Performance in Education & Training Commissioned by Related Agencies of Korea Port Training InstituteNumber Number Commissioning Education & Training Target Audience of Location of Times of Organization Course Education & Training Conducted Trainees
Forklift under 3t 11 84
• Incumbent foreign General industry workers Excavator under 3t 3 7 -- The Philippines: 17 -- Nepal: 8
• Incumbent foreign workers Incheon -- The Philippines: Human Resources Forklift operation 1 25 -- Bangladesh: Development -- Nepal: Service of Korea -- Indonesia: -- Vietnam:
Excavator operation 2 58
Subtotal 17 174
Busan Busan Techno Park Yard trailer operation 3 30 169
Total 20 204 CHAPTER
Source: Korea Port Training Institute Incheon 03 Nurturing of Port Cargo Handling Workforce in Korea Korea has introduced a foreigner employment permit system for workforce from 16 countries in accordance with EPS (Employment Permit System)36, and thus, foreign workforce is hired in a number of ports in Korea. Most of such workforce from outside of Korea would be assigned to jobs with relatively lower risk and requirement for lower skill levels. Yet in case the workforce face difficulties in levels required for port cargo handling jobs in Korea, Korea Port Training Institute offer adequate education and training courses for foreign workforce. Education and training courses for foreign workforce have positive significance in offering the foreign workers with opportunities for continuity in their career when they return to their countries of origin, as well as reaching the goal of promoting safety during their employment in Korea. Furthermore, the courses encourage and motivate the foreign workforce to perform their task with integrity.
36 EPS (Employment Permit System) is a system designed to supply sectors that lack human resource with low-skilled workers at cer- tain level, while minimizing impact on domestic labor market by conducting labor market tests. 04 CHAPTER
Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India
Lead Author : Minyoung Park Second Author : Sangyung Chon
1. Significance of Advancement of Ports in India 2. System to Foster Port Workforce in India and Policy Implication from Korea’s Experience 3. Policy Suggestion for Fostering of Port Skilled Workers 4. International Cooperation Plan for Fostering Skilled Port Workforce between Korea and India 5. Review of Korea–India Joint Project Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India
Lead Author : Minyoung Park Second Author : Sangyung Chon
1. Significance of Advancement of Ports in India
1.1. Significance from Viewpoint of National Competitiveness
Advancement of ports that the Indian government pursues can be explained from the viewpoint that reinforcement of competitiveness of ports should first be essential in 171 strengthening national competitiveness. India is a country with the population of 1.38 billion, CHAPTER ranking second in size around the world (UN, 2020) and GDP of $ 320.2 billion, placed on 04
the 5th (IMF, 2020), and land area of 3,287,000 , claiming to be the 7th largest in the world, Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India ㎢ and geographically, it is located at the strategic point connecting between Asia and Africa. In the course of industrialization and growth for transformation into an industrialized and advanced economy, India has seen rapid growth of global trade with an average growth rate hovering 6% every year over the past decade. According to the Ministry of Shipping, 95% of trade volume of India and 70% of value are generated from maritime transportation. In this regard, to ensure sustainable economic growth, expansion of infrastructure of ports and advancement and development of port operation needs to be preceded. Moreover, since India is a country with great potential for shipping and maritime industries with 7,517 km of coastline and inland waterways stretching as long as 14,500 km, while at the same time, pushes for formulation of “national mid and long-term development plan” to promote growth of national economy by fostering manufacturing industry. As part of such efforts, the Indian government is actively engaged in economic diplomacy to attract high value-added manufacturing facility by attracting global companies to promote economic projects that elevate the country into a manufacturing powerhouse.
However, India faces limits in attracting global companies due to its insufficient infrastructure of port-based logistics that serve as buttress for front and backend supply of supply, even though the country manages to attract global companies by making full According to IMD, India was evaluated to have to have India was evaluated to IMD, According 37 , while positive outcome has been revealed in cargo handling in cargo handling , while positive outcome has been revealed 38 In parallel, In IBEF parallel, (India revealed Equity Brand that Foundation) investment is anticipated World World Competitiveness Index by the Global Competitiveness Report (June 16, 2020) 41st since 1989 before its slight slide to 45th in 2017 and then later rose back to 44th in 2018 and 43rd in 2019 respectively. 2019 respectively. in back to 44th in 2018 and 43rd its slight slide to 45th in 2017 and then later rose 41st since 1989 before on Russia on the 50th, Brazil by China that was placed on the 20th, followed 2nd, following Amongst BRICS countries, India ranked 5 notches. a rise by 23rd, on the other hand, ranked 56th and South Africa on 59th. Korea, In the national competitive index released by IMD, a management school based in Switzerland, India had maintained to be ranked a management school based in Switzerland, India had maintained to be ranked IMD, by released In the national competitive index Equity Foundation, July 2020) Brand small and medium sized ports. (IBEF: India to have 12 major ports and 205 India is known
37 38 hours, with rapid decrease from 82.32 hours from 2017 to 64.69 hours in 2020 (as of of (as 64.69 hours in 2020 to 2017 from from 82.32 hours decrease rapid hours, with of improvement of can be interpreted as the outcome September 2020). Such achievement efficiency in port management which has been made possible by the efforts of the Indian of improvement infrastructure; port of improvement for mechanization in government level; and responses with agility. draft port facilities. of amount with ports, other in and billion $18.6 to up ports major in 2020 by made be to approximately $28.5 billion in exchange rate, real GDP growth rate, regulation on corporate competition and taxation competition and taxation regulation on corporate real GDP growth rate, in exchange rate, that insufficient improvement has been made to fell. India concluded with its analysis state areas, and lack of vulnerable facilities, which are traditionally resolve infrastructure of vulnerability implied have to deemed be may result the thus, and education in investment released by IMD (Institute for Management Development) indicates that India maintained that India maintained Development) indicates IMD (Institute for Management released by 43rd, following 2019. to be placed on the balance growth rate, long-term employment made improvement in the areas including foreign currency reserves, expenditure on public of current account, export of high-tech, of areas such stability while indicators productivity, and overall education, political stability, promote improvement of growth environment for manufacturing businesses neighboring businesses neighboring of growth environment for manufacturing promote improvement national competitiveness will face efforts in reinforcement of with the ports. Otherwise, limits. use of its geographic locations and abundant labor force to thus attract global companies global companies force to thus attract abundant labor locations and geographic use of its for order In facilities. manufacturing their and competitiveness market secure to seek that to seek be quintessential it will economy, an advanced industrial its status as India to secure that enable sustainable logistics facilities of port-based and advancement modernization revitalize industrial clusters that and further, establish and expansion of manufacturing, 172 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India 1.2. Significance from Viewpoint of Port Infrastructure Quality Index
Port Infrastructure Quality Index39 by World Economic Forum provides basic information that enable comparison between India and other countries to learn about level of advancement of port infrastructure in India between 2006 and 2019.
During the analysis period, India was rated on the average of 4 points, with the lowest scoring 3.3 points in 2006 and the highest reaching 4.6 points in 2017, and the country recently scored 4.5 points in 2019. The comparison was made based on estimates by applying identical evaluation criteria for 139 countries from around the world. Since the evaluation started in 2006, the global average reached 4.03 points, while India is placed above the global average. (See Figure 4-1)
[Figure 4-1] Trend in Port Infrastructure Quality Index of India (2006 – 2019)
4.75 173
4.50 CHAPTER
4.25 04 Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India
4.00
3.75
3.50
3.25 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Source: World Economic Forum
As indicated in Figure 4-2, the comparison of the index of India with those of other Asian countries shows that India ranked fifteenth, following Singapore (1st), South Korea (4th), and China (14th) in 2019, while the country ranked 51st, trailing after Singapore (1st), South Korea (11th), and China (49th).
