Aeʻo endemic, endangered ´Alae ke´oke´o endemic, endangered Hawai‛ian Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) Hawai‛ian Coot (Fulica alai) of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park

Endemic and Indigenous

• Year-round resident • Year-round resident • 13-15” (35-39 cm) • 15” (38 cm) • Call “kwirk” or “yap” when disturbed • Call is sharp “keek” or croak • Large black and white wading with long pink • Dark grey bird with white bill and frontal shield; legs white undertail feathers • Found near ‛Aimakapā and Kaloko fishponds • Found in ‛Aimakapā and Kaloko fishponds • Breeding season: March to August • Breeding season: December to March • Nest locations on mudflats and near brackish ponds • During nesting season, prefer deeper water (up to 18”) with emergent vegetation • Diet: invertebrates, shellfish, and small fish • Diet: seeds, aquatic vegetation, and aquatic inverte- • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered brates hydrology, diseases, climate change, non-native invasive plants, and environmental contaminants • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive • Hawaiian proverb: Ka manu kāhea I ka waʻa e ho- plants, and environmental contaminants lo (the bird that calls to the canoe to sail) • Native Hawaiians once regarded this bird as a deity, but also considered it good to eat

´Auku´u indigenous ´Iwa indigenous Black-Crowned Night Heron Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor palmerstoni) (Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli)

• Year-round resident • Year-round resident • 25” (63 cm) • 43” (109 cm) with 7 ft (2.1 m) wingspan; can soar to 500 ft (150 m) in elevation • Call is a loud “kwok” when flying • Long slender wings, deeply forked tail, and long, • Solitary bird often seen crouching motionless at the pale blue/grey to blackish hooked bill edge of ponds and tidepools • Occasionally seen soaring above coastal areas and • Adults mostly grey with dark head and back, and fishponds in the park and near the harbor long white head plume; dark bill, red eye, and yel- • Adult males are black; during breeding season they low feet and legs inflate a large red throat pouch; most birds in HI are females, with black head and body and white • Juveniles are heavily streaked brown and white throat and breast; juveniles similar to females but • Found near fishponds and tidepools with all white head • ‛Iwa can not take off from water; they snatch prey • Diet: fish, insects, and small mammals from the surface of the ocean or steal food from • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered other seabirds (‛Iwa = thief) hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive • Diet: fish and squid plants • Threats: introduced predators (feral cats, rats, mon- • Hawaiian proverb: Kohā ke leo o ka ʻaukuʻu (the goose), climate change voice of the ʻaukuʻu is heard to croak • Hawaiian proverb: Lele ka ʻiwa malie kai koʻo • Inset photo: juvenile (When the iwa bird flies [out to sea] the rough sea will be calm)

Kōlea migratory ´Akekeke migratory Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva) Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) Birds of Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park

Migratory

• Winter visitor from August to May • Winter visitor from August to May

• 9-10” (23-26 cm) • 8-10” (20-25 cm) • Call is a slurred whistle or “chu-eet” • Call “a-ke-ke-ke” • Mostly solitary birds found in coastal forest habitat • Common in small flocks along shoreline and in and along shorelines rocky intertidal areas • Breeds in Siberia and Alaska • Breeds in the Arctic; some oversummer in HI • Winter plumage: yellowish brown back with light • Winter plumage: brown above and white below underside • Breeding plumage: reddish brown pattern on back • Breeding plumage (inset photo): black, gold, and and rich black color on head and chest white speckling above and black face, underside, and wingtips • Small black bill and bright orange legs • Diet: terrestral insects • Turns over stones while foraging on rocky beaches • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered • Diet: insects and crustaceans hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered plants, and environmental contaminants hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive • Believed to be the incarnation of Koleamoku, the plants, and environmental contaminants god of the art of healing; honored in many tradi- • In Hawaiian legend, ʻakekeke are messengers of tional Hawaiian stories, songs, chants, and hula the gods along with kōlea and ‘ulili ´Ūlili migratory Hunakai migratory White Faced Ibis migratory Wandering Tattler (Heteroscelus incanus) Sanderling (Calidris alba) Plegadis chihi

