Chapter Three

CHAPTER THREE

Existing Environment PEIA for the Proposed Clinical Waste Storage Facility at Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan, Chapter 3 Existing Environment Samarahan Division, Sarawak

Chapter

3 Existing Environment

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter outlines the existing conditions including the physio-chemical, biological, human environment and its immediate surrounding areas within 3 km radius of the proposed Project in order to establish a baseline reference of the existing conditions prior to development of the Project.

3.2 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.2.1 Topography

The clinical waste storage facility is located at Bin Centre of Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan. The Project area has a flat terrain where the elevation is less than 20 meters Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL). The Project area is approximately 300 m to the North of Sg. Tuang and 1 km to the West of Batang Samarahan. As the area is flat and near riverbank, there is no contour line based on Topographical Map, Series T738, Sheet 5312, Edition 1-PPNM.

3.2.2 Geology and Soil Conditions

3.2.2.1 General Geological Condition

Based on the 1:500,000 Geological Map of Sarawak, Series T738, Sheet 5312, Edition 1-PPNM, the Project site lies on geological deposit of the Quaternary period which is developed during the Pleistocene-Holocene Period. This is made from coastal and riverine alluvium, terraces of clay, silt, sand and gravel with layers of peat (Figure 3.2.1).

3.2.2.2 Existing Soil Condition

Based on the 1:50,000 Soil Map of Sarawak, Sheet 2/110/15 – First Edition, the soils found within the Project area is Pendam Series (see Figure 3.2.2). The characteristics of Pendam soil series are shown in Table 3.2.1.

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Table 3.2.1: Soil Characteristics Symbol Series Family Main Terrain Capability (Group) Characterist (Limitations) ics Pnd Pendam BIJAT Clayey, Flat to gently Class 4 to (Gleysols) weakly sloping tidal Class 5 saline and floodplains (Wetness, non- acidity and calcareous salinity) Source : Soil Maps of Sarawak

3.2.3 Meteorology

3.2.3.1 General Climate

Being located close to the equator, Sarawak generally experiences tropical rainforest climate, uniform temperature, high humidity and high rainfall all year round. Winds are generally light. There are two monsoon regimes; the Southwest Monsoon (May to September) and the Northeast Monsoon (November to March). The climate is relatively dry during Southwest Monsoon. In contrast, widespread heavy rain occurs during the Northeast Monsoon.

The meteorological data was obtained from records of the nearest meteorological monitoring station at Kuching International Airport, which is approximately 17 km west of the Project site. The meteorological monitoring station at Kuching International Airport is operated and maintained by Malaysian Meteorological Service (MMS) of the Sarawak branch in Kuching. The overall climatological data is shown in Table 3.2.2.

3.2.3.2 Winds

Wind rose diagrams showing wind direction and velocity are summarised in Figure 3.2.3 and Figure 3.2.4 respectively. The monsoon seasons affect wind directions over Kuching as indicated in the wind rose diagrams. During the Northeast monsoon from November to March, the prevailing wind direction is northerly. During the Southwest monsoon from May to September, the prevailing wind direction is south-easterly and southerly. The months of April and October are the intermediate or transition months where the winds are characterised as light and variable. The mean surface wind speed recorded over a period of 43 years (1968-2011) indicated that the wind speed was less than 7.9 ms-1.

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SOIL MAP

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CHEMSAIN KONSULTANT SDN. BHD. (+)74'

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Table 3.2.2: Climatological Summary for Kuching Station: Kuching International Airport Lat: 01° 29’N Long: 110° 20’E Height above M.S.L: 21.7 m

