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New York: the Ultimate Skyscraper Laboratory

New York: the Ultimate Skyscraper Laboratory

Tall Locations in Tall in Numbers The recent boom has been characterized by an increase in luxury residential , an increase in slenderness aspect ratios, and substantial construction in new locations away from Lower and Midtown , in areas once considered “fringe,” such as Brooklyn, Queens and Jersey City. The research below examines the function and location of tall New York: The Ultimate Skyscraper Laboratory buildings over 100 meters, recently completed or under construction,3 in the region4, with supertall buildings represented by larger dots. When construction of 111 West 3 4 (438 m) completes A timeline of skyscraper completions in New York uncannily Study of 100 m+ buildings in the New York City regionQueens – 20 in 2018, it will challenge the (2%) resembles the boom and bust cycles of the in QueensJersey – 20 City – 21 VIA 57 WEST (142 m), planned boundaries of engineering with Jersey City – 21 (2%) (3%) Bronx – 10 for completion in 2015, is a a width-to-height ratio of almost Upon completion in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The most active year was Hotel – 52 Other – 8 (3%) Brooklyn – 33 Bronx – 10 (1%) housing project designed as a 1:25, using 15,000 PSI 2015, 432 Avenue hybrid between the European (426 m) will become the Hotel – 52 (6%)Other – 8 (1%) Brooklyn – 33 (4%) (1%) and a pendulum damper to 1931, when the fi nal excesses of the Roaring ‘20s were thrown perimeter block and a world’s tallest residential (6%) (1%) (4%) achieve this feat. skywards and frozen in concrete and . The scarcity of Mixed-use – 63 traditional Manhattan high-rise, skyscraper, surpassing Mixed-use – 63 (8%) with a courtyard allowing views the Princess in building materials clearly had their eff ects in the fl at World(8%) War towards the Hudson River. , which currently II period. The rise of multinational corporations may explain the stands at 413 m tall. relative surge in skyscraper construction in the 1970s, even as New York City itself endured its darkest fi nancial hours. Then Residential – 378 come the wild “” years of the 1980s, followed by the Residential – 378 (46%) (46%) In 2009, the Bank of O ce – 325 Manhattan – 742 lagged eff ect of the early 1990s slump. The singular event of O ce – 325 (39%) America Tower (366 m) Manhattan – 742 (90%) 53 West 53rd (320 m), also 9/11 did not have nearly the dampening eff ect on skyscraper (39%) became the first LEED (90%) Platinum-rated skyscraper. It known as the MoMA Tower, construction, compared to the fi nancial crisis of 2008-9. The was recognized as the uses an exposed, diagrid CTBUH Best Tall Building structural system and current boom demonstrates New York’s persistence as a Americas Winner in 2010. angular facets to create a unique silhouette on the magnet for capital, and it’s standing as the ultimate skyscraper Total = 826 Buildings New York City . Total = 826 Buildings Total = 826 Buildings laboratory over time. Total = 826 Buildings Timeline of Important in Japan Function Neighborhood Dots represent building height and location. Timeline of Tall Building Completions over 100 Meters in the New York City Region4 Note: chart begins in 1968 with Japan’s fi rst 150m+ completion Bars represent the total number of buildings completed each year. Dots represent a specifi c building and it’s height and function. Upon completion in 2019, 30 Note: chart begins inOsaka 1908 with the completionRest of Japan of the , the world’s tallest building at the time Hudson Yards (387 m) will anchor the Hudson Yards development, O ffi c e Residential Mixed-Use Hotel Other touted as the largest private real Pre-1900 – 4 (<1%) 1900s – 10 (1%) estate development in United States 600 Pre-1900 – 4 (<1%) 1900s – 10 (1%) 1910s – 13 (2%) 40 history. But unlike most buildings in 1910s – 13 (2%) 1920s – 56 (7%) the complex, this particular tower will 1920s – 56 2014:(7%) be devoted primarily to office space. – 63 (8%) Although the developer has yet 550 36 to release final plans, 2010s – 133 1930s – 63 (8%) 1929–1939: 1940s – 2 (<1%) Central Park Tower is expected 2010s – 133 (16%) to become the tallest residential 1940s – 2 (<1%) 1950s – 29 (3%) (16%) tower and house the tallest 500 1950s – 29 (3%) 32 1980s: Most active decade to date, occupied floor in , 1931: Most active year to date, 1452000s buildings – 119 completed upon its completion in 2019. 32 buildings completed 2015: 432 450 2000s – 119 (14%) 1960s – 76 28 1972–1973: World Trade Center (14%) 1960s – 76 (9%) 2011: Eight Spruce Street