• Winter visitor from August to April • Winter visitor from August to April • Winter visitor, primarily juveniles • 11” (28 cm) • 8” (20 cm) • 23” (58 cm)

• Call “oo-li-li-li” • Call is a soft “wick wick” • Call nasal “urm” • Solitary birds found along shoreline and in rocky • Small flocks found along shoreline and in rocky • Tall dark wading bird with long downcurved bill intertidal areas intertidal areas and red eye • Breeds in Alaska and Siberia • Breeds in the high Arctic tundra • Found near ‛Aimakapā fishpond • Winter plumage: dark grey above and light grey • Winter plumage: light grey above and white below below (looks white from a distance) • Breeds on US mainland from Oregon to Texas

• Breeding plumage: grey above with dark grey • Breeding plumage: reddish brown head, breast, and • Feathers metallic green bronze in sunlight stripes below back • Diet: invertebrates, shellfish, and small fish in • Long black bill and greenish-yellow legs • Thin black bill and black legs mud, water, and along shoreline • Bobs tail while foraging • Diet: invertebrates and molluscs • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered • Diet: invertebrates and small fish • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered hydrology, non-native invasive plants, and envi- hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered plants, and environmental contaminants ronmental contaminants hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive plants, and environmental contaminants • Hunakai means “sea foam” in Hawaiian, which is where these birds get their food • In Hawaiian legend, ‘ulili are messengers of the gods along with kōlea and ʻakekeke

Koloa mohā migrant Koloa māpu migrant Lesser Scaup migratory Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata) Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) Aythya affinis

• Winter visitor from October to May • Winter visitor from August to April • Winter visitor from October to February • 19” (48 cm) • 26” (66 cm) • 16” (42 cm)

• Call a nasal “quack” and “took-took” • Male’s call is a whistle; female’s a “quack” • Calls a sharp “whew” or “purr” • Often seen in small groups at ʻAimakapā fishpond • Found at ‛Aimakapā fishpond • Found at ‛Aimakapā fishpond • Breeds in Siberia, Alaska, and Canada • Males have a dark head with a purple sheen and • Breeding males have green head, yellow eyes, yellow eyes; sides mottled gray, appearing white at black bills, and rusty sides; females have orange • Breeding males are dark brown on the head and a distance; females are brown with white at the upper neck with white across the lower throat ex- base of the bill bills and mottled brown bodies tending up onto the head, and gray on most of the • Both sexes have blue wingpatches in flight body; female plumage is mottled light and dark • Males have a blue-gray bill with black tip; females brown. Nonbreeding male plumage is similar to have a dark gray bill • Large dark bill shaped like a spoon or shovel; bill females • Diet: shellfish sifted from mud and aquatic vegeta- longer than head, with lamellae along the edges to • Both males and females have pointed, pinlike tails tion strain food from water while dabbling • Diet: seeds and leafy parts of aquatic plants • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered • Diet: seeds and aquatic invertebrates hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered plants • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive plants • Inset photo: female plants • Inset photo: female

American Wigeon migratory Cattle Egret introduced, invasive Anas americana Birds of Bubulcus ibis

Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park

Introduced/Non-Native

• Winter visitor from October to March • Invasive. Introduced from Florida in 1959 to con- • 19” (48 cm) trol insect pests on cattle ranches • Male’s call is a slow, high-pitched whistle • 20” (51 cm) • Often seen in small flocks at ʻAimakapā fishpond • Native to Africa and Asia • Breeding males have a white crown, green stripe • Calls are raspy “rick rack” and “raa” from behind the eyes to the back of the head, and contrasting light and dark plumage on the rump; • Large white bird with long yellow bill, yellow legs, female plumage is mottled light and dark brown. and rusty head feathers Nonbreeding male plumage is similar to females • Roost communally in groups of 100 or more near • Feed on the surface and often steal from diving shorelines and around fishponds ducks • Diet: terrestrial insects and crustaceans • Diet: seeds and leafy parts of aquatic plants and grasses • Threat to native waterbirds because they are ag- gressive chick hunters • Threats: habitat loss, introduced predators, altered hydrology, climate change, non-native invasive plants • Inset photo: female

