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Relating alpha diversity of gastropods in predicting climate change

Conference Paper · November 2017 DOI: 10.1109/ICETAS.2017.8277900

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Belen T. Lumeran Department of Mathematics & Sciences AMA International University Salmabad, Kingdom of Bahrain [email protected]

Abstract - Climate change is a phenomenon which affects factor like temperature may exert an observable effect on the community structure of a particular marine ecosystem. A 4-year species specific may exert an observable effect on the species annual monitoring of Alpha (Į) diversity of intertidal gastropods specific population. Biological diversity can be assessed in in Asry Beach, Kingdom of Bahrain is used as a predictor of many ways. However, Į-diversity indices such Shannon [H] climate change in this particular study. Specifically, to list and and Margalef’s (d) are often utilized for organisms occupying classify taxonomically the intertidal gastropods; determine the annual Į-diversity and species richness using Shannon [H] and the same habitat and resources. Margalef’s (d) diversity indices; find out significant differences in Periodic monitoring of the intertidal gastropods in coastal the calculated Į-diversity; relate the calculated Į-diversity in areas of the marine ecosystem in Bahrain had been undertaken predicting climate change based on atmospheric temperature as commencing from 2012 to 2016. Purposely to establish secondary data and monitor substrate temperature in the study baseline data for population changes relating to biodiversity. area. Taxonomic listing and identification of gastropods show 16 This particular study focuses not only on periodic diversity of families, 25 genera and 22 species. Alpha diversity and species intertidal gastropods. Instead on the prediction of climate richness vary annually using Shannon [H] and Margalef’s (d) change as diversity indices change. Since changes occur diversity indices. Results depicted higher H value (1.271) in 2015- slowly, the immediate of climate change on biodiversity 2015 and lowest (1.183) in 2013-2014 while higher (d) values (7.652) 2013-2014 and 2015-2016. However, there is no significant cannot be easily predicted. In addition to the effect of climate difference at p= 0.5 in the calculated indices using ANOVA. The which interacts with the environmental stressors already stability of the community structure is determined by evenness present in the habitat. Although the time scale used in this and distribution of its taxonomic components in relation to all study may be too short for a possible conclusion on the effect other species. Correlation analysis (r=0.669) showed that of climate, however any change in the Į-diversity indices atmospheric temperature exert an effect on the abundance of values will be considered as predictor of climate change focus species and their distribution in that particular area. However, on a smaller scale. species richness may not be affected by the changes in Hence, this study was conducted to relate Į-diversity of atmospheric temperature (r=0.214). Alpha diversity of gastropods may be used to predict climate change with the continuous intertidal gastropods in Asry Beach, Kingdom of Bahrain in increase in atmospheric temperature. The mean variations in both predicting climate change. Specifically, to list and classify annual atmospheric temperature (28.7oC -29.8oC) and substrate taxonomically the intertidal gastropods; determine the annual temperature of 31oC-33.3oC maintain a stable community Į-diversity and species richness using Shannon [H] and structure composed of the taxonomic groups of intertidal Margalef’s (d) diversity indices; find out significant gastropods. However, it is yet difficult to accurately estimate and differences in the calculated annual Į-diversity; relate the predict how climate change exerts an effect on biodiversity both calculated alpha diversity in predicting climate change using in spatial and temporal scales. published secondary data of atmospheric temperature;

Index Terms – Alpha diversity, climate change, gastropods determine significant relationship in the calculated annual alpha diversity and climate change based on the secondary I. INTRODUCTION data of atmospheric temperature; and monitor water temperature. Biodiversity studies are conducted in the various Recent years studies are focused on the observable effects ecosystems all over the world. The marine ecosystem is always of climate change in predicting biodiversity. The possible considered of particular interest. Most of the studies focused effects of climate change can be observed at individual, on the enumeration and identification of flora and fauna in population, species, community, and ecosystem [6]. Today’s their respective habitats. Marine organisms are indicators of great challenges are on biodiversity loss and climate changes the status of the entire ecosystem. Many species of gastropods [7, 8, 9]. The loss of biodiversity is a critical issue worldwide. inhabit the coastal areas of the marine ecosystem. Based on Climate as a fundamental factor determines the stages of life of population index, gastropods comprised the most number the organisms. Global climate change has a significant impact compared to other mollusks. Habitat-related environmental on global biodiversity [10, 11] of species both direct and indirect effect through its interaction with other environmental were the focus of the different studies however climate change factors [12]. will still be predicted in the proposed research undertaking. Accordingly, the different places of the world experience Results of the future marine biodiversity and ecosystem temperature