1556, he fell from Musalmans. He found the situation of the stairs of Sher Mandal, a Library the empire in difficulties. The Afghans at Dinpanah and died. His Begum beyond Agra were still a force to reckon constructed a beautiful tomb near the fort with. With Sikandar Sur still smarting in of Dinpanah. Architect of this tomb was Punjab in the Shivalik hills and with Hemu
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as master of Agra and Delhi, Akbar's his position and power. position was very precarious. Bengal, Akbar invited Bairam Khan cordially Bihar, Malwa and Gujarat had reasserted and asked him to proceed to Mecca but their in-dependence. on the way at Patan near Ahmadabad Second Battle of Panipat (5 November, he was murdered by an Afghan fanatic 1556): The most serious threat to Mughal whose father was killed by the former at was from Hemu the prime minister of Adil the battle of Machchiwada in 1555 A.D. Shahi of Sur dynasty. Hemu was a great Akbar married his widow, Salima Begum, warrior and did not lose a single battle out and brought up the child as his son, who of 22 that he fought. Adil Shah appointed became famous as Abdur Rahim Khan-i- him as wazir with the title of Vikarmaditya Khanan. and had entrusted him with the task of Influence of Harem (1560-62): But after expelling the Mughals. Hemu captured Bairam, for two more years (1560-62), Agra and defeated the Mughals near Delhi Akbar remained under the influence of the and occupied the city. Bairam Khan took court ladies, particularly his foster mother energetic steps to meet the situation. Maham Anga and her son Adham Khan. The battle between the Mughal and the Maham Anga withdrew from politics Afghan forces led by Hemu, took place at but her son remained active. He became Panipat on 5th November 1556. Although independent when he was sent to lead an the tide of battle was in favour of Hemu expedition against Malwa. Adham Khan but an arrow hit him in his eye and he lost killed the acting wazir. Akbar could not his control and fainted. The Leaderless take this act of defiance. Adham was Afghan army lost to Mughals and with thrown down from the parapet, thereafter this Akbar had virtually reconquered his he died in 1562. Meanwhile, Maham Anga empire. also passed away. Thus in 1562, Akbar Fall of Bairam: The forts of Gwalior, was able to emancipate himself from the Jaunpur, Ajmer and Ranthambhor were Harem's influence. successfully occupied under the regency NOOR-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD of Bairam Khan. Bairam Khan's success JAHANGIR (1605-1627) made him ambitious and vain and he tried Prince Salim who assumed the title of to perpetuate his dominance by removing Nooruddin Muhammad Jahangir was born his rivals and opponents from the field. in 1569 A.D. at Fatehpur Sikri near Agra. Akbar took an intelligent step. He left Rahim Khan-i-Khana was appointed his Agra on the pretext of hunting and reached tutor and he was given proper education Delhi. From Delhi he made a tactful move of Persian, Turk, Arabic, Mathematics, to place himself at the helm of affairs. He Hindi, History, Geography and other issued a firman and dismissed Bairam useful subjects.His military life began Khan from his office in 1560 A.D. He in 1581 when he was given the task of called upon all the nobles to come and conquering Kabul. After that, he was submit to him personally in order to assert given the training of civil administration.
