DOI: 10.5277/arc120107
Justyna Kleszcz *
The route of wooden churches in Olesno County – a sketch
Olesno County ( Poviat ) is one of the twelve counties (Gmina ) which was connected to the neighboring Klucz- in the Opole Province ( Voivodship ) (Fig. 1), located in its bork County and ‘gained’ the area of Rudniki and Praszka south-east corner. This is the area of the former Duchy of 2SROHWKH/DQGRI:LHOXĔDQG6LOHVLDZKHUHRQHFDQQR - tice different wood architecture traditions from the south of Poland.
Fig. 1. Location of Olesno in Poland, Fig. by author ,O3RáRĪHQLH2OHVQDZVNDOLNUDMXU\FDXWRU
As a result of the administration reform of Poland which was implemented a few dozen of years ago, Ole- sno County was incorporated into Opole Province (Fig. 2), and its area was also changed. Compared to its original borders, the County ‘lost’ Lasowice Wielkie Commune
Fig. 2. Map of Olesno County, Fig. by author )DFXOW\RI$UFKLWHFWXUH:URFáDZ8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\ Il. 2. Mapa powiatu oleskiego, ryc. autor 64 -XVW\QD.OHV]F]
regulations introduced in Prussia on reduction of the use of wood which was needed for the development of industry [1]. The location of churches depended on a number of so- cial, political, and historical factors as well as geography and nature. There are two main types of location – inside and outside a village. In the case of the latter, churches were located on hills [16]. This type of location was noted E\*HUPDQUHVHDUFKHUVRIWKDWDUHDDOUHDG\EHIRUH:RUOG :DU,,DVSURYLGLQJWKHEHVWYLHZDQGLWZDVHDV\WRGH - fend, and in respect of liturgy – as the most exposed and WKHHDVLHVWWR¿QG6XFKDORFDWLRQZDVDOVRLPSRUWDQWIRU the spatial composition of the whole settlement by pro- viding an increased scenic exposure and a landmark. The purely construction aspect should not be ignored either. It is important to choose a location for wooden structures which is less exposed to water, has a better exposure to wind and sunlight, and undoubtedly a location on a hill provides such conditions. There are also other types of lo- cation which cannot be explained by rational reasons. In VXFKFDVHVLWLVRIWHQWKHKLVWRU\RIVSHFL¿FSODFHVZKLFK is connected with some past events often incorporated in legends or miracles as in the case of the Church of St. Anne in Olesno. Fig. 3. Map of locations of wooden churches in Silesia The distinctive features of the churches presented in GHYHORSHGE\ -.OHV]F] this paper included their towers whose design was con- ,O0DSDUR]PLHV]F]HQLDGUHZQLDQ\FKNRĞFLRáyZQDWHUHQLHĝOąVND nected with the whole building. For historical reasons, RSUDF-.OHV]F] as mentioned earlier, all church towers which have been preserved in the area of the County are post-and-beam or frame structures. &RPPXQHVZKLFKKLVWRULFDOO\DOZD\VEHORQJHGWR:LHOXĔ 7KHFURZQLQJDFKLHYHPHQWRIDOOZRRGHQFKXUFKHVZLWK Upland. DQQH[HVLVWKH&KXUFKRI6W$QQHLQ5RVHQEHUJ'XHWRWKH That is why this paper presents all churches located QDPHRIWKHFLW\RI5RVHQEHUJWKHSDUWRIWKHEXLOGLQJZLWK at present within the borders of Olesno County, and not FKDSHOVZDVEXLOWLQWKHVKDSHRIDURVHZLWK¿YHSHWDOV on the basis of their location in historically independent ,WVEXLOGHU±WKHFDUSHQWHUPDVWHU6HPSHNIURP*OLZLFH areas. Historically, this area with the main city – Olesno DW¿UVWLQWHQGHGWREXLOGWKRVH³URVHSHWDOV´LQDURXQG ĝOąVNLHZDVORFDWHGDWWKHMXQFWLRQRIWZRWUDGHURDGVLP - IRUP+RZHYHUDVZRRGGRHVQRWVXEPLWWREHQGLQJKH portant for the region – the Amber Road from the Bal- GHVLJQHGWKHFKDSHOVZLWKDWZRVLGHGHQG [9, p. 15–16]. tic Sea through Moravia to southern Europe and the Salt For static reasons typical tower walls were slightly 5RDGIURP.UDNyZWKURXJK:URFáDZWRWKHZHVWHUQSDUW tilted, which feature is much more frequent than much of the continent. A well developed network of settlements simpler towers with straight walls. It was Dienwiebel who provided good conditions for the development of a large ¿UVWGHVFULEHGWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHVRIWKHWRZHUVDQG number of wooden churches [13]. systematically divided them into types [3] (Fig. 4). In 1871, in his paper on wooden churches in Upper 7KH ÀRRU SODQV RI WKH FKXUFKHV FRXOG GLIIHU JUHDWO\ Silesia, Luchs listed 194 such churches in that area [11, They demonstrate, however, a few characteristic features pp. 109–121]. 137 of them have survived until today in taken directly from the Latin liturgy. As a rule, with very Upper Silesia (Fig. 3), 18 of which are located in the area few exceptions, the sanctuary was much narrower than the of Olesno County. Still at the end of the 20 th century, there QDYH7KLVFDXVHGDQXPEHURIGLI¿FXOWLHVLQWKHZRRGHQ were 20 of them, however, several of them were destroyed structures and that is why the researchers were surprised LQDVHULHVRI¿UHVDQGWKHIWV with its consistent use. However, it has not been determined A few characteristic types can be distinguished among whether the pattern for wooden ecclesiastical buildings in wooden churches in Olesno County on the basis of their 3RODQGZDVWDNHQGLUHFWO\IURPWKH:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQPD - IRXQGDWLRQ7KH\ZHUHSDULVKRU¿OLDOFKXUFKHVIRXQGHGE\ sonry architecture or from the wooden architecture which the church or private founders; cemetery churches located was much more popular in those times. This opinion is by existing or newly established cemeteries and votive shared by the Polish researcher of wooden ecclesiastical churches characteristic of the times of wars and epidemics, DUFKLWHFWXUHLQ6LOHVLD-y]HI0DWXV]F]DN>SS±@ including a special type of the so called bubonic church. ,WZDV+HUEHUW'LHQZLHEHOZKR¿UVWFODVVL¿HGZRRGHQ All wooden churches in the area of Opole Region built churches in his publication on wooden churches in Lower between the 15 th and 19 th centuries were log structures. The Silesia [3, pp. 88–93]. The churches built for Protestants churches built after 1742 had towers which were timber- have the most simple plan (Type A). The oldest churches, framed (post-and-beam) or frame structures because of the which one can come across now, are Type B churches with 7KHURXWHRIZRRGHQFKXUFKHVLQ2OHVQR&RXQW\±DVNHWFK 65