(9%) Buildings Completed Described by the architect 400 1970s - 125 24 1920–1929: “Roaring 20s” 2010: Tower as “ stacked in the 1931: Building 1973–1974: Oil Crisis 1970s - 125 (15%) sky”, 56 1990s – 65 1980s – 145 1908: Singer Building 1980s – 145 (15%) (250 m) will use cantilevered 1990s – 65 (8%) (17%) Upon completion in 2011, Eight 350 2007: New York Times Tower 20 floor slabs to allow (17%)1977: 1930: The Building (8%) walls over four meters and Spruce Street (265 m) was the

Height (m) Center (world’s rst supertall) tallest residential building in North 9/11 private outdoor balconies, 1909: Metropolitan Life Tower 1932: 70 Pine 300 16 upon completion in 2016. America and was recognized as the 1930: The Trump Building CTBUH Best Tall Building Americas 1933: Comcast Building Winner in the same year. 1963: MetLife Building 1913: 1936: Thurgood Marshall 250 U.S. Court 12 1914–1918: WWI 1960: JPMorganChase Tower

1914: Municipal Building 1937–1947: Longest period of 4 200 tall building inactivity 8 New York City Region Totals (1939–1945: WWII) Total Population:5 8,421,602 Total Land :5 822.1 km2 150 4 Population Density:5 10,243.5 people/km2 Building Totals: 100 0 Upon opening in 2020, 2 World Total 100 m+ buildings:3 826 Trade Center (403 m) will be (One World Trade Center) 1910 192 0 193 0 194 0 195 0 196 0 197 0 198 0 199 0 200 0 201 0 2015 Tallest building height: 541.3 m built with 7 volumes, of various size and depths, stacked on top Average height of 100 m+ buildings: 145.7 m of each other to accommodate Key: Prior to the completion of in Although it was the world’s tallest building Along with the 64-story the building’s unique program. Height: Function: 2014, there were only four supertalls in for 41 years, from 1931–1972, there tower, Place New York’s One World Trade Center (541 m), 300m+ O ce Residential New York City and none along 57th are now seven buildings in New York will include improvements became North America’s tallest building when it 100m - 300m Mixed-Use Hotel Street. Currently, there are 4 supertalls City that are complete, under to , completed in 2014, planned for completion by 2019 construction, or proposed including extra capacity for surpassing ’s by 99 meters. It was Footnotes along 57th that will surpass the Empire 65,000 passengers and a recognized as the CTBUH 1. The focus on buildings over 100 meters is driven by the need to ensure accuracy of Best Tall Building Americas data, rather than suggesting that this is the threshold for a tall building. street alone. State Building in height. commuter waiting room. Winner in 2015. 2. All tall building data is from the CTBUH Skyscraper Center as of August 2015. 3. Graphics and statistics only include buildings compete or under construction, at Skyline elevation of 57th Street, looking North. All supertalls are highlighted. the time of research (August 2015). 4. All references to the “New York City region” includes all fi ve boroughs – Brooklyn, 52# | | Tall Buildings in Numbers CTBUHCTBUH Journal Journal | | 2015 2015 Issue Issue IV IV Queens, Manhattan, , and Staten Island, as well as Jersey City. 5. All population data and land mass data is taken from the United States Census Bureau, 2010 Census. Tall Building Locations in New York City Tall Buildings in Numbers The recent skyscraper boom has been characterized by an increase in luxury residential construction, an increase in slenderness aspect ratios, and substantial construction in new locations away from Lower and , in areas once considered “fringe,” such as Brooklyn, Queens and Jersey City. The research below examines the function and location of tall New York: The Ultimate Skyscraper Laboratory buildings over 100 meters, recently completed or under construction,3 in the New York City region4, with supertall buildings represented by larger dots. When construction of 111 West 3 4 57th Street (438 m) completes A timeline of skyscraper completions in New York uncannily Study of 