Intermediate Persian: a Grammar and Workbook

INTERMEDIATE PERSIAN: A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK

Intermediate Persian: A Grammar and Workbook comprises an accessible grammar and related exercises in a single volume. Each of the fourteen units deals with a particular grammatical point and provides associated exercises to help learners reinforce and consolidate their knowledge. There are additionally four appendices covering colloquial, polite, literary and journalistic styles.

Features include:

• a clear, accessible format • many useful language examples • clear, jargon-free explanations of grammar • abundant exercises with full answer key • units covering different levels of language • a glossary of Persian–English terms that includes all Persian simple verbs and their roots • a subject index

Intermediate Persian reviews many of the principal elements presented in its sister volume, Basic Persian, and introduces more advanced features and structures of the language. The two books form a compendium of the essentials of Persian grammar.

User-friendly and engaging, Intermediate Persian is suitable for both class use and independent study, making it an ideal grammar reference and practice resource for students and learners with some knowledge of the language.

Saeed Yousef is Senior Lecturer of Persian at the University of Chicago, USA. He is also a poet and has published books of literary criticism and translations.

Hayedeh Torabi was a Lecturer of Persian at the University of Chicago, USA. She is a published writer, essayist and translator. Other titles available in the Grammar Workbooks series are:

Basic Cantonese Intermediate Cantonese Basic Chinese Intermediate Chinese Basic German Intermediate German Basic Irish Intermediate Irish Basic Italian Basic Japanese Intermediate Japanese Basic Korean Intermediate Korean Basic Persian Basic Polish Intermediate Polish Basic Russian Intermediate Russian Basic Spanish Intermediate Spanish Basic Welsh Intermediate Welsh Basic Yiddish INTERMEDIATE PERSIAN: A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK

Saeed Yousef Assisted by Hayedeh Torabi First published 2014 by Routledge

Published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Saeed Yousef and Hayedeh Torabi The right of Saeed Yousef and Hayedeh Torabi to be identiﬁed as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identiﬁcation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-0-415-61653-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-61655-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-75946-2 (ebk)

Typeset in Times Ten and B Lotus by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong CONTENTS

Introduction vii

1 Indirect speech 1 2 ‘Self’: emphatic, reflexive and possessive usages of khod 1 4 Objective pronouns 3 Definite and indefinite, singular and plural: review and 24 expansion Vocative case 4 Persian equivalents of English modal verbs 37 More on subjunctive 5 More on conditionals 53 If , unless ; otherwise , as if 6 Causative form 61 Optative mood Past participle as verb Deleting a similar verb Regulars on the march! 7 Impersonal forms 69 8 Position of verbs in the sentence 77 Verbs of state Putting on and taking off clothes To want, to be able to, to know 9 More on compound verbs 86 Ways to avoid passive 10 Nouns and adjectives made from verbs 92 Some prefixes and suffixes v Contents 11 Exclamative form 109 More on adjectives/adverbs Comparison of adjectives EzXfe 12 Correlative conjunctions 126 More on subordinate clauses A review of t X 13 How to use digar , hanuz , ham , 141 faghat/tanhX 14 Remember/forget 151 Arrange, change, difference Meaning and ‘to mean’

Appendix I Language of politeness and courtesy 164 Appendix II Colloquial Persian/Tehrani 169 Appendix III Literary, poetical, archaic 178 Appendix IV Good, bad and ugly Persian 183 Common mistakes Key to exercises 188 Persian–English glossary (including all Persian simple verbs) 220 Index 278

vi INTRODUCTION

This book is the follow-up to Basic Persian . While introducing some new categories and structures that have not been covered in the Basic volume, it expands on those already covered by giving new details and showing the usage nuances. The focus is standard modern Persian of Iran, although millions more use and understand Persian in different countries of Central Asia and beyond. With its abundant examples and exercises, Intermediate Persian is designed to assist learners of Persian at an intermediate or advanced level. Many of the subtleties and nuances of the language are being treated for the first time, especially having learners who are English speakers in mind. The book can be used independently (with answer keys supplied), but instructors of the language will also find it an indispensable complementary book for practicing grammar while using other texts for reading. Students can be asked to turn to this book (as well as to Basic Persian) as a source of reference and practice for each new grammatical subject, and each exercise is capable of being used in different ways to make it still more challenging. For instance, the students can be asked to translate the sentences back into the other language, change the tenses, and so on. Units 1 to 14 are designed to bring the learners to a level beyond which only more work on vocabulary building and idioms will be necessary. The four appendices deal with different styles and levels of language (colloquial, polite, literary – and even ‘journalistic’ Persian). And throughout the book, whenever students need to be reminded of some basic rules (like tenses, etc.), they can always refer to the Basic volume. References to Basic Persian are given in the style ‘(see I/13.3)’. The glossary includes all the words used in the two volumes, but it has a bonus feature also: it includes all the Persian simple verbs (printed bold to be found more easily), whether used in the book or not. As in the previous volume, in translations from Persian into English you might find he or she at random (when the antecedent is not specified), since there is no gender in Persian. vii Introduction Transcription:

Vowels:

a as a in banner ā as a in bar e as e in belly i as i in machine o as o in border u as u in Lucy

Diphthongs:

ow as ow in bowl ey as ey in prey

Consonants: b as b in boy m as m in mouse ch as ch in chair n as n in nose d as d in day p as p in pen f as f in ﬁne r like r in Italian Roma g as g in goose s as s in sun gh like r in French Paris sh as sh in shy h as h in horse t as t in to y j as j in joy v as v in vase k as k in key y as y in yes kh like ch in German Achtung! z as z in zoo l as l in lamb zh like j in French jour

Note: The glottal stop will be shown by an apostrophe (but is left out when in initial position).

Abbreviations (used mainly in the glossary):

adj . (adjective) intr . (intransitive) prep . (preposition) adv . (adverb) lit . (literary; literal) pres . (present) col . (colloquial) masc . (masculine) sg . (singular) conj . (conjunction) n . (noun) so . (someone) fem . (feminine) neg . (negative) sth . (something) form . (formal) perf . (perfect) subj . (subjunctive) gr . (grammar) pl . (plural) temp . (temporal) imp . (imperative) poet . (poetical) tr . (transitive) interj . (interjection) pr . (pronoun) wrt . (written)

viii All references to the ﬁrst volume (Basic Persian ) are preceded by: I/ ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT ONE 1 ِﻧﻘﻞ ِﻗﻮﻝ ِﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ Indirect speech

Indirect (or reported) speech

Indirect (or reported) speech in Persian has a golden rule that you should always remember: it is not how the sentence starts (i.e., the tense of the ‘reporting verb’) that determines what tense you should use – it is rather the tense of the verb in the original sentence, as you think it was originally said. that’), which, as in English, can‘) ﻛﻪ After the reporting verb you need be dropped. Similar to English, though not as strictly observed, there can be changes .there’), and the like‘) ﺁﻧﺠﺎ here’) to‘) ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ in adverbs – like the change from

1.1 Reporting present tense statements

When reporting some statement that was originally in the present tense, don’t change the tense at all, even if the sentence starts with a past verb like ‘she said. . . .’ What needs to be changed is the person (if you are not citing yourself) and, if necessary, some adverbs of time and place, and occasionally verbs like ‘come/bring’ to ‘go/take.’