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In 1585, he was married to Manbai, the insist on personal appearance as was done daughter of his maternal uncle and king of by Akbar. Amer Bhagwan Das. In 1587 he married In 1613, the fifth military expedition to Jodhabai or Jagat Gosain, a daughter of Mewar was led by Prince Khurram and Udai Singh, who gave birth to Prince Jahangir himself. Khurram cut all the Khurram in 1592. Emperor Akbar was fed lines of supply and communication to up with the behaviour of his son Salim Mewar and forced its ruler Amar Singh to who was in the habit of excessive drinking sign treaty of Mewar in 1615. and indulgence in sensuous affairs. On Deccan Campaign October 3rd, 1605 Akbar died after an Akbar couldn't annex Ahmadnagar attack of dysentry. Salim succeeded his completely, therefore, Jahangir was father. He issued 12 firmans or ordinances determined to annex it which was on 16th October 1605. He was justice governed by Malik Amber. Malik loving, a huge bell with a chain of 30 yards Amber was a brilliant prime minister of was placed at the gate of the royal palace Abyssinian origin in the court of Nizam in Agra and anybody who sought justice Shahi dynasty. It was fourth expedition from Emperor had to strike the bell. in 1615, led by Khurram, succeeded in In April 1606, Prince Khusro revolted forcing Malik Amber to sue for peace. He against his father. He was supported by surrendered the forts of Ahmadnagar and Hussain Beg, Diwan of Lahore, Guru Balaghat along with indemnity of 10 lakh Arjun Dev, Aman Singh, besides Mirza rupees. Jahangir gave the title of Shahjahan Aziz Koka (father-in-law) and Mansingh to Khurram with 30,000 zat and 17000 (maternal uncle). Jahangir defeated Sawar. Later, Malik Amber succeeded in Khusro at Bhairawal near Jalandhar and capturing all his lost territories. imprisoned him along with Abdul Aziz North-West and Hussain Beg. Khusro was blinded and later killed (1622). Hussain Beg and Amar Jahangir occupied Kangra fort in 1620. the Singh were executed. Guru Arjun Dev expedition to Kangra was led by prince was asked to explain why he supported Khurram and Raja Vikramajeet. It was the Prince. The fifth Guru replied that a bone of contention between Mughals he blessed the grandson of his friend and Iranians for a long time. Iranian Akbar and in no way interfered in internal Emperor, Shah Abbas taking advantage of political affairs of Mughals. Guru was internal dissensions of Mughals occupied crucified. Kandhar in June 1622. It is noteworthy that Jahangir had ordered Shahjahan to Jahangir inherited Rajput policy of his move to Kandhar, but Shahjahan decided father. They continued to be appointed at to stick to the capital to deal with political high mansabs. He gave mansab of 5000 zat conspiracies. As a result Mughal lost and above to five Rajput rulers of Marwar, Kandhar. Amber, Bikaner and Mewar. He began a new tradition of accepting homage from SHAHJAHAN (1627-1658) the son or brother of a ruler and did not Shahjahan was born in Lahore in 1592. Write us : content @mahendras.org www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org [7] STUDY NOTES SPECIALLY FOR SSC - CGL & CPO
His mother was Jodha Bai or Jagat Gosain Revolt of Portuguese daughter of Rajput ruler Udai Singh. The Portuguese has established their His name was Khurram. He was the contol over Satgaon through a 'Shahi youngest prince to be appointed as the Firman'. They gradually strengthened governor of Deccan at 15 years. In 1612, their position and began to misuse their he got married to Arjumand Bano Begum, authority which caused losses to the dauther of Asaf Khan. She was given Mughal Emperor. They were also into the title of Mumtaz Mahal and Mallika- slave trade. Shahjahan orderd Qasim Khan i-Zamani. She died while giving birth to in 1632 drove Portuguese out of Hughli. their child and Shahjahan constructed Revolt of Ahoms Tajmahal in her memory. Ahom kings were giving shelter and His first expedition was against Khan support to Cooch Behar rebels and Jahan Lodi, governor of Deccan who had overlooked the request of Mughal declared himself independent ruler of Emperor not to do so. Deccan taking advantage of unit war at the In 1636 the Ahom king was defeated and court. Shahjahan sent an expedition under Guwahati came under Mughal king along Asaf