100 m+ buildings in the New York City regionQueens – 20 in 2018, it will challenge the (2%) resembles the boom and bust cycles of the United States in QueensJersey – 20 City – 21 VIA 57 WEST (142 m), planned boundaries of engineering with Jersey City – 21 (2%) (3%) Bronx – 10 for completion in 2015, is a a width-to-height ratio of almost Upon completion in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The most active year was Hotel – 52 Other – 8 (3%) Brooklyn – 33 Bronx – 10 (1%) housing project designed as a 1:25, using 15,000 PSI concrete 2015, hybrid between the European (426 m) will become the Hotel – 52 (6%)Other – 8 (1%) Brooklyn – 33 (4%) (1%) and a pendulum damper to 1931, when the fi nal excesses of the Roaring ‘20s were thrown perimeter block and a world’s tallest residential (6%) (1%) (4%) achieve this feat. skywards and frozen in concrete and steel. The scarcity of Mixed-use – 63 traditional Manhattan high-rise, skyscraper, surpassing Mixed-use – 63 (8%) with a courtyard allowing views the in building materials clearly had their eff ects in the fl at World(8%) War towards the Hudson River. Dubai, which currently II period. The rise of multinational corporations may explain the stands at 413 m tall. relative surge in skyscraper construction in the 1970s, even as New York City itself endured its darkest fi nancial hours. Then Residential – 378 come the wild “Wall Street” years of the 1980s, followed by the Residential – 378 (46%) (46%) In 2009, the Bank of O ce – 325 Manhattan – 742 lagged eff ect of the early 1990s slump. The singular event of O ce – 325 (39%) America Tower (366 m) Manhattan – 742 (90%) 53 West 53rd (320 m), also 9/11 did not have nearly the dampening eff ect on skyscraper (39%) became the first LEED (90%) Platinum-rated skyscraper. It known as the MoMA Tower, construction, compared to the fi nancial crisis of 2008-9. The was recognized as the uses an exposed, diagrid CTBUH Best Tall Building structural system and current boom demonstrates New York’s persistence as a Americas Winner in 2010. angular facets to create a unique silhouette on the magnet for capital, and it’s standing as the ultimate skyscraper Total = 826 Buildings New York City skyline. Total = 826 Buildings Total = 826 Buildings laboratory over time. Total = 826 Buildings Timeline of Important Skyscrapers in Japan Function Neighborhood Dots represent building height and location. Timeline of Tall Building Completions over 100 Meters in the New York City Region4 Note: chart begins in 1968 with Japan’s fi rst 150m+ completion Bars represent the total number of buildings completed each year. Dots represent a specifi c building and it’s height and function. Upon completion in 2019, 30 Note:Tokyo chart begins inOsaka 1908 with the completionRest of Japan of the Singer Building, the world’s tallest building at the time Hudson Yards (387 m) will anchor the Hudson Yards development, O ffi c e Residential Mixed-Use Hotel Other touted as the largest private real Pre-1900 – 4 (<1%) 1900s – 10 (1%) estate development in United States 600 Pre-1900 – 4 (<1%) 1900s – 10 (1%) 1910s – 13 (2%) 40 history. But unlike most buildings in 1910s – 13 (2%) 1920s – 56 (7%) the complex, this particular tower will 1920s – 56 2014:(7%) One World Trade Center be devoted primarily to office space. 1930s – 63 (8%) Although the developer has yet 550 36 to release final design plans, 2010s – 133 1930s – 63 (8%) 1929–1939: Great depression 1940s – 2 (<1%) Central Park Tower is expected 2010s – 133 (16%) to become the tallest residential 1940s – 2 (<1%) 1950s – 29 (3%) (16%) tower and house the tallest 500 1950s – 29 (3%) 32 1980s: Most active decade to date, occupied floor in North America, 1931: Most active year to date, 1452000s buildings – 119 completed upon its completion in 2019. 32 buildings completed 2015: 432 Park Avenue 450 2000s – 119 (14%) 1960s – 76 28 1972–1973: World Trade Center (14%) 1960s – 76 (9%) 2011: Eight Spruce Street