Examples:

Direct speech:

ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻣﺪ.‘

Reported speech (when cited by me): ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ. ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ we still use) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﮔﻔﺖ/ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ (ﻛﻪ) ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ. 1 (ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ or ﮔﻔﺖ despite the past 1 1.2 Reporting past tense statements Indirect speech When reporting statements that originally used the past tense, not a backshift of tenses (as in English), but a change of tenses would be necessary – and this again regardless of the tense of the reporting verb that starts the sentence. Persian has some straightforward and easy rules here; some of the tenses used have been developed speciﬁcally for this function and are used in indirect speech only.

1.2.1 Narrative or reporting tenses -narra‘) ِﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﻧﻘﻠﻰ The present perfect tense has traditionally been called tive past’) in Persian (see I/13.3), a fact that shows how closely this tense is related to reported or indirect speech. Apart from this tense and its progressive form, which are used independently also as tenses, there are one or two tenses used exclusively in reported speech: these are the narrative forms of past perfect (and past perfect progressive – a tense scarcely used), in which the past participle of the main verb is followed by the the auxiliary used to form perfect) ﺑﻮﺩﻥ present perfect tense of the verb tenses). In Table 1.1 you see the tenses to be used in indirect speech when the original verb (in ‘direct speech’) is in one of the past tenses:

Table 1.1: Reporting a past statement

Direct Speech → Indirect Speech simple past → present perfect (= ‘narrative past’) ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ (ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﻧﻘﻠﻰ) ﮔﺬﺷﺘﺔ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ (ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ/ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ: ’ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ.‘ Mina: ‘I went there.’ Mina says/said (that) she had gone there. (In Persian: ‘has gone’!)

past progressive → present perfect progressive ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻯ (ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻯ (ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻯ) ﻧﻘﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻯ) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ: ’ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ.‘ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﺪ/ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻰﺭﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) Mina: ‘I was going/used to go there.’ Mina says/said (that) she had been going there. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ: ’ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ.‘ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ/ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﺑﻪ ’.Mina: ‘I was going there ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) Mina says/said (that) she had been 2 going there.1

though part of the progressive structure, has been regarded as ,ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ ,As you see here 1 .(ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ) and the tense has changed to present perfect (ﻣﻰ simple past’ (for lack of‘ Table 1.1 (cont’d) Reporting past tense statements Direct Speech → Indirect Speech past perfect → narrative past perfect ﮔﺬﺷﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻰ (ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻧﻘﻠﻰ) ﮔﺬﺷﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ (ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﺪ/ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ: ’ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ.‘ Mina: ‘I had gone there.’ Mina says/said (that) she had gone there. (This tense is used in indirect speech only.) past perfect progressive → narrative past perfect progressive ﮔﺬﺷﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻯ (ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻧﻘﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻯ) (ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻯ) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ/ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ: ’ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﺑﺎ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﺑﺎ ﻛﺲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﺲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﻨﻢ.‘ Mina: ‘I could have married Mina says/said (that) she could have someone else.’ married someone else. (Not a very common tense; (A tense possible in indirect speech only.) usually past progressive is used instead.)

And here again a table of all tenses, present and past, with short examples of reported speech:

Table 1.2: Reported speech in different tenses (+ subjunctive)

present past future subjunctive Simple

’ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻰ‘ ’ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﺩﻳﺪ‘ ’ﺩﻳﺪﻯ‘ ’ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ‘ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﺩﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ Progressive

’ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻯ‘ ’[ﺩﺍﺭﻯ] ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ‘ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ ﮔﻔﺖ [ﺩﺍﺭﻯ] ﻣﻰﺑﻴﻨﻰ Perfect

’ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻰ‘ ’ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ‘ ’ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ‘ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ Perfect progressive 3 (!not common) ’ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ‘ ’ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ‘ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ 1 Two observations here: Indirect speech 1) All the tense changes occur in the past column; absolutely no change of tense in other columns. 2) The present perfect tense and present perfect progressive tense are seen here on both the present column (as independent tenses; no change in reported speech because present) and on the past column as the reported forms of respectively past tense and past progressive tense.

1.3 An understandable exception

Sometimes Persian uses the past tense in subordinate clauses (mainly time clauses and conditional if clauses) in a present sense. (See Basic Persian, Units 16 and 18.) Example:

’ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﺁﻣﺪ، ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ.‘

came’) is not really functioning as the past tense but rather is‘) ﺁﻣﺪ Here and for this same reason is treated ,ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ the same as the present subjunctive as such: in indirect speech, the tense does not need to change to the narrative past, and you only change the person:

ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺁﻣﺪ، ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ.

The same thing happens with past progressive or past perfect tenses when sentences. (See examples under (ﻛﺎﺵ) or wish (ﺍﮔﺮ) used in conditional 1.10 below.)

1.4 Questions

ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ and ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ Reporting verbs for indirect questions are either .to say’/‘tell’) and the like‘) ﮔﻔﺘﻦ both meaning ‘to ask’) or simply verbs like) (agar) ﺍﮔﺮ Be careful when translating ‘if’ in indirect questions: the word in Persian is used only in the sense of conditional if and not for indirect ,(AyA) ﺁﻳﺎ questions. For if (= whether) in indirect questions use the word the universal word that can introduce all questions (less common, though, when a question word is present). that’) can still be used in indirect questions after the‘) ﻛﻪ The word or can be ,ﺁﻳﺎ reporting verb, as in indirect statements, with or without or (less commonly) both – or ﺁﻳﺎ or ﻛﻪ dropped. Therefore, you might have 4 neither of them. Examples: Imperative and subjunctive, conditionals ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ): ’(ﺁﻳﺎ) ﻛﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﻯ؟‘ and wishes ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﻣﻰ ﭘﺮﺳﺪ/ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ (ﻛﻪ) (ﺁﻳﺎ) ﺍﻭ ﻛﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﺩ. →

ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ): ’(ﺁﻳﺎ) ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﻰ؟‘ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﭘﺮﺳﺪ/ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ (ﻛﻪ) (ﺁﻳﺎ) ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ). →

1.5 Imperative and subjunctive, conditionals and wishes

• The imperative is only possible in direct speech; in reported speech it has to change to the subjunctive. • The subjunctive has no tense to change (remember: like the inﬁnitive in English); it remains unchanged. • No change of tense required for conditionals and wishes.