Khan. He was defeated, pardoned with Kamrup. Mughals recognized Ahoms and asked to stay in royal court. There as independent rulers. too, he indulged in conspiracies against Deccan Campaign Shahjahan and he finally had to lose his Deccan policy of Shahjahan was guided by life in 1631. imperialistic conditions. The conditions Revolt of Jujhar Singh Bundela: in South were also favourable to Mughal He was the son of Bir Singh Bundela expansion ubramanya. who had murdered Abul Fazl in 1602. Ahmadnagar: Malik Amber had died Taking advantage of war at court he had in 1626 and was succeeded by his son declared himself independent ruler of Fateh Khan as P.M. of Nizamshahi ruler Bundelkhand. In 1628, he was defeated Murtuza Khan. On instigation of Mahabat by Mughal forces, pardoned and gratned Khan, Mughal governor of Deccan, he mansab of 2000 zat and sawar. In 1634-35, got Murtza Khan murdered and appointed Jurhar annexed Chouragarh, the capital of Hussain Shah as ruler. Mahabat Khan was Gondwana. When he was asked to declare determined to annex Ahmadnagar and annexation in the name of Emperor he asked Fateh Khan to surrender minor ruler declined. to Mughals. In this he was promised the Shahjahan sent Aurangzeb with huge governorship of Gujarat and a lakh rupees. army who occupied Orcha, destroyed In 1633, Fateh Khan handed his mother temples, killed Jujhar, converted his sons to Mughals and Ahmadnagar was partially to Islam. Devi Singh was appointed as annexed and in 1636 it was completely ruler of Orcha. Later, Champat Rai and annexed. Chhatrasal Bundela continued struggle against Mughal authority. Golconda: Abdullah Shah of Golconda accepted Shahjahan's suzerainty and
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signed treaty of Golkunda in 1635. He Dara in 1653, but this attempt was an agreed to pay annual tribute of Rs. 96 abortive step as about 12 crores were lost. lakh, accepted Shahjahan as overload Shahjahan was the second Indian ruler to and struck coins and also read Khutba in invade central Asia. He got an opportunity Shahjahan's name. This treaty gave pleace when war broke out between Nazir Md. for 20 years. Khan ruler of Balkh, Badakshan, Bokhara Bijapur: In 1631 Asaf Khan was entrusted and his son Abdul Aziz. Nazir requested with the task of assuming Bijapur in Shahjahan for military assistance. He which he failed due to famine. In 1635, immediately sent assistance led by Prince Ali Adil Shah II of Bijapur was defeated Murad and All Mardan. They captured and treaty of Bijapur was signed in 1630. Balkh and Badakshan. However, the He agreed to pay annual tribute of Rs. 20 retreat of Mughal army became a total lakh. He accepted Shahjahan as overload. rout, since army was attacked by Hazara He struck coins and read Khutba in name tribes. Five lakh Mughals were killed. It of Shahjahan. cost Mughal 4 crore and in turn they got North West Policy only 22 lakh for one year. It also exposed In 1626, the Mughals lost Kandhar but the weakness of Mughal army to the Shahjahan attempted to recover it from outside world. the Shah of Persia. War of Succession The Persian army regained Kandhar in In 1657, Shahjahan fell ill and this led to February 1649. The Mughals made two the war of succession. The eldest son Dara attempts to capture it under Aurangzeb Shikoh, Governor of Punjab and Multan, respectively in 1649 and 1652 A.D. but in Shuja was the Governor of Bengal, vain. The third campaign was sent under Aurangzeb was the Governor of Deccan, Murad was the Governor of Gujarat. Both
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Murad and Shuja declared themselves as married to Dilras Bano Begum, a princess Mughal Emperors, struck coins and read of Iran. His first experience with real life the Khutba in their names. Aurangzeb battle field was against Jujhar Singh of proceeded cautiously. He kept in touch Orchha. He was very talented, wise and with the Mughal court and entered into diplomatic which earned him a mansab of agreement with Murad. He offered him 10,000 zat and 400 sawar, at a young age Governorship of Punjab, Gujarat, Deccan of 25 in 1643. He assumed governorship and Multan which he accepted. of Deccan twice (1636-1644 and 1652- Battle of Bahadurgarh: Fought between 1658). He was also made the governor of Shuja and Dara in February 1658, Shuja Gujarat, Multan and