(9%) Buildings Completed Described by the architect 400 1970s - 125 24 1920–1929: “Roaring 20s” 2010: Bank of America Tower as “houses stacked in the 1931: 1973–1974: Oil Crisis 1970s - 125 (15%) sky”, 56 Leonard Street 1990s – 65 1980s – 145 1908: Singer Building 1980s – 145 (15%) (250 m) will use cantilevered 1990s – 65 (8%) (17%) Upon completion in 2011, Eight 350 2007: New York Times Tower 20 floor slabs to allow window (17%)1977: Citigroup 1930: The (8%) walls over four meters and Spruce Street (265 m) was the

Height (m) Center (world’s rst supertall) tallest residential building in North 9/11 private outdoor balconies, 1909: Metropolitan Life Tower 1932: 70 Pine 300 16 upon completion in 2016. America and was recognized as the 1930: The Trump Building CTBUH Best Tall Building Americas 1933: Comcast Building Winner in the same year. 1963: MetLife Building 1913: Woolworth Building 1936: Thurgood Marshall 250 U.S. Court House 12 1914–1918: WWI 1960: JPMorganChase Tower

1914: Municipal Building 1937–1947: Longest period of 4 200 tall building inactivity 8 New York City Region Totals (1939–1945: WWII) Total Population:5 8,421,602 Total Land Area:5 822.1 km2 150 4 Population Density:5 10,243.5 people/km2 Building Totals: 100 0 Upon opening in 2020, 2 World Total 100 m+ buildings:3 826 Trade Center (403 m) will be (One World Trade Center) 1910 192 0 193 0 194 0 195 0 196 0 197 0 198 0 199 0 200 0 201 0 2015 Tallest building height: 541.3 m built with 7 volumes, of various size and depths, stacked on top Average height of 100 m+ buildings: 145.7 m of each other to accommodate Key: Prior to the completion of One57 in Although it was the world’s tallest building Along with the 64-story the building’s unique program. Height: Function: 2014, there were only four supertalls in for 41 years, from 1931–1972, there tower, One Vanderbilt Place New York’s One World Trade Center (541 m), 300m+ O ce Residential New York City and none along 57th are now seven buildings in New York will include improvements became North America’s tallest building when it 100m - 300m Mixed-Use Hotel Street. Currently, there are 4 supertalls City that are complete, under to Grand Central Terminal, completed in 2014, planned for completion by 2019 construction, or proposed including extra capacity for surpassing Chicago’s Willis Tower by 99 meters. It was Footnotes along 57th that will surpass the Empire 65,000 passengers and a recognized as the CTBUH 1. The focus on buildings over 100 meters is driven by the need to ensure accuracy of Best Tall Building Americas data, rather than suggesting that this is the threshold for a tall building. street alone. State Building in height. commuter waiting room. Winner in 2015. 2. All tall building data is from the CTBUH Skyscraper Center as of August 2015. 3. Graphics and statistics only include buildings compete or under construction, at Skyline elevation of 57th Street, looking North. All supertalls are highlighted. the time of research (August 2015). 4. All references to the “New York City region” includes all fi ve boroughs – Brooklyn, # | CTBUH Journal | 2015 Issue IV Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island, as well as Jersey City. 5. All population data and land mass data is taken from the United States Census Bureau, 2010 Census.

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