Period Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Monthly Total Rainfall(mm) 1951-2011 703.0 504.9 342.6 281.5 253.4 215.8 200.9 223.3 268.1 339.5 352.7 480.6 4,166.3 Highest 1951-2011 1351.2 1558.8 748.4 503.2 431.8 542.2 445.5 546.5 451.4 625.2 601.0 937.0 8742.2 Lowest 1951-2011 145.8 99.6 148.7 84.6 86.7 105.2 27.4 22.2 94.8 142.7 157.4 145.0 1260.1 24-hr Mean Temp, °C 1968-2011 25.5 25.8 26.2 26.6 27.0 26.8 26.7 26.6 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.7 26.3 Mean Daily Max. Temp, °C 1968-2011 29.7 30.2 31.2 32.2 32.7 32.6 32.4 32.4 32.0 31.9 31.5 30.7 31.6 Mean Daily Min. Temp, °C 1968-2011 22.9 23.1 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.3 23.1 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.1 Highest Max. Temp, °C 1968-2011 34.6 34.7 35.2 35.5 36.0 35.9 35.7 36.4 36.8 35.2 34.8 34.5 35.4 Lowest Min. Temp, °C 1968-2011 18.9 18.9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.7 20.5 20.5 20.6 20.2 24-hr Mean Relative Humidity, 1968-2011 87.9 86.9 85.8 85.5 84.4 83.4 82.5 82.4 84.2 85.8 86.9 87.7 85.3 % Source: Malaysian Meteorological Service

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3.2.3.3 Temperature

Figure 3.2.5: 24-hr Mean Temperature, Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature (1968-2011)

Fairly constant temperature can be observed throughout the year for the period of 1968-2011. The 24-hr mean temperature readings indicated that the highest value, 27 °C was recorded in the month of May, and the lowest value, 25.5 °C was recorded in the month of January as shown in Figure 3.2.5. In addition, the highest mean daily maximum temperature was recorded in May which was 32.7 °C while the lowest mean daily maximum temperature was recorded in January, 29.7 °C. For mean daily minimum temperature, the highest value was 23.6 °C in May, while the lowest mean daily minimum temperature was 22.9°C in January.

A definite variation of temperature with the monsoons was manifested in the readings of 24-hr mean temperature, mean daily maximum temperature and mean daily minimum temperature. The highest 24-hr mean temperature and mean daily minimum temperature were recorded between May and July during the relatively drier Southwest monsoon. The lowest 24-hr mean temperature and mean daily minimum temperature were recorded in December and January during the Northeast monsoon.

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Figure 3.2.6: Lowest Minimum Temperature and Highest Maximum Temperature (1968-2011)

The highest maximum temperature recorded was in the month of September at 36.8 °C, while the lowest minimum temperature recorded was in the month of January and February at 18.9 °C (Figure 3.2.6).

3.2.3.4 Relative Humidity

Figure 3.2.7: 24-hr Mean Relative Humidity (1968-2011)

The 24-hr mean relative humidity ranged from 82.5% to 87.9%. The highest 24-hr mean relative humidity was recorded in the month of January, and the lowest 24-hr mean relative humidity was recorded in the month of July. Variation of 24-hr mean relative humidity is affected by the two successive monsoons. Higher relative humidity was observed during the Northeast Monsoon from November to March. Lower relative

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humidity was observed during the Southwest monsoon from May to September (Figure 3.2.7).

3.2.3.5 Rainfall and Evaporation

The mean annual rainfall in Kuching is 4166 mm (Table 3.2.2). The annual rainfall for Kuching varies between 2822.6 and 5293.4 mm. Monthly total rainfall of Kuching ranges from 200.9 to 703 mm. Heavy rainfall is experienced in Kuching along with other coastal areas of Sarawak during the Northeast Monsoon season between the months of November to March. Maximum level is recorded typically during the months of December to January while the minimum occurs in June and July. Mean daily evaporation fluctuates between 3 to 4 mm per day depending on the season.

3.2.3.6 Sunshine and Radiation

Figure 3.2.8: Mean Daily Solar Radiation (MJm-2) Source: Malaysia Meteorological Department

Being a maritime country close to the equator, Malaysia naturally has abundant sunshine and thus solar radiation. However, it is extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even in periods of severe drought. The cloud cover cuts off a substantial amount of sunshine and thus solar radiation. On the average, Malaysia receives about 6 hours of sunshine per day. There are, however, seasonal and spatial variations in the amount of sunshine received. The record of 10 years (2001-2011) show that the annual monthly mean sunshine to be about 6 hours, ranging from 5.1 to 6.6 hours. Solar radiation is closely related to the sunshine duration. Based on the data obtained from Malaysia Meteorological Department (MMD), Kuching Town receives an average of ± 14 to 15 mega joule per metre square (MJm-2) of radiation throughout the year (Figure 3.2.8).