)LJ9LHZRIWKHUDGLDWLQJFKDSHOVLQWKH&KXUFKRI6W$QQHLQ2OHVQR Fig. by author ,O:LGRNQDZLHQLHFNDSOLFNRĞFLRáDĞZ$QQ\Z2OHĞQLHU\FDXWRU
Fig. 4. Types of plans of wooden churches in Opole Silesia, [3, pp. 88–93] ,O7\S\U]XWyZNRĞFLRáyZGUHZQLDQ\FKQDĝOąVNX2SROVNLP [3, s. 88–93]
)LJ9LHZRIWKHERG\RIWKH&KXUFKRI6W$QQHLQ2OHVQR a rectangular nave, sanctuary, and sacristy. The most pop- Fig. by author ular was Type C where the sanctuary has a three-sided end ,O:LGRNQDNRUSXVNRĞFLRáDĞZ$QQ\Z2OHĞQLHU\FDXWRU and slightly shorter or elongated sacristy in relation to the sanctuary. There are also examples of naves with three- sided ends from the east or from the west (Type D). Those [8]. Still today one can admire that pine tree trunk built into PRVWVLPSOHW\SHVRIÀRRUSODQVZHUHWKHEDVLVIRUMXUWKHU WKHFKXUFK¶VKLJKDOWDU7KH¿UVWPHQWLRQRIWKHVKULQHEXLOWLQ variants with additional chapels from the side of the sanc- the place of that miraculous salvation comes from 1444. The tuary or the nave which could be extended [29]. However, ¿UVWZRRGHQFKXUFKEXLOWLQWKDWSODFHRUDFWXDOO\ULJKWDERYH WKHPRVWRULJLQDOÀRRUSODQZDVXQGRXEWHGO\WKDWRIWKH that earlier shrine, dates back to 1518. According to accounts, Church of St. Anne in Olesno with radiating chapels on a the shrine was built by Marcin Snopek – the carpenter mas- SODQRIDURVHZLWK¿YHSHWDOV 7\SH+ ZKLFKZDVDOUHDG\ WHUERUQLQ.UDNyZZKRZDVOLYLQJLQ*OLZLFH+LVWRULFDO distinguished by Dienwiebel [3, p. 91] (Fig. 5). sources mention three forms of his last name: Snopek, Sem- It is even known how much money was paid to the pek, and Senepek [4, p. 48], [7, p. 310]. As the number of carpenter for his work. It was 7KDOHUVHDFKZLWK pilgrimages grew, it became necessary to extend the existing *URVKHQVHDFK*URVKHQZLWK6LOHVLDQ+DOHUVDQGDOVR structure [7]. In 1668, the body of the church was annexed by OLWHUVRIU\HOLWHUVRIZKHDWOLWHUVRIWDUWDU\ ¿YHUDGLDWLQJLQGXOJHQFHFKDSHOVRQDKH[DJRQDOSODQZLWK EXFNZKHDWOLWHUVRIEDUOH\OLWHUVRIPLOOHWJURDWV its sixth side being the connection to the body of the church, OLWHUVRISHDVTXDUWVRIEXWWHUFXWVRISRUNIDW and a wooden copula topped by a turret located above the WKUHHVFRUHVRIFKHHVHEDUUHOVRIEHHU [4, p. 48]. central part. The heads of the windows both in the nave and The journey around the area of almost over 970 km 2 in the sanctuary were semicircular, whereas the forms of the should begin from the most precious historic monument of windows in the radiating chapels allude to the symbolism of the Land of Olesno – the &KXUFKRI6W$QQHLQ2OHVQR a rose in the coat of arms of Olesno, being one of the most in- (Fig. 6). It is the only church in this area built as a pilgrim- teresting forms of Baroque in wooden architecture, featuring DJH¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVKLQ2OHVQR7KHRULJLQRIWKDW squares and semicircles. In 1707, a sacristy was built from church, located in a little out-of-the-way place right outside the north-east side of the sanctuary (Fig. 7). of the town, is connected with a romantic legend about the The whole church has a number of features character- daughter of a townsman from Olesno who was miraculously istic of wooden architecture of the region: above the choir saved as a result of St. Anne’s intervention and a pine tree hid supported on two columns there is a wooden tower topped the girl with its branches from robbers who were chasing her by a bulbous cupola, whereas the nave and the sanctu- 66 -XVW\QD.OHV]F]
)LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRI6W0DU\0DJGDOHQHLQ6WDUH2OHVQR )LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRI6W$QQHLQ2OHVQR)LJE\DXWKRU Fig. by author ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyáĞZ$QQ\Z2OHĞQLHU\FDXWRU ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyáĞZ0DULL0DJGDOHQ\Z6WDU\P2OHĞQLHU\FDXWRU
DU\ KDYH D ÀDW ZRRGHQ FHLOLQJ >@ 7KH VDQFWXDU\ ZLWK Another church on the route is the Church of St. Mary a thee-sided end is partly blocked by a longer sacristy. 0DJGDOHQH LQ 6WDUH 2OHVQR (Fig. 8). Built in 1680 as $VPDOOÀqFKHPDUNVWKHSODFHZKHUHWKHUHLVDKLJKDOWDU7KH D ¿OLDO FKXUFK RI WKH SDULVK LQ 2OHVQR LW VHUYHG DV VXFK church’s roof goes low around the nave, the sanctuary and until 1911 when it became a parish church. Renovated the connection, providing overhangs supported by columns. in 1955–59, it charms with its simplicity. The church is The whole building is covered with a shingled gabled roof. a typical example of wooden architecture in the Opole The most precious treasure in the church was a winged 5HJLRQ *HRJUDSKLFDOO\ RULHQWHG LW KDV D ORJ VWUXFWXUH DOWDUIURPWKH:LW6WZRV] *HU9HLW6WRVV ) workshop [20] with the front tower connected with the nave which has but this masterpiece was stolen in 1994. The main panel a post-and-beam structure, covered with a shingled gabled of the triptych presented St. Anne with her family sur- roof. The tilted walls of the tower are covered with wood rounded by the church founders and the town councilors. board siding, the tower had a spire with a pyramid roof. Ad- Its wings showed four scenes from the life of the Sacred GLWLRQDOO\DERYHWKHQDYHWKHUHLVDVPDOOIRXUVLGHGÀqFKH )DPLO\±WKH$QQRXQFLDWLRQWKH9LVLWDWLRQWKH1DWLYLW\ The rectangular sanctuary, narrower than the nave, has and the Adoration of the Magi. a square end which adjoins the sacristy. Small storage rooms The side chapels were also richly decorated; different are located on both sides of the west tower. The tilted