39 Port Infrastructure Quality Index is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Report released annually by World Eco- nomic Forum. Based on WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-term, comprehensive survey conducted based on opinion of over 14,000 business leaders from 144 countries, the index indicates results of quality assessment of port facilities of subject countries. structure a r f n I dex Port
f o ality In on u s Q ari p m 4.50 6.50 6.40 6.40 6.30 5.80 5.80 5.70 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.50 5.50 5.40 5.40 5.40 4.70 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 o C lobal G As such, India is currently facing a great 40 53. Mauritius 1. Singapore 2. Finland 3. Netherlands 4. Hong Kong 5. Denmark 6. Japan 7. Panama 8. Belgium 9. Estonia 10. U.S.A 11. South Korea Emirates 12. UA 13. Iceland 14. Qatar 15. Spain 48. Turkey 49. China 50. Eouador 51. India 52. Jamaica
dex n I
y t i Qual ries t n ture u c tru s n Co a r f sia n A I
g Port f Amon o 3.70 6.50 6.30 5.80 5.50 5.50 5.40 5.40 5.20 5.10 5.10 5.10 4.80 4.80 4.50 4.50 4.40 4.30 4.10 4.10 4.10 3.80 3.80 3.70 mparison o C 1. Singapore 2. Hong Kong 3. Japan 4. South Korea Emirates 5. UA 6. Qatar 7. Taiwan 8. Malaysia 9. Azerbaijan 10. Bahrain 11. Oman 12. Israel 13. Saudi Arabia 14. China 15. India 16. Jordan 17. Indonesia 18. Pakistan 19. Sri Lanka 20. Thailand 21. Georgia 22. Vietnam 23. Iran 24. Philippines World Economic Forum (WEF) World For the Port Quality Infrastructure Score basis, respondents who participated in the survey are asked to rate the country’s port facilities and inland waterways on a scale of 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (wide and efficient according to international standards). access asked to to port rate facilities In are and inland inland countries, waterways respondents on a scale of 1 (impossible) to 7 and rankings. country scores data for evaluating and used as comprehensive aggregated are (easy). These responses : : In addition, as of 2019, total cost for national logistics of India accounts for approximatelyIn addition, as of 2019, total cost for national The result of comparative analysis of Port Infrastructure Quality Index implies that the December 12, 2019 Overseas Market News, KOTRA Note challenge in curbing national logistics costs and is striving to expand port infrastructure infrastructure challenge in curbing national logistics costs and is striving to expand port to strengthen part of strategy efficiency as development and improve port operation national competitiveness through port-led economic development. 40 infrastructure and enhancing efficiency of ports operation to thus reinforce national national to thus reinforce and enhancing efficiency of ports operation infrastructure competitiveness. According to the research jointly conducted by ASSOCHAM and Resurgent of logistics India, the industry is expected to save $ 50 billion in costs when the percentage approximately 5%. cost out of GDP decreases by 14% of GDP, signaling that the percentage is relatively higher than that of advanced advanced of that than higher relatively is percentage the that signaling of GDP, 14% Considering that more than 90% of import and export countries, making up 7 ~ 9 % of GDP. through ports, the percentage further indicates that India will have volume transported of ports to be preceded for enhancing establishing port efforts in advancement to make level of advancement of ports is disproportionately low, considering that the country is the considering that low, level of advancement of ports is disproportionately and thus, faces urgent need for securing global GDP, 5th largest in the world in terms of of ports. competitiveness through advancement Source [Figure 4-2] Comparison of Port Infrastructure Quality Index of India with Other Countries of India with Index Quality Infrastructure Comparison of Port 4-2] [Figure 174 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India 1.3. Significance from the Viewpoint of Sagarmala Program
The vision of Sagarmala program is to reduce logistics costs and time to achieve efficiency in transportation export, import and domestic freight. Further, the program is also considering a step-by-step approach to the project in the future to improve the capabilities of related industries neighboring with ports near the cost. In this regard, it is feasible to identify India’s policy to introduce the concept of CEZ (Coastal Economic Zones), CEU (Costal Economic Units), the Port-Linked Industrial & Maritime Clusters, and Smart Industrial Port Cities. (India Ministry of Shipping)
CEZs refer to spatial economic regions comprising of a group of coastal districts or districts with a strong linkage amongst ports in the region, and are envisaged to tap synergies with the planned industrial corridor projects41. CEUs refer to specific industrial complex projects attracting industrial clusters and projects specified within a CEZ. Each CEZ consist multiple CEUs, and more than one industrial cluster can be housed within a CEU. Within each industrial cluster, there can be several manufacturing units. To accelerate the CEU development process, it is proposed that CEUs be prioritized in locations where lands are available in areas close to a deep 175 draught port and with strong potential for manufacturing. CHAPTER
The directionality of port development in India can be considered as a development 04 Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India strategy that is in pursuit of compressed growth similar to the economic development plan in Korea in the 1960s and 70s. However, in India, Sagarmala program pursues development that leaps from the primary industrial environment to the secondary and tertiary industrial environments by developing strategic port critical sites along the V-shaped coastline along the V-shaped coastline and surrounding areas as industrial complexes. You can see that it is included in the program. Therefore, in order to successfully implement the port-led economic growth policy aimed by the Indian government, not only the weak secondary industries will be improved or fostered through the balanced development of the national territory, but also the linkage of the transport logistics system between the poor regions of India with a low urbanization rate. It is important to prioritize efforts to expand investment in port infrastructure, including social overhead capital such as roads and railroads, and to increase the operational capabilities of port personnel in order to solve the problem.
The scale and the level of advancement of a country’s logistics infrastructure directly affect the productivity in the country’s manufacturing sector. In particular, the port is at the
41 The Modi administration is pursuing its 5 major industrial corridor projects for promoting balanced development for regions, as well as vitalizing manufacturing industry by connecting major cities in India. The plan aims to build the total of 100 smart cities neighboring with the 5 major industrial corridors, starting with 20 smart cities in its initial phase. (Issue No. 50, 2018, Institute of International Trade of Korea International Association) Policy Implication from Korea’s Experience Korea’s Policy Implication from However, comparative analysis between India and Korea faced limitations due to In order to derive policy recommendations for fostering of port skilled workers in India, for fostering of port skilled workers In order to derive policy recommendations COVID-19 pandemic. Against this backdrop, the research pursues to demand and supply the research pursues to demand and supply this backdrop, pandemic. Against COVID-19 in port skilled workers and current system of training in general of port skilled workers propose policy India, based on data and materials provided from India, and to derive and in India, based on the experience and recommendation for fostering of port skilled workers cases of policy implementation of Korea. management system between Korea and India needs to be preceded based on the case of needs to be preceded based on the case of and India management system between Korea 3. as summarized and presented in Chapter Korea the pandemic with linked data essential lack of or data baseline collecting in challenges training by analyzing characteristics of technologies and functions required by industrial industrial of technologies and functions required by analyzing characteristics by training of ports and the differences between India and sites according to development trend and thus, to derive and present detailed policy tasks other countries based on case studies, the purpose to meet in order particular, In workers. port skilled nurturing for necessary of the port and technical manpower analysis comparative a horizontal of this KSP study, 2. System to Foster Port Workforce in India and in India and Workforce 2. System to Foster Port and through education to foster port skilled workers it is essential to understand needs competitiveness because, geographically, the country has a 7,500 km long coastline and is is and coastline km long has a 7,500 country the geographically, competitiveness because, in the Indian Ocean. route trade major sea-based located along the world’s industrial productivity. Therefore, the Sagarmala development policy, which aims to link which aims to link development policy, Therefore, the Sagarmala industrial productivity. is a highly logistics infrastructure, development to the expansion of the balanced national port industry is these comprehensive policies, the attempt. In implementing desirable development. infrastructure national of level and scale the determining of center the at improve its national to dramatically can be a means for India Moreover, port advancement height of land and sea logistics that revitalizes the supply and demand for raw materials materials demand for raw the supply and that revitalizes land and sea logistics height of domestic demand to increase in India” strategy “Make India has the trade. and international must these goals, India In achieving industry. the manufacturing revitalizing by and exports improve the national infrastructure industry first. The weak logistics infrastructure leads to inefficiency of the national logistics system and increases logistics costs,thus impairing 176 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India 2.1. Demand and Supply of Port Skilled Workers in India
The majority of port skilled workers in India who worked many years are presumed to be engaged mainly in the operation of conventional equipment for the past ten (10) years. However, with mechanization and automation of facilities and equipment, as part of port advancement policy of the Indian government, port skilled workers who have previously been operating conventional equipment will face changes of working environment that demand adaptation to changes in ports and further, professional skills that are relevant to automated equipment and digital platform essential for efficient task performance.
NSDC (National Skill Development Corporation), a state-run company under MSDE (Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship), reports42 that 80,000 jobs are generated at IDC (Inland Container Depot) and CFS (Container Freight Station), while approximately one thousand 1,000 jobs in inland waterways sector, approximately 120,000 jobs in export and import logistics sector, and approximately 384,000 jobs in warehousing sector. Today, India shows its tendency of growth in employment in port logistics sector at about 20% every year with active commercial activities in overall and rapid growth of export and import 177 volume. Further, land transportation sector offers 484,000 jobs, with some of which being CHAPTER engaged in freight transportation connecting ports and regional hubs. 04 Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India General port workers in India are required to acquire commercial skills. Education and training in commercial skills and functions are designed to adequately conduct transactions with independence, using digital business system. Technical level of Indian port skilled workers in general requires competence in operating essential equipment and achieve efficiency and productivity, based on skills in managing safety, security and environment and operating cargo handling equipment. Managers of port logistics are required to complete education and training courses to enhance management competence and skills for conducting tasks in new logistics environment.
LSC (Logistic Sector Skill Council in India) places its focus on providing training in port technology development to workers, and establishes plans on reinforcing network of criminal institutions to offer training on advanced industrial technology. Such plans are based on newly emerging demand. Needs for reinforcing competence and skills of skilled workers that India faces today may differ from the experience of Korea in adapting to changes in the port industry.