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3.2.4 Existing Drainage and River System

The Project site is located at Bin Centre in Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan. The internal drainage system is built within the compound of Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan. The existing drainage system at the Project site and its surroudings are made of concrete drains (Plate 3.2.1). These concrete drains discharge into the roadside drain at the entrance of Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan (Plate 3.2.2).

Plate 3.2.1: Surrounding drain at Project Plate 3.2.2: Internal drain connecting to site roadside drain

Two main rivers are located nearby the Project site, i.e. Batang Samarahan dan Sg. Tuang. The nearest river is Sg. Tuang which is approximately 300 m south from the Project site. There are few unamed tributaries of Sg. Tuang located to the west of Project site. Sg. Tuang flows northesternly and finally discharges into Batang Samarahan.

3.2.5 Surface Water Quality

In order to characterize the water quality of drainage near the Project site, water samples were collected to obtain baseline data that can represent the existing water quality of the area.

3.2.5.1 Water Quality Sampling Locations

Four surface water samples were taken from drain, near the Project site. Details of the sampling locations are presented in Table 3.2.3 and illustrated in Figure 3.2.9.

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Table 3.2.3: Proposed Water Sampling Locations Sampling Point GPS Coordinate Description W1 (Plate 3.2.3) N 01° 27’ 30.1” Concrete drain next to Project site. It is a E 110° 29’ 32.8” discharge point from the surrounding drains of Bin Centre and main building of Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan. W2 (Plate 3.2.4) N 01° 27’ 27.6” Roadside drain at the main entrance of E 110° 29’ 29.9” Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan. It is a discharge point from the internal drainage of the clinic. W3 (Plate 3.2.5) N 01° 27’ 31.0” Roadside drain that receives water from E 111° 29’ 26.8” surroundings of Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan. W4 (Plate 3.2.6) N 01° 27’ 25.3” Roadside drain, a discharge point of E110° 29’ 31.8” perimeter drain at the eastern boundary of Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan.

Plate 3.2.3: W1, concrete drain next to the Plate 3.2.4: W2, roadside drain where Project site internal drainage discharge into

Plate 3.2.5: W3, roadside drain receiving Plate 3.2.6: W4, roadside drain, a water from surroundings of Klinik Kesihatan discharge point of perimeter drain at the Kota Samarahan eastern boundary of Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan

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3.2.5.2 Existing Water Quality Conditions

Full in-situ testing and laboratory analysis results for river surface water samples are shown in Table 3.2.4 and appended in Appendix 3.2.1. All the environmental samples are analysed by the accredited Chemsain Konsultant Laboratory under the Laboratory Accreditation Scheme of Malaysia (Skim Akreditasi Makmal Malaysia).

Table 3.2.4: Results of In-situ Testing and Laboratory Analysis of River Surface Water Samples

Water Sampling Points NWQS Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 Class IIB Temperature, oC 29.3 30.1 34.0 29.2 - pH Value @ 25oC 7.3 7.4 7.1 7.5 6-9 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 2.9 2.1 <1.0 <1.0 5-7 Conductivity, µmhos/cm 253 224 225 766 - Salinity, ppt <1 <1 <1 <1 - Biochemical Oxygen Demand 135 12.2 14.0 49.0 3 in 5 days @ 20oC, mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand, 157 96 100 71 25 mg/l Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 14.8 <5.0 7.8 11.8 50

Phosphate (as PO4), mg/l 0.57 1.42 1.49 1.35 - Oil & Grease, mg/l 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 N Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 2.19 2.11 2.38 3.44 - Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 Copper (as Cu), mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.02 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 5 Nickel (as Ni), mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.05 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.01 Chromium, Hexavalent (as 6+ <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.05 Cr ), mg/l Chromium, Trivalent (as Cr3+), <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 - mg/l Iron (as Fe), mg/l 2.21 0.26 0.52 0.49 1 Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.02 <0.02 <0.02 0.02 0.1 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 Tin (as Sn), mg/l <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 - Arsenic (as As), mg/l <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 0.05 Phenols, mg/l 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 10 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 Sulphide (as S), mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.05 Total Coliform Count, > 1.6 x 104 > 1.6 x 104 > 1.6 x 104 > 1.6 x 104 5000 count/100 ml Faecal Coliform Count, > 1.6 x 104 > 1.6 x 104 > 1.6 x 104 > 1.6 x 104 400 count/100 ml Notes: N- No visible floatable materials or debris, no objectional odour or no objectional taste Shaded grey box denotes parameter exceeding the Class IIB limits of the NWQSM