Of course, other necessary changes (person, time adverb) have to be made. to ask‘) (ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﻰ) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ or verbs like ﮔﻔﺘﻦ The reporting verb can be ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ,(’khAhesh kardan, ‘to request) ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ,(’[.so. to do sth] (dastur dAdan, ‘to order’), and the like. You will see in the following examples that the tense of the reporting verb plays no role:

Mina [to me]: ‘Don’t write) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ﺭﻭﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻧﻨﻮﻳﺲ!‘ on this paper!’) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ/ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺭﻭﻯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻧﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ. →

(’!Mina [to the teacher]: ‘Please repeat) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ): ’ َﻟﻄﻔﺎ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ!‘ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ/ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩ (ﻛﻪ) ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ. →

Mina [to Babak]: ‘You) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ): ’ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺍﻣﺸﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻰ.‘ can come here tonight.’) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. →

Mina [to her) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ): ’ﻛﺎﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ!‘ father]: ‘I wish you had told me this sooner.’) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﺎﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ. →

5 1 1.6 Statements understood and treated as reported Indirect speech speech Many verbs that deal with knowing, perceiving, realizing, assuming, claim- ing, and so on, are understood as verbs that introduce some reported speech and are treated as such; the above rules apply to all of them. Consider a sentence like: ‘When the car drew near, I noticed that there were four people inside.’ Persian does not care about the verb noticed (past tense) and wants to know what passed your mind at the time of perception. At that time, you certainly said to yourself: ‘There are four people inside the car.’ Since that verb was originally in the present tense, Persian does not change it:

ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷﺪ، ّﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻡ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. Other examples:

ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﺍﻭ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺠﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. ّﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ.

1.7 Implied reported speech

The ‘narrative’ tenses used in indirect speech are sometimes used in Persian merely for a distanced narration of a story (‘as it is said . . . ,’ ‘as far as we know . . .’), or to show that you are not entirely certain about some past event. What you say then, using the narrative form, could carry a neutral to slightly ‘disclaimerish’ meaning:

;you are simply stating a fact ’ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﻣﺪ‘ by saying • you are saying the same thing with some ’ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‘ by saying • distance, like something you just heard.

1.8 Subject: keep it or drop it?

If the subject of the reporting verb (the person who says) is the same as the subject of the sentence that immediately follows, the second one is usually dropped – especially in the third person. Keeping it would usually imply a change of subject (from one third person to another). Compare: 6 (‘Mina said she wouldn’t come.’ Here ‘she’ is Some examples ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ. usually understood as Mina herself.) of longer sentences is with multiple ﺍﻭ Mina said he/she wouldn’t come.’ Here‘) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺍﻭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ. more likely to be understood as not Mina, but someone else.) verbs, or reporting reported speech 1.9 How to translate certain tenses used in indirect speech

Consider this sentence in English: Pari said that she had written the letter. Based on the above sentence, Pari originally could have said: a) I wrote the letter, or b) I have written the letter, or c) I had written the letter.

And based on what we learned earlier, the Persian translation for both (a) and (b) would be:

ﭘﺮﻯ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. and for (c) it would be:

ﭘﺮﻯ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.

Or consider this sentence: We listened to his story, but we knew that he was lying. You must have been saying to yourselves at the time: ‘He is lying!’ So the Persian translation should use a present tense:

ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺶ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ (ﺩﺍﺭﺩ) ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ.

1.10 Some examples of longer sentences with multiple verbs, or reporting reported speech

Only the translation for the sentence in direct speech will be given here.

Ali: ‘She looked) ﻋﻠﻰ: ’ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ، ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪ.‘ very ill when I saw her.’) ﻋﻠﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺍﻭ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. →

7 Akbar: ‘Naser said he) ﺍﻛﺒﺮ: ’ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻔﺖ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻧﻤﻰﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ.‘ 1 Indirect doesn’t know you at all.’) speech ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺍ ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ. →

ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ: ’ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﮔﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ.‘ (Parviz: ‘They told me that they had found the book that I had lost yesterday.’) ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﮔﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ. →

:Puyan) ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻥ: ’ﻋﻠﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﺎﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ.‘ ‘Ali said he wished we hadn’t told his mother that he would be coming late.’) ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ. →

ﻣﺮﻳﻢ: ’ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻰ ﺁﺋﻴﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ.‘ (Maryam: ‘If you had let me know that you were coming today, I would have cleaned the house.’) ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻰ ﺁﺋﻴﻢ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ. →

Exercises

Exercise 1.1 Simple statements Change to indirect speech, using a past reporting verb.

Example:

ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ): ’ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻣﺪ.‘ Mina (to Nima): ‘I’ll come today.’ ← ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ. Mina said to Nima that she would come that day. (In Persian, however: will come today in indirect speech also.)

1. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺭﻓﺖ.‘ Mina (to me): ‘Tomorrow my mother and I will go to the hospital.’ 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ): ’ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ.‘ My mother (to my friend): ‘I know your family very well.’ 3. ﺣﺴﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ): ’ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻢ.‘ 8 Hasan (to English teacher): ‘You speak too fast and I don’t understand.’ Exercises ۴ . ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ (ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ): ’ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻰ.‘ Babak’s brother (to Babak): ‘I know that you don’t study well.’ ۵ . ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ): ’ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺸﻮﻳﻢ.‘ Parvin (to her mother): ‘Yesterday I had no time to wash the dishes.’ ۶ . ﻣﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ): ’ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺯﺩﺩ.‘ We (to the police): ‘This man wanted to steal our car.’ 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ (ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ): ’ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ.‘ Police (to our neighbor): ‘We have found your car in another city.’ 8. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ): ’ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ.‘ Mother (to the doctor): ‘He/she was coughing the whole day.’ 9. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ): ’ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ.‘ Teacher (to Parviz): ‘You had studied/had learned your lesson better yesterday.’ 10. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ): ’ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﻳﻢ.‘ Parviz (to Dara): ‘Today we are going on a trip.’

Exercise 1.2

Questions Change to indirect speech, using a past reporting verb.

Example:

ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ): ’ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺎﻥ ﻛﺠﺎﺳﺖ؟‘ Mina (to Nima): ‘Where is your house?’ ← ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻥ ﻛﺠﺎﺳﺖ. Mina asked Nima where his/their house was.

1. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺭﻓﺖ؟‘ Mina (to me): ‘Won’t you go on a trip tomorrow with your friend?’ 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ): ’ﺁﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻳﺪ؟‘ My mother (to my friend): ‘Didn’t you get to school late yesterday?’ 3. ﺣﺴﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ): ’ﭼﺮﺍ ﺁﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺯﻧﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻴﻢ؟‘ Hasan (to English teacher): ‘Why don’t you speak more slowly so that we [can] understand?’ ۴ . ﭘﺪﺭ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ): ’ﺍﺯ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻐﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻯ؟‘ Mina’s father (to Mina): ‘Which store did you buy these shoes from?’ 9 ۵ . ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ): ’ﺑﺎ ﻛﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩﻯ؟‘ 1 Indirect Parvin (to her mother): ‘Who were you talking to about me?’ speech ۶ . ﻣﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ): ’ﭼﺮﺍ ﻗﺎﺗﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﺪ؟‘ We (to the police): ‘Why hadn’t you arrested the murderer earlier?’ 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ (ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ): ’ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‘ Police (to our neighbor): ‘Are you sure that he/she has not returned?’ 8. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ): ’ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺹﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻏﺬﺍ؟‘ Mother (to the doctor): ‘Should he/she take these yellow pills also before the meal or together with the meal?’ 9. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ): ’ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻰ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ؟‘ Teacher (to Parviz): ‘Do you know why I want to see your parents?’ 10. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ): ’ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ؟‘ Parviz (to Dara): ‘Didn’t they say why they’re not giving you a prize?’

Exercise 1.3 Orders and requests Change to indirect speech, using a past reporting verb.

Example:

ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ): ’ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ ﻧﮕﻮ‘ Mina (to Nima): ‘Don’t tell anyone.’ ← ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ ﻧﮕﻮﻳﺪ. Mina asked Nima not to tell anyone.

1. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ ًﻟﻄﻔﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﺒﺎﺳﻬﺎﻯ ﺯﺷﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﭙﻮﺵ!‘ Mina (to me): ‘Don’t put on these ugly clothes, please!’ 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ): ’ ًﻟﻄﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﻮﺱ!‘ My mother (to my father): ‘Please don’t kiss me on the street!’ 3. ﺣﺴﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ): ’ﻛﻤﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻮﺍﻯ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﮕﻮﺋﻴﺪ!‘ Hasan (to English teacher): ‘Tell us a little about London’s weather!’ ۴ . ﻣﻌﻠﻢ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ﻫﻴﭽﻮﻗﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ!‘ Teacher (to me): ‘Don’t ever put your bag there!’ ۵ . ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ): ’ﺑﺒﻴﻦ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ ﻗﺸﻨﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‘ 10 Parvin (to her mother): ‘Look, is the skirt I [have] bought pretty?’ Exercises ۶ . ﻣﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ): ’ ًﻟﻄﻔﺎ ﺑﮕﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺸﺪ؟‘ We (to the police): ‘Please tell [us] how long it is going to take.’ 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ (ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ): ’ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻴﺪ؛ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﺎ (/ﻫﻤﻴﻨﺠﺎ) ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻴﺪ.‘ Police (to our neighbor): ‘Don’t worry; stay right here!’ 8. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ): ’ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺻﻬﺎﻯ ﺗﻠﺦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﭽﻪ ﻧﺪﻫﻴﺪ!‘ Mother (to the doctor): ‘Please don’t give the child those bitter pills again!’ 9. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ): ’ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺑﮕﻮ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ!‘ Teacher (to Parviz): ‘Tell your parents to come to school tomorrow!’ 10. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ): ’ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺪﻩ!‘ Parviz (to Dara): ‘Explain to me once more!’

Exercise 1.4 Conditionals and wishes Change to indirect speech, using a past reporting verb.

Example:

ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ): ’ ﻛﺎﺵ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻰ!‘ Mina (to Nima): ‘I wish you hadn’t gone yesterday!’ ← ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﺎﺵ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺭﻓﺖ. Mina told Nima she wished he hadn’t gone yesterday.

1. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ، ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻜﻨﻢ.‘ Mina (to me): ‘Let me do it if you can’t.’ 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ): ’ﻛﺎﺵ ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻯ!‘ My mother (to my friend): ‘I wish you hadn’t cut your hair short!’ 3. ﺣﺴﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ): ’ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ، ﻣﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻢ.‘ Hasan (to English teacher): ‘I’ll understand if you speak more slowly.’ ۴ . ﭘﺪﺭ ﺁﺫﺭ (ﺑﻪ ﺁﺫﺭ): ’ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺑﺪﻫﻰ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ.‘ 1zar’s father (to 1zar): ‘Your mother will become happy if you give this to her.’ ۵ . ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ): ’ﻛﺎﺵ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ!‘ Parvin (to her mother): ‘I wish I had not read that letter at all!’ ۶ . ﻣﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ): ’ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﺠﻠﻪ ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ.‘ We (to the police): ‘If you don’t hurry, you won’t ﬁnd him/her anymore.’ 11 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ (ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪﻣﺎﻥ): ’ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ.‘ 1 Indirect Police (to our neighbor): ‘Let us know if he/she doesn’t give you the speech money tomorrow.’ 8. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ): ’ﻛﺎﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﺪ.‘ Mother (to the doctor): ‘I wish you had given him/her this medicine sooner.’ 9. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ): ’ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻮ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﭼﺮﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ؟‘ Teacher (to Parviz): ‘If this is your handwriting, why can’t you read [it]?’ 10. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ): ’ﻛﺎﺵ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺟﺮﺋﺖ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ!‘ Parviz (to Dara): ‘I wish I had your courage!’

Exercise 1.5 Time clauses and relative clauses Change to indirect speech, using a past reporting verb.

Example:

(’.I bought the book you said‘) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ): ’ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ.‘ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). →

After we eat, let’s go to the‘) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ﻏﺬﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻳﻢ، ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ.‘ .1 cinema.’) When‘) ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ): ’ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺁﺫﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ، ﻗﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﺵ ﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ.‘ .2 Āzar was born, she looked exactly like an angel [or: like Fereshteh].’) ﺣﺴﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ): .3 ’ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ.‘ (‘The teacher we had before you could not explain these things.’) Why did‘) ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ): ’ﭼﺮﺍ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺎﻗﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﻰ؟‘ .4 you go to your room as soon as your uncle came?’) -I was wash‘) ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ): ’ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺷﺪ.‘ .5 ing my body when the water became cold.’) The man we‘) ﻣﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ): ’ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻤﻰ ّﻗﺪﺵ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ.‘ .6 saw was a bit taller.’) ﭘﻠﻴﺲ (ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪﻣﺎﻥ): ’ﺁﻳﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‘ .7 (‘When you returned, weren’t you surprised that the door was open?’) ﻣﺎﺩﺭ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ): ’ﭼﺸﻤﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﭼﺸﻢ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻧﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭼﭙﻢ.‘ .8 12 (‘The eye which aches [/has pain] is my right eye, not the left one.’) Ask whatever you don’t Exercises‘) ﻣﻌﻠﻢ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ): ’ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻰ، ﺑﭙﺮﺱ.‘ .9 understand.’) So long‘) ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ): ’ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﻫﺮﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺮﺍ ﻣﻰﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﻣﻰﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ.‘ .10 as he/she was alive, he/she asked about you whenever he/she saw me.’)

Exercise 1.6 Mixed sentences Translate the quoted statements, then change to indirect speech, using a past reporting verb.

Example:

ﺁﻥ ﭘﺴﺮ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ.‘ → ‘My father wants to talk to you.’ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ.

1. ﺧﺪﺍ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ): ’ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﺶ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻦ، ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺶ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ.‘ 2. ﻓﺮﻭﻍ: ’ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺋﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ.‘ 3. ﺣﺎﻓﻆ: ’ ِﻟﻄﻒ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ُﺟﺮﻡِ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺖ.‘ ۴ . ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪﺓ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ: ’ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺷﺶ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺸﻨﻮﻳﺪ.‘ ۵ . ﺑﭽﻪ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ): ’ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻯ ﺷﻜﻢ ﺗﻮ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ؟‘ ۶ . ﺩﻛﺘﺮ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ): ’ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺑﺪﻯ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﺪ.‘ 7. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ): ’ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ.‘ 8. ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ): ’ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻮ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻰ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﮕﻮ.‘ 9. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ): ’ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻴﺪ.‘ 10. ﺑﺎﺑﻚ (ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ): ’ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ، ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﻣﻰﺑﺮﺩﻯ؟‘

ﺑﻪ ُﺷﺘُ ُﺮﻣﺮﻍ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﺑِﭙَﺮ، ﮔﻔﺖ ﺷﺘﺮﻡ، ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑِﺒَﺮ، ﮔﻔﺖ ُﻣﺮﻏﻢ! They told the ostrich [‘camel-bird’]: Fly! It said: I’m a camel! They said to him: Carry loads! It said: I’m a bird!