Sindh in 1645. was defeated. After the battle of Samugarh on 29 May Battle of Dharmat: Fought between 1658, Aurangzeb emerged victorious. forces of Aurangzeb and Murad and force He underwent coronation ceremony first of Dara, led by Raja Jaswant Singh (ruler time on 31st July 1658. In September of Marwar) and Qasim Khan. Dara was 1658 Shahjahan was imprisoned. Battle defeated. of Khajwaha, on January 1659, Shuja was defeated and fled to Arakan hills in Burma. Battle of Samuhgarh: In May 1658, There he was killed by Magh tribe. After Shahjahan recovered and expressed his the defeat Dara fled to Marwar but by that intention to lead Mughal forces against time, Aurangzeb had won over Jaswant Aurangzeb. Dara because of affection Singh, who deserted Dara. He was finally towards father himself led the forces, defeated in the Battle of Deorai in April many of the Mughal commanders seeing 1659. him alive would have turned loyalty in favour of the Emperor. On 29 May Aurangzeb underwent coronation 1658, one of the most decisive battles ceremony second time in June 1659 In in the history of India started in which Delhi after the battles of Khajwa and Dara had a clear edge but he committed Devrai. He assumed the title of Abul- a blunder. Aurangzev emerged victorious. Muzaffar Muhiuddin-Aurangzeb Bahadur He entered fort of Agra on 5th June 1658. Alamgir. Jahanara, eldest daughter of Shahjahan Murad was invited in a royal reception in tried for reconciliation between father and 1661 in Gwalior, where he was poisoned son, but failed. Shahjahan was put into to death. Suleiman,eldest son of Dara prison in the fort of Agra. On 27th January was also poisoned to death in 1662. Only 1666 Shahjahan died as he was denied of fortunate survivor was sipher, youngest even pure drinking water son of Dara. He was released and married AURANGZEB (1658-1707) to Aurangzeb's daughter Zeb-un-Nissa, a great Persian poetess who wrote "Diwan- Aurangzeb was the third son of his parents e-Maqfi". born in 1618 in Ujjain. His mother was Consolidation and Campaigns Mumtaz, who died early and he was Bengal & North East: Within one year, brought up by Noorjahan. In 1637, he got
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Mir Jumla restored Mughal authority largest vessel in Surat mercantile fleet and in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, whereafter harassed pilgrims for which the Mughals he decided to "wage a holy war with held the company responsible. The British the infidels of Assam". Assisted by a and Dutch companies promised to end the well equipped army, he marched to menace. Cooch Bihar and annexed the kingdom Deccan changing its name to Alamgir Nagar. Aurangzeb was an imperialist ruler and was The Raja's son, who converted to Islam a religious orthodox and could not tolerate joined the Mughals. The Mughal army existnce of independent Shia kingdoms of then marched towards Kamarupa and Deccan which were economically very despite Ahom resistance re-occupied prosperous. Moreover, they assisted the Gauhati and Garghaon. Finally in 1663 Marathas against the Mughals. In 1665, the Ahoms agreed to a settlement whereby Raja Jai Singh was given the charge of the the Ahom ruler became a Mughal vassal, campaign of Deccan who forced Shiyaji agreed to send a daughter in marriage to to sign the treaty of Purandar, then he the Mughal court and cede considerable led campaign against Ali Adil Shah II of territory. But after Mir Jumla's death in Bijapur who followed gorilla tactics of 1663, successive Mughal governors were warfare. unable to consolidate Mughal hold on the Bijapur: In 1679, Daler Khan led a Brahmaputra valley, and both Gauhati and campaign against BSjapur, but this Kamarupa were lost to the empire. was also a failure. IN 1683, Aurangzeb Foreign Powers: Aurangzeb was the first entrusted campaign to Prince Muazzam Mughal Emperor who led an expedition and Prince Azam, but that too failed. In against Britishers. In 1686, Britishers 1685 Aurangzeb himself led the campaign. became very aggressive with the advent Ali Adil Shah II died in that year and of childe brothers, John childe and was succeeded by his incompetent son Joshila Childe, who assumed the charge Sikandar Shah. In 1686, he surrendered to of company in Bengal. They captured Mughal forces and Bijapur was annexed. Mughal ships going to