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3.2.5.3 Results and Discussion

The results of the surface water quality analysis are then compared against the Class IIB of National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQSM) (see Appendix 1.6.1) to ascertain the existing water quality condition.

3.2.5.3.1 In-Situ Physical Parameters

Temperature measured in-situ for all sampling points were between 29 and 34 C. The pH values at all sampling points were between 7 and 8, all within the Class IIB compliance range of 6-9. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels at all sampling points were relatively low and less than 2.9. Low DO might be due to stagnant water at the sampling points. Low dissolved oxygen can be associated with the presence of oxygen-depriving substances in the water body, for instance organic materials.

Conductivity and salinity are essentially measures of the salts dissolved in a sample. Conductivity measures how well the water sample conducts an electrical current, a property which is proportional to the concentration of ions in solution. The conductivity and salinity of all the samples were below 766 µmho/cm.

Total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations indicate the amount of solids suspended in the water, whether mineral (e.g., soil particles) or organic (e.g., algae). The TSS test measures an actual weight of material per volume of water. Total suspended solid levels of all samples were below the Class IIB limit of 50 mg/l.

3.2.5.3.2 Chemical Parameters

The analysis result shows that the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels were much higher than the Class IIB limits. High BOD and COD indicate the presence of high oxidizable organic matters causing the deprivation of oxygen.

Phosphate, PO4 is an inorganic chemical (salt of phosphoric acid). The phosphate levels of the water samples ranged between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/l. The Oil and Grease levels of the water samples ranged between 1.2 and 1.5 mg/l. Whereas, the magnesium levels of the water samples ranged between 2.1 and 3.5 mg/l. The iron (Fe) level of W1 exceeded the Class IIB limit of 1 mg/l, which might be due to effluent discharged from the clinic laboratory.

The levels of lead, copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, chromium hexavalent, chromium trivalent, manganese, mercury, tin, arsenic, phenols, cyanide and sulphide of the water samples were low indicating the waterways were free of the contamination by the substances.

3.2.5.3.3 Microbiological Parameters

Total coliform bacteria are relatively harmless microorganisms live in large numbers in soils, plants and in intestines of animals. In contact with these bacteria is possible by ingesting contaminated food or drinks. Fecal coliform bacteria can be found in water

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contaminated by domestic sewage or other sources of human and animal wastes. Total coliform count and fecal coliform count of all the samples were significantly higher than the Class IIB limit. It indicated that potential contamination of the water bodies by untreated sewage.

3.2.6 Ambient Air Quality

Monitoring of air quality (Total Suspended Particulates, Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide) at the Project site is important to determine the existing air quality, which may be useful for future comparison especially during construction stage.

3.2.6.1 Ambient Air Quality Sampling Locations

Existing air quality was measured at two (2) locations, A1 and A2. The ambient air monitoring were conducted for Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), sulphur dioxide

(SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The proposed sampling locations are shown in Table 3.2.5 and further illustrated in Figure 3.2.9.

Table 3.2.5: Proposed Air Sampling Locations Air Sampling GPS Location Description Points A1 N 01º 27’ 30.3” Next to Project site, near clinic quarters E 110º 29’ 33.1” within the boundary of Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan,

A2 N 01º 27’ 27.7” The nearest house at Kg. Muara Tuang, E 110º 29’ 35.2” approximately 100 m away from the Project site.

3.2.6.2 Results and Discussion

The result of the sampling is as shown in Table 3.2.6 and the test report is attached in Appendix 3.2.1. The value obtained is then compared with the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (MAAQG) (see Appendix 1.6.2). Based on the result obtained for

all the sampled locations, all TSP, SO2 and NO2 baseline concentrations were well below the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines.