42 The reporting document is based on data provided by ADB in India (August 9th, 2020)
31, holds July in India established is , pursuing pursuing , 44 NSDC structure, established was 2013). in financial that Act MSDE the company Corporate of Within public 8 India. Article in limited to with an aim of establishing high-quality with an aim of establishing high-quality 43 Finance of non-profit, a (equivalent is Ministry 1956 in the by Act model Entrepreneurship) Corporate & of 25 partnership) Article Development with Skill of (public-private PPP accordance on (Ministry in India runs training centers based in Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai to train port skilled skilled port train to Mumbai and Kolkata Chennai, in based centers training runs India India established its top-tier institution for technical training and workforce training, training, workforce and training technical for institution top-tier its established India 2.2. System of Fostering Port Workers in India Workers 2.2. System of Fostering Port However, However, skilled workers in India who have been providing labor with conventional Korea has generally experienced changes in all ports that had already been developed in developed been already had that ports all in changes experienced generally has Korea 2008 based 51% of the share. while the private sector claims 49% of the share, technology development. policy surrounding industries and national to needs from of education and training relevance SSC (Sector Skill Council) plays its crucial role in the ecosystem of technology development in India, with its mission of identifying in India, with development of technology in the ecosystem crucial role its Council) plays SSC (Sector Skill NSDC 43 44 different goals of individual industries, and LSC (Logistic Sector Council) is one of them. workers, providing the most essential courses in fostering skills and functions, with LSC, partnership. NSDC serves as a catalyst for technology development by funding companies funding companies for technology development by catalyst as a serves NSDC partnership. developing in assists organization The training. technology provide that organizations and and coordinate private sector initiatives. NSDC, appropriate models to enhance, support sectors 21 in (SSCs) Councils Skill Sector of consisted is authority, its under NSDC (National Skill Development Corporation) vocational training institution and promoting national technology development and profit and information assurance promote quality to NSDC is the mission of Further, generation. either directly or through trainers educate and train systems-focused support systems and be anticipated. Hence it will be essential for the Indian government to pursue policy measures in that would respond to such changes. fostering port skilled workers directly towards semi-automation and full automation, rather than undergoing beginning and and than undergoing beginning and full automation, rather directly towards semi-automation to needs for globalization and of mechanization, in the process of responding intermediate stages in optimism with assessed be may changes Such faces. country the that ports of advancement but from a viewpoint of stabilization of employment, terms of pursuit of advancement of ports, can forced to losing job security, being skilled workers negative impact, such as incumbent port semi-automation and full automation. semi-automation and in working environment are now facing changes work labor-intensive equipment in relatively is shifting India words, other In mechanization. advanced highly to leaping environment the 1960s and 70s, from the early stages of mechanization (the emergence of machinery that of (the emergence of mechanization stages from the early and 70s, the 1960s reduce manual labor and replace human workforce in difficult and dangerous tasks) to the manage in which people environment (the working stages of mechanization intermediate to enable smooth operation of machinery and equipment), and then tofinally, transition to 178 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India the technical committee in logistics sector that oversee, evaluate and certify operations, located in Chennai. Through partnership with partner institutions including central, state and private universities, LSC operates education and training programs to train workforce in related logistics sectors. LSC programs are known to be running in key states in India including Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra NCR Delhi, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh.
However, while LSC is an organization designed to specialize in training operating workforce of the overall logistics industry or managing workforce of the related industry, while it is a not focused on training technical workforce that provide manual labor to enable seamless loading and unloading import and export volume within the port, and technical workers specialized in operating equipment and machinery for automated and mechanized tasks. In other words, unlike Korea Port Logistics High School, LSC is less than sufficient in displaying its expertise and characteristics as an institution specialized in education and training for capacity building of incumbent workers.
In parallel, India is offering specialized courses in international transportation and 179 logistics management, including UG (undergraduate degrees) and PG (post-graduate degrees) CHAPTER in maritime engineering at Kolkata campus of Indian Maritime University (IMU)45, and 04 supports in development of diverse technology for maritime logistics. IMU offers academic Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India courses and curriculum including undergraduate, graduate and MBA programs. Hence the institution does not train skilled workers with various demands from activities in ports but offers education and training that support management of intermediate or higher levels and trains technical workers in a vertical workforce structure essential for professional management or port operation.
As mentioned above, the education and training system of port skilled workers in India is pivoting around NSD and LSC, yet the legal system and education and training system for formal education of port skilled workers are evaluated to be insufficient.
2.3. Policy Implications of Fostering Port Skilled Workers in Korea
Korea began to recognize the importance of fostering port workers at the national level in the mid-1980s. The basis has undergone the process of establishment of an institution
45 IMU (Indian Maritime University) is one of the prestigious universities in India that offers diverse curriculum in maritime studies spanning from maritime law to history, and also to practical topics including maritime search, rescue and transportation. The uni- versity was established in November 14, 2008 in accordance with Indian Maritime University Act 2008. IMU claims its jurisdiction in managing and operating campuses in India nationwide, with the main campus located in Chennai. IMU has the total of 6 campuses – in Chennai, Kochi, Kolkata, Mumbai Port, Navi Mumbai and Vishakhapatnam – in India. (Source: https://collegedunia.com/univer- sity /25882-Indian-maritime-university-imu-chennai/courses-fee) From the perspective based on achievement in policy approach that successfully responded in policy approach on achievement based the perspective From In the time of infinite competition on the international stage, the supply and demand the international stage, the supply and demand In the time of infinite competition on responding to global trend and changes by offering training in essential skills and functions for who complete their regular skill levels even after the workers courses by with adequate workers with their curriculum related with maritime and port industries and miscellaneous industries basic knowledge and skills join the workforce in port industries. in meeting demand for port skilled workers and operation of education and training programs programs of education and training and operation in meeting demand for port skilled workers only institution Institute is the Port Training here are the implications: first, Korea in Korea, that would be relevant to characters skilled workers that has highly been specialized in training proactively from praised highly is institution the further, and industries, logistics port of opportunity to recognize the importance of port personnel, and it was understood earlier of port personnel, and it was understood earlier opportunity to recognize the importance professionals and functional personnel should that demand for port industry-related to complexes port as such software build to need the recognizing expanded, greatly be of ports. maximize the function and efficiency but also strategic infrastructure for high value-added production activities and trade activities and trade for high value-added production infrastructure but also strategic % of Korea’s that handles 90 logistics infrastructure Ports, in particular, are key transactions. most basic growth engine for the nation and regional export-import cargo and provides the of the hardware on ports with the characteristics economic development. The reliance has served as an which is also a major national social overhead capital facility, industry, ports can be thus emphasized as a bridgehead for making foothold in the global market bridgehead for making foothold in the global market ports can be thus emphasized as a to due countries most in imports and exports of 90% for account ports as oceans, through various means of transportation accessible by their location and functional convenience, ports are not only serving as hubs for transportation connecting land and oceans. Therefore, efficient operation of Korean ports, as well as improvement in quantitative aspects of human as well as improvement in quantitative Korean ports, of efficient operation and port safety. port loading and transportation, resources in port operations, and importance of for national economy, of logistics through ports build foundations Institute) in September 1990, which led to the emergence of specialized education and of specialized education and 1990, which led to the emergence Institute) in September of curricula in and development in Korea, workers port skilled courses in training training port strengthen expertise of Korean of high schools and universities to the regular courses contributed to economic has these skilled workers The widespread participation of workers. development of Korea, which has led export-driven economic growth through efficient and for the implementation of education and training based on policy efforts and practical and practical based on policy efforts education and training of for the implementation 1985. order in February the presidential of it under systematic management needs and With establishment of the Korea Port Technology Training Institute in April 1989, the in June Institute) opened Training the Incheon Port Center (currently Training Incheon Port Training Institute (currently the Busan the Busan Training opening of 1989, followed by 180 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India Second, Korea Port Training Institute, which preemptively train adequate human resource to respond to needs generated from the global logistics environment that faces diversification in functional needs surrounding cargo being handled and fluctuations in scale of logistics, has revealed to have functioned proportionately to comprehensive functionality of the ports by conducting relevant research activities on changes in ports industries and global trend. In addition, Korea Training Institute has fulfilled its roles in resolving social issues such as insecurity in employment caused by reduction of workforce following mechanization while accurately analyzing supply and demand of human resource by sector, maintaining the proper quantity and quality of skilled workers and the balance of workforce in the industry. Thus, the institute is appraised to have contributed to stabilization of labor market.
Third, by formulating customized education and training programs relevant to characters of tasks in ports and key cargo being handled in different regions, Korea Port Training Institute maximized effectiveness of education and training. Further, development of demand-centered curriculum that enabled open-minded policy by offering training programs that prioritized target customers has built a foundation for securing capacity in 181 responding to diverse demand from all the ports in Korea nationwide. CHAPTER 04 The policy implications to nurture port skilled workers in India based on experiences Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India and cases of Korea to nurture port skilled workers and to enhance their capability are summarized as follows.
Policy Implication for Fostering of Port Skilled Workers in IndiaAreas for Reinforcing Skills Experience of Korea and Implications for India and Capacity
• According to Article 27-3 of the Harbor Transport Business Act, Korea mandated education and training for workforce in harbor transportation and related industries that education and training courses are offered for all newcomers Establishing legal and and incumbent port skilled workers systematic foundation and • For ensuring legal foundation for establishment of Korea Port Training Institute, funding for operation to an institution with focus on fostering skilled port workworn, and stability in enable fostering human funding budget for operating the institute, a system of mandatory deduction resource in port logistics from cargo charge has been introduced. • Korea Port Logistics High School (Meister Course) has attracted qualified and promising young talents by securing fund for granting all students with scholarship, by partnering with local governments and academia.