walls SULYDWHIRXQGHUVFDUHGIRUHDFKRIWKHP7KH¿UVWFKDSHO of the tower are covered with pine tree boards. The remaining from south-east was dedicated to St. Anne. It was under walls and the roof were covered with wooden shingles. WKHSDWURQDJHRI3ULRU0LFKDá2FKRWVNL7KHQH[WFKDSHO Its interior has exquisite ceiling decorations – the sanc- IRXQGHG E\ :DFáDZ 6ODERQLXV SUHVHQWHG WKH VFHQHV RI WXDU\KDVDIDOVHEDUUHOYDXOWDQGWKHQDYHKDVDÀDWFHLO - the Elevation of the Holy Cross. The chapels dedicated to ing. The choir supported on two columns is a typical solu- )RXUWHHQ+RO\+HOSHUVDQGWKH$VVXPSWLRQRIWKH9LUJLQ WLRQHPSOR\HGLQWKLVDUHDDVLVFODGGLQJZLWKKRUL]RQWDO 0DU\ZHUHFDUHGIRUE\WKHPRQNV3URIHVVRU-HU]\,VWO boards. The west bell tower is crowned with an octagonal DQG3ULHVW*U]HJRU],VWO7KHODVWRIWKHFKDSHOVGHGLFDWHG pyramid roof. WR2XU/DG\RI&]ĊVWRFKRZDZDVFDUHGIRUE\WKHKHUPLW The &KXUFK RI 6W /DZUHQFH LQ :DFKyZ (Fig. 9), :DZU]\QLHF&K\OHN D¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVKLQ:\VRNDLV located south 7KHURXWHRIZRRGHQFKXUFKHVLQ2OHVQR&RXQW\±DVNHWFK 67
)LJ 9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRI6W/DZUHQFHLQ:DFKyZ)LJE\DXWKRU )LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRI6W9DOHQWLQHLQ'REURG]LHĔ)LJE\DXWKRU ,O :LGRNQDNRĞFLyáĞZ:DZU]\ĔFDZ:DFKRZLHU\FDXWRU ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyáĞZ:DOHQWHJRZ'REURG]LHQLXU\FDXWRU
RI6WDUH2OHVQR,WZDV¿UVWPHQWLRQHGLQ7KHQH[W mentioned in 1305. It became a parish church already in structures were built in the place of the original church 1500. It was extensively remodeled in the 18 th century and from 1560–80; the present building comes from 1706. its present shape has been preserved ever since. In 1650– Just like most other churches in this area, it is oriented; LWZDVD¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVKLQ=ąENRZLFHDQG the body of the church has a log structure and the front at present it is an independent parish. After 1945, it was tower has a post-and-beam structure. The four-sided tow- renovated a number of times and to a different extent. At er with tilted walls is crowned with a four-sided cupola that time, the building, which is also a log structure, in or- covered with metal sheet. The nave and the sanctuary are der to provide a better protection and stiffness was moved surrounded by overhangs supported on columns, covered to a new foundation and placed on a masonry base course. with wooden shingles, just like the multi-ridge roof. Simi- Its external walls are covered with wood boards and to ODUO\WRPRVWFKXUFKHVLQWKLVJURXSWKHQDYHKDVDÀDW some degree also with shingles. Above the nave, there is wood ceiling, whereas the sanctuary has a false barrel. a small hexagonal turret with a bulbous cupola. In the west The sanctuary has a polygonal end with Baroque decora- part of the nave, there is an octagonal tower built as a post- tions of the high altar. The walls and ceilings are covered and-beam structure, covered with vertical boards, topped with rich polychrome by J. Marchwica from 1952. by a bulbous roof and a blind lantern. The nave begins The &KXUFKRI6W9DOHQWLQHLQ'REURG]LHĔ is located with a vestibule which is the base of the tower. Behind furthermost to the south in Olesno County (Fig. 10). It the nave, there is a narrower polygonal sanctuary. It has ZDV ¿UVW PHQWLRQHG DOUHDG\ LQ WKH th century, though a sacristy adjoining it from the north with a lodge upstairs. the present building is dated to 1630. The present building ,WV LQWHULRUV DUH DOO FRYHUHG ZLWK SODVWHU DQG KDYH ÀDW was renovated and remodeled a number of times which ceilings. The choir is unusually supported on four columns. to different extent changed its original shape and furnish- The &KXUFKRI6W5RFKLQ*URG]LVNR is also unusual ings. The church suffered the greatest damage, however, IRUWKHDUHDRIWKHFRXQW\,WZDV¿UVWPHQWLRQHGLQWKH GXULQJ:RUOG:DU,, LWZDVUHVWRUHGDIWHUWKHZDU/RFDWHG FKXUFKGRFXPHQWVLQ>@,WKDVDOZD\VEHHQD¿OLDO by a cemetery, inside the village, at present it serves only church of the parish in Olesno. It was built near the village as a cemetery church. on a hill where a small group of townsmen from Olesno The church has a log structure with its front tower fused hid during the plague in 1708. It is the only votive church in the vestibule whose width is the same as that of the in that area which was erected as a result of a lot of ef- nave. From outside, the whole building, including its roof fort and with the funds from the townsmen who survived and the walls, is covered with wooden shingles. The tower the plague. There is a town document from August 18, with a small pyramid roof is topped by a bulbous cupola. ZKLFKFRQ¿UPVWKHFRVWVLQFXUUHGRQLWVFRQVWUXF - Behind a rectangular nave, there is a narrower sanctuary tion [6], [22]. This is how its unusual design can be ex- with a three-sided end and a four-sided sacristy, adjoining plained. The church does not have a tower. Its walls above it from the side. overhangs are covered with wooden shingles and boards The sanctuary, which is covered with a false segmented in their lower section. The whole building is covered with vault, has late-Baroque decorations inside. The nave and a gabled roof with a steeple crowned with a helm. The WKHVDFULVW\KDYHDÀDWFHLOLQJDQGWKHUHLVDFKRLUVXSSRUW - sanctuary with a three-sided end opens on the side to ed on two columns from the side of the entrance. Similarly a sacristy with a founder’s lodge upstairs. The date 1708 to most churches in that area, except for the church in Ole- DQGWKHLQVFULSWLRQ³EXERQLFSODJXH´ZHUHEXUQHGWKHUH sno, the windows have segmented heads. The whole church was built on a masonry base course, as In Radawie ZKLFKLVZHVWRI'REURG]LHĔWKHUHLVWKH a log structure. The masonry base course is contemporary Church of the Elevation of the Holy Cross (Fig. 11). and comes from 1960 when the building was thoroughly ,WLVRQHRIWKHROGHVWEXLOGLQJVLQWKLVDUHD,WZDV¿UVW renovated [28]. 68 -XVW\QD.OHV]F]
)LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRIWKH(OHYDWLRQRIWKH+RO\&URVV )LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRI6W$QWKRQ\RI3DGXDLQ6RZF]\FH in Radawie, Fig. by author Fig. by author ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyá3RGZ\ĪV]HQLD.U]\ĪDĝZZ5DGDZLX ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyáĞZ$QWRQLHJR]3DGZ\Z6RZF]\FDFK ryc. autor ryc. autor
At the end of the nave, there is a choir supported on four them. The massive tower has a pyramid roof with wooden FROXPQV7KHERG\RIWKHFKXUFKZKLFKKDVDÀDWFHLOLQJ shingles, a lantern with a bulbous cupola covered with contrasts with the false barrel vault in the sanctuary. Also metal sheet. Above its straight nave which has a gabled WKH VKDSH RI WKH ZLQGRZV LV XQXVXDO ZKLFK WHVWL¿HV WR URRIWKHUHLVDVPDOOKH[DJRQDOÀqFKHZLWKDEXOERXVFX - a closer reference of the style to the church of St. Anne in pola. The sanctuary with a three-sided end was annexed Olesno than to other churches in the county. The windows by a sacristy. in the nave do not have typical polygonal heads, and they 7KHUHDUHZRRGHQÀDWFHLOLQJVLQVLGHZLWKQRDGGLWLRQDO differ from the windows in the sanctuary. The nave has SDLQWLQJGHFRUDWLRQV7KHFKRLUZLWKDÀDWSDUDSHWVXS - windows with semicircular heads, whereas the sanctuary ported on two columns, was extended along part of the has circular windows. The interior decorations correspond walls of the nave. The windows, just like in the church in to the times when they were made – Baroque altar comes *URG]LVNKDYHVHPLFLUFXODUKHDGV most probably from the times when the church was built. The &KXUFK RI 6W +HGZLJ LQ %LVNXSLFH was men- $OLWWOHIXUWKHUWRWKHHDVWRI*URG]LVNRLQWKHYLOODJHRI WLRQHGDOUHDG\LQ7KH¿UVWEXLOGLQJHUHFWHGLQWKDW Sowczyce , there is the Church of St. Anthony of Padua . place comes from that period. The present building was It differs from the other churches described above by the EXLOW LQ E\ -DQ 0L[WD IURP .UDVNyZ >@ 8QWLO simplicity of form which is unusual for this area. The build- 1945, it served as a parish church. After that year, it be- LQJKDVDQHYHQWIXOKLVWRU\,WZDV¿UVWPHQWLRQHGLQ FDPHD¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVKLQ2OHVQR,WVFRQVWUXF - 7KHSUHVHQWFKXUFKZDVEXLOWLQ,WZDVD¿OLDOFKXUFK tion is typical of the area of Opole Region. The body of RIWKHSDULVKLQ:\VRNDDQGRULJLQDOO\LWZDVEXLOWLQWKHYLO - the church, which has a log structure, was annexed by ODJHRIàRPQLFD+RZHYHUDOUHDG\LQ LWZDVPRYHG a four-sided tower with slightly tilted walls topped by an oc- WR6RZF]\FH )LJ ,Q LWVWRSSHGVHUYLQJRQO\DV tagonal bulbous cupola covered with metal sheet (Fig. 13). D¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVKLQàRPQLFDDQGEHFDPHDOVR Above the nave which has a gabled roof, there is a small a cemetery church. KH[DJRQDOÀqFKHWRSSHGE\DEXOERXVFXSROD7KHVDQF - Built as a log structure on a new base course, it has tuary was annexed by a vestibule, and the tower by two walls covered with wooden boards. Its gabled roof with storage rooms on its sides. one ridge covers both the nave and the narrower sanctuary The circular windows in the sanctuary have outside po- with a vestibule annexed to it. On the other side, along O\JRQDOIUDPHV7KHQDYHKDVDW\SLFDOÀDWFHLOLQJZKHUH - the nave and the sacristy, there is a wood clad addition DVWKHVDQFWXDU\KDVDIDOVHYDXOWZLWKDÀDWWHQHGDUFK7KH too. The church does not have a tower, and there is only interior has late-Baroque furnishings which date back to DOLWWOHIRXUVLGHGÀqFKHFRYHUHGZLWKDVKLQJOHGJDEOHG the times when the church was built. roof above the nave. The choir, supported on two straight The 3DULVK&KXUFKRI6W0DUWLQLQĩ\WQLyZ ZDV¿UVW FROXPQVKDVDÀDWFHLOLQJ mentioned in 1312. The building burned down several times, )XUWKHUWRWKHHDVWRI6RZF]\FHWKHUHLVWKH Church and the present church comes from 1817. Only its sanctuary RI6W0DUWLQDQG%DUWKRORPHZORFDWHGLQ%RUNL:LHO - KDVVXUYLYHGWKH¿UHV)RUVRPHWLPHWKHVDQFWXDU\VHUYHGDV NLH 7KHFKXUFKZDV¿UVWPHQWLRQHGLQ DQGWKDWYHU\ DFKDSHO7KHSUHVHQWEXLOGLQJDFWXDOO\FRPHVIURP7U]FLQLFD building has been preserved until today. Originally, it was >@$IWHULWZDVGLVDVVHPEOHGDQGPRYHGWRĩ\WQLyZWKH D¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVKLQ2OHVQR DWSUHVHQWLWLVRQO\ church was put back together in 1837 by the carpenter Jakub a cemetery church. Originally, it did not have a tower. In 2ĞUyGND7KLVLVWKHRQO\FKXUFKLQWKHFRXQW\ZKLFKKDV WKHFDUSHQWU\PDVWHU6]\PRQ6WDGNREXLOWDVLPSOH a log structure on a cross plan with two side chapels attached tower surrounded by overhangs and wood cladding above to the body of the church and the sanctuary much narrower 7KHURXWHRIZRRGHQFKXUFKHVLQ2OHVQR&RXQW\±DVNHWFK 69
)LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRI6W+HGZLJLQ%LVNXSLFH)LJE\DXWKRU )LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRIWKH+RO\7ULQLW\LQ-DZRU]QR)LJE\DXWKRU ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyáĞZ-DGZLJLZ%LVNXSLFDFKU\FDXWRU ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyáĞZ7UyMF\Z-DZRU]QLHU\FDXWRU than the nave. Both the chapels and the sanctuary have three- sided ends. The whole building has a gabled roof covered The Church of St. Leonard the Prior in Wierzbie is with wooden shingles with two ridge beams. In the place located furthermost to the north. Although the exact date where the nave and the sanctuary meet, there is a two-staged, of its construction is unknown, a wooden church dedi- KH[DJRQDOÀqFKHZLWKDEXOERXVFXSRODFRYHUHGZLWKPHWDO FDWHGWR6W/HRQDUGLQWKDWDUHDZDV¿UVWPHQWLRQHGLQ sheet. There is a vestibule annexed from the north. the 16 th FHQWXU\PRVWOLNHO\IURPEHIRUH7KH¿UVW 