changes and rainfall [13, 14]. Changes in study revealed strong evidences of the global climate thus biodiversity vary spatially and temporally. However, the affecting the marine environment [37] while the proposed problem in both spatial and temporal scales is difficult [15] to study will still on predicting climate change using diversity accurately estimate and predict how climate change exerts an indices. Biodiversity studies of marine invertebrates [38, 39, effect on biodiversity [16]. The impact of climate change is 40, 41, 42] specifically gastropods in the intertidal zone [43] evident in the warming of oceans [17] thus causing profound were also conducted similar to the proposed research however changes in the global distribution of biodiversity [18] even focused only on taxonomic identification and listing. An creating potential threats to global biodiversity. It is evident assessment of marine biodiversity threatened by climate that species affected by climate change may change, move, or change was conducted to determine species richness [9]. This die [19]. Abrupt and dramatic changes [20] in regional study is similar to the proposed study focused on marine biodiversity are one of the major consequences of climate biodiversity however, specific for gastropods in the intertidal change [21]. As a consequence, tropical marine will zone. Species range shifts of benthic marine biodiversity be migrating north or south as global sea temperatures rise patterns influenced by climate was conducted using abundance [22]. A major threat to species and ecosystems world-wide is records for six years [10]. Similarly, the current study will also attributed to the combined effects of variability of climate [23] use indicator species to determine biodiversity patterns and habitat loss [24]. influenced by climate change. Climate changes are characterized by multiple components II. METHDOLOGY to affect all levels of diversity. Basically, climate decreases genetic diversity at population level. This can be Continuous monitoring of Į-diversity was conducted in attributed to direct selection and rapid movement of organisms the same study area from 2012 to 2016, hence this particular affecting the functioning ecosystem. The higher organizational chapter presents the same materials and methods used as in the level and genetic effects of climate variation covered only previous studies [43]. small number of species [25]. Environmental conditions change. Hence adaptation to climate change is basically a A. Materials multiple process of viewing genetic variances and co-variances This particular study utilizes both in situ and ex situ [26]. The effect of climate change is evident in the pattern of materials and apparatus. Non-mercury thermometer is used for marine biodiversity specifically to species distribution [27]. in situ determination and monitoring of substrate temperature The effect of future global changes in biodiversity can be (ST), and aerial temperature (AT). A 100m nylon string and determined using species distribution models (SDMs) [28]. iron pegs were utilized for the establishment of the belt Hence, the change in the distribution of species and transect parallel to the shoreline. To determine the gastropods, composition of biological communities are influenced by a 1m x 1 m wooden quadrat is used. Other materials include global environmental changes [29]. forcep, sampling bottles and plastic bags for the collection of Studies related to biodiversity and climate change were the unidentified gastropods. conducted in various dimensions. It was emphasized that in the study of preventing species extinctions resulting from climate B. Research Design effects complete and regular assessment of species must be A descriptive-experimental research design is used conducted. Through species listing, vulnerable species for focused on the annual Į-diversity of gastropods from 2012- extinction can be identified. Hence effective conservation 2016. The predictor of climate change is the annual variation under climate may be realized [30]. Similarly, the proposed in the computed annual Į-diversity of gastropods. Abiotic study will use the same method of identifying endangered factor like substrate temperature (ST) was monitored for the species presumably due to climate change. The same listing entire duration of sampling that may affect the distribution of method was used in the study relating to the warning times for organisms. Predicting Į-diversity using Shannon diversity species extinction due climate change [31]. It was found out index (H) depends on the count of individual species in that that change in climate causes predictable extinction risks [32]. particular habitat. Likewise, Margalef’s index (d) predicts Although the proposed study will utilized intertidal species richness that determines the stability of the identified gastropods, however extinction may not be occurring yet. marine community in relation to the effect of climatic change. Different indicator organisms were used in the various studies focused on the impact of climate change. Animal indicator C. Establishment of Quadrats includes liberian lynx [33]; bird [34, 35], amphibian, and coral One square meter (1 m2) wooden quadrats were randomly species [36]. The study to be conducted will deal on intertidal established in the 50 m intertidal pool during low tide. Twelve gastropods which are aquatic organisms while the majority of (12) quadrats divided into four (4) sub-quadrats were used to the studies are all terrestrial. Direct effect of climate change facilitate the identification and determination of gastropods. A total of forty eight (48) sub-quadrats were used for the final III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sampling.