Common Myna introduced, invasive Red-Masked Parakeet introduced Gray Francolin introduced Acridotheres tristis Aratinga erythrogenys Francolinus pondicerianus

• Imported in 1865 from India to control army • Released caged bird first seen on the Big Island in • Introduced as a game bird in 1958 worms in pastures 1988 • 13” (33 cm) • 10” (25 cm) • 13” (33 cm) • Native to India • Calls are a loud variety of squawks, clicks, whis- • Native to Peru and Ecuador • Call a loud “ki-oh, ki-oh, ki-oh” tles, and chirps • Call is a loud screech • Commonly found in small groups in coastal forest • Often walk or skip rather than hop • Large flock lives near Honokōhau Boat Harbor and areas and in lava fields in the park, and on golf • Known to pick up and display shiny paper or piec- can be found in kiawe trees along the Mauka- courses and along roadsides throughout the Big es of plastic Makai trail Island • Communal nests in hollow trees • Communal roosting and breeding sites in high ele- • Small grouse-like bird with orange-brown face and vation craters on the ridge of Hualālai forehead • Plumage is brown with black on the head; white wing patches in flight • Bright green plumage with red crown, face, and • Plumage on back is pattern of light brown rectan- shoulder. Pale white eye ring and cream colored gles bordered by while lines; underside is finely • Legs, bill, and skin around eyes are yellow bill barred with brown and white lines • Diet: omnivorous scavengers • Diet: seeds, fruits, and flowers • Diet: insects and seeds • Threat to native birds because they consume eggs

and spread diseases Northern Mockingbird introduced Saffron Finch introduced Yellow-Billed Cardinal introduced Mimus polyglottos Sicalis flaveola Paroaria capitata

• Imported in 1928 to control pests on Oahu; first • Imported in 1965 • Imported in 1930, currently only found on the Big established on the Big Island in the 1960s Island • 6” (15 cm) • 10” (25 cm) • 7” (18 cm) • Native to South America • Large variety of calls including other birds’ songs • Native to South America • Song is a series of one or two notes with an occa- and environmental noises, mostly whistles, rasps sional trill • Song is a repetitive “chew-wee-chew” and call is a and trills in a long series of repeated phrases nasal “wee” • Gregarious species seen in pairs or small groups • Found in coastal forest areas along the Mauka- throughout the park • Found primarily on the leeward side of the island Makai trail and in coastal areas throughout the park • Bright yellow plumage with orange or saffron col- • Plumage is light gray above and pale gray below oration on forehead and crown, small black bill, • Plumage is black on the back and white under- with a black bill, long black tail, and white wing and pink legs neath, with a bright red head bars • Diet: seeds, grains, insects, and plants • Bill and legs are yellow • Diet: insects and fruits • Diet: seeds, fruits, insects, and flowers Northern Cardinal introduced African Silverbill introduced Japanese White-Eye (Mejiro) introduced Cardinalis cardinalis Lonchura cantans Zosterops japonicus

• Imported in 1929; established on the Big Island in • First recorded on the Big Island in 1970 • Imported in 1927 to control insects 1933 • 4.5” (11 cm) • 4” (10 cm) • 9” (23 cm) • Native to Africa • Native to Japan • Native to eastern North America • Call is similar to tinkling bells in flight • Call is an elongated “twee” • Males and females sing in a series of two-parted • Often seen in pairs or small groups in dry areas • Found in throughout the park whistles, often ending in a series of whistles “cheer near the Hale Ho´okipa -cheer-birdie-birdie”; the most common call is a • Male plumage is green with yellow throat and loud metallic “chip” • Pale brown and light gray plumage with black tail, white abdomen; female coloration is duller which moves constantly from side to side • Found in coastal forest areas along the Mauka- • Prominent white eye ring is diagnostic feature Makai trail • Light blue, thick conical bill • One of the most common birds in Hawai‛i; adapts • Males are bright red with a black patch around a • Diet: seeds picked from grasses or the ground easily to new food sources and environments and red bill; females are dull reddish brown with some outcompete native birds for food

red on their wings, tail, and crest • Diet: fruits, insects, and nectar • Diet: insects, fruits, and seeds