(Used for people who can always ﬁnd some excuse.) 13 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT TWO 2 ﺧﻮﺩ، ﺧﻮﻳﺶ، ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺘﻦ: ,Self’: emphatic‘ reﬂ exive and ﻛﺎﺭﺑُﺮﺩﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻯ، possessive usages ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻰ ﻭ ﻣِﻠﻜﻰ of khod ﺿﻤﻴﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻰ Objective pronouns

[’khod, ‘self’ or ‘one’s own] ﺧﻮﺩ 2.1 khod] is used with pronominal sufﬁxes] ﺧﻮﺩ ,In less formal, casual Persian attached to it (the same set of sufﬁxes you learned as possessive pronouns in I/4.2.2). self’) for different persons‘) ﺧﻮﺩ :Table 2.1

[kho.dam] ﺧﻮﺩﻡ myself [kho.dat] ﺧﻮﺩﺕ yourself [kho.dash] ﺧﻮﺩﺵ himself/herself (itself) [kho.de.mXn] ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺎﻥ ourselves [kho.de.tAn] ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ yourselves [kho.de.shAn] ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ themselves

:has three different functions ﺧﻮﺩ

A. To emphasize some fact, or to show that someone does something alone and on his/her own.

Examples:

I myself know him better than) (ﻣﻦ) ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ. you do.) (.You yourself gave it to me) (ﺗﻮ) ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻯ. 14 ,khod] ﺧﻮﺩ My daughter wants to) ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ. ‘self’ or ‘one’s tell you about it herself.) own’] The child likes/prefers to) ﺑﭽﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ. eat [its food] [by] itself.)

In this emphatic function, instead of using the sufﬁxes, sometimes the personal pronouns are used – or even nouns and names – all preceded, of course, by the connector ezAfe. ,[kho.de man] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﻦ kho.dam], you can say] ﺧﻮﺩﻡ Thus, instead of kho.dat], or you can say] ﺧﻮﺩﺕ kho.de to] instead of] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺗﻮ ,or, similarly (.the city itself’), etc. (See Table 2.2 below‘) ﺧﻮﺩِ َﺷﻬﺮ Examples: (.You yourself came later than everybody else) ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺗﻮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﺗﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻯ. (?[Why didn’t they ask us [ourselves) ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﺎ ﻧﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ؟ ,I’ve seen its movie) ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ. but I haven’t read the book itself.) B. Reﬂexive: when the subject of the verb (‘initiator’) is the same as the object (‘target’).

Examples: ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ. ﭼﺮﺍ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻜﺸﻴﺪ؟ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻣﺮﺩ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﺪ.

C. Possessive (= one’s own): to show possession with more emphasis, sometimes with more clarity.

Examples: ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻗﻠﻤﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ؛ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ. ﺣﺘّﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ.

In this possessive function, it can sometimes help avoid the ambiguity in third person possessive cases, already mentioned in I/4.6. (See also 2.2 below.) Compare: Mina brought her book. – This could be her own) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ (i book, but could also be someone else’s, maybe even ‘his’?) 15 Mina brought his/her book. – This time we know) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ (ii 2 ‘Self’: that it was certainly someone else’s book.) emphatic, Mina brought her [own] book. – Here also) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ (reﬂexive and iii possessive no ambiguity.) usages of khod Objective 2.2 in formal and colloquial Persian ﺧﻮﺩ pronouns khod] is usually used alone] ﺧﻮﺩ ,(In formal, written Persian (never spoken (more often post-positioned, no ezAfe). self’) – formal vs. informal‘) ﺧﻮﺩ :Table 2.2

less formal/spoken formal/written [man khod] ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ [khodam] ﺧﻮﺩﻡ myself [khod-e man] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﻦ or [to khod] ﺗﻮ ﺧﻮﺩ [khodat] ﺧﻮﺩﺕ yourself [khod-e to] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺗﻮ or [u khod'] ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ (khodash] (general] ﺧﻮﺩﺵ himself/herself [An khod] ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ [khod-e 'u] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺍﻭ itself) or) (for humans)/ [khod-e An] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺁﻥ (for non-humans) [mA khod] ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ [khodemAn] ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺎﻥ ourselves [khod-e mA] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﺎ or [shomA khod] ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ [khodetAn] ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ yourselves [khod-e shomA] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺷﻤﺎ or [AnhA khod] ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ [khodeshAn] ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ themselves A [ish n khod] ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ /[khod-e AnhA] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ or [khod-e ishAn] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ (for more respect)

:when used alone in this formal way ﺧﻮﺩ Two notes about is preceded by pronouns or by nouns/names, it can only be ﺧﻮﺩ When • man khod] is always] ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ :used for the subject, not for the object I myself and never me myself. man khod minA rA didam = I myself] ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ :Correct 16 saw Mina.] in formal ﺧﻮﺩ when you want to say ‘I saw ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ Wrong: You can’t say Mina herself.’ and colloquial Persian ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ khod-e minA] with ezAfe would be correct, but not] ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ Here) [minA khod].) is used alone, usually the subject of the verb or the context ﺧﻮﺩ When • , ﺑﻪ ِﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ shows which person is the antecedent. When you say this means ‘I went to my [own] room.’ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺘﻦ khish] and] ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ,In written, more literary (or poetical) Persian :[khod] ﺧﻮﺩ khish.tan] can be used as synonyms of] :[HAfez, Haﬁz] ﺣﺎﻓﻆ A line by the poet We have tried our (own) luck in) ﻣﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ِﺑﺨﺖ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ this town.)

Compare:

(my friend) ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ/ ِﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻣﻦ (my [own] friend) ِﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ (ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﺧﻮﺩ :my friend him/herself) (formal) ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ (ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﺧﻮﺩ :my friend him/herself) (formal) ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ by itself wouldn’t show whose own friend we are ِﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ Note that) talking about.) :with its different functions ﺧﻮﺩ More examples of He himself brought the book. – Here khod) ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ. without ezAfe; form.) He brought the book itself. – Here khod-e) ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ. with ezAfe.) (.He brought his [own] book. – form) ﺍﻭ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ. (.He brought his [own] book) ﺍﻭ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ. (.He himself brought the book) ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ. (’!Shame on you! – lit. ‘Be ashamed of yourself) ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻜﺶ! (.He’s even afraid of his own shadow) ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﺪ. He didn’t stay long in) ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ِﺳﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ. that city and continued his own trip [safar-e khod].) You may ask) ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ. yourself why you don’t have a better life.) He never forgot his 17) ﺍﻭ ﻫﻴﭽﻮﻗﺖ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻬﺎﻯ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ. own questions.) 2 2.3 Objective pronouns ‘Self’: emphatic, The same pronouns you have learned as possessive pronouns (here used reflexive and possessive as suffixes after khod-; see Table 2.1 above) can be used as objective pro- usages of nouns, usually replacing the direct object, but sometimes the indirect khod object too, and sometimes used as the object of certain prepositions. This Objective is common in both colloquial and formal Persian. pronouns Important similarity: we remember that when used as possessive pronouns, suffixed pronouns cannot be used when some emphasis is -in the first ver ﻣﻦ are both my book but only ﻛﺘﺎﺑَﻢ and ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ .needed in the second version. The same ــﻢ sion can be used with emphasis, not is true when these are used as objective َpronouns: they are unstressed and without emphasis.