• In accordance with Article 27-3 of the Harbor Transport Business Act, Korea Establishment of education Port Training Institute was established (Incheon in 1989 and Busan in 1990), and training institution an institution specializing in legally mandatory education and training specialized in fostering global for workforce in port transportation and related industries to streamline, level port skilled workers standardize and systemize education and training system Experience of Korea and Implications for India and Implications of Korea Experience Reinforcement Reinforcement of compatibility of education and training with certificates in and testing system with connection with issuance of professional certificates Human Resources Development of Korea logistics knowledge and Development of curriculum to reinforce port in connection with educational management capabilities of mid-level managers of junior colleges functions and training facilities and general Improvement of utilization of educational training education entrusted conducting by results training educational of availability for enterprises order for adequate talents to Providing information relevant to job search in promoting and sharing relevant information have accessibility to information by work environment and on recent trend of port mechanization/automation, of port logistics. characteristics logistics industry to ensure potential in employment in the related area. potential in employment logistics industry to ensure Establishment of Korea Port Logistics High School to specialize the 3-year high in (Port Gwangyang) and acquisition of certification school course in locality of the and engineering to thus, lead to standardization areas related with port to other vocational training spread excellent practices curriculum and share and high schools. curriculum, measures of education and training of improvement Systemization responding to fast changing trend of port logistics high quality courses and training Development of education and training response to emergence of new jobs, including automobile resources in training exports, regularization of shipping technicians due to increase in automobile environment, and training safety education due to enhanced safety of port of logistics and transportation of automation engineers due to automation machinery The training institute is designed to train users to share knowledge in efficient in efficient knowledge to share users train to designed institute is training The for and training as providing education management, as well human resource and further, serves its role as educating workers, newcomers and incumbent Institute, Port Korea at researchers companies, at cargo educators and training institutions and trainers educators at higher educational (engineering high schools courses at vocational training Establishment of regular and engineering relevant to port talents for office job and commercial) to train • • • • • • • • • logistics. industry and Capacity related industries education courses Multiple resources collected and edited by the authors by collected and edited Multiple resources : surrounding functions information center for Workers and training institution and training Establishment of system While India has currently secured its foundation for education and training at 3.1. Policy Direction for Fostering of Port Skilled Workers in India in Workers Skilled Port of Fostering for Direction Policy 3.1. conjunction with various and training programs in programs and training and technology that meet level port skilled workers Operation of employment of employment Operation Development of education characterization of regular characterization Establishment of education Establishment demands from port logistics professional workers in port professional workers Promoting specialization and Promoting specialization specialized in fostering global specialized in fostering global Areas for Reinforcing Skills Areas for Reinforcing university-level in maritime engineering and shipping and port logistics, the country has the country has university-level in maritime engineering and shipping and port logistics, in specialized institutions training and education established to have not identified been 3. Policy Suggestion for Fostering of Port Skilled 3. Policy Suggestion for Fostering of Port Skilled Source 182 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India • Restructuring the current school system to provide opportunities in education and training in specialized ports and related areas in higher education (high school) courses • Establishment of institution offering re-education and continuous education for workers in charge of operating mechanized and automated equipment in parts or incumbent port workers • Fostering port skilled workers, differentiated from maritime logistics sector, by establishing training courses in universities to educate trainers in port management and skill and capacity training
skilled engineers and professionals in ports. And furthermore, legal foundations for such institutions are limited. Since India is undergoing its early stage of advancement of ports, full automation or semi-automation has not yet been implemented across all ports in India, subdivision of technical job position is still under the process, and skill and capacity level of the workforce in the industries is not yet consistent that skills and capacities of port workers are identified to be underqualified. Even if education and training of professionals and experts in intermediate and advanced level are active, efforts in enhancing overall efficiency of ports operation will face limitations if the skilled workers are not seamlessly performing their on-site tasks at ports.
For resolving such issues, therefore, it is demanded to reinforce the current system of educating and training experts and professionals in logistics experts related to shipping and ports in India, while establishing a specialized educational institution to train skilled Measures for Fostering Port Skilled Workers in India workers at entry level (high school courses) and re-education of incumbent port workers in connection with the advanced school system operated by India. It is necessary to recognize that the training of port functional personnel is not an area included in the training process of experts needed in the shipping and port logistics sectors, but a fully independent 183 human resources development system that is fostered through an independent education CHAPTER and training course that trains skilled workforce specialized in the demand for services 04
generated in ports. Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India
Based on the experience of Korea, recommendation can be made on establishment of an education and training system with the following figure:
[Figure 4-3] Measures for Reinforcing Capacity of Fostering Port Skilled Workers in India
Limitation in Fostering Talents in Logistics Sector Measures for Fostering Port Skilled Workers in India in India
• Restructuring the current school system to provide • There is no training institution relevant to characteristics opportunities in education and training in specialized of jobs and tasks in ports. ports and related areas in higher education (high school) courses • Port skilled workers with more than 10 years of experience have difficulties in adapting to changing • Establishment of institution offering re-education environment in ports. and continuous education for workers in charge of operating mechanized and automated equipment in • Universities train talents in maritime and logistics, yet parts or incumbent port workers they have not established a system specialized in the port sector • Fostering port skilled workers, differentiated from maritime logistics sector, by establishing training courses in universities to educate trainers in port management and skill and capacity training in the world th around the globe in Port Infrastructure Port Infrastructure around the globe in th in Asia and 11 th . It can be concluded that Korea has ensured its competitiveness ensured its competitiveness has that Korea . It can be concluded 46 for Nurturing of Port Skilled Workers in India Workers for Nurturing of Port Skilled 3.2. Improvement of System and Establishment of Infrastructure Infrastructure of System and Establishment of 3.2. Improvement an institutional development of human resource in the port logistics sector, For In the process of Sagarmala program, India is pursuing balanced development amongst India is In the process of Sagarmala program, In order to implement the improvement measures indicated above, the Indian Indian above, the indicated measures improvement to implement the In order Port Infrastructure Quality Index, 2020, WEF (World Economic Forum) 2020, WEF (World Quality Index, Port Infrastructure
human resources, and secure teaching resources and operating personnel to execute and personnel to execute and human resources, and secure teaching resources and operating manage education and training. 46 implement firm and effective policies to eliminate the causes of inefficient fields in the fields in the implement firm and effective policies to eliminate the causes of inefficient of performance the inducing time at the same process while resources development human ministry in a developmental direction. In addition, the responsible education and training implementation institution that can coordinate shall establish an educational and training and pool the needs of various stakeholders who are direct beneficiaries of the training of policy direction in order to foster workforce suitable for demand-based sites in the future future the in sites demand-based for suitable workforce foster to order in direction policy at an appropriate amid initiatives to build new and realize timeless supply and demand entire land and create maritime-oriented in India’s ports and improve infrastructure opportunities. To this end, the Indian government should first overhaul relevant laws and foundation should be established to support the government’s policy of solidifying its policy of solidifying its support the government’s foundation should be established to regions by achieving port-led economic growth and balanced national development. In In development. national balanced and growth economic port-led achieving by regions sustainable the lead to and infrastructure port advanced of realization the enable to order development and sustainable growth engine, it is inevitable to improve the efficiency of port fostering and supplying skilled port workers. by operation Quality Index by WEF of 12 and ranking to its GDP ($ 162.655 billion) in ports that is proportionate 20, 2020), and is thus seeing its adequate achievement. Feb. IMF, in GDP, (ranking time, to provide education and training for port workers who needed to adapt quickly to quickly to who needed to adapt port workers for and training time, to provide education Port of Korea establishment by work and working environment. Driven changing port cargo ports in Korea Busan and Incheon, pivotal ports of the country, Institute in then the Training highly-skilled attracting for foundation secured thus and ports hub global to growth made 4 resulting in ranking port workers, government government first needs its policy perception. In case ofKorea, for promoting efficiency in growth economic thus promote export-driven cargo in ports to export and import handling automate to mechanize and was enacted Institute Training Port Korean in the mid-1980s, while at the same port operation, and manpower-dependent the existing labor-intensive 184 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India The key mission of an education and training institution is to identify trend shift in fast- changing port industries, provide education and training programs that are in line with the global standard and levels, and develop practical curriculum that can proactively respond to demands from the field.
[Figure 4-4] Concept to Improve the System to Nurture Port Skilled Workers and to Introduce Education and Training Infrastructure
Establishment of Reinforcement in Realignment of Development of Law & System Education & Training Institution Updated Curriculum
Feedback reflecting both qualitative & quantitative demands from businesses/industries
India is estimated to have secured a total of approximately 80,000 skilled workers 185 by region and ports. By state, each of Maharashtra (Mumbai and its neighboring areas), CHAPTER Gujarat (Mundra, Kandla, Pipavav and Hazira) respectively has approximately 25,000 skilled workers working, while approximately 18,000 workers in Tamilnadu (Chennai and 04 Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India Tuticorin), approximately 3,000 workers in each of Kolkata and Cochin, and approximately 2,000 in Andhra Pradesh (Vishakhapatnam and Krishnapatnam), Odisha (Paradip) and Karnataka (New Mangalore). On the other hand, since terminal operators are outsourced with skilled workforce from various organizations that it is challenging to formulate highly- sophisticated statistics, yet the size of the workforce is currently reaching a significant level.47 By improving quantity and quality of supply of human resource through this kind of re-education and capacity building of incumbent human resource, productivity will not only be enhanced in the short term, but proactive measures can be taken to the fast-changing port industries in India in the long term.
