Statistical Optimization of Experimental Parameters for Extracellular Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by a Novel Haloalaliphilic Alkalibacillus Sp.W7 Hend M
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www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Statistical optimization of experimental parameters for extracellular synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by a novel haloalaliphilic Alkalibacillus sp.W7 Hend M. H. Al‑Kordy1, Soraya A. Sabry2 & Mona E. M. Mabrouk1* Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through simple, rapid, eco‑friendly and an economical method with a new haloalkaliphilic bacterial strain (Alkalibacillus sp. W7) was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box‑Behnken design (BP) was used to optimize the process parameters (ZnSO4.7H2O concentration, temperature, and pH) afecting the size of Alkalibacillus‑ZnO NPs (Alk‑ZnO NPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible spectrum, X‑ray difraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope‑energy dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Zeta potential. The UV–Vis spectrum of ZnO NPs revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 310 nm. XRD pattern confrmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of highly pure with a crystallite size 19.5 nm. TEM proved the quasi‑spherical shape nanoparticles of size ranging from 1 to 30 nm. SEM–EDX showed spherical shaped and displayed a maximum elemental distribution of zinc and oxygen. FTIR provided an evidence that the biofunctional groups of metabolites in Alkalibacillus sp.W7 supernatant acted as viable reducing, capping and stabilizing agents. Nanoparticles (NPs) with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nm 1exhibit unique features owing to their extremely small size and high surface area to volume ratio, which have attributed to the signifcant diferences in the properties over their bulk counterparts1,2. Te increasing research in the feld of nanotechnology has infuenced many areas such as energy, medicine, electronics, environment, catalysts and space industries 3–5. Te synthesis of nanoparticles with the help of microorganisms has no harmful impacts, does not require use of hazardous chemicals, energy efcient, simple, clean, economical, and provides greater biocompatibility espe- cially in the clinical and biomedical applications 6. In addition the various natural materials in microorganisms function as a potential biofactory for the reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles 7,8. Moreover, simple downstream processing provides greater biocompatibility in the uses of nanoparticles for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications and efective sources for high productivity and purity9,10. One of the few disadvantages for microbial synthesis of nanoparticles is the tedious purifcation steps and poor understanding of the mecha- nisms controlling the shape, size, and mono dispersity.Also, scaling up the production processing for industrial applications is a challenge for its commercialization. Another challenge is slection of biocatalyst and optimization of reaction condition to achieve better yield and small size 9,10. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the most important metal oxide with many signifcant fea- tures such as chemical and physical stability, high catalytic activity, efective antibacterial activity as well as intensive ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) adsorption 11. Tey are used in an array of products and wide range of applications1,12,13. Traditionally, ZnO NPs synthesized by various physicochemical methods sufer from drawbacks such as high cost, requirement of elevated temperature, high pressure, specialized equipment, use of toxic and environmentally hazardous chemicals; resulting in high energy consumption and the generation of large amounts of waste which 1Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt. 2Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. *email: mona_ [email protected] Scientifc Reports | (2021) 11:10924 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90408-y 1 Vol.:(0123456789) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 1. UV–vis absorption spectra of biosynthesised Alk-ZnO NPs, with maximum absorption at 334 nm. Inset shows visual observation of color change (I) Pure precursor (ZnSO 4.7H2O), (II) reducing agent (culture supernatant), (III) white clusters of Alk-ZnO NPs formed afer mixing reducing agent and precursor. pose environmental risks1. Microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast play an important role in the biological synthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs. Nevertheless, the biological synthesis of ZnO NPs using microbes still remains unexplored1. Te formation of nanomaterials by extremophiles is a promising approach for the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Extremophiles