2.3.1 As direct object is dropped and ﺭﺍ (The DDO-marker (= Deﬁnite Direct Object Marker the objective sufﬁx is added to the verb, usually written joined:

Table 2.3: Examples for objective pronouns

objective sufﬁ xes sentences with nouns and objective sufﬁ xes used pronouns as objects

ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ َـ ﻡ [-am, me] man rA mi-shenAsad mi.she.nA.sa.dam He/she knows me. He/she knows me.

ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺖ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ َـ ﺕ [-at, you (sg.)] to rA mi-binam mi.bi.na.mat I see you [sg.]. I see you [sg.].

ﺩﻳﺪﺵ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ/ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ/ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ َـ ﺵ [-ash, him/her/it] An rA did/minA rA did/‘u rA did di.dash He/she saw him or her/Mina/it. He/she saw him/her/it. ِ ﻣﻰ ﺑَ َﺮﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑَ َﺮﻧﺪ ـ ﻣﺎﻥ [-emAn, us] mA rA mi-barand mi.ba.ran.de.mAn They (will) take us. They (will) take us. ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﺸﻴﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﺸﻴﻢ ـِ ﺗﺎﻥ [-etAn, you (pl.)] shomA rA nemi-koshim ne.mi.ko.shi.me.tAn We won’t kill you [pl.]. We won’t kill you [pl.]. ﺑﺨﺮﺷﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﺮ/ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﺮ ـِ ﺷﺎﻥ A A A A A A A A 18 [-esh n, them] ket bh r bekhar/ nh r bekhar be.kha.re.sh n Buy the books./Buy those/them. Buy them. Possible confusions Objective didam] means ‘I saw’ – with ‘-am’ being the conjugational ending pronouns] ﺩﻳﺪﻡ for 1sg. But it can also mean ‘He/she saw me’ – this time ‘-am’ being the :for 3sg. Or consider these ﺩﻳﺪ objective pronoun and the verb being just mi-binim, we see], and] ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ mi-bini-am, you see me] – this one should preferably be] ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ .same pronunciation) to avoid this confusion) ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ ﺍﻡ written as

Compound verbs The objective sufﬁxes can be attached to either the verbal or non-verbal part of the compound verb.

Examples:

ﺑﺎﺯ َﻛﺮﺩ َﻣﺶ or َﺑﺎﺯﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ → (.I opened it) ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. → ﭘﻴﺪﺍ َﻛﺮﺩﻳﻤﺖ or ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳَﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ (.We found you) ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. ِﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪﺷﺎﻥ or ِﺑﺮﺷﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ → (.They picked them up) ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﻨﺶ or ﻗﺒﻮﻟﺶ ﻛﻦ → (.Accept this) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﻦ. (.I don’t like you any more) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ. → ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ َﻧﺪﺍﺭ َﻣﺖ or ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﻭﺳﺘَﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ This is common in both colloquial and formal; attaching the sufﬁxes to the non-verbal part is slightly more common in colloquial than in formal Persian.

2.3.2 As indirect object Not as common, and not used for all indirect objects. Some of the occurrences involve verbs which are now used with indirect objects but in earlier times were used with direct objects and no preposition. For instance, I‘) ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ :as in ﺑﻪ would normally use the preposition ﮔﻔﺘﻦ the verb said to him.’/‘I told him.’) In early modern Persian, however, this verb a form still used in poetical – ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ :.often used a direct object, i.e language. Example:

ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺶ → (.I said to Puya) ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ.

Some verbs can have their object either direct or indirect:

He looked at Parvin.) 19) (ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ or) ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. (ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﺵ :less common) ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩ → (.I listened to it) (ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ or) ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. 2 ‘Self’: → (less common: ) ﮔﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻣﺶ ﮔﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ,emphatic reﬂexive and (.We continued it) (ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻳﻢ or) ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻳﻢ. possessive usages of → (ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻳﻤﺶ :or) ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻳﻢ khod Objective pronouns With verbs that can have two objects (direct and indirect), using only these could be both ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺶ :objective pronouns can lead to some ambiguity ‘I said it’ and ‘I told him/her.’ Other examples:

([.I gave it [to him] or I gave him [sth =) ﺩﺍﺩﻣﺶ. ([.I showed it [to him] or I showed him [sth =) ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻣﺶ/ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ.

2.3.3 As object of prepositions Though not possible with all prepositions and in all prepositional idioms, ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ for’) and‘) ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ this is very common in Persian. Examples with (‘about’):

ﺑﺮﺍﻳَﻢ، ﺑﺮﺍﻳَﺖ، ﺑﺮﺍﻳَﺶ، ﺑﺮﺍﻳِﻤﺎﻥ، ﺑﺮﺍﻳِﺘﺎﻥ، ﺑﺮﺍﻳِﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻡ، ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺕ، ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺵ، ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺎﻥ، ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺎﻥ، ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺎﻥ

Examples with some other prepositions:

َﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ z→ ِﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ َﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ z→ ِﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ِﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ِﭘﻴﺸﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ z→ ِﭘﻴﺶ ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭِ ﺗﻮ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ ِﭘﻴﺸﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻢ → ِﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻮ ﻭ ﭘﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻢ → ﺭﻭﻳَﺶ ﻧﺸﺴﺖ z ِﺭﻭﻯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺸﺴﺖ → ﺗﻮﻳَﺶ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ؟ [here tu-ye = inside] ِﺗﻮﻯ ﺟﻴﺒﺖ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ؟ → ﭘُﺸﺘَﺶ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻍ ﺍﺳﺖ z ﭘُ ِﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻍ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻰ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ؟ z→ ﻛﻰ ﻛِﻨﺎﺭِ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ؟ ِﺟﻠﻮﺷﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ z→ ِﺟﻠﻮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺵ ﺑﻮﺩ z→ ِﺯﻳﺮ ِﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻮ ﺑﻮﺩ

In formal Persian, objective pronouns are not usually attached directly and several others. We shall see later (in ﺍﺯ z, ﺑﺎ z, ﺑﻪ to prepositions like 20 Appendix II) how these are treated in colloquial/Tehrani Persian. Exercises Exercises Exercise 2.1 Which words in each of the following sentences would require ezAfe? Write these words and then translate the sentence into English. (If different readings – with or without ezAfe – are possible, mention both.) Example: ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ → a) khod-e, ‘Mina saw Babak himself’; b) khod, ‘Mina herself saw Babak.’ 1. ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﺵ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ. 2. ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ّﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺴﺘﻢ. 3. ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻡ. ۴ . ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻯ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ. ۵ . ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ. ۶ . ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺑﻮﺩ. 7. ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻣﻰ ﭘﺨﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺮﺩ. 8. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻰ ﻣﻴﺮﻳﺪ. 9. ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻜﺴﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﻮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ. 10. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 1324 (= 1945) ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ.

Exercise 2.2 Translate the following into Persian, using khod. When different forms are possible for khod, write all of them, starting with the less formal version(s). (Some of the words you can use have been given at the end of the exercise.)