F. Taxonomic Identification of Intertidal Gastropods

D. Identification of Gastropods The gastropods found in each quadrat are determined and TABLE 1 identified in situ. The organisms within the quadrat are IDENTIFIED GASTROPODS IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF counted and recorded. Unidentified organisms are collected ASRY BEACH, KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN, and brought to the laboratory for identification using AUGUST 2012-JULY 2016 Taxonomic Group references in . Taxonomic classification is done Family Species Total following the three (3) hierarchy namely: (1) Family, (2) 1. Batillariidae Batillaria attramentaria 9 Genus, and (3) Species. Sowerby, 1855 E. Field Collection of Sample Specimen 2. Borsoniidae Ophiodermelta cacellata 2 Carpenter, Unidentified gastropods are collected. Specimens are placed 1864 in transparent plastic bags with proper labels. The collected Lirabuccinum odirum 35 samples are stored in an ice bucket while in the field to prevent 3. Buccidae Reeve, 1846 desiccation. The specimens are brought in the laboratory for Volutharpa ampullarea 11 Middendrorff, taxonomic identification. The samples are then freeze stored 1848 for future use. Calliostoma selectum 6161 4.Calliostomatidae Dillwyn, 1817 E. Determination of Indicator of Diversity Calliostoma variegatum 261 The distribution of gastropods occupying the same area Carpenter, 1864 utilizing similar resources is determined. Alpha diversity was 5. Cerethiopsidae Cerithiopsis sp. 1 119 calculated using Shannon diversity index (H). This also Lirobittium attenuatum 712 determines the heterogeneity of the area. Carpenter, The formula used is: 6. Cerithiidae 1864 s Stylidium eschrichtii 38 H = ™ - (Pi *In Pi), where, H, the Shannon diversity Middendroft, index; Pi is the fraction of the entire population made up of 1849 Bittium vancoverense 15 1-1 Dall & species I; s, the number of species encountered; ™, the sum Bartsch, 1910 from species 1 to 5, and In, the natural logarithm of the 7. Collumbellidae Astyris aurantiaca 2 number. The higher the computed H- value the more Dall, 1871 8. Epitoniidae Opalia borealis 51 heterogeneous hence the more diverse the community. The H- Kepe, 1881 value also determines how the species is distributed in relation Oepota olividensis 5 to all other species in the community. 9. Margeliidae Carpenter, Species richness is determined based on the total count of 1864 gastropods in the sampled community. Margalef’s diversity Oenopota tabulate 47 Carpenter, index (d) is used to determine the species richness. The 1864 formula for Margalef’s diversity index (d) is given as d = (S- Ocinebra inornata 6 1)/In N, where, d, the species richness index; S, the number of Recluz, 1851 species in a population, and N, the total number of individuals Ocinebrina atropupurea 9 in S species. Magralef’s diversity index (d) standardizes the 10. Carpenter, 1864 number of species encountered in relation to the total number Nucella olamellosa 10 of individuals encountered. The measure of species diversity is Gmelin, 1791 based on the computed index value, higher index means more Scabrotrophon maltzani 1 diverse. Kobett & Kuster, 1878 Callianax obiplicata 19 F. Statistical Analysis Sowerby, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to find out 11. Olivellidae 1825 significant differences in the computed annual Į-diversity. Callianax baetica 23 Correlation analysis was used to determine significant Carpenter, 1864 relationship in the computed annual Į-diversity and climate Callianax pycna 13 change based on the secondary data for atmospheric S.S. Berry, temperature. 1935 Turbonilla sp. 1 215 Turbonilla sp. 2 18 12.Pyramidellidae Evalea tenuisculpta 142 29.4 oC (Table 3) and substrate temperature ranges of 31oC to Carpenter, 33.3oC (Table 4). Environmental conditions change [26], 1864 Lirularia olirulata 241 however the effect in the pattern of gastropod diversity is not 13.Trochidae Carpenter, evident. Accordingly, the effect of climate change is evident in 1864 the pattern of marine biodiversity specifically to species Lirularia succinata 16 distribution [27]. Species listing help to identify vulnerable Carpenter, species [30]. 1864 14.Turbinidae Homalopoma luridum 319 Results of Margalef’s diversity index (d) for annual Dall, 1885 species richness depicted evenness of species with higher (d) Homalopoma baculum 125 values in 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 (d=7.652). Results imply Carpenter, that the same species of gastropods are naturally found in the 1864 intertidal zone of Asry Beach. Species richness is attributed to Velutina velutina 7 15. Velutinidae O.F.Muller, the presence of 22 identified species belonging to 16 families 1776 and 16 genera (Table 1). Marine biodiversity studies were also Marsenia thrombica 31 conducted specifically on intertidal marine gastropods [38, 39, Dall, 1871 40, 41, 42, 43]. A biodiversity study of the gastropods in the 16. Arctomelon tearnsii 12 intertidal zone revealed species richness [43] and other marine Dall, 1872 invertebrates [38, 39, 40]. Although there are natural Total: 16 25 22 8675 environmental threats present in the natural habitat of the organisms, adaptation for survival is always evident in the