Table 3.2.6: Air Quality Analysis Results

3 3 3 Points TSP, g/m SO2, g/m NO2, g/m A1 27.3 42 9.1 A2 15.5 40 11.3 MAAQG 260 350 320

3.2.7 Ambient Noise Levels

Baseline noise level measurement was carried out at the same location for ambient air sampling (see Figure 3.2.9).

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Table 3.2.7: Ambient Noise Analysis Results Points Description Results (dB(A))

Day time Night time N1 Next to Project site, near clinic L : 57.5 L : 52.6 eq eq quarters within the boundary of L : 40.5 L : 39.9 Klinik Kesihatan Kota min min Lmax : 81.6 Lmax : 66.9 Samarahan, L10 : 57.4 L10 : 54.9

L90 : 47.5 L90 : 44.3

N2 The nearest house at Kg. Muara Leq : 58.9 Leq : 50.8 Tuang, approximately 100 m L : 32.6 L : 41.0 away from the Project site. min min Lmax : 93.7 Lmax : 81.9 L : 59.4 L : 54.8 10 10 L90 : 41.6 L90 :43.5 Schedule 1 – Noise Sensitive Areas, Low L : 50.0 L : 40.0 Aeq Aeq Density Residential, Institutional (School, Hospital), Worship Areas

Baseline noise measurement was carried out during daytime and night time. The measured noise levels are then compared against “Schedule 1 of The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control” set by the DOE (see Appendix 1.6.4).

The existing day and night noise level at N1 and N2 exceeded the DOE guidelines. The main sources of noise during day time were from human activities and traffic movement. At night, the insects were the source of high noise level as Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan is adjacent to an undeveloped land which is covered by bushes and trees. The result of the ambient noise analysis is attached in Appendix 3.2.1.

3.3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The surrounding of Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan has been subjected to various development such as governmental institution and villages. No protected flora and fauna is expected to exist in the Project area. The Project development does not involve any vegetation clearing, thus no flora and fauna will be disturbed.

3.4 EXISTING LAND USE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

This chapter describes the existing land use and socio-economic profile within and at the surrounding of the proposed Project area.

3.4.1 Administrative Profile

Samarahan Division comprises of the District of Samarahan, Serian, Simunjan and Asajaya. Table 3.4.1 shows the area of the administrative districts in the Samarahan Division.

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Table 3.4.1: Area by Administrative District of Samarahan Division Administrative District Area (km2) Percentage Distribution Samarahan 407.1 8.2 Asajaya 302.8 6.1 Serian 2,039.9 41.1 Simunjan 2,217.6 44.6 Total 4,967.4 100 Source: Yearbook of Statistics Sarawak, 2010

The Project site is located at Kota Samarahan, the capital of the Samarahan District (407.1 km2) in Samarahan Division, Sarawak. Kota Samarahan is located about 30 km south east of Kuching. Samarahan became a new Division separated from Kuching on 1st January, 1984. It is known as the main education hub for Sarawak State and officially known as "Town of Knowledge". Institutions of higher learning in the area includes Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Kota Samarahan Campus (2 campuses), Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Tun Abdul Razak and Kota Samarahan Industrial Training Institute (ILPKS). The Samarahan District is under the jurisdiction of the Majlis Daerah Samarahan (MDS).

3.4.2 Population Characteristics, Growth and Ethnicity

3.4.2.1 Population Growth

Samarahan District has a total population of 85,495 as indicated in Table 3.4.2. With an area of approximately 407.1 km2, the average estimated population density for Samarahan District is 210 people per km2 in 2010.

Table 3.4.2: Total Population in Samarahan District District District Population Population Density Samarahan 85,495 210.0 Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2013

From Year 2000 to 2010, the population growth of Samarahan District was 8.2 % per year (Table 3.4.3).

