Weaponized Words Kurt Braddock Index More Information Www

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47452-8 — Weaponized Words Kurt Braddock Index More Information

Index

Aarhus model, 50–55, 62 program Abdullah X, 196 Channel (UK), 62 Active Change Foundation, 49 programs, 46–64 al-Kasasbeh, Muath (Jordanian pilot), Aarhus model, 50–55, 62 188–190 Active Change Foundation, 49 All Together Now (Australia), 51–52 Advice Centre on Radicalization al-Qaeda, 20–22, 33–35, 88, 190, 220–221, (Germany), 50 223 Building Resilience against Violent al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, 22 Extremism (Kenya), 60 al-Qaeda in Iraq, 221 Channel (UK), 50–53 alt-right, 47, 193, 213 Community Action for Preventing American Vanguard, 184–185 Extremism, 51–52 Animal Liberation Front, 91–92, 183, 223 Community Policing and Prevention Army of God, 92–93 of Radicalization (Belgium), 51 Austrian Family Ministry, 50 DigitalDisruption (hashtag), 56–57 Don't Be a Puppet, 53 Baader-Meinhof Group. See German Red EuRad, 60, 63 Army Faction Extreme Dialogue, 49 Bakker, Edwin, 22 hotlines, 50 Bilandzic, Helena, 77 Improving Security through Black, Don, 124 Democratic Participation (EU), Breivik, Anders, 110–114, 131, 181 51 Busselle, Rick, 77 ISD Global counter-narratives, 60, 62–63 Callimachi, Rukmini, 5 Life After Hate, 60–61 Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Mothers for Life, 49–50 Communications. See Think PRAC, 58–59 Again, Turn Away ReDirect (Calgary), 55–56 Cerantonio, Musa, 82 Redirect Method (Moonshot CVE), 57 Channel program (UK), 50–53, 62 SAVE Belgium, 52 Clinton, Bill, 73 Slotevaart Action Plan, 52 Community Policing and Prevention of Stop Jihadism (France), 58 Radicalization program VINK Administrative Unit, 50 (Belgium), 51 strategies Countering violent extremism. See argumentation, 58–59 Counter-radicalization counter-narratives, 60, 238–240. See Counter-narratives, 59–61. See also also Narratives: counter-narratives Narratives: counter-narratives emotions. See Emotions:counter- immersive virtual environments, 238–240 radicalization video games, 240 inoculation, 240–243. See also Counter-radicalization Inoculation: counter- deﬁnitions, 39 radicalization strategy

286

Index 287

online personalization and Anger Activation Model, 171–172, customization, 243–246. See also 191–192 Reasoned Action, Theory of disgust, 174–175 reasoned action processes, 153–160 envy, 176–177 vs. de-radicalization, 48 fear, 172–174 CVE. See Counter-radicalization guilt, 175, 184 happiness, 177–178 Dabiq (location in Syria). See Islamic State, hope, 178, 192–194 The (ISIS); apocalypse battle pride, 178–179, 184–187, 194–196 narrative sadness, 175–176 Daily Stormer, The, 182 terrorist propaganda, and, 179–187 Dajjal. See Islamic State, The (ISIS); anger, 183–184 apocalypse battle narrative fear, 179–183 Dakhlalla, Muhammad (Mo), 138–142, 160 guilt, 184 Deepfakes, 210, 216–223 pride, 184–186 replication of terrorist leaders, 218–221 vs. logical processing, 166–167 solutions EuRad, 60, 63 artificial intelligence/machine learning, Evans, Paul. See Turner Diaries, The 222–223 EXIT USA, 63, 193–194 staged events, 221 types, 218 Finsbury Park Mosque, 21 Della Porta, Donatella, 23 Fisher, Walter, 74. See also Narratives: DigitalDisruption (hashtag), 56–57 definitions of Dillard, James Price, 76–77 Foley, James, 2, 182 Discrete emotions, 9 Former extremists Disinformation, 209–216 inoculation against, 122–124 alt-right, 213 sources of counter-narratives, 60–61. commodification, 212 See also Counter-narratives manosphere, 213 persuasive mechanisms, 211–212 Genette, Gérard, 74. See also Narratives: Pizzagate, 214 definitions of radicalization via, 212–215 German Federal Office of Migration and Russia, 210–211 Refugees, 50 Six-Day War, 213 German Red Army Faction, 23, 223 solutions containment by tech companies, Hamas, 183–184 215–216 Hamza, Abu, 21 critical consumption of media, 216 Hansen, Fjotolf. See Breivik, Anders identification of false information, 215 Hegghammer, Thomas, 22 inoculation, 216 Hoffman, Bruce, 20 trolling, 212 Horgan, John, 29–30 Don’t Be a Puppet program, 53 Improving Security through Democratic Echo chamber, 22, 213–214 Participation, 51 Emotions Inoculation, 8–9, 110–131 affect, 167–168 “booster” messages, 130 counter-radicalization, 187–196 counter-radicalization strategy, 125–131, anger, 188–192 240–243 hope, 192–194 disinformation, 216 pride, 194–196 effectiveness of, 117–120 Abdullah X, 196 entertainment-education, 240–243 Say No to Terror, 195–196 persuasiveness of, 242 discrete emotions perspective, 168–179 message features action tendencies, 168–169 logic vs. emotion, 126–127 anger, 169–184, 188–192 modality, 125–126