marine ecosystem. Temperature variations as a factor may Table 1 presents the taxonomic list and identification of change the distribution of species [29] in a biological the different intertidal gastropods. Result shows 16 families community. However, the mean atmospheric temperature composed of 26 genera and 22 species. A total of 8,675 (29.4oC) from August 2012 to July 2016 (Table 4) is still gastropods were identified. The same taxonomic groups were favorable for these gastropods to reproduce and to inhabit the identified in 2012-2013 study of gastropods in the intertidal same community. zone of Asry Beach [43]. This implies that the annual Statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) monitoring of these groups of marine organisms will determine depicted insignificant differences in H values at p= 0.05 level changes in species composition and the possible effect of of significance with F-value of 0.000 smaller than the P-value environmental changes such as temperature in relation to of 1.000. This implies that there is no significant difference in biodiversity. the annual Į-diversity of gastropods. Hence, the pattern of B. Annual Diversity and Species Richness Using Shannon (H) species distribution is the same annually based on the period and Margalef’s (d) Diversity Indices covered in this particular study. The different species are evenly distributed. The abundance of the species is determined TABLE 2 in relation to all other species. Similarly, using ANOVA SUMMARY RESULTS OF ANNUAL ALPHA DIVERSITY depicted insignificant differences in (d) values at p= 0.05 level of significance with F-value of 0.000 smaller than the P-value Year Diversity Indices Shannon Index (H) Margalef’s Index (d) of 1.000. This implies that there is no significant difference in 2012-2013 1.1.87 6.518 species evenness and distribution using Margalef’s diversity 2013-2014 1.183 7.652 index (d). Hence, the pattern of species richness is the same 2014-2015 1.268 6.518 annually based on the period covered in this particular study. 2015-2016 1.271 7.652 Statistically, there is insignificant difference in the annual *The higher the value, the more diverse and specie rich Į-diversity of the intertidal gastropods using Shannon [H] and Determined annual Į-diversity using Shannon Index [H] Margalef’s diversity indices. This implies that the same and Margalef’s diversity index (d) are presented in Table 2. As number of species of gastropods abound in the same habitat shown in Table 2, H value of 1.271 is higher in 2015-2016 which compose the community structure of that particular compared to 2014-2015 (H= 1.268), 2013-2014 (H= 1.183), marine ecosystem. It can be further inferred that the stability of and 2012-2013 (H=1.187). Results implied that many species the population is maintained even if these organisms utilize the of gastropods are adapted to varying environmental conditions same resources and exposed to the natural environmental and changes in climate [1]. Within their respective habitat, [H] threats. Thus, maintaining biodiversity. values depicted both direct and indirect effect [12] as the population of gastropods interacts with the environmental C. Relating Alpha Diversity in Predicting Climate Change factors. Hence, the identified species of gastropods (Table 1) are adapted to the environmental condition in their respective TABLE 3 habitat. The identified species of gastropods are adapted to MEAN ANNUAL ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE (in 0C) o AUGUST 2012-JULY 2016 both annual atmospheric temperature changes of 28.7 C to Annual Sampling Period Month 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015- Mean 2013 - - 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 August 36 30 37 44 36.8 August 36 32 43 45 39.0 September 35 44 28 37 36.0 September 35 38 30 40 35.8 October 31 29 39 32 32.8 October 34 35 35 36 35.0 November 26 26 25 36 28.3 November 30 28 30 36 31.0 December 12 20 15 18 16.3 December 23 27 18 24 23.0 January 10 16 19 17 15.5 January 12 22 25 20 19.8 February 22 27 21 21 22.8 February 28 26 29 22 26.3 March 29 17 