Mecca for Hajj Golconda: In Golconda, Abdullah Shah in Hooghly. Aurangzeb ordered Shaista had died and his incompetent son Abul Khan to capture all British possessions in Hassan entrusted government affairs to Bengal. He also instructed all provincial two of his Hindu ministers - Akana and governors to capture British possessions Madana. This was not to the liking of in India including their factories at Surat. Aurangzeb. He sent his arm to Golcoda led The company begged pardon and the by Prine Muazzam and Prince Azam. This matter was reconciled. Childe brothers forced Abul Hasan to sign the treaty of were recalled and a war indemnity of 2 Hyderabad in 1685. However, Aurangzeb lakh rupees was paid. was determined to annex Golconda, since The tension between the Mughals and the the days of his governorship of Deccan. East India company rose to an all time high, Finally, his dream came true in 1687 and when pirates invaded Ganj-i-Sawai, the Abul Hassan, was imprisoned in the fort
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of Daulatabad. and plundering. After a series of hard- Maratha Rebellion: Aurangzeb failed to fought battles, the Afghan resistance was solve the problem of Marathas, nor could broken. But to watch over them, in 1671 he conclude any workable agreement with Maharaja Jaswant Singh, the ruler of them. After the death of Shivaji in 1680, Marwar, was appointed as Thanedar of Aurangzeb succeeded to curtail Maratha Jamrud. power for some time. Shambhaji was There was a second Afghan uprising in killed in 1689. His minor son Sahu was 1672. The leader of the opposition this taken into Mughal captivity. Rajaram, time was the Afridi leader, Akmal Khan, the younger brother of Sambhaji, was who proclaimed himself king and read crowned as Maratha king, who took shelter Khutba and struck Sikka in his name. He in Jinji and continued to fight against the declared war against the Mughals and Mughals. Jinji was captured in 1698 but summoned all the Afghans to join him. Rajaram escaped. At last, in the middle of 1674, Aurangzeb Marathas grew in strength and recaptured himself went to Peshawar and remained in many forts. the neighbourhood till the end of 1675. By force and diplomacy, the Afghan united From 1700 to 1705, the Marathas went front was broken and peace was slowly on seizing one fort after another. The restored. Mughals suffered tremendous losses, Internal Revolts forcing Aurangzeb to open negotiations with the Marathas. However, he went Rebellion of Gokla: Early in 1667, back on his promise to release Sahu, the the Jats of the Mathura region rose in son of Sambhaji. By 1706, Aurangzeb rebellion under the leadership of Gokla, was convinced that his efforts to capture a small zamindar. In view of the growing Marathas were futile and retreated back to plundering activities of the Jats , towards Aurangabad in 1707. the end of the year, Aurangzeb moved North-West from Delhi to Agra. During the reign of Aurangzeb, we see a In a hard fought battle, Gokla was defeated new stirring among the Pathans. In 1667, and captured. He was killed brutally, his Bhagu, the leader of the Yusufazi tribe, son converted to Islam, and the daughter proclaimed as king and a person named married to one of the emperor's salve of Muhammad Shah, who claimed descent high rank. from an ancient royal lineage, proclaimed Satnami Revolt: In 1672, there was himself his wazir. A religious revivalist another armed conflict between the movement called the Raushanai, which peasants and the Mughal state at emphasized a strict ethical life and Narnaul, not for from Mathura: This time devotion to a chosen pir had provided an the conflict" with a religious body called intellectual and moral background to the Satnamis. The Satnamis was a sect of movement. Gradually, Bhagu's movement bairagis who had their own scriptures. spread till his followers started ravaging They half an attitude of sympathy with the