are important in the synthesis of NPs because they allow for the adjustment of the environment to fne-tune size, shape, stability, and capping proteins. Tis in turn optimizes the NPs for the large number of applications that they may fulfll14. From the literature survey, bacteria isolated from a challenged environment like salt alkaline habitats have never been explored as potential biofactories for the synthesis and stabilization of ZnO NPs. In an early report, Halomonas elongata IBRC-M 10214 has been recognized as a bio- factory, capable of producing ZnO NPs 15, whereas there was no literature available on nanoparticles synthesis by genus Alkalibacillus. Synthesis methods that control the size and shape of nanoparticles are useful in boosting their chemico- physical properties. It is imperative to optimize the parameters employed in the synthesis protocol to achieve good monodispersity, greater particle stability and excellent biocompatibility16,17. Te strong relationship between size and properties of nanoparticles has provided numerous chances for many scientifc areas 18. Optimization of factors such as temperature, pH value, precursor concentration, mixture ratio, and reaction time, and their interaction afect the biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles 19 have been very poorly evalu- ated for ZnO nanoparticles20. Statistical experiment strategy such as response surface methodology (RSM) is used to determine the relationship between the response variable (e.g., NPs size) and the factors afecting their size. Further, it determines the accurate optimum value (s) of the examined variables that give (s) a maximum or minimum optimal response, depending on the product or on the process in question16. Tis method consists of a number of mathematical and statistical techniques which improves and optimizes processes through evaluating the relationship between the independent variables and responses 21. Tis method was successfully applied in many areas of biotechnology, including some recent studies for green synthesis of nanoparticles16,17,22,23. Terefore, this innovative study explores an efcient, single step, green, environment-friendly and low-cost method for extracellular biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Alkalibacillus sp.W7 as a reducing as well as surface stabilizing agent. Te reaction parameters including temperature, concentration of Zinc sulphate, and pH value that afect the average diameter size of ZnO nanoparticles were statistically optimized with the Box–Behnken experimental design method. Te biosynthesized ZnO NPs were characterized and confrmed through various techniques such as UV–visible spectroscopy followed by SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. Results and discussion Extracellular synthesis of Alk‑ZnO NPs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the frst report employing Alkalibacillus sp. W7 as a natural nanofactory for extracellular synthesis of ZnO NPs. Te preliminary detection of nanoparticles formation was distinguished through visual observation of cloudy white clusters deposited at the bottom of the tube compared to control (Fig. 1). Te cloudy white precipitate arised as a result of reduction of Zn+2 ions to elemental Zn0 by active metabolites in the culture fltrate and is due to the excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the ZnO nanoparticles24. It has been demonstrated that the proteins, enzymes as well as other active metabolites secreted by microorganisms are the principal biomolecules involved in the formation of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles 4,25. It was found that the UV–vis absorption spectrum of biosyn- Scientifc Reports | (2021) 11:10924 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90408-y 2 Vol:.(1234567890) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Variable coded and actual values Trial X1 pH X2 Temperature (°C) X3 ZnSO4.7H2O (mM)) Average size (nm) of ZnO NPs 1 1(9) 0 (30) 1(10) 24.03 2 0 (8) 0 (30) 0 (8) 21.4 3 1(9) 0 (30) − 1(2) 36.46 4 0 (8) 0 (30) 0 (8) 20.5 5 1(9) 1(50) 0 (8) 27.6 6 − 1(7) 1(50) 0 (8) 32.7 7 − 1(7) 0 (30) 1(10) 26.4 8 0 (8) 1(50) 1(10) 27.14 9 0 (8) 1(50) − 1(2) 33.6 10 − 1(7) 0 (30) − 1(2) 28.02 11 − 1(7) − 1(20) 0 (8) 29.4 12 0 (8) 0 (30) 0 (8) 20.7 13 0 (8) − 1(20) 1(10) 26.02 14 1(9) − 1(20) 0 (8) 25.5 15 0 (8) − 1(20) − 1(2) 31.5 Table 1. Design matrix of Box–Behnken experiments showing coded and actual values of the evaluated independent variables along with response. Level of Source of Degree of Fishers’s function signifcance Determination variations freedom Sum of squares Mean square F-value (P-value) coefcient R2 Regression 9 305.371 33.93 15.533 0.003783 0.96546 Residual 5 10.922 2.184 Total 14 316.293 Table 2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the ftted quadratic polynomial model. thesized Alk-ZnO NPs demonstrated SPRcharacteristic maximum absorption peak at 334 nm (Fig. 1), several