In practice, Korea has enabled to accumulate its experience in fostering port skilled workers through its step-by-step development process in the mid-1980s for advancement and development, and at the same time, enhance efficiency of ports that were insufficiently developed throughout the process of economic development during the 1960s and 1970s. Korea’s measures of fostering port skilled workers, in particular, have been innovative in that they secured funds for education and training institution (Korea Port Training Institute)
47 Data provided by ADB in India
the Port jointly the are 48 of to reflect Results 1986 increase companies, rights for the union workers in supply of port labor Establishment of protective system who for workers lost their jobs due to mechanization Education and for training incumbent skilled port workers talents Fostering skilled for training workers Founding secondary educational institution specialized in fostering skilled port workers Formulation of Formulation a national level union worker Securing exclusive ------in July ------wage
handling scheduled cargo made decision the and of part union Institute Training reflecting shipping by secured companies, is Port Korea words, Key measures Key shipping Institute Training including In other charge. Port training, Korea Education and training on cutting-edge technologies in the port industry to respond to mechanization and modernization of of industry to respond to mechanization and modernization the port industry Vocational education and training to foster port skilled workers to foster port skilled workers education and training Vocational Conversion of the labor union’s industrial system into system industrial system into system Conversion of the labor union’s for individual companies (labor union at local level) Enhancing productivity of the port industry and promoting of port unemployment preventing security by employment workers Recover the interests practical of and workers strengthen labor- management cooperation
port cargo of Incheon) opened in June 1989, followed by Busan Training Training Busan by followed 1989, June in opened Incheon) Institute Busan) in Port Training Institute (currently Korea September 1990. Institute Training Port Korea of incorporation special 2004, In under the Harbor Transport Business Act (Article 27-3 of the Business Act) Harbor Transport In February 1985, Korea Port Authority operated Department of Department of operated Port Authority 1985, Korea In February Education and Training Business under the presidential order to at ports experts and professionals train for established was Institute Training Port Korea 1989, April In following goals: Institute Port Training Institute (currently Korea Incheon Training With the end of the Korean War in 1953, the 4 major labor acts, Settlement Union of including Act, Labor Trade Labor Dispute Act, Labor Standards At Relations Commission Act, union labor democratic and autonomous for rights 1961, In Measures Temporary promulgating by ensured were activities for Workers’ Group Activities Act and Registration of Social Organizations Act were workers In 1970, conditions and treatment for port union of port improved through formation of a single national workers for streamlining In 1980, the government issued the guideline financial ensure and leaders union of trust restore to union labor transparency ▲ ▲ and ▲ ▲ ▲ • • • • • • • • of Korea Port Training Institute in the cost of port cargo charge in accordance with the principle that the actual in accordance charge port cargo cost of Institute in the Port Training of Korea budget education of Korea’s Experience in Fostering of Port Skilled Workers and Capacity Building by and Capacity Building by of Port Skilled Workers Experience in Fostering Korea’s Phase resources operational of building Legal and institutional arrangement Union members in Workers financial beneficiaries of mechanization of port with the level in accordance expenses, for collecting education and training funding the cost. Standards for special loading, 0.5% charges loading, 1% of the on-board for general charges work, stipulates that 0.5% of the on-board cargo loading charges. for the Busan Port container dock, and 0.3% of the on-shore of the basic charges Establishment of 70% Phases of capacity education & training 48 by by applying the financing ratio to cargo charge applied by Port Transportation Workers which had been Union, Workers activities of Port Transportation well as realigning Union, as conflict. labor-management resolving the and in parallel, across the country scattered 4-2>
• In 2007, founding of Korea Port Logistics Highschool, with courses operation and maintenance of port equipment, electronic and electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering under the engineering department. The secondary educational institution is Establishment of designed to train promising talents for acquisition of certification education & training in diverse areas including forklift operation, container crane operation, ceiling crane, electronic engineering, welding during their school years. • The secondary educational institution is jointly funded by local governments, and local businesses in port-related businesses.
• In 2002, Korea Port Training Institute introduced a college -- Development program with focus on “port logistics” commissioned by related and operation businesses (jointly opened with Inha Technical College) of education • In 2007, Korea Port Training Institute opened a regular university and training program, “International Trade Department” commissioned by courses including Reinforcement in related businesses (jointly operated with Chungwoon University) courses for new development of • In 2010, Korea Port Training Institute was designed as a training and incumbent updated curriculum institution for development of vocational skills and capabilities workers, relevant to industry of foreign workforce (Human Resources Development Service of continued trend Korea) education, IT, • Recently, in order to secure international competitiveness of safety, circuit future ports in the 21st century and establish a comprehensive education on port education service system proportionate to advanced ports, port safety, and 187 the Korean government has executed a plan to elevate Korea Port customized CHAPTER Training Institute into a technical college special course. 04 Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India Korea Port Training Institute first started with re-training skilled workers, mostly members of Port Transportation Workers Union who were working at ports, and has been able to grow into an education and training institute that respond to a variety of demand from the port transportation sector, with experience and updates to reflect recent industry trend and offer diverse courses, and co-development of curriculum with Human Resource Development Service of Korea as a training institution that develop vocational skills for foreign workers in the port logistics sector.
Setting the experiences of Korea as a benchmark, for nurturing of port skilled workers in India, the courses to re-train skilled workers based on most urgent needs discovered through investigations to review the level of technology and function of incumbent employees could be operated, and the education and training development conducted by Korea Port Training Institute could be a model for the country. Since Korea has experienced diverse policy attempts and trials and errors for supplying skilled workers in the port industries that undergo fast-paced changes accelerated by mechanization and automation, the country will be capable of offering case studies that would be essential in the process of supply and demand of human resources that India is likely to experience in the future. Responsibilities Projects related with operation of FTA Implementation Support Center (Ministry of of (Ministry Center Support Implementation FTA of operation with related Projects Maritime Affairs and Fisheries) Research and study on global logistics and multi-modal transportation related with maritime and port industries and abroad and research Joint research activities with related agencies from Korea and abroad, and private government, public agencies from Korea commissioned by organizations. Collecting, analyzing and sharing information and trend surrounding maritime, fisheries and abroad and port industries in Korea Establishing database of research data from maritime, fisheries and port sectors from and abroad Korea Information exchange and gathering of opinions from industries, academia, research institutes and government agencies related with maritime industries through various seminars and open forum. Observation project on production, distribution and consumption of marine products (Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries) Research, study and consulting service on policy related with maritime, fisheries, shipping and port industries port and shipping fisheries, maritime, with related policy on study Comparative and overseas industries between Korea • • • • • • • • • and Port Logistics and Port Collecting Key Roles Key Execution of government- information on In case of Korea, each of government organizations with focus on different industries industries organizations with focus on different each of government In case of Korea, 3.3. LSC’s Expansion of Research Functions Related to Shipping to Shipping Related Functions Research Expansion of 3.3. LSC’s harmony sector needs adequate of the port logistic and development growth In parallel, consigned projects maritime industries Research and studies Cooperatives. Cooperatives. Maritime Institute Roles and Responsibilities of Korea 4-3> Key
• Fishery seed observation project (commissioned by Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries) Execution of • Overseas market analysis project (commissioned by Ministry of Maritime Affairs and government- Fisheries) consigned projects • Operation of an organization specialize in supporting Committee for Improvement of Quality of Rural Life and Fishing Villages (commissioned by Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries)
Source: ALIO, a system to publish management information of public institutions
Korea Maritime Institute was established as a government-funded research institute in accordance of the Act on the Establishment, Operation and Promotion of Government- funded Research Agencies (Act No. 14274)49 in order to comprehensively and systematically research and study development of shipping and port industries and to collect, analyze, distribute and utilize various trends and information with agility to contribute to policy formulation and growth and development of the national economy.