288 Index

Inoculation (cont.) culture and source credibility, 94 message structure, 116 definition toolkit, 75 refutational preemption, 116, 129–131 definitions of, 59–60, 74–75 threat, 116, 127–129 fidelity, 92 reactance response, 116–117 former terrorists as sources, 99 terrorists’ use of, 113–114, 120–125 identification, 78–79, 81, 92 Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 49, 60, mental models, 77–78 62–63 meta-analysis of, 76–77 Irish Republican Army, Provisional, 21, 25, parasocial relationships/interaction, 188 79–81, 92 Remembrance Day bombing, 188 persuasiveness of, 76–77 Islamic State, The (ISIS), 2–5, 10, 81, 88, psychological reactance, 78–79, 96. See 138–141, 160, 163–166, 185–186, also Reactance Theory 197 psychological transportation, 78, 81 apocalypse battle narrative, 82, 89–90 terrorists’ use of, 80–83 Blood for Blood (propaganda video), thematic binaries, 90–91 163–165, 197 theme analysis of, 84–87 counter-messaging, 6–7, 57, 59, 83, virality, 96–98 93–94, 100, 196 Neo-Nazism, 47, 95, 120–121, 182, execution videos, 182–183, 188–190 184–185 foreign fighters, 47, 82, 93, 99–100 Nichols, Terry, 73 recruitment strategies, 121–122 Norway Italian Red Brigades, 223 July 22 attacks. See Breivik, Anders

Jesus, 3. See also Islamic State, The (ISIS): Oklahoma City bombing, 71–73 apocalypse battle narrative Jihad Jane. See LaRose, Colleen Picciolini, Christian, 124, 193. See also July 7 London bombings, 22 Former extremists Pierce, William Luther, 72. See Turner LaRose, Colleen, 33–35 Diaries, The Life After Hate, 60–61, 193 Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare Lone actor terrorism, 223–224 program (Saudi Arabia), 58–59 Magid, Mohamed (imam), 93, 100, 122 McAleer, Tony, 61 Quds Mosque, 21 McCauley, Clark. See Radicalization: Pyramid Model and Double Radicalization Pyramid Model cases of, 33–38 McGuire, William. See Inoculation countering. See Counter-radicalization McVeigh, Timothy, 71–73, 81, 101–102 deﬁnitions, 19, 21, 23, 30, 32–33 Meeink, Frank, 193 de-humanization, 19, 224 Moghaddam, Fathali. See Radicalization: deindividuation, 19 Staircase Model depluralization, 17–18 Moonshot CVE, 57, 245–246 disinformation, 212–215 Moskalenko, Sophia. See Radicalization: Double Pyramid Model, 28–29 Pyramid Model and Double identity negotiation, 17, 31 Pyramid Model incremental commitment, 17, 23–31 Mothers for Life, 49–50 linear processes, 24–28 Moussaoui, Zacarias, 21 motivational knowledge, 17, 20–22, 31 non-linear processes, 28–31 Narratives, 8 persuasion, 31–33, 38–39 analogical argumentation, 88–89 Pyramid Model, 24–25 Battle of al-Badr, 81 social networks, 17, 22–23, 31 coherence, 92 Staircase Model, 25–26 counter-narratives, 74, 83–101 violence, 33, 39

Index 289

Rangel, Sammy, 61, 193 Stochastic terrorism, 210, 223–229 Reactance Theory, 78, 116–117 Blaszczak, Mariusz, 226 Reasoned Action, Theory of, 9, 138–160, deﬁnition, 224 243–246 King, Steve (Iowa Congressman), 226 actual control over behavior, 151–152 solutions, 228–229 behaviors, 152 Trump, Donald, 225–226 counter-radicalization. See Counter- Clinton, Hillary, 225 radicalization: strategies Hasson, Christopher, 225–226 elements, 144–153 Sayoc, Cesar, 225, 227–228 background factors, 144 Tarrant, Brenton, 226 beliefs and corresponding outcomes, violence against media, 226–227 145–149 Stop Jihadism (French program), 58 intentions, 149–151 Stormfront, 81, 95, 124 structure, 142–143 Swedish Red Cross, 50 ReDirect (Calgary), 55–56 Reid, Richard, 21 Taylor, Max, 30 Roof, Dylann, 35–36 Think Again, Turn Away, 6–7, 59 Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 20 Trump, Donald. See Stochastic terrorism: Ruby Ridge, 73 Trump, Donald Ryan, Marie-Laure, 75. See also Narratives: Tsarnaev, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar, 36–38 deﬁnition toolkit Turner Diaries, The,72–73, 81, 101

Sageman, Marc, 22 Ulster Defence Association, 26–27 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 39–40 United Patriots Front (Australia), 120–121 SAVE Belgium, 52 Utøya. See Breivik, Anders Say No to Terror, 195–196 Six-Day War. See Disinformation:Six-Day VINK unit (Copenhagen), 50 War Violent radicalization. See Radicalization: Slotevaart Action Plan, 52 violence Socialistische Partij Anders, 216–217 Stahelski, Anthony, 17–19, 23, 25, Waco, Texas, 73 121–122. See also Radicalization: identity negotiation Young, Jaelyn, 138–142, 160