Table 3.4.3: Population and Growth Rate, 2000 to 2010 District Population Average Growth Rate (%) 2000 2010 Samarahan 46,966 85,495 8.2 Source: Yearbook of Statistics Sarawak, 2010 & Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2013

3.4.2.2 Ethnic

Table 3.4.4 summarizes the ethnic groups found in Samarahan. In year 2010, Malay accounted for 57.6% of the total population of Samarahan as the dominant ethnic group. This is followed by the Iban (21.4%), Chinese (19.2%), Bidayuh (6.8%),

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Melanau (0.8%), others (0.3%), Non-Malaysian (0.9%) and Other Bumiputera (2.5%). Malaysian citizens accounted for 99.1% of the total Samarahan population in 2010.

Table 3.4.4: Population by Ethnicity at Samarahan, 2010 Ethnic Total Percentage (%) Malay 40,737 47.64 Iban 18,263 21.36 Bidayuh 5,812 6.79 Melanau 715 0.83 Other Bumiputera 2,103 2.45 Chinese 16,446 19.23 Indian 419 0.49 Other 270 0.31 Non-Malaysian 730 0.85 Total 85,495 100 Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2013

3.4.2.3 Age and Gender Structure

Table 3.4.5 provides the age structure of the population of Samarahan for Year 2010. The largest age group in Samarahan as of year 2010 was between 5 and 9 which constituted 13.1% of the Samarahan population, followed by the age group of 20 to 24, constituting 12.5% of the total Samarahan population. Those falling in the age group of 15 to 19 made up 12.4% of Samarahan population. The smallest age group was between 70-74, which contributed about 0.8% to the overall population.

In general, the populations of Samarahan are very young, with 89.5% under the age of 50.

Table 3.4.5: Age Structure for Samarahan, 2010 Age Group Total Percentage (%) 0-4 9,014 10.54 5-9 11,190 13.09 10-14 7,596 8.88 15-19 10,562 12.35 20-24 10,649 12.46 25-29 6,967 8.15 30-34 5,953 6.96 35-39 6,117 7.15 40-44 4,760 5.57 45-49 3,686 4.31 50-54 2,889 3.38 55-59 1,877 2.20 60-64 1,381 1.62 65-69 1,178 1.38

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Age Group Total Percentage (%) 70-74 663 0.78 75 and above 1,013 1.18 Total 85,495 100.00 Source: Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2013

There are 23,847 living quarters and 16,635 households in Samarahan Division (Table 3.4.6). Female population is slightly higher (2.3%) than male population in Samarahan Division.

Table 3.4.6: Population by Gender, Households, & Living Quarters for Samarahan, 2010 Population Households Living Quarters Total Male Female 85,495 42,271 43,224 16,635 23,847 Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2013

3.4.2.4 Economy

Lands in Samarahan are mostly flat and low-lying in nature with mostly peat soils, ideal for coconuts, pineapples and oil palm. Most parts of Samarahan are still undeveloped although the pace of development has speed up in recent years with the government’s efforts to turn Samarahan into an educational and R & D hub.

Agricultural is still the main economic activity in Samarahan and in most parts, covered by the Samarahan Integrated Agriculture Development Project (IADP) with oil palm plantation schemes being introduced in recent years as a supplementary crop. Besides agriculture activities, value added industries for coconut pineapples and fruits are also given the importance. Fishery and aquaculture projects are also encouraged. Industrial sector is also given the importance with the setting up of ILP (Institut Latihan Perindustrian) Samarahan.

A new township, Bandar Baru Kota Samarahan (BBKS) was mooted and earmarked to be sited between the junctions of the old Jalan Datuk Muhamad Musa and the new proposed link road going up North, about 1 to 2 km from the old bazaar/ferry point.

Samarahan is home to two fullfledged universitites, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) and Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM). Its academic role was further enhanced in 1999 with the siting of Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Tun Abdul Razak. Other significant developments are Heart Centre Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak Technology Park, SIMC (Sarawak International Medical Centre), ILP (Institut Latihan Perindustrian) Kota Samarahan, and Dato ‘Traoh International School. Apart from being well known as hub of higher education, Samarahan is fast developing and well known as a food manufacturing district south of Sarawak.

Samarahan also offers interesting tourism products with its known identity of unique cultural heritage and tranquil setting. It has interesting beach front (homestay, sport

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fishing), jungle trekking and caves. Most of these places of interest and tourist attractions are very accessible by car from Kuching.