7KHFKXUFKLQĩ\WQLyZLVWKHRQO\ZRRGHQFKXUFKLQ description of the church comes from 1668. The church Poland with masonry crypts with the tombs of the Sie- ZDVH[WHQVLYHO\UHQRYDWHGIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHLQ UH- UDG]NL IDPLO\ DQG DQ XQGHUJURXQG YHVWLEXOH MRLQLQJ WKH placement of wooden shingles) and then in 1889 as well church with the rectory. as in 1949. It was totally remodeled in 1971–1974 [19]. The interior decoration of the church comes from the According to various sources, the building is an exam- middle of the 19 th century when the church was decorated SOHRIDODWH*RWKLFYDULDWLRQRIDZRRGHQFKXUFK *UHDWHU in neo-Baroque style. At that time, a bell tower was also 3RODQGW\SH RURIDQDUURZHUFDWHJRU\RI:LHOXĔW\SHRI added. The nave was covered with a groin vault and the churches [25], with such characteristic features as a com- sanctuary with a typical false barrel. The window heads, mon location and time of construction (the 16 th century). which are all pointed, also testify to the unusual design of 7KH:LHOXĔW\SHRIFKXUFKHVZHUHEXLOWLQDGLIIHUHQWZD\ the building. Both the choir with no columns and the whole than the Opole type of churches from larch wood and they interior was covered with richly decorated polychrome. are log structures. The single-naved, oriented church in The wooden &KXUFKRIWKH+RO\7ULQLW\LQ-DZRU]QR :LHU]ELHKDVZRRGVLGLQJ )LJ 7KHFKXUFK¶VVDQFWX - is located furthermost to the east in Olesno County. Al- DU\LVVLJQL¿FDQWO\QDUURZHUDQGVKRUWHUWKDQLWVQDYH7KH WKRXJKWKHGDWHRILWV¿UVWORFDWLRQLVXQNQRZQLWZDV¿UVW whole building is covered with a shingled gabled roof with mentioned at the beginning of the 16 th century as a church two ridge beams. The only difference is the lack of a tower located in the place of the older one. In 1570–1660, the which would be an extension of the nave to the west with church served as a Roman Catholic church of the parish in a characteristic form. Although the tower of the church in 3DU]\PLHFK\ )LJ 7KHFKXUFKZDVUHPRGHOHGPDQ\ :LHU]ELHZKLFKLVGHVLJQHGRQDVTXDUHSODQLVLQIDFW times, including the addition of side chapels. The most im- added to the nave, it has a post-and-beam structure and its portant remodelings took place in 1767 and 1921–23 [21]. walls are slightly tilted. It has a pyramid roof also covered A tower with its post-and-beam structure was added to with wooden shingles. The church has two side sacristies, the nave which has a log structure. The whole body of the one made of wood and the other masonry with monopitch church was covered with one shingled gabled roof, where- roofs. The latter was annexed with an extension built dur- as the tower was covered with a pyramid roof with a metal ing renovation in 1949. Above the end of the nave, there is sheet lantern. In the place where the nave and the sanctuary DVPDOOÀqFKHRQDVTXDUHSODQWRSSHGE\DEXOERXVPHWDO PHHWWKHUHLVDÀqFKHZLWKDS\UDPLGFXSROD7KHSRO\JRQDO sheet roof. Two vestibules are from the front and the side closure of the sanctuary was not remodeled, unlike the nave of the nave. Special attention should be drawn to its side which, during the remodeling in 1921–23, was extended to entrance with a wooden portal, unusual in the area of Ole- the west by one bay. Additionally, at that time the width of sno County, from the 16 th century divided in two, its upper the nave was extended north and south and two chapels were circular section inserted on a rectangular door frame [24]. added, one on each side. A sacristy divided into two levels ,QVLGHWKHQDYHDQGWKHVDQFWXDU\KDYHDFRPPRQÀDW was also added to the body of the church. In this way an addi- ceiling. The sacristy, however, has a different barrel and tional room was connected with the sanctuary by a window. groin vault. The sanctuary is separated from the nave by &RYHULQJLWVLQWHULRUVZLWKÀDWFHLOLQJVRUIDOVHEDUUHOLV a wooden, carved rood beam [27]. The choir, also made typical of the churches in this area. of wood, which is supported on two carved columns with 70 -XVW\QD.OHV]F]
)LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRI6W/HRQDUGWKH3ULRULQ:LHU]ELH )LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRIWKH$VVXPSWLRQRIWKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ Fig. by author 0DU\LQ8V]\FH)LJE\DXWKRU ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyáĞZ/HRQDUGD2SDWDZ:LHU]ELXU\FDXWRU ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyá:QLHERZ]LĊFLD103Z8V]\FDFKU\FDXWRU the parapet projected in its middle section, is a subtle con- cial clasps; the roof has two ridge beams and it is covered ¿UPDWLRQRIWKHHDUO\%DURTXHRULJLQRIWKHFKXUFK7KDW with wooden shingles. One of its distinctive features are part is additionally decorated by the sculptural presenta- the round windows in the sanctuary. There is a choir sup- tion of angels playing instruments [26]. ported on six columns from the west. The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Vir- One of the most precious treasures is the gravestone of gin Mary in Uszyce is located in the furthermost north Hans von Kuschenbohr from 1684 and a bell cast in the corner of the county. It is also one of its oldest buildings. VDPH\HDULQ:URFáDZ ,WZDV¿UVWPHQWLRQHGLQDQGLWH[LVWHGLQLWVSUHVHQW The church is very similar to the Church of St. John form already in 1517 when the church was consecrated. WKH%DSWLVWLQ.R]áRZLFH which was built around the sec- In spite of being remodeled a number of times, it did not ond half of the 17 th century from the foundation of Adam ORVHLWVRULJLQDOFKDUDFWHU,Q±WKHVLJQL¿FDQFH von Frankenberg. RIWKHFKXUFKGLPLQLVKHG,WEHFDPHD¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKH The church, which has a log structure, was built on SDULVKLQ=G]LHFKRZLFH>@,Q LWEHFDPHDSDU - a new masonry base course. A short