In case of India, with the Sagarmala program being promoted by the Indian government, a comprehensive approach will be necessary to enable synergy at national-level by 189 reviewing effectiveness of various policies formulated in the process of participation of CHAPTER individual ministries for port-led economic growth and analyzing impact on other related 04
industries. In this context, LSC of India will need cooperation with Korea Maritime Institute Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India (KMI), and to continue efforts reinforcement of capacity in port policy, maritime policy, fishing policy, and intelligence and strategy in maritime, logistics and industry through partnership with KMI.50
49 The act aims to promote establishment of rational state-run research and studies structure and rationalization in management and improvement of state-funded research institutes, by prescribing basic elements concerning the establishment, support and foster- ing government-funded research institutes, and systematic and responsible management. 50 Data provided by ADB in India
- its includes econom http://www. continues that organizations. promote Korea, Korea to concept a (ODA as international aiming or countries. projects. defined be ODA member countries governments its can AC 29 thus, including developing and expanding among of by 51 25th agencies 2020, countries, by public ranking communities by ratio and 2018, developing of of provided as ODA/GNI aid in GNI to governments welfare of for 0.20% refers social 0.14% of offered for reaching of Assistance) accounts goal enhancement cooperation its ODA and Development technical Korea, achieving or of in (Official case development Skilled Port Workforce between Korea and India Korea between Port Workforce Skilled India and Korea may utilize ODA programs as part of a method of securing resources resources securing of method a of part as programs ODA utilize may Korea and India Since 2010, Korea has been actively participating in international development development actively participating in international has been Since 2010, Korea 4.1. Measures for Utilization of ODA 4.1. Measures ic funding In efforts odakorea.go.kr) ODA 51 for development essential for identifying relevant development cooperation programs for for programs cooperation development relevant identifying for essential development for the international pursuing prosperity of the two countries and resolving common issues of and fund that tangible outcome through implementation. The ODA society or generating Korea offers for resourceof development ofdeveloping countries in cooperation with the experience of Korea in building capacity in formulating development policy in the process of in building experience of Korea balanced national through development of economy economic development and growth and effective in approach for utilization of ODA. development. Such projects are deemed called ODA (Official Developmentcalled Assistance),ODA which includes funding, technical cooperation for governments of developing countries and and human resource exchange offered organizations. In case of India and Korea, activities of local communities and international for relations between India and Korea cooperative projects are implemented to strengthen relevant actions between the two countries, based on establish common goals and carry out countries. Recently, countries. it Recently, is perceived as an international development cooperation activity that pursue comprehensive partnership or “co-relationship” that emphasizes “cooperation” between developed countries and partner countries, than rather offering support, unilateral between two partnering countries or among multiple and aim for reaching common goals enable such international development cooperation partners. The financial support that have previously been executed by developed countries, including development assistance, including development assistance, developed countries, executed by have previously been foreign aid and overseas aid. The projects are today defined as comprehensive development gaps narrowing for cooperate to aim that society international the in activities cooperation developing countries, amongst developing countriesin development between developed and resolving social and economic issues of developing or within developing countries and cooperation projects as a member state of DAC (Development Assistance Committee) of OECD of Committee) Assistance (Development DAC of state member a as projects cooperation (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). The concept of international projects that cooperation has originated from development development cooperation 4. International Cooperation Plan for Fostering Plan for Fostering Cooperation 4. International 190 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India international society include public funds, export credit, investment financing, foreign direct investment, private funding and support from NGOs and such may be categorized as following:
Types of Development Funding Type of Support Detail
Grant, technical cooperation, project aid, food aid, emergency Grant relief, support for NGOs Official Development Assistance Loan Concessional loan
- Contributions to international organizations and investment
Loan Public export credit, investment financing Other Official Flows Loan Loan from international organizations
Private Flows at Market Foreign direct investment, export credit of over 1 year, loan Loan Terms from international organizations, securities investment
Net Grants by NGO Grant Grant from NGO
Source: KOICA, ODA Korea, KOICA, re-siting from http://www.odakorea.go.kr 191 CHAPTER Between India and Korea, no form of loan offered for development fund, whereas
the majority of them are concessional loan, which consist of consultations between the 04 countries. By signing a basic agreement for EDCF (Economic Development Cooperation Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India Fund)52 in at the 5th India-Korea Finance Ministers’ Meeting in 2017, the two countries laid the groundwork for promoting EDCF cooperation projects.53 India had previously limited its partnership for ODA to the G8 and EU member states, but the Finance Ministers’ Meeting in 2017 expanded the relations between India and Korea into ODA partnership.
Utilizing EDCF and technological competence of the Korean companies, relations between the countries has been fortified in non-economic areas, as well as economic cooperation, securing the basis for active participation in building economic and social infrastructure in India. Further, by signing an MoU for financial cooperation in infrastructure between EXIM banks of the two countries, an official cooperative structure for support in infrastructure development has been formulated between the two countries, and thus, agreement has been reached on official cooperative system for in method of financial support and identification of target projects for India-Korea infrastructure-related projects.
52 The Economic Development Cooperation Fund (EDCF) is dedicated to paid aid from ODA funds, and EDCF was established in 1987 and is a policy fund established within the Export-Import Bank of Korea to support industrialization and economic development of developing countries and to promote economic exchanges between Korea and these countries. The deliberation of the fund policy will be conducted by the Foreign Economic Cooperation Fund Management Committee, and the Export and Import Bank of Korea (KEXIM), commissioned by the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, will be in charge of the management. 53 Ministry of Strategy and Finance Press Release (June 14, 2017)
to effect South resources 55 into taken was CEPA and President Moon Jae-in Moon Jae-in President 54 partnership” by utilizing Knowledge Sharing utilizing Knowledge Sharing by 57 strategic “special to and signed MoUs in various fields. 56 elevated was relation the 2010, in India to visit state Economic Development the In pursuit of cooperation with India, Korea has proposed developing a capacity has proposed developing a capacity with India, Korea In pursuit of cooperation 4.2. Utilization of Knowledge Sharing Program (KSP) for Sharing Program 4.2. Utilization of Knowledge With With such long-term plan formulated through diplomatic agreements between the two The two countries discussed $10 billion (including EDCF amounting $ 1 billion) in In parallel, an analysis on relations between India and Korea in terms of performance terms of performance in and Korea between India on relations an analysis In parallel, expand and reinforce cooperation in international relations, economy, society and culture. economy, in international relations, cooperation and reinforce expand in India. Institute for International Trade under Korea International Trade Association International Trade under Korea Institute for International Trade of human fostering technical competence to promote the Indian government formulated by Skill India: policy measures in the state of Maharashtra Delhi and smart cities facility in New of a complex development proposed Korea During 54 55 56 57 building program to support India’s “Skill India” to support India’s building program economic general-level director a for agreed countries two The (KSP). Program cooperation promotion meeting between the financial authorities at least once a year agreement and an MoU between the EXIM banks of the two countries. agreement and an MoU between the EXIM can practically identify demand for projects and maximize potential of both countries to pursue identify demand for projects and can practically mutual benefits.Korea’s ODA may be utilized for infrastructure developmentin India through have established an from India, as India and Korea active business development and requests institutional basis for implementing a $ 10 billion financial packageby signing a bilateral basic state visit of Prime Minister Modi in Korea in 2015, the two countries agreed to elevate the in Korea state visit of Prime Minister Modi in partnership” relations to a “special strategic that program a sustainable and concrete cooperation countries, it would be important to develop financial support for infrastructure development as a candidate project for a financial financial a for project candidate a as development infrastructure support for financial package consisting of 1 billion dollars for EDCF and $9 billion for export financing. Korea’s Ministry of Economy and Finance is formulating its strategy to secure external including with emerging economies expanding economic cooperation growth engines by India, ASEAN and the Middle East. India is placed on a pivotal position, and during the with the neighboring four strongholds, and India is one of the key partners for the policy. for the policy. partners of the key four strongholds, and India is one with the neighboring This model cooperation is significant inexpansion of the scope of and cooperation exchange and personal exchange. cultural to technological, from commodity trade in trade exchange revealed that the trade volume had grown over forty years by over 1,300 over by years forty over grown had volume trade the that revealed exchange trade in 18.8 billion in 2012. in 1973 to USD USD 14.32 million times from in November 2017 Prosperity) at 3P (People, Peace, centered New Southern Policy, promoted to reinforce cooperation with ASEAN member states and India to the level of cooperation 192 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India in order to proactively explore the agenda of economic cooperation between the two countries and manage it efficiently. The plan for implementation of KSP is based on the actual demand from India, and technology and knowledge accumulated by the ODA from Korea’s past experience in economic development makes positive contribution to the socioeconomic phenomenon in India and composition and growth characteristics of the industries today. Furthermore, based on past outcomes and achievements, it provides a basic understanding that can be applied extensively by government departments and experts from related sectors. In particular, in the case of India, various Korean companies have offered advice on boosting trade and investment in promising overseas industries in the project, which has been actively promoted by KOTRA since 2014 a joint general manager of KSP, and the foundation for strategic utilization of KSP in terms of economic cooperation has been established.
“Support in establishment of development strategy for organizations that India attracted (2017/18)” is one of the key cases in project execution of the two countries that India utilized KSP.58 The KSP project sought to offer advice to strengthen capacity of India in implementing Invest India by sharing Korea’s experience in its policy of Invest Korea. In other words, the 193 project has generated a successful case of proposing a development strategy that could meet CHAPTER India’s demand surrounding Invest India. 04 Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India Meanwhile, “KSP-ADB Joint Consulting: Consulting on Strengthening Human Resources Technology to Improve Port Operations in India (2019/20)” is also a successful example of KOTRA’s use of KSP as a joint KSP general agency and as an economic cooperation project between India and Korea. The characteristic of this project is a triangular cooperation advisory project jointly promoted by international organizations, which is a three-way cooperation project jointly conducted by the three parties between ADB, KSP and India of partner countries, and is a three-way cooperation project involving international organizations.