28 20 23.5 March 29 18 28 23 24.5 April 28 32 31 30 30.3 April 35 37 39 31 35.5 May 43 44 34 31 38.0 May 40 42 40 35 39.3 June 29 28 41 37 33.8 June 30 30 40 36 34.0 July 43 42 38 35 39.5 July 40 40 42 36 39.5 nsMean 28.7 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.4 Mean 31 31.3 33.3 32 31.9 *ns-means not significant at p=0.05 using ANOVA The temperature of the substrate was monitored during the As presented in Table 3, the mean annual atmospheric entire duration of the study. Results of monitoring are shown temperature is high (29.8oC) during the 2015-2016. Statistical in Table 5. Annual substrate temperature is highest in 2014- analysis proved insignificant difference in the mean annual 2015 with mean temperature of 33.3oC and lowest in 2012- temperature. This implies stability of the atmospheric 2013 (31oC). The variation in substrate temperature maintains temperature from 2012 to 2016, hence did not affect the a stable community structure composed of the taxonomic species number of the identified intertidal gastropods in Asry groups of intertidal gastropods (Table 1). Environmental Beach. Changes in temperature due to climate change as both conditions change [26] that may directly or indirectly affect spatial and temporal problems [15] are difficult to assess. community structure of a particular marine ecosystem. Spatial Thus, to accurately estimate and predict how climate change distribution of the organisms in the area is maintained as a exerts an effect on biodiversity is difficult to determine [16] at result of their day-to-day interaction in the environment and this point in time. Unless there will be a drastic change in the other organisms found in their respective habitat. global temperature [20], thus affecting the ocean water and the marine organisms as well. As the warming of the ocean water IV. CONCLUSIONS [17] evidently determine the impact of climate change leading to habitat loss [24] which decreases genetic diversity at The intertidal zone of Asry Beach, Kingdom of Bahrain population level [25]. showed diversity of gastropods using Shannon (H) and Result of linear correlation showed a strong positive Margalef’s (d) diversity indices. The same number of species relationship (r = 0.6609) between the annual calculated alpha of gastropods abounds in the same habitat depicting the diversity using Shannon index [H] and atmospheric stability of the population even if the organisms utilize the temperature. This implies that the number of gastropods in the same resources and exposed to the natural environmental intertidal zone of Asry Beach is evenly distributed. It can be threats, thus maintaining biodiversity. Although atmospheric further inferred that the atmospheric temperature exert an temperature exerts an effect on the abundance of species and effect on the abundance of species and their distribution in that their distribution in that particular area, however, it is still particular area. Further, there is a weak positive relationship (r difficult to accurately estimate and predict in both spatial and = 0.214) between the annual calculated species richness using temporal scales how climate change exerts an effect on Margalef’s index (d). Result implies that the number of biodiversity during the period when this study was conducted. gastropods which compose each taxonomic group may not be Gastropods are adapted to variation in substrate temperature affected by the changes in atmospheric temperature. Alpha which maintains a stable community structure composed of the diversity of gastropods may be used to predict climate change taxonomic groups as a result of their day-to-day interaction in with the continuous increase in atmospheric temperature. As the environment and other organisms found in their respective different places of the world experience temperature changes habitat. and rainfall [13], effect on the species may be both direct and indirect as a result of the interaction with other environmental ACKNOWLEDGMENT factors [12]. The author expresses her sincerest gratitude to AMAIUB C. Substrate Temperature Monitoring management for the time afforded in the completion of this research. TABLE 4 MEAN SUBSTRATE TEMPERATURE (in oC) REFERENCES AUGUST 2012-JULY 2016 [1] E. Porter, W. Et al. “Interactive effects of anthropogenic nitrogen Annual Sampling Period enrichment and climate change on terrestrial and aquatic Month 2012- 2013 2014 2015- Mean biodiversity,2013.http://libresources.amaiu.edu.bh:2186/ehost/detail/detai [29] Thomas, CD. and Gillingham, PK.“The performance of protected areas l?vid=16&sid. for biodiversity under climate change”, 2015. 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