four-sided front ish church again. The church, which has a log structure, tower, which has a post-and-beam structure and its has a front tower which has a post-and-beam structure walls are covered with vertical boards, was added to covered with boards and a massive pyramid roof. The the nave. The octagonal roof above it is covered with H[WHUQDO¿QLVKRIWKHZDOOVDQGWKHJDEOHGURRIDUHW\SL - wooden shingles. Similarly to other churches, the sanc- cal of the region. The walls are covered with pine tree tuary is shorter and narrower than the nave, and it has boards, reinforced with special clasps, whereas the roof a three-sided end. A sacristy with a three-sided end and is covered with wooden shingles. Above the end of the a founder’s lodge upstairs which opens to the sanctu- QDYHWKHUHLVDKH[DJRQDOÀqFKHFRYHUHGZLWKDPHWDO ary was also added to the sanctuary. External unroofed sheet bulbous roof (Fig. 16). This is also a bell tower. Its steps lead to the lodge. EHOOZDVFDVWLQ:URFáDZLQ,WKDVDQLQVFULSWLRQ Inside, there is an impressive false barrel vault lowered in Polish. The sacristy with the founder’s lodge upstairs in the sanctuary. Rich interior painting decoration is also which opens to the sanctuary was added to the sanctu- worth noting. Both the walls and the vaults are covered ary which has a three-sided end and is narrower than the with polychrome. The older of them, from the 18 th centu- nave. External roofed steps lead to it. The choir, which is ry, covers the walls of the nave and the sanctuary, whereas located from the west, does not have any columns. There the newer one, from the 19 th century, was applied to the is a vestibule going inside from the south. vault. The interior decoration is completed with Baroque 1HDU8V]\FHWKHUHLVDYLOODJHRI *RáD and the Church and late-Baroque furnishings. of St. Nicholas is in that village. It was mentioned already The Church of St. Mary Magdalene , built in 1679, in about 1353, but its present form comes from the turn of is located in a small village of %RURV]yZ , north of the 17 th and 18 th centuries. From the very beginning it was 2OHVQR8QWLOLWZDVD¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVK D¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVKLQ=G]LHFKRZLFH in Sternalice, later, for a short time until 1775, it was As one of few churches in this area, it has a bulbous D¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVKLQ%LVNXSLFH,Q DI - roof above the tower with a lantern which is completely ter more than one hundred years when it belonged to covered with metal sheet. A hexagonal tower, added do .RĞFLHOLVNDLWUHWXUQHGWR%LVNXSLFH>@ the nave, was built with the same height as the gabled roof Similarly to the buildings described above, this RIWKHQDYH7KHVDQFWXDU\ZKLFKLVVLJQL¿FDQWO\QDUURZHU church has an exceptionally simple structure and very than the nave, has a three-sided end. The walls, which are similar internal layout. Similarly, a short, massive, four- covered with vertical boards, were reinforced with spe- sided tower which has a post-and-beam structure with 7KHURXWHRIZRRGHQFKXUFKHVLQ2OHVQR&RXQW\±DVNHWFK 71
LQWKHVRFDOOHG0DáH3U]HGPLHĞFLHLQSODFHRIWKHFRQ - temporary, masonry Corpus Christi Church . The old hospital church, also dedicated to Corpus Christi, which ZDVIXQGHGDW¿UVWIURPWKHPXQLFLSDODQGODWHUPRQDV - WLFWUHDVXU\ZDVEXLOWLQZKLFKLVFRQ¿UPHGE\ the inscription on the beam of the side wall. It was built in place of a much older church which burned down in 1624 together with a large part of the town. This church also burned down a few years after it was built in the ¿UHRIWKHWRZQLQ LWZDVKRZHYHUUHEXLOWLQLWV original form already in 1645 [10, p. 21]. Of all the churches which existed at that time in the county, the plan of this church was the most simple. Its sanctuary with a three-sided end was as wide as the nave and it had a four-sided turret with a bell. A small sacristy )LJ9LHZRIWKH&KXUFKRI6W0DUJDUHWLQ-DP\)LJE\DXWKRU was added to the side of the sanctuary. The whole church, ,O:LGRNQDNRĞFLyáĞZ0DáJRU]DW\Z-DPDFKU\FDXWRU which was built on a base course, has a log structure. In- VLGHLWKDGÀDWFHLOLQJVDQGWKHVDQFWXDU\ZLWKFRYLQJ 'XHWRLWVVSHFL¿FIXQFWLRQWKHUHZHUHQROLWXUJLFDOYHVW - slightly tilted walls covered with wood was added to ments or utensils in that church [6, p. 230]. the straight nave. The tower has an octagonal pyramid In 1909 [15], a decision was made to move the church roof covered with metal sheet. Just like the other cases, WRWKHYLOODJHRI*URQRZLFH .OXF]ERUN&RXQW\ ORFDWHG the whole church has a log structure with outside wood in the parish of Stare Olesno and to build in its place cladding and a massive base course. Both the sanctuary a new, masonry church. It was also then that the dedica- with a three-sided end and the nave are covered with WLRQRIWKHFKXUFKZDVFKDQJHGWR6W*LOHV7KHFKXUFK a shingled gabled roof with two ridge beams. A sacristy was renovated in 1959 [23]. was added to the sanctuary from the side. All windows Unfortunately, the church does not exist anymore. It in the building have segmented heads, most simple and burned down on the night of the 15 th to 16 th of August most popular in this area. 1995. It was never rebuilt. A small, masonry temple was Inside, the choir supported on two columns has Rococo built in its place. GHFRUDWLRQV7KHQDYHKDVDÀDWFHLOLQJDQGWKHVDQFWXDU\ There is one more church which also should be men- with a false barrel vault, has simple painting decorations tioned. Namely, the almost completely forgotten church in LQJHRPHWULF¿HOGV the village of 6NURĔVNR . Unfortunately, this church does The Church of St. Margaret in Jamy comes from the not exist anymore either. It was a church dedicated to St. VDPHSHULRGDVWKHFKXUFKLQ%RURV]yZ$OWKRXJKWKHH[ - Valentine