Korea’s economic development experience-sharing project (KSP) is one of the top 10 national brand projects, and it is a program designed to transfer its economic development experience and know-how from the initial experience of national economic development that Korea began post-war recovery and economic development to the target countries, including developing countries, to the development of the world’s key industrial countries
58 This was part of 2017/18 KSP (Knowledge Sharing Program) for offering advice on policies related with industry and trade (supporting formulation of development strategy of the Indian organizations with roles and responsibilities in attracting investment), with par- ticipation of researchers including Jin-seop Jeong, Hwi-chang Moon, Byeong-hee Lee, Hyeong-gon Kang, Dong-hwa Oh, and Moon- yeon Yoon. The key topics are following: 1. Invest India Development Strategy; 2. Benchmarking Major IPAs Worldwide; 3. Capacity Upgrading and Invest India: Lessons from Invest India Contents of Action Economic areas such as establishing macroeconomic development plans, boosting industrial and exports policies and investment, and promoting trade Expanding projects to various areas including education, ICT, human resources, green growth and renewable energy Conducting research, consultation, and education and training programs on national policies, national policies, on programs and training and education consultation, research, Conducting laws and systems of partner countries and countries development of partner and social economic to sustainable Contributing the world pursuing common prosperity and stability around advisory project for implementation of joint research and consultation national policy Bilateral partner countries and its between Korea advisory project jointly promoted with international organization Triangular cooperation projects of partner countries through case Customized systemization and modularization experience in development studies of Korea’s • • • • • • • Goal Projects It is important to establish a proposal that first identifies the actual development needs The proven know-how through Korea’s development experience research and development experience research and The proven know-how through Korea’s To enhance the utilization of the KSP and to promote strategic cooperation between between cooperation promote strategic the utilization of the KSP and to enhance To Summary Project areas of the country and identifies the possibility and expected effects of commercializationof KSP using demand for successful projects utilization in order for the partner countries to raise has successfully implemented policies to attract private investment suitable for developing private investment suitable for has successfully implemented policies to attract promoting the establishment of support for the development of administrative countries by the using Organization” Promotion “Trade the as such institutions public of infrastructure KSP. of the partner countries, and the countries that conducted the KSP reflect the results of the as national policies. Vietnam, which was selected consultation and actually reflect them as the first KSP-focused support country in 2009, has established the “2011-2020Social and Economic Development a Strategy,” mid- and long-term policy of Vietnam by providing and Cambodia through the KSP, comprehensive consulting across the national economy professional human resources in related fields are organically combined to present related fields are organically combined to present professional human resources in demands and tasks policy top the meet that directions” policy and solutions “customized Korea and its partners through the establishment of joint projects and the achievement of of of joint projects and the achievement and its partners through the establishment Korea its sharing of direction ultimately Korea’s of summary a is following the growth, shared experience through the KSP. economic development of Implementation of KSP 4-5> Overview
Application Procedure of KSPSteps Activities for Selection
Submission of 1 Project Proposal Partnering governmental agencies or organizations seeking to participate in projects submit project proposal to supervising government agencies of beneficiary countries, and these supervising agencies shall submit priority lists and official documents to the Korean embassies
Review & Conduct 2 Feasibility Study Experts and related agencies in Korea review project proposals and conduct feasibility studies including on-site survey to determine policy demand, project feasibility, expected results and risks factors in partner countries 195 CHAPTER
3 Project Selection 04
Ministry of Economy and Finance select projects by communicating with related Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India agencies, based on results of feasibility studies.
4 Program Launch After selection of projects by Ministry of Economy and Finance, projects are to be executed by formulating project plans and selecting responsible agencies for implementation
Source: Ministry of Economy and Finance
In Korea, the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the governmental organization in charge of KSP, is planning to reinforce continuous relations with partner countries based on the achievements of the KSP projects, thanks to the positive results and positive reactions of the partner countries that have actually been shown in the partner countries that have implemented KSP. As a strategy to expand KSP in the future, we have established horizontal and comprehensive partnerships with partner countries to broadly reflect the needs of partner countries and provide support for KSP policy advice in connection with subsequent ODA projects. cultivating skilled port workforce in India workforce skilled port cultivating Through this process, by applying Korea’s accumulated experience in fostering of in fostering of accumulated experience applying Korea’s Through this process, by The change in the introduction of machinery to port operations was an essential was an essential machinery to port operations The change in the introduction of Back in the 1960s and 70s, the initial stage of economic development, Korea’s experience experience development, Korea’s 70s, the initial stage of economic Back in the 1960s and 4.3. International cooperation and implementation plan for plan and implementation cooperation 4.3. International port to foster India and Korea between cooperation measures of international As part of craftsmanship in the course of port-led economic growth in India and international international and India in growth economic port-led of course the in craftsmanship and India can be implemented. A summary of the alternatives is between Korea cooperation 4-7>. as summarized in the following
Measures for International Cooperation for Fostering of Port Skilled Workers in IndiaMeasures of India-Korea Key Policies Implementation Measures Cooperation
• Establishing a detailed certificate system to identify the Joint research on demand for functional personnel required for the operation certification system through of port infrastructure in India from the perspective of education and training Introduction of industrial site demand and to meet the appropriate level of curriculum of Korea Port Programs for technology and functions. Training Institute and Certification • Establishing standards for issuing certificates and certification programs of Skilled Port establishing a testing system to evaluate appropriate of port skilled workers Workers technical competencies. of Human Resources • Selection of an institution responsible for the mandatory Development Service of legal regular training for the follow-up management of Korea certificates and the management thereof and re-education
• Development of general education and training courses and courses for each level including entry, intermediate Joint research on measures and advanced, and courses for incumbent workers, taking for improvement of general work and technical characteristics of individual education programs Establishment of ports in India. customized for port Basic Education • Characterizing curriculum by comprehensively verifying logistics industries in India, and Training ability of conventional education and training institutions to benchmarking curriculums Courses for Port conduct and manage education and training targeting skilled workforce Skilled Workers • Expand the field training by expanding the participation offered by Korea Port 197 of industries, and strengthen the field of education and Logistics High School and CHAPTER training by utilizing teaching capabilities of trainers and Korea Port Training Institute lecturers dispatched to companies or field practitioners in
each specialized field of businesses. 04 Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India • Identifying the level of skills and capacities of employees Joint research on measures by analyzing demand in the Indian port logistics industry for improvement of and skills gap between demand side with requirements and education programs skills and capacities of skilled workers customized for port Establishment • Developing a re-training course by analyzing the gap in skills logistics industries in of Mandatory and capacities faced by skilled workers in the respective India, benchmarking Education for field and areas. mandatory education and Port Skilled • Analysis of gap in skills and capacities that global terminal training courses by law, Workers by Law operators in the ports in India face implementation process, • Developing curriculum that can improve the technical/ and training educators functional gap of the skilled workers and establishing a legal and trainers of Korea Port basis for legally mandating relevant education and training Training Institute.
• Improving curriculum of maritime and port-related colleges, universities, and graduate courses in India to strengthen the capacity to train mid-level managers. Exchange of students with • Developing professional degree programs to meet international universities in Korea with Development standards undergraduate and graduate of Academic • Developing long-term overseas training programs for faculty programs on maritime port Degrees Program members at Indian universities and long-term invitation logistics and joint research (Long-term) programs for professional faculty members from overseas for development of relevant • Establishment of degree courses and exchange student curriculum system for overseas study of university students related majoring port logistics in India Cooperation Measures of India-Korea India-Korea Measures of Joint study on establishing basic plans for fostering of in mid port skilled workers and long-term customized for India and cases of logistics sector in Korea and logistics sector in Korea cases of participation of business entities Planning projects and conducting research activities expert groups consisting of experts from India and Korea Joint study on legal system Port Training for Korea Institute, benchmarking scale and size of facilities and equipment, and sharing knowledge and expertise in management and operation Joint research on Joint research customizing short-term for programs training offered incumbent workers Port Training Korea by Institute to be relevant to India Joint research on joint Port Korea by programs port Institute and Training Implementation Measures Implementation training and training of port functional personnel based on functional personnel port of training and training and major local governments port clusters between central in India. system equipped Securing a regular education and training facilities and equipment to with education and training region, and an cope with the size of the port industry by secured has that infrastructure training and education teaching personnel. Conducting mid- to long-term survey of port skilled workers region/port characteristics by Conducting research on cases of advancement of ports around the globe and human resource development, and suitable for reconstructing relevant cases into programs India based on the results. identification of items for short- and long-term joint researchidentification of items for short- and long-term joint tasks to foreign countries related opinions from experts Gathering international exchange activities for joint and encouraging development of education and training. participate Securing human resource that can actually India and having a pool of relevant experts from both by and functionality by tasks and jobs subdividing by abroad, skills, based on demand from the field. Establishment of legal and institutional basis to secure specialized in the training programs education and training resources financial and personnel, technical port of specialized of operation and establishment the for necessary educational institutions. for institution dedicated a of Designation or establishment screening of functional personnel participating in short- screening of functional programs term training Establishment of an industry-academic cooperation system to changes in technologies that can immediately respond sector logistics port changing rapidly the in functions and of educational curriculum the running and designing in institutions. Establishment of a cooperative system of institutions and and industries with research capabilities to anticipate respond to real demand. Expanding a wide range of knowledge exchanges among academia and industry, experts through joint research by research and holding regular seminars. in port logistics in India and a pool of experts Forming Development of short-term collective training (less than one (less than training of short-term collective Development capacities of and skills to improve practical week) courses incumbent workers for mid-level programs training Development of overseas port logistics sector in the field workers managers and key institutions that manage Select specialized educational professional trainers courses and train short-term training the promotion and promotion Setting standards to reflect • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • term) System Experts Workers Academia Academia Committee of Training of Training of Advisory of Advisory of Industry- Cooperation Cooperation Formulation Formulation Consisting of of Institution Key Policies Key Development Specialized in of Port Skilled Fostering Port Fostering Establishment Establishment Skilled Workers Long-term Basic Establishment of Programs (Short- Programs Plan for Fostering Plan for Fostering Plans for Mid and 198 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India Measures of India-Korea Key Policies Implementation Measures Cooperation
• Identification of complex demand for human resource that Korea by cooperating reflects the characteristics of individual ports by region and with Korea Port Training the characteristics of surrounding industries, aligning with Institute, Korea Maritime the national mid- to long-term development plan Institute, universities with • Securing education and training infrastructure and qualified undergraduate and graduate human resource for training and research courses on logistics
5. Review of Korea–India Joint Project
5.1. KSP’s policy in line with India’s port advancement
The Sagarmala Programme, promoted by the Indian government to make a breakthrough in the port industry, can be a policy turning point to revise the port industry– related laws and systems and improve training systems for the workforce necessary for port advancement. The port development policy has been used by developed countries to revitalize their economy in the process of trade globalization. However, Western hegemonic 199 CHAPTER countries’ port-led growth model, which has continued to grow after the First Industrial
Revolution, may not be appropriate for most late-coming economies that only began to focus 04 on economic development after World War II. Nevertheless, the case in which Korea, one Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India of the least developed countries after World War II, successfully realized port-led economic growth during the past half-century can provide practical lessons to India’s policy to enhance national competitiveness through port advancement.