3.4.3 General Land Use and Human Settlements

The surrounding area has been developed into mixed development area, which consists of residential, commercial and institutional set up (Figure 3.4.1 – Land Use Map). The Project site is located at Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan. Governmental institutions located within 3 km radius of Project site include Pusat Penyelidikan Pertanian, Jabatan Kerja Raya, Jabatan Tanah dan Ukur, Pejabat Dearah, Pejabat Residen, Pejabat Polis Daerah, Pejabat Kesihatan and Balai Bomba dan Penyelamat.

The Project site is accessible by tar sealed road, Jalan Datuk Mohamad Musa. It is adjacent to Kg. Muara Tuang. Ferry service is available for Batang Samarahan for daily commute between the riverbanks at Kg. Muara Tuang side and Kg. Sembawang side. The ferry point is located approximately 1 km from the Project site.

Few villages are located within 3 km radius of the Project site. These villages are Kg. Muara Tuang, Kg. Tg. Bundong, Kg. Tg. Bundong Fasa 1 & 2, Kg. Semawang and Kg. Sindang Baru. The population and demographic data of the nearby villages are listed in Table 3.4.7. These villages are provided with basic infrastructure and amenities including mosque, clinic, school and community hall. The villages are also supplied with SESCO Electricity and JKR piped water.

Table 3.4.7: List of Villages Surrounding Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan No. Village Households Population Ethnic Distance from the Project site 1. Kg. Muara 168 1010 Malay 100 m east of site Tuang 2. Kg. Sindang 137 1000 Malay 1.5 km west of site Baru 3. Kg. Tanjung 800 5000 Malay 500 north of site Bundong (including Phase 1 & 2) 4. Kg. Tanjung 116 620 Malay 1.5 km east of site Parang Total 1221 7630 - -

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3.4.4 Infrastructure and Utilities

3.4.4.1 Water & Electricity Supply

Treated water and electricity supply are available within Samarahan District, which are managed and supplied by JKR water supply and SESCO respectively.

3.4.4.2 Telecommunication Services

Telecommunication in terms of ground telephone lines and postal service is available within Samarahan Town including the Project area. Mobile phone’s coverage is also available in this area. The services are operated by both government and private agencies i.e. TELEKOM, Maxis, Digi, PosLaju, DHL, City Link etc.

3.4.4.3 Sanitary and Solid Waste Disposal

Samarahan Division and Project area does not have a centralized sewerage system. Most residential houses employ individual septic tanks while larger commercial buildings use various types of sewerage treatment plants. Municipal garbage collection and sanitation desludging are carried out by Samarahan District Council.

3.4.4.4 Education Facility

Located within Kota Samarahan, education facilities are available in the town, provided by government and private institution. These ranges from pre-school, kindergarten, primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Tun Abdul Razak and Industrial Training Institute Samarahan (ILP) are the higher learing institutions provide higher education in the area. The nearest school is SK Dato’ Traoh Muara Tuang, which is located 500 m away from the Project site.

3.4.4.5 Health Facility

The nearest health facility available within the area is Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan. Heart Centre Sarawak General Hospital is situated about 9 km northwest of Project site.

3.4.4.6 Transportation System

The Project site is accessible via Jalan Datuk Mohamad Musa. Jalan Datuk Mohamad Musa is a four-lane dual carriageway, is the main arterial road to Kota Samarahan. Lebuhraya Kuching-Samarahan connected to Jalan Datuk Mohamad Musa links Kota Samarahan with the major industrial areas of Pending, Demak Laut and Sama Jaya in Kuching. Ferry services across Batang Samarahan are available to communte daily between Kota Samarahan and Asajaya.

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3.4.5 Acceptance and Perception

Interviews with two medical officers in Klinik Kesihatan Kota Samarahan were done to get their opinion on the proposed clinical waste facility. These medical officers knew about the establishment of clinical storage facility as the storage facility has been in operation since last year. According to them, the facility has provided the better management of clinical waste. It also prevents unpleasant odour from clinical wastes at the bin centre. There is no complaint from public on the clinical waste facility. Therefore, the waste clinical waste storage facility is necessary for the clinic before the waste is being transported out to Sarawak General Hospital for future disposal by another contractor to Trienekens in Mambong.

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