Human Behaviour in Emergency Condions Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM [email protected] www.crowdsafety.org Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM

¥ 25 Years Crowd and Event Safety Experience ‘Normal and Emergency’ ¥ Degree Crowd and Safety Management ¥ Chartered Health and Safety Consultant ¥ Occupaonal Safety and Health Consultants Register – Registered Consultant ¥ Chartered Fire Safety Consultant ¥ Former Royal Navy Fire-Fighter ¥ Former Director of Security and Safety: Oasis, Eminem, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Kasabian, Rolling Stones (UK Only), Bease Boys, Led Zeppelin, Shakira, Stereophonics, Dixie Chicks, Beady Eye, Lionel Richie ¥ Retail Sector, Various Events, Venues, Student Unions, Grad Balls, Fesval’s and other Major Events worldwide including World Title Boxing, Motorsports, Royal Events, Fireworks and events of naonal significant importance

¥ Virgin Group – Event Safety Consultant

¥ Purple/Mauve Guide – Acknowledged Contributor ¥ Australian live Performance – Author of the Audience Safety Chapter ¥ Event Working Party for US Technical Standards version of the Purple Guide ¥ Managing Crowds Safely (HSG 154) – Reviewed 2016 for UKCMA ¥ Pioneer of the “Showstop Procedure” (Used globally and recognised by HSE) ¥ Consultant naonally and worldwide for event safety/security, crowd management and Fire Safety ¥ Fire Risk Assessor for leisure, event and retail sectors

www.crowdsafety.org Showstop

¥ Emergency condions at an event can occur at without any noce, though other’s can be deemed as foreseeable.

¥ The Showstop Procedure serves to focus the audience, reduce the likelihood of injury and pre-movement me in the event of an evacuaon.

www.crowdsafety.org Terrorism Crowded Spaces

www.crowdsafety.org Some Crowd Disasters last 6 years

¥ 2016: - 50 – 600 Dead Stampede Ethiopia

¥ 2015: - 2442 Dead & 1028 injured

¥ 2014: - 106 Dead & 262 Injured

¥ 2013: - 470 Dead & 757 injured

www.crowdsafety.org Witness Quote - Hillsborough

¥ I had no choice in the matter, I just got carried along with it .. and where I ended up I ended up…..there was no choice, well, you know, ‘right, I’m gonna stand over there’….. you had no choice. You went where the crowd took you.. as everybody else did .. it was that scary, it was terrifying, but as I said once blind panic has set in, I I would think that was that was the main part, everyone really panicked, sheer panic, the police panicked, the crowd panicked, everyone panicked……..

www.crowdsafety.org Why do crowd crushes happen?

¥ We are trying to service more people in less me…. ¥ Too many people in too lile space ¥ Bolenecks ¥ Poor Planning/Lack of Training ¥ Poor Design ¥ Informaon ¥ Management

www.crowdsafety.org Primary Influencer’s

¥ Design – Barrier types, event footprint, site capacity, ingress/egress flow rates, area and density, any delays around the site (toilets/ bars/merchandising/amusements etc)

¥ Informaon – Advance informaon, Signage, communicaon systems, VMS, websites, social media, rumour’s

¥ Management – Processes, planning, communicaons, protocols, chain of command, briefings, red flag indicators (normal and emergency), competency of planners, assessors and crical decision makers…

www.crowdsafety.org Informaon Delivery

www.crowdsafety.org 3 Primary Reasons to prevent

¥ Moral

¥ Legal

¥ Financial

www.crowdsafety.org Manchester United Evacuaon

¥ The blunder is set to cost Manchester United £3 million as it is forced to shell out to disappointed fans.

www.crowdsafety.org The biggest risks of all are….

People!!!

www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density - Fluid Moon

¥ When crowds are less densely packed, less than 4 people/per square meter, they have me to make decisions, they do not have involuntary movement as one, almost like a fluid…..

www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density Consideraons…

¥ Bolenecks ¥ Anthropometry ¥ Most crowd related ¥ Bulky bags issues are based upon ¥ Coats too many people in too ¥ Push chairs/Prams lile space….. ¥ Wheelchairs ¥ People laying down ¥ Furniture/Seang Tables

www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density

¥ Density can be described as the number of people in a prescribed space.

¥ For example 2 Persons/ per square metre

www.crowdsafety.org Addional Factors

www.crowdsafety.org 5 Persons/per square metre

www.crowdsafety.org Individuals Density Percepon

¥ The relaonship with the people involved

¥ The duraon of the experience

¥ The physical context of the experience

¥ The meaning of the experience

www.crowdsafety.org Spaal and Social Density

Spaal Density Social Density

¥ The same number of people ¥ Occurs when the number of but the space alters… people alters, but the space remains the same….

www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density – Social Density

www.crowdsafety.org Crowd Density Demonstraon

www.crowdsafety.org Male dominated crowds

¥ Male dominated crowds have a greater potenal to behave in a more aggressive manner in comparison to female dominated crowds with a high proporon of family groups….

www.crowdsafety.org Egress and Dispersal

¥ Crowds’ egress en masse, in normal and emergency condions. ¥ Oulow must not be obstructed and needs sufficient SPACE to prevent any blockages which would increase density and and safety consideraons further.