Port Modernization, Connectivity Enhancement, Port-Linked Industrialization, and Coastal Community Development, which are the main objectives of the Sagarmala Programme, indicate that port advancement is a crucial task. For the Indian economy, improving the national logistics system, including port advancement, is an inevitable option for its participation in changes in the global logistics environment. The port advancement policy is an example of a successful strategy in Korea, which selected the port industry as the footing to support the export-led industry in economic growth. Therefore, the KSP’s approach to compare and analyze the development of the Korean port industry with the current state of India will provide useful insights for the improvement of India’s state-led port advancement policy.
Currently, India is facing limitations. It cannot handle rapidly increasing international trade with its existing port infrastructure capabilities, and it lacks a port workforce, quantitatively and qualitatively. As such, now is the time to improve the workers Future port workers will no longer be workers who used to provide simple labor in who used to provide simple labor in be workers will no longer Future port workers In other words, it is highly likely that all logistics equipment in ports will be converted in ports will be converted that all logistics equipment In other words, it is highly likely 5.2. Future of port industry and development of skilled port of skilled of port industry and development 5.2. Future and export cargo, the port’s logistics hub that handles more than 90% of import As a key more and reduce the workforce by 70% compared to existing ports. more and reduce the workforce by even port a labor-intensive environment. Soon, automated port systems will replace managed in an integrated method. Moreover, drones’ widespread use will enable real-time method. Moreover, drones’ widespread use will enable real-time managed in an integrated facilities in ports. monitoring, inspection, repair, and surveillance of large equipment and United States, Singapore, the of so-called smart ports is emerging. The ports in the The era which are advanced port logistics countries, and new ports in Netherlands, and Germany, or 30% by China have adopted fully automated port logistics. It can improve productivity ports, and cybersecurity. of and status location The real-time in the future. devices self-driving to machine-learning, buildings, can be all port components, such as ships, people, cargo, vehicles, equipment, and These efforts have already appeared in the changed logistics system of most global terminal Industrial technologies, Fourth innovative adopting are extensively GTOs (GTO). operators autonomous driving logistics and logistics operations, such as robots and automation in port of facilities in and big data in the operation equipment, the Internet of things transportation status will not change in the future. With the spread of globalization, the port’s role will countries. hub between trade crucial most as the serve will ports and critical, more become reliance and logistics port for demand the prevalent, more becomes trade international As on the port industry will increase. Therefore, efforts must be made to improve the existing to address the port-reliance issue effectively. ports’ labor-intensive work environment logistics industry needs to be strengthened. Responding to the quantitative demand term, there is a need to In the long in the short term is necessary. for a port workforce which is increasingly mechanized changes in the port industry, adapt to technological and competencies managers’ port professional strengthening by automated, and a skilled port workforce. systematically cultivating efficiency of the national logistics system and the economic port contribution. industry’s However, the national logistics efficiencysystem’s is not attained only by improving the be improved based needs to Productivity industry. and the port logistics infrastructure advanced enhanced through which is environment, logistics industry’s on the port and the that manages the port industry In addition, the workforce infrastructure. 200 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India professionals who operate mechanized ports. In this context, Korea’s case, in which a suitable port worker training system was established for a semiautomated port management system, can be a suitable study model in solving the port advancement challenges of India today. In the short term, India may respond to the quantitative demand for a port workforce and improve the skilled workforce’s quality by applying Korea’s experience to their pursuit of port advancement. Ultimately, however, both India and Korea will face the same challenge. They must fully automate their port operation systems. Shortly, both countries will have to develop new workforce training techniques suitable for fully automated port environments. As such, a cooperative relationship between India and Korea through the KSP is valuable in jointly building a new trend, a high-tech smart port.
5.3. Potential sectors under Korea–India KSP
The Korea–India KSP provides a practical platform for sharing knowledge based on theoretical research exchanges, finding common areas of interest to set a direction for cooperation and development, and discovering useful policies. The KSP can also go one step further from the policy proposal stage to discovering potential projects that can commence 201 immediately. Even when mutual visitation exchange is impossible because of unavoidable CHAPTER reasons, such as COVID-19, the two nations can find viable cooperation means. In particular, 04 based on the research outcomes obtained through the consultation, “Manpower/Technology Policy Implications for Training of Skilled Workers to Advance the Port of India Strengthening Plan for Improving Port Operation in India,” jointly executed by KSP–ADB in 2019/2020, it is possible to discover feasible KSP projects. This pragmatic approach is also in line with the Sagarmala Programme.
In addition, the following projects can be also be considered for sector-specific cooperation related to the advancement of Korean–Indian ports. First is a capacity- building program for instructors who plan training programs and train port workers in India. Developing a curriculum that reflects the latest trends is necessary to respond to the qualitative demand for skilled port workers. Besides this objective, it is also necessary to establish a ToT system to strengthen instructors’ capabilities. A qualification certification system must be established first to manage workers’ proficiency levels. For this endeavor, Indian researchers can first investigate India’s port worker training curricula and certification systems to realize the workforce training program. Meanwhile, Korean experts can present a development model based on Korea’s experience, contributing to India’s current system and performance. The model discovered through joint research can be reviewed to derive a localization model that reflects the Indian job market and the industry’s demands. These three cooperative projects under the Korea–India KSP should propose propose should KSP Korea–India the under projects cooperative three These Third and last, in the development of training courses through short-term and long- courses through short-term and the development of training Third and last, in Second, the KSP can be utilized to develop a master plan for constructing the Indian Port Indian Port the constructing for plan master a develop be utilized to KSP can the Second, Korea’s port advancement case, India can gather insights to prevent the same trials and and trials same prevent the to gather insights can India case, port advancement Korea’s port expediting in insights such of most the make and experienced had Korea errors than Korea. advancement much quicker comprehensive plans for port advancement, such as improving laws and systems to ensure comprehensive plans for port advancement, for infrastructure the establish will these result, a As workers. port skilled of supply the port skilled of capabilities technical the strengthen and institutions training professional which experience over the past half-century, In achieving these goals, Korea’s workers. resulted in the current port competitiveness, will be beneficial.By studying and analyzing contribute to strengthening port competitiveness by fostering skilled port workers equipped fostering skilled port workers by contribute to strengthening port competitiveness logistics port automated highly a for suitable technology and knowledge advanced with environment. and technicians for technical courses. For long-term training, courses can be developed in in courses can be developed training, long-term For and technicians for technical courses. universities to invite international students. The with technical colleges and cooperation actively for students would be valuable in that they programs academic exchange bilateral future demands. Furthermore, they will changing rapidly respond to the port industry’s term international cooperation, it is possible to discover an exchange program that fosters that fosters to discover an exchange program it is possible term international cooperation, actively responding to changing port environments. an advanced workforce capable of can be invited for management courses port managers short-term workforce training, For conduct cross-research to identify training programs for skilled port workers in India. In in India. In port workers for skilled programs to identify training conduct cross-research establish to models formulated the review jointly researchers Korean and Indian way, this and to build an IPTI infrastructure master plan. Deriving a plan an optimal and feasible policy government’s Indian the to contribute will training for plan action an presenting decision-making. Training Institute (IPTI). Through the Korea Port Training Institute (KPTI) Incheon Center, Center, Incheon (KPTI) Institute Training Port Korea the Through (IPTI). Institute Training plan suitable an IPTI master possible to propose researchers, it is Korean by established analyze the IPTI can researchers in India. Indian port workforce skilled a for developing can and Korea on the KPTI Incheon model. India based Korea by construction plan proposed 202 Skill Enhancement to Improve Port Operations in India Reference
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