Rock Dove introduced Spotted Dove introduced introduced Columba livia Streptopelia chinensis striata

• Imported from Europe around 1796 • Imported in the 1800s • Imported from Australia in 1922

• 12” (30 cm) • 12” (31 cm) • 8” (20 cm)

• Song is a series of throaty coos, often while bow- • Native to India and • Native to Southeast Asia ing and strutting • Call is a series of “u-croouw” notes • Also known as Barred Dove • Found throughout the park and closely associated • Often seen in pairs or small groups throughout the • Call is a staccato series of coos with humans park • Found in throughout the park • Large dark gray bird with green and purple metal- • Gray-brown plumage with a rosy breast and black lic sheen on neck and black wing stripes • Plumage is light brown to gray with black and band with white spots on the back of the neck white striations on neck and chest, and a bluish- • Diet: seeds and food left by humans such as bread • Bill is small and black; legs and feet pink gray face and nuts • Diet: seeds picked from the ground or human food • Small dove with long tail; reddish legs and feet scraps • Diet: seeds and insects References: Additional Information: Definitions: • Denny, J. 2010. Birds of Hawaiʻi. University of • All passerines (perching birds or songbirds) found • Endemic: Native species found only on the Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu, HI. in Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park are Hawaiian islands. Examples - Aeʻo (Hawaiian stilt) • DLNR. 2005. Hawaii’s Comprehensive Wildlife non-native, or introduced. and ʻAlae keʻokeʻo (Hawaiian coot). Conservation Strategy. • Native bird populations are threatened by non- • Engilis, Jr. A. and Naughton, M. 2004. US Pacific • Indigenous: Breeding species that arrived and es- native predators (mongooses, rats, dogs, and feral Islands Regional Shorebird Conservation Plan. tablished themselves on the islands unassisted by cats), habitat loss, diseases (primarily avian malar- USFWS. Portland, OR. people. Occur elsewhere in the world. Example - ia), habitat-altering non-native plants, non-native • https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Hawaiian_Islands/ ʻAukuʻu (black-crowned night heron). wildlife_and_habitat/ Accessed April 2020. avian species (e.g. common myna), and climate • https://hawaiibirdingtrails.hawaii.gov/bird/ Accessed change effects such as increasing temperatures and • Migratory: Species that travels seasonally over February 2020. sea level rise. long distances. Most migratory birds in Hawaii • NPS. 2013. JAHO Cultural Center Environmental • A small breeding population of pied-billed grebes breed elsewhere. Assessment. was established at ʻAimakapā fishpond in the • Introduced/Exotic: Brought in by people. Exam- • NPS. 2015. Mālama ʻAimakapā Wetlands Restoration 1980s, but disappeared in the early 1990s after an ples - doves, cattle egrets, and cardinals. Some in- Management Plan and Environmental Assessment. outbreak of avian botulism. troduced species are invasive, and are threats to • NPS. 2020. Manu –Birds. Kaloko-Honokōhau Nation- • The only native bird species remaining in the park native species. al Historical Park brochure and checklist. are some of our waterbirds and shorebirds. • Pukui, M. K. 1983. ʻŌlelo NoʻEau. Hawaiian Photos: USFWS, NPS—Tom Fake, Bryan Harry, Jack Proverbs and Poetical Sayings. Bishop Museum Press, Jeffrey Hononlulu, HI. • USFWS. 2011. Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Water-