¥ Consider where persons are dispersing too…

www.crowdsafety.org Flow Rate Consideraon’s

¥ Uni Flow

¥ Bi Direconal Flow

¥ Mul Flow

¥ Oulow

www.crowdsafety.org Perception of Risk

www.crowdsafety.org The Crowds’ Expectation’s

¥ If we were to split crowds into two groups, we could perhaps suggest that they were in fact:

Ð Compliant

Ð Non Compliant

www.crowdsafety.org Bradford Fire Overview (32yrs ago)

¥ May 1985 ¥ Bradford City v Lincoln ¥ 56 Killed ¥ Over 265 Injuries ¥ Fans had to break down locked exits to escape ¥ Many received police commendaons for bravery

www.crowdsafety.org Summerland Leisure Centre 1973

¥ Circa 53 deaths

¥ Started by 3 young boys smoking

¥ Locked Fire Exits

¥ Crowd Crush at main entrance

¥ Children acvies 1st Floor

¥ Parents went upstairs to collect children

¥ Changes to building legislaon post this incident

www.crowdsafety.org Social Media – 15 mins of fame

www.crowdsafety.org Pre - Movement Time

¥ The time taken from the embryonic phase of an incident…

¥ Through to detection ¥ Response to the incident ¥ Movement of the crowd to a Place of Safety (pre- determined)

www.crowdsafety.org Extended Pre-Movement time can lead to

¥ The loss of life

¥ Catastrophic brand damage,

¥ International condemnation

¥ Media onslaught

¥ Loss of Liberty

www.crowdsafety.org Sime’s General Rule 25-50-25

¥ 25% Move Closer

¥ 50% Stay put

¥ 25% Move to exits

www.crowdsafety.org Staon Nightclub Fire - 2003

¥ 100 Died

¥ 232 Injuries

¥ Cause – Indoor Pyro

¥ Flammable Soundproofing

¥ This incident established new standards across the USA

www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Herding Behaviour

www.crowdsafety.org Next Image is Graphic….

www.crowdsafety.org Herding Behaviour in Emergency

www.crowdsafety.org Arching Effect Francisco Enrique

¥ Bolenecks

¥ Arching effect as crowds try to flow through a narrow point

www.crowdsafety.org Consideraons

¥ 9 out of 10 people will leave the way they entered ¥ Families and groups will leave together ¥ Children acvies should be posioned at street level where possible

www.crowdsafety.org Panic - Reality or Myth

www.crowdsafety.org Panic - Sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety, oen causing wildly unthinking behaviour….

Source: Oxford Diconary

www.crowdsafety.org 3 - Types of situaons

¥ Tangible

¥ Intangible

¥ Rumour

www.crowdsafety.org Rumour

www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Think Point…

¥ At ground level, crowds cannot see beyond a few metre’s in front of their posion….

www.crowdsafety.org www.crowdsafety.org Romanian Fire – Colecv Club

¥ 27 plus killed ¥ Victor Lonescu, who was at the club with his girlfriend, painted a graphic picture of the confusion and panic as the fire swept through the building.

¥ “People were fainng from the smoke. It was total chaos, people were trampling on each other” he said

www.crowdsafety.org Evacuaon

¥ Human Response ¥ Peer Pressure ¥ Staff Response ¥ Performer Response ¥ Obstacles ¥ Possessions ¥ Friends and Family ¥ Invacuaon?????

www.crowdsafety.org 7/7 Bombings London

¥ Many reports of panic and fear from individuals that were there…

www.crowdsafety.org Panic – Was not recorded at these

¥ Bradford Fire 1985 ¥ Kings Cross Fire 1987 ¥ Hillsborough 1989 ¥ 911 WTC

¥ The problem is people oen not taking the situaon as seriously as it actually is…

www.crowdsafety.org Soluons

¥

www.crowdsafety.org System Wide Approach

¥ If safety and success are to be maximised, the whole system, including individual workers, contractors, technology, audience, processes, designs etc, should be considered as a single system…Hendrick 1997

www.crowdsafety.org Emergency Plan & Crowd RA

www.crowdsafety.org Key Consideraons

¥ Conduct evacuaon/invacuaon analysis ¥ Idenfy your crowd demographic ¥ Recognise the Interpretaon, preperaon and acon (pre- movement) me ¥ Provide clear and accurate informaon during the emergency. ¥ Recognise Crowds will want to use familiar routes ¥ Understand that crowds will want to group with family/ friends ¥ Consider the dispersal arrangements

www.crowdsafety.org Briefings and Training

¥ On Inducon ¥ Regular refresher training ¥ As any new threats/ informaon come to light ¥ In the event of any works being carried out at your site

www.crowdsafety.org Roles and Responsibilies

¥ Clearly defined roles

¥ Staff fully aware of who is ulmately responsible

¥ Organisaon aware of the ramificaons of the event going wrong

www.crowdsafety.org “What If” Scenarios

The full scope of “what if” scenarios to idenfy potenal problems and test out the suitability and sufficiency of the plans in place.

A wide range of scenarios should be tested not only for terrorism but also less dramac such as trip hazards, bolenecks, technology failiure’s, weather and even natural disaster’s.

www.crowdsafety.org Thank you

Presented by Steve Allen FdA MIFireE FIIRSM MIFSM

www.crowdsafety.org