and Bartholomew from around 1600 which act date of its construction is unknown, the church was most probably was built under the patronage of Augustin- ¿UVWPHQWLRQHGLQ ZKHQLWZDVD¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKH ian friars. The last time the church was thoroughly reno- SDULVK LQ *RU]yZ ĝOąVNL 'HVWUR\HG LQ LW ZDV UH - vated and remodeled was in 1909–1910. On the night of built from the foundation of Count Karol Zygmunt von September 27 th , 1999, it burned down almost completely, $XORFN,W LWEHFDPHD¿OLDOFKXUFKRIWKHSDULVKLQ most probably robbers wanted to erase their traces. .R]áRZLFH This was one of the churches which had a simple form :KDWGLVWLQJXLVKHVWKLVFKXUFKIURPWKHRWKHUFKXUFK - and shape. As all other churches it was a log structure; es is its squat construction, with straight walls, which is it had a nave as well as a narrower and shorter sanctu- a little higher and goes above the level of the nave roof ary with a three-sided end and a side sacristy. There was ULGJH,WVÀDWWHQHGS\UDPLGURRIKDVDVPDOORQLRQFXSROD a vestibule on the other side of the nave. The whole The church is also unusual because it does not have sepa- church was covered with a roof with two ridge beams, rate ridge beams above the nave and the sanctuary with and its small tower, which had a post-and-beam struc- a three-sided end. Both parts of the church have equal ture, was fused to the nave with a pyramid roof covered heights and one roof with one ridge beam. On the side, with wooden shingles. Above the nave, there was also there is a sacristy with the founder’s lodge upstairs. Exter- a hexagonal, metal sheet turret topped by a bulbous nal unroofed steps lead to it (Fig. 17). metal sheet cupola. Inside, the church had two founder’s The choir, whose parapet projects a little in its middle towers and a simple choir with no columns. The whole section, is supported on six columns. The choir was ex- LQWHULRUKDGÀDWFHLOLQJV tended to the middle of the length of the side walls of the The interior of the church had real treasures of art. nave. A Baroque high altar from the beginning of the 18 th cen- From among the churches described in this paper, the tury with the sculptures of John the Baptist, Peter and church in Jamy is the only one with square window heads 3DXOZLWKDSDLQWLQJIURPE\0DFLHM0DG]LRURI6W DQGÀDWFHLOLQJVDERYHERWKWKHQDYHDQGWKHVDQFWXDU\ 9DOHQWLQHRQWKHEDFN7KHUHZDVDUHJHQF\SXOSLWRQWKH It should be noted that this group of churches in- side. Inside the church, there were also epitaphs of the cludes also the church which until 1910 was in 2OHVQR , 6NURĔVNLIDPLO\±SDLQWHGRQERDUGSUHVHQWLQJ-RDFKLP 72 Justyna Kleszcz
$OHNVDQGHU6NURĔVNLZKRGLHGLQDVZHOODV*DEULHO 6W +HGZLJ DV ZHOO DV %DURTXH VFXOSWXUHV RI HJ -RKQ $EUDKDP DQG -DGZLJD (OHRQRUD 6NURĔVNL ZKR GLHG LQ 1HSRPXFHQ$SROORQLDDQGWKH0RWKHURI*RG DVFKLOGUHQDQGWKH WK FHQWXU\*RWKLFVFXOSWXUHV ,QWKHLQKDELWDQWVRI6NURĔVNREXLOWDQHZPD - RIWKH0RWKHURI*RGZLWK,QIDQW0DU\0DJGDOHQHDQG VRQU\FKXUFKLQSODFHRIWKHROGRQH
Summary
:KHQFRPSDULQJWKHFDWDORJVRIKLVWRULFPRQXPHQWV GHPRQVWUDWHPDQ\IHDWXUHVZKLFKGLVWLQJXLVKWKHPIURP RIWKH2OHVQR&RXQW\SXEOLVKHGLQGLIIHUHQW\HDUVRQH RWKHUFKXUFKHVQRWRQO\LQ3RODQGEXWDOVR(XURSH7KHVH FDQQRWLFHDVORZEXWJUDGXDOGLVDSSHDUDQFHRIHFFOH - IHDWXUHVDUHIRULQVWDQFHWKHW\SHRIFRQVWUXFWLRQEXLOGLQJ VLDVWLFDOZRRGHQEXLOGLQJV:KDWLVOHIWRIWKHPLVMXVW PDWHULDOVIRUPVRIGHFRUDWLRQVDQGVSDWLDOOD\RXWVZKLFK SKRWRJUDSKVDQGDFFRXQWVRIWKHDXWKRUVRIFDWDORJOLVWV DUH QRW SUHVHQW LQ WKHLU VSHFL¿F DUUDQJHPHQW DQ\ZKHUH 7KHFDWDORJRI Historic Monuments of Art in Poland >@ HOVH 7KDW LV VSHFL¿FDOO\ ZK\ WKH VLJQL¿FDQW QXPEHU RI IURP OLVWVDVPDQ\DVZRRGHQFKXUFKHV Wooden VXFKEXLOGLQJVLQVXFKDVPDOOFRXQW\VKRXOGFRQWULEXWHWR Churches in Silesia >@SXEOLVKHGLQ OLVWVRQO\ WKHJURZWKRILQWHUHVWDPRQJERWKUHVHDUFKHUVDQGUHJXODU FKXUFKHV$WWKHHQGRIWKH WK FHQWXU\RQO\RIWKHP WRXULVWVLQWKLVLQFRQVSLFXRXVWUHDVXUHZKLFKKDVVXUYLYHG VWLOOH[LVWHG$WSUHVHQWLQWKDWQXPEHUGURSSHGWR WKHWXUPRLORIZDULQVPDOOYLOODJHV 7KHFKXUFKHVDUHGLVDSSHDULQJDVDUHVXOWRIWKHLUDJH :KDWLVDPD]LQJDERXWWKRVHFKXUFKHVLVDOVRWKHIDFW WKHLUEHLQJ³QRQPRGHUQ´³QRQFRPPHUFLDO´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¿QDO E\VXFK*HUPDQUHVHDUFKHUVDV'LHQZLHEHORU/XFKVPDQ\ DSSHDUDQFH+RZHYHUIURPDPRQJPDQ\LQGLYLGXDOGLV - RIZKRVHLGHDVZHUHGHQLHGDIWHU:RUOG:DU,,ZKRQRWHG WLQFWLYHIHDWXUHVRQHFDQ¿QGWKRVHZKLFKDUHFRPPRQLQ LQWKHLUSXEOLFDWLRQVWKH³6ODYRQLFFKDUDFWHU´DQG³*HUPDQ - DVSHFL¿FVPDOORUELJUHJLRQ7KDWLVH[DFWO\ZK\LWZDV LFFKDUDFWHU´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
Translated by 7DGHXV]6]DáDPDFKD
Annex – Buildings listed in the register of historic monuments [26]
%LVNXSLFH±&KXUFKRI6W+HGZLJ±IURP H[WUDFW 2OHVQR±&KXUFKRI6W$QQH± IURP DQG IURPWKH5HJLVWHU IURP %RUNL:LHONLH ± &KXUFK RI 6W 0DUWLQ DQG %DUWKRORPHZ ± 5DGDZLH±&KXUFKRIWKH(OHYDWLRQRIWKH+RO\&URVV±IURP IURP H[WUDFWIURPWKH5HJLVWHU %RURV]yZ±&KXUFKRI6W0DU\0DJGDOHQH±IURP 6NURĔVNR±&KXUFKRI6W9DOHQWLQHDQG%DUWKRORPHZ±IURP 'REURG]LHĔ±&KXUFKRI6W9DOHQWLQH±IURP DQG GRHVQRWH[LVWDQ\PRUH ] 6WDUH2OHVQR±&KXUFKRI6W0DU\0DJGDOHQH±IURP *RáD±&KXUFKRI6W1LFKRODV±IURP 6RZF]\FH±&KXUFKRI6W$QWKRQ\RI3DGXD± IURP *URG]LVNR ± &KXUFK RI 6W 5RFK ± IURP DQG 8V]\FH±&KXUFKRIWKH$VVXPSWLRQRIWKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ0DU\± ] IURP -DP\±&KXUFKRI6W0DUJDUHW±UHJQR IURP :DFKyZ±&KXUFKRI6W/DZUHQFH±IURP -DZRU]QR±&KXUFKRI+RO\7ULQLW\± IURP :LHU]ELH±&KXUFKRI6W/HRQDUG± IURP .R]áRZLFH ± &KXUFK RI 6W -RKQ WKH %DSWLVW ± IURP ĩ\WQLyZ±&KXUFKRI6W0DUWLQ± ;,9IURP DQG IURP
Annex – Buildings from 1960 per Catalog of Historic Monuments of Art in Poland [12]
%LVNXSLFH±&KXUFKRI6W+HGZLJ %RURV]yZ±&KXUFKRI6W0DU\0DJGDOHQH %RUNL:LHONLH±&KXUFKRI6W0DUWLQDQG%DUWKRORPHZ &KRFLDQRZLFH±&KXUFKRIWKH1DWLYLW\RIWKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ0DU\ The route of wooden churches in Olesno County – a sketch 73