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poor, and hostility k wards authority and rebelled against Mughal authority. wealth. Hence, their appeal lay mainkf Rajput rebellion became very powerful with the lower classes. Starting from a when Mewai ruler Raj Singh decided to clash with a lod| official, it soon assumed put his weight behind Ajit Singh. After the the character of an open rebij lion. death of Raj Singh, Aurangzeb succeeded Aurangzeb sent a large force of 10,000 in ne-, gotiating peace with Jai Singh. The inclucM artillery. The rebels fought well rebellion weakened, I but continued till but could not prevail against such a large, the death of Aurangzeb and ended only I well organized force. f in 1709, when Bahadur shah accepted Ajit Jat Uprising: In course of time, Rajaram Singh as the ruler, I organized tot Jats and imparted them Religious Policy military training. This was cob-, bined Aurangzeb was a Sunni orthodox Muslim with the plundering of the important royal who wanted | to convert India from Dar- high-way linking Agra to Burhanpur and ul-harb to Dar-ul-Islam. His religious Ajmer. Aurangzet approached Raja Bishan policy was a departure from the policy of Singh, the Kachhwaha ruler to crush the tolerance and universal peace followed by uprising. Bishan Singh was appointed Akbar. Faujdi of Mathura and the entire area was Aurangzeb I was determined to cast his granted to him in Zamindari. The Jats put regime in a strictly Islamic mould. In 1659, up stiff resistance, but by 1691 Rajaram after his second coronation, he banned and his successor, Churaman were the celebration of Nauroz, the Persian compelled tc submit. However, unrest new year, replaced the solar calendar by among the jat peasants continued and their the lunar Hjra,dismissed court musicians plundering activities made the Delhi-Agn and royal painters, banned the drinking of road Jat principality in the area. wine and the use of opium; and appointed Rajput Rebellion: Jaswant Singh Rathore, Muhtasibs (court censors) from among the Raja 01 Marwar died in Afghanistan the Ulema to enforce Sharia injunctions. in December 1678. Aurangzel ordered Between 1659 and 1670, the Emperor that the whole of Marwar be resumed as issued several ordinances, which the crows land. Two queens of Jaswant intensified the trend towards Islamisation. Singh gave birth to two son* The elder In 1665, the Emperor ordered Muslims was Ajit Singh and Rathors demanded to pay an internal customs duty of 2.5 that ik be recognized as Raja. Aurangzeb per cent as against 5 per cent for Hindus. offered to grant him the title when he Aurangzeb ordered all Hindus to be assumed adulthood, on condition that he expelled from revenue department in be raised as a Muslim. Rajputs rejected 1671. Akbar's practice of giving darshan the offer, following'which Aurangzeb to his subjects from a balcony known as sent his troops to arrest Ajit Singh and Jharokha-darshan was abandoned, as was his mothers. Rajputs get united under the the ceremony of weighing the Emperor able lead ership of Durgadas Rathore and on his birthday. The pilgrimage tax levied
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on Hindus travelling to their teerfhas, tried to win over the powerful Rajas, abolished by Akbar, was reinstated in Nayaks and Deshmukhs of Telangana 1674. In 1669, the Emperor ordered the and Karnataka. This led to modification destruction of all temples recently built or of this policy of destroying even old repaired. standing temples as a reprisal for political opposition. Temples of Mathura and Benaras became Aurangzeb was unrelenting in his special targets of attack. In 1679 came the opposition in giving remission in Jaziya. Emperor's most contentious decision, the Finally in 1704, he suspended it for the re-imposition of the discriminatory jiziya duration of the war in the south only. tax on Hindus. Despite the fact that Aurangzeb favoured In the second phase Aurangzeb tried to the followers of his faith only, the number project himself as the asylum of Muslims. of Hindus in the nobilitv during the second It was during this period that conversion half of his reign almost doubled forming about one-third of the total strength. He of individuals often for petty gains. himself inducted large number of Marathas However, by these means Aurangzeb into the service. However, they were not could neither detach the Deccani rulers given important commands or posts, nor from their alliance with the Marathas, nor was made any attempt to establish friendly were the theological elements even in the social relations with them on the model of camp were impressed. the Rajputs. After Bijapur and Golconda Aurangzeb
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