*RáD±&KXUFKRI6W1LFKRODV /DVRZLFH:LHONLH±&KXUFKRI$OO6DLQWV 6. Grodzisko – Church of St. Roch 2OHVQR±&KXUFKRI6W$QQH 7. Gronowice – Church of St. Giles 15. Radawie – Church of the Elevation of the Holy Cross 8. Jamy – Church of St. Margaret 6NURĔVNR±&KXUFKRI6W9DOHQWLQHDQG%DUWKRORPHZ .R]áRZLFH±&KXUFKRI6W-RKQWKH%DSWLVW 17. Stare Olesno – Church of St. Mary Magdalene .RĞFLHOLVND±&KXUFKRIWKH9LVLWDWLRQRIWKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ0DU\ 6RZF]\FH±&KXUFKRI6W$QWKRQ\RI3DGXD 11. Laskowice – Church of St. Lawrence 8V]\FH±&KXUFKRIWKH$VVXPSWLRQRIWKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ0DU\ /DVRZLFH0DáH±&KXUFKRIWKH$VVXPSWLRQRIWKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ 20. Wachów – Church of St. Lawrence Mary :ĊGU\QLD±&KXUFKRI6W-RKQWKH%DSWLVW
Annex – Buildings from 1975 by J. Matuszczak [14]
1. Biskupice – Church of St. Hedwig /DVRZLFH0DáH±&KXUFKRIWKH$VVXPSWLRQRIWKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ0DU\ 2. Borki Wielkie – Church of St. Martin and Bartholomew /DVRZLFH:LHONLH±&KXUFKRI$OO6DLQWV 3. Boroszów – Church of St. Mary Magdalene 2OHVQR±&KXUFKRI6W$QQH 4. Chocianowice – Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary 14. Radawie – Church of the Elevation of the Holy Cross *RáD±&KXUFKRI6W1LFKRODV 6NURĔVNR±&KXUFKRI6W9DOHQWLQHDQG%DUWKRORPHZ 6. Grodzisko – Church of St. Roch 16. Stare Olesno – Church of St. Mary Magdalene 7. Gronowice – Church of St. Giles 6RZF]\FH±&KXUFKRI6W$QWKRQ\RI3DGXD 8. Jamy – Church of St. Margaret 8V]\FH±&KXUFKRIWKH$VVXPSWLRQRIWKH%OHVVHG9LUJLQ0DU\ .R]áRZLFH±&KXUFKRI6W-RKQWKH%DSWLVW 19. Wachów – Church of St. Lawrence 10. Laskowice – Church of St. Lawrence :ĊGU\QLD±&KXUFKRI6W-RKQWKH%DSWLVW
References
>@$UF]\ĔVNL6.ZLHN7ĝOąVN2SROVNL 6SRUWL7XU\VW\ND:DUV]DZD [16] 2SROVNLHNRĞFLRá\GUHZQLDQH '(PPHUOLQJ HG ĝOąVNLH:\GDZ - 1980. QLFWZR$'$12SROH >@&LFKRĔ ( 'HG\N 0 .RĞFLyá ĞZ 5RFKD 5R]DOLL L 6HEDVWLDQD Z >@ 3LOFK-/HNV\NRQ]DE\WNyZDUFKLWHNWXU\*yUQHJRĝOąVND $UNDG\ *URG]LVNX (ODPHG:URFáDZ Warszawa 2008. >@'LHQZLHEHO+2EHUVFKOHVLVFKH6FKURWKRO]NLUFKHQ %UHVODX [18] 3U]HZRGQLNSR]DE\WNDFKRSROV]F]\]Q\]PDSDPLSRZLDWyZ '(P - >@'REU]\FNL-.RĞFLRá\GUHZQLDQHQD*yUQ\PĝOąVNX .UDNyZ PHUOLQJ HG ĝOąVNLH:\GDZQLFWZR$'$12SROH >@.LVFKQLFN . 5RVHQEHUJ ± 2EHUVFKOLHVHQ LQDOWHQ $QVLFKWVNDUWHQ > @ 5RVLQ5=LHPLDZLHOXĔVNDZ;,,±;9,ZLHNX6WXGLD]G]LHMyZRVDG - 1897–1945 2VQDEUXFN nictwa 3:1:DUV]DZD±àyGĨ >@.OLQJHU: = G]LHMyZ SDUD¿L 2OHVQR :\GDZQLFWZR ĝZ .U]\ĪD [20] 6DQNWXDULXP ĞZ$QQ\ Z 2OHĞQLH Z IRWRJUD¿L 0LURVáDZD 'HG\ND Opole 2006. Olesno 1996. >@.UDXVH::HVWREHUVFKOHVLVFKH6FKURWKRO]NLUFKHQ ³'HU2EHUVFKOH - [21] 6]ODNLHPNRĞFLRáyZGUHZQLDQ\FKZSRZLHFLHNOXF]ERUVNLPLROHVNLP sier” 1929. 0ĝPLJLHOVND HG .2/272OHVQR >@/RPSD-%DMNLLSRGDQLD =DNáDG1DURGRZ\LP2VVROLĔVNLFK:UR - >@ :DV\OHZVNL 6 1D ĝOąVNX 2SROVNLP .DWRZLFH S >LQ @ FáDZ .OLQJHU: = G]LHMyZ SDUD¿L 2OHVQR :\GDZQLFWZR ĝZ .U]\ĪD > @/RPSD-']LHMHPLDVWD2OHVQD 3³*áRV2OHVQD´ 1R 2SROHS pp. 6–33. >@ :LHU]JRĔ$.RĞFLRá\GUHZQLDQHQDĝOąVNX2SROVNLP :\GDZQLF - >@ /RPSD-*HVFKLFKWOLFKH'DUVWHOOXQJGHUPHUNZXUGLJVWHQ(UHLJQLV - WZRĝZ.U]\ĪD2SROH SS –71. VHLQGHU.RQLJOLFKHQ.UHLVVWDGW5RVHQEHUJ .RVHO >@ ZZZQLHG]LHODSODUW\NXOBZBQLHG]LHOLSKS"GRF HG QU >@ /XFKV + 'LH 2EHUVFKOHVLVFKHQ +RO]NLUFKHQ XQG 9HUZDQGWHV >DFFHVVHG -DQXDU\@ ³6FKOHVLVFKH3URYLQ]LDO%OlWWHU´9RO >@ ZZZNRVFLRO\GUHZQLDQHSOSDJHVGUHZQLDQHZLHU]ELKWPO >DFFHV - [12] .DWDORJ ]DE\WNyZ V]WXNL Z 3ROVFH 9RO 1R 3RZLDW ROHVNL VHG -DQXDU\@ 7&KU]DQRZVNL0.RUQHFNL HGV :DUV]DZD >@ ZZZRSROVNLHSOGRFVSURJUDPBRSLHNLB[BSGI >DFFHVVHG >@ 0DWXV]F]DN-$UFKLWHNWXUDGUHZQLDQ\FKNRĞFLRáyZHZDQJHOLFNLFK January 2011]. ZSRZLHFLHNOXF]ERUVNLP ³5RF]QLN0X]HXP*yUQRĞOąVNLHJRZ%\ - >@ ZZZSRUWDOQWXHZRGLSRSROHSO¿OHVJUXSDZLHU]ELHSSW[ >DF - WRPLX6]WXND´ 1RSS–12. FHVVHG -DQXDU\@ >@ 0DWXV]F]DN-.RĞFLRá\GUHZQLDQHQDĝOąVNX =DNáDG1DURGRZ\LP >@ ZZZSDUD¿DROHVQRSOLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFRQWHQW YLHZ DU - 2VVROLĔVNLFK:URFáDZ WLFOH LG ,WHPLG >DFFHVVHG -DQXDU\@ >@ 1HXEHUJHU:5RVHQEHUJ26>LQ @.OLQJHU:=G]LHMyZSDUD¿L > @ ZZZPRQLRLQIR JUXSDVODVNLFKNRVFLRORZ Olesno :\GDZQLFWZRĝZ.U]\ĪD2SROHS GUHZQLDQ\FKMHMJHQH]DLFHFK\RJROQH>DFFHVVHG -DQXDU\@
6]ODNNRĞFLyáNyZGUHZQLDQ\FKZSRZLHFLHROHVNLP±V]NLF
=HVSyá GUHZQLDQ\FK NRĞFLRáyZ ]QDMGXMąF\FK VLĊ Z SRZLHFLH ROH - F\VWDQRZLRPyZLHQLHKLVWRULLLDUFKLWHNWXU\RUD]Z\VWURMXZQĊWU]DUVNLH - VNLPVWDQRZLERJDW\SU]HJOąGW\SyZGUHZQLDQHMDUFKLWHNWXU\ĝOąVND=H JRRELHNWyZ]QDMGXMąF\FKVLĊQDWHUHQLHSRZLDWX:RSUDFRZDQLX]RVWD - Z]JOĊGXQDVZRMHVSHF\¿F]QHSRáRĪHQLHQDJUDQLF\NLONXZRMHZyG]WZ á\UyZQLHĪXZ]JOĊGQLRQHRELHNW\NWyUHZFLąJXRVWDWQLFKGZXG]LHVWXODW LNUDLQJHRJUD¿F]Q\FKMHVWRQREV]HUQ\PĨUyGáHPZLHG]\RWUDQVIRUPD - XOHJá\]QLV]F]HQLXZVNXWHNGHVWUXNF\MQHMG]LDáDOQRĞFLF]áRZLHND,FKKL - FMDFKLZSá\ZDFKUyĪQ\FKWHFKQLNLWUDG\FMLEXGRZODQ\FK VWRULDGRZRG]LVáXV]QRĞFLZV]\VWNLFKG]LDáDĔNRQVHUZDWRUVNLFKL]DEH] - :SUDF\RPyZLRQH]RVWDá\XZDUXQNRZDQLDKLVWRU\F]QRJHRJUD¿F] - SLHF]DMąF\FKNWyUH]RVWDá\SRGMĊWHZRVWDWQLFKODWDFKGODUDWRZDQLD]D - QHMDNLHSU]\F]\QLá\VLĊGRSRZVWDQLDJUXS\NRĞFLRáyZRSROVNLFK3RG - E\WNyZMHV]F]HLVWQLHMąF\FK VWDZąGDOV]\FKUR]ZDĪDĔVWDáDVLĊDQDOL]DOLWHUDWXU\WHPDWXREHMPXMą - $QHNVHP GR RSUDFRZDQLD Vą OLVW\ ]DE\WNyZ EĊGąFH ĞZLDGHFWZHP FDJHQH]Ċ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDWUDG\FMąĞOąVNLHJREXGRZQLFWZDGUHZQLDQH - ]PLDQ MDNLH ]DFKRG]Lá\ Z RNUHVLH SRZRMHQQ\P REUD]XMąFH ]DUyZQR JRVLĊJDMąFDSRáRZ\;,;ZLHNXQDWHUHQLH1LHPLHF'DOV]ąF]ĊĞüSUD- ]PLDQ\ WHU\WRULDOQH SRZLDWX ROHVNLHJR MDN L SRZROQ\ SURFHV QLV]F]H - 74 -XVW\QD.OHV]F]
QLD GUHZQLDQHM DUFKLWHNWXU\ WHJR UHJLRQX 'RGDWNRZą LQIRUPDFMĊ VWD - RSRGHMPRZDQ\FK]DUD]SRZRMQLHG]LDáDQLDFKPDMąF\FKQDFHOXRFKUR - QRZLZ\SLV]UHMHVWUX]DE\WNyZZRMHZyG]WZDRSROVNLHJRĞZLDGF]ąF\ QĊG]LHG]LFWZD]LHPRG]\VNDQ\FK
Key words: wooden ecclesiastical architecture, protection of historic 6áRZDNOXF]RZH GUHZQLDQDDUFKLWHNWXUDVDNUDOQDRFKURQD]DE\WNyZ monuments