Example: ,ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺪﺭِ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻧﺪ (They saw their own father. → a ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺪﺭِ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻧﺪ (b 1. My own brother’s house was sold. 2. They knew nothing about the house itself. 3. Don’t show yourselves to those young men. 4. I can’t hide myself under this small table. 5. Dogs never forget their own owners. 6. I only want the shoelace, not the shoe itself. 21 2 7. The man himself was not much better than his neighbor. ‘Self’: 8. I used to buy my clothes myself when in high school. emphatic, 9. She found the book but couldn’t ﬁnd her own glasses. reﬂexive and possessive 10. He killed himself two days after his son’s suicide. usages of ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻦ/ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ/ﻫﻴﭻ/ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ/ﺟﻮﺍﻥ/ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ/ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺳﮓ/ﺻﺎﺣﺐ/ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ khod ِ Objective ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﻓﻘﻂ/ﺑﻨﺪ ﻛﻔﺶ/ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ/ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ/ﻟﺒﺎﺱ/ﻋﻴﻨﻚ/ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺸﻰ/ﻛﺸﺘﻦ pronouns Exercise 2.3 Add the appropriate form(s) of khod to the sentence, starting with the less formal version if there are two or more options. Example: (my own eyes) ﭼﺸﻤﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﺘﻢ. ﭼﺸﻢ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﺘﻢ (b ,ﭼﺸﻢ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﺘﻢ (a → (Mina herself) ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ .1 (we ourselves) ﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻴﻢ .2 (that city itself) ﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻴﻢ .3 (my little brother himself) ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ .4 (my own little brother) ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ .5 (the bird itself) ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ .6 (Ali himself) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .7 (me myself) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .8 (his own father) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .9 (his father himself) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .10

Exercise 2.4 Rewrite the following sentences by using objective sufﬁxes for the words speciﬁed, then translate. (Write different versions if necessary.) Example: ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻡ. (ﺷﻤﺎ) (.I didn’t see you yesterday) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻣﺘﺎﻥ. → 1. ﭼﺮﺍ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﻭﺭﺩﻯ؟ (ﻣﻦ) 2. ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ. (ﺁﻥ) 22 3. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ. (ﻛﺘﺎﺏ) Exercises ۴ . ﺍﮔﺮ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻰ، ﺁﻥ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺭ. (ﺁﻥ ﻏﺬﺍ) ۵ . ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻯ. (ﻣﺎ) ۶ . ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﺘﻨﺪ. (ﺍﻭ) 7. ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻗﺼﺪ. (ﺷﻤﺎ) 8. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ، ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺧﺮﻧﺪ. (ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﺘﺎﻥ/ﺁﻥ) 9. ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻰ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﺰﻥ. (ﺁﻥ/ﺁﻥ) 10. ﻛﺎﺵ ِﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ. ( ِﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻭ/ﺷﻤﺎ)

Exercise 2.5 Change the objective suffixes to nouns and pronouns by using the clues given. If there are two objective suffixes for the same person, use a noun for the first one and a pronoun for the second one. Example: ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻤﺶ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﻣﺶ (ﻗﻠﻢ) ﻗﻠﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ → 1. ﭘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺵ ﻧﻜﻦ، ﻻﺯﻣﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. (ﻧﺎﻣﻪ) 2. ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﻰ، ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﻦ. (ﭼﺮﺍﻍ) 3. ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ. (ﻣﻦ) ۴ . ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻣﺸﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻢ. (ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻢ) ۵ . ﻏﺬﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﺪ. ( ّﺑﭽﻪ) ۶ . ﻛﻤﻜﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. (ﻣﺎ) 7. ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻴﻢ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﻠﻔﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ. (ﺷﻤﺎ) 8. ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﺕ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻣﺖ. (ﺗﻮ) 9. ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺠﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻤﺶ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﻨﺪ. (ﻛﻠﻴﺪ) 10. ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ِﻣﺎﻝ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﺎﺯﺵ ﻧﻜﻦ. (ﺑﺴﺘﻪ)

Exercise 2.6 Translate your answers to the previous exercise.

ﻛﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﺔ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺑُ َﺮﺩ. A knife wouldn’t cut its own haft.

(= A will always support B.) 23 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT THREE 3 ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻜﺮﻩ، ,Deﬁ nite and indeﬁ nite ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ: :singular and plural ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ review and expansion ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺪﺍﺋﻰ Vocative case

3.1 A review of deﬁnite and indeﬁnite

Units 6 and 7 in Basic Persian cover definite and indefinite in detail. When nouns are used in a general or generic sense, Persian uses the noun in its absolute form (i.e., without any determiners for definite/indefinite or plural):

(.Air is important) ﻫﻮﺍ ّﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.The room has no air) ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. Horses are noble animals./A horse is a noble) ﺍﺳﺐ ِﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺠﻴﺒﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. animal.) (.We don’t eat horses) ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻳﻢ. The room has no air), how do we) ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ Question: In the sentence ?room] is deﬁnite] ﺍﺗﺎﻕ know that Answer: Through context. Do all rooms have no air? No. It is not ‘room’ in its general/generic sense.

Moving from indefinite (things encountered or mentioned for the first time) to definite:

ﺭﻭﻯ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ؛ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ. (I saw a bird on [/in] a tree; the bird was eating from the fruit[s] of the tree.) ﺭﻭﻯ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﻤﻜﺖ ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ؛ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻧﻴﻤﻜﺖ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻢ. 24 (A man was sitting on a bench; I sat beside the man on the bench.) (I bought a book, A review of deﬁnite and ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﺓ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ. but I didn’t know the author of the book.) indeﬁnite

It is the context that in many cases determines the use of the DDO-marker rA (see I/7.3). This is what we know for sure:

• we don’t use rA if the verb is intransitive; • we don’t use rA for an indirect object (our clue: preposition); • we normally don’t use rA for an indeﬁnite object, though occasionally we do.

On the other hand,

• we have to use rA for a deﬁnite direct object (= DDO).

Distinguishing a direct object is not very difﬁcult (= an object for which we are not using a preposition), but how do we know that it is deﬁnite also? Some clues:

;(ﺗﻮ or ﻣﻦ it is a pronoun (like • ;(ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ or ﻣﻴﻨﺎ it is a proper noun or name (like • • it is a noun modified by demonstrative or superlative adjectives (like ;(ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ or ﺁﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ;(ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻢ it is a noun in the possessive case (like • • also: most modified or plural nouns in the absence of indefinite deter- .(ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ or ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ miners (like

There certainly remain some gaps here, some in-between cases where you are not quite sure whether to use rA or not; the good news is: in most of such cases using rA is optional. Some examples of sentences both with and without deﬁnite/indeﬁnite determiners:

:(ﺁﺏ a) Uncountable nouns (here (.Water is important) ﺁﺏ ّﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.The water is warm) ﺁﺏ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.Water is a vital element) ﺁﺏ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.The water of the rivers/river water is sweet) ﺁﺏ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.Many fish live in salty waters) ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﺷﻮﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ. (.This apparatus makes salty water sweet) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ. We shouldn’t drink cold water with) ﺑﺎ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺑﻨﻮﺷﻴﻢ. warm food.) 25 We must boil or) ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﺠﻮﺷﺎﻧﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. 3 Definite and purify water before drinking.) indefinite, singular (I drink water before eating.) ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ. :and plural (.I drink the water before eating) ﻣﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ. review and expansion (I poured water into the pot.) ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻤﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻢ. Vocative case (.I poured the water into the pot) ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻤﻪ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻢ. (.Don’t drink [water] from this glass) ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻧﺨﻮﺭ. (.Don’t drink the water of this glass) ِﺁﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺭ. (.Don’t swim in dirty/unclean water) ﺩﺭ ِﺁﺏ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻧﻜﻦ. (.Don’t dirty the water) ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻧﻜﻦ. (.Don’t give the child dirty/unclean water) ﺑﻪ ﺑﭽﻪ ﺁﺏ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻧﺪﻩ. (.Pour out/empty that dirty/unclean water) ﺁﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﻳﺰ. (.My friend gave me a bottle of water) ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻄﺮﻯ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺩ. (.My sister gave me her [own] water) ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺩ.

b) Countable nouns: (.I saw a horse) ﺍﺳﺒﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ. (.I saw a white horse) ﺍﺳﺐ ﺳﻔﻴﺪﻯ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ./ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺐ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ(ﻯ) ﺩﻳﺪﻡ. (.I saw the white horse) ﺍﺳﺐ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ. (.There are a lot of horses here) ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍﺳﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. (.I see white horses here a lot) ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍﺳﺒﻬﺎﻯ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. (.I don’t see the white horses any more) ﺍﺳﺒﻬﺎﻯ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. (.I stayed in Tehran and translated books) ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. I stayed in Tehran and) ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. translated the book.) I stayed in Tehran and) ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. translated the books.) (.I finished translating the book) ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. (.I ate two apples) ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻡ. (.I ate a sour apple) ﻳﻚ ِﺳﻴﺐ ﺗﺮﺵ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻡ. (.I ate the apple in the fridge) ِﺳﻴﺐ ِﺗﻮﻯ ﻳﺨﭽﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻡ. (.I ate from the apples of the tree) ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻡ. (.I ate the apples of the tree) ﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻡ. (.I ate the apples of a tree) ﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎﻯ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻡ. 26 As the last two examples show, the possessive case makes the apples definite, A review of definite and regardless of the tree, which can be definite or indefinite. Another example indefinite I saw) ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ .I saw a picture) vs) ﻋﻜﺴﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ would be a man’s picture = I saw the picture of a man). One more tip about rA (when using rA for an indefinite object is optional): you are much more likely to use it if the object is a person. Compare ‘a book’ and ‘a man’ in the following sentences:

I saw a book on the ground) ﺭﻭﻯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ. [/ﬂoor] and picked it up.) I saw a man on the) ﺭﻭﻯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﺶ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻢ. ground [/ﬂoor] but did not go near him.)

In the latter sentence, using rA after mardi is optional and you can drop it, but then you would be treating that man like some bag of potatoes (which is okay if that is really how you want to sound).

3.1.1 Position of indefinite -i: some more limitations When the noun is modified by an adjective, colloquial Persian would always whereas in more ,( ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ,.add the indefinite -i to the adjective (e.g ;ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺧﻮﺏ ,.formal Persian the -i can be added to the noun as well (e.g see I/6.2). In certain cases, however, this latter option would not be possible even in formal Persian. With certain quantifiers that precede the noun, the indefinite -i (if needed) is added to the adjective (if present) and not to the noun. Some examples of such words are har, chenin, hich and che in the following sentences, all requiring -i to be added to the adjective:

(.Every book has a price) ﻫﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. (.Every good book has a price) ﻫﺮ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ :But (.I had never read such a book) ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ. I had never read such) ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ :But a good book.) (.I didn’t see any book) ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻡ. (.I didn’t see any interesting book) ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺎﻟﺒﻰ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻡ :But (?What book have you written) ﭼﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﺪ؟ (?What other book have you written) ﭼﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﺪ؟ :But 27 3 3.1.2 Using ra¯ with certain verbs Definite and indefinite, Apart from all other factors, the nature of the action expressed by the verb singular plays a great role in making an object appear definite or not. Consider the and plural: verb (koshtan, to kill). A butcher can say: ﻛﺸﺘﻦ review and expansion I killed/slaughtered a sheep) ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪﻯ (ﺭﺍ) ﻛﺸﺘﻢ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻢ. Vocative case and sold its meat.)

For the butcher, using rA after ‘sheep’ is optional, because he is only doing what he usually does. Not so for you if for some reason you have to kill/ slaughter a sheep: you would certainly need rA then, even if you are using the indeﬁnite determiner as well. Killing a human being, fortunately, is never treated as something commonplace, even if it happens in battle, and you always use rA:

He killed) ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ. a soldier in the war and never forgot it.) A bear came out of) ﺧﺮﺳﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺳﮕﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﺖ. the woods and killed a dog.)

Certain verbs seem to need a deﬁnite object in all cases: due to the intensity of the action, an indeﬁnite object without rA (which could sound ‘casual’) is hardly thinkable. Examples:

(.They beat up a boy and ran away) ﭘﺴﺮﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺘﻚ ﺯﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. They are repairing) ﺩﺭ ِﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. a building on our street.) I had) ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﻡ. forgotten a book and had to go back home.) That man rescued a dog from) ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺳﮕﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺩ. the river.) (.I usually prefer tea to coffee) ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﭼﺎﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﻢ. He preferred a new) ﻳﻚ ﺁﭘﺎﺭﺗﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺩ. apartment to an old house.)

3.1.3 Other uses of indefinite -i a) The unstressed, indefinite suffix -i can be used to refer to some small or insignificant amount or number; this is a meaning which is absent yek) when used alone for indefinite (not yek + -i ). Very often) ﻳﻚ in 28 – though not always – it is the non-verbal part of a compound verb to More on which this suffix is added. Examples: singular/plural

I gave [some] money to my) ﺑﻪ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺨﺮﺩ. daughter to buy clothes.) [I gave some [small amount of) ﺑﻪ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﭘﻮﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ. money to my daughter and went to the ofﬁce.) I rested for half an hour after) ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. swimming.) We took a short) ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺘﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﻭ ِﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻏﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻴﻢ. rest there and returned close to sunset.) (.I looked from the window) ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. (.I threw a glance from the window) ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ.

It can also be used to show indifference or carelessness, as when you do something in a slapdash fashion:

I put on some shoes and ran) ﻛﻔﺸﻰ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺪﻡ. out of the house.) b) Unstressed -i is also used in the sense of every, each or per (similar to :(har ,ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯ or ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ = (twice a day) ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ (twice each day) ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﻥ = (Tumans per meter 1,000) ﻣﺘﺮﻯ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﻥ (each meter 1,000 Tumans)

3.2 More on singular/plural a) Compound nouns When two or several words are treated as a single concept, the plural sufﬁx is usually added to the last word; a different position can sometimes change the meaning:

The blackboards in this) ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻛﻬﻨﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ. .is treated as a single concept ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ school are very old.) – Here I want the black boards) ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ. [/planks] for the roof.) 29 3 All grown-ups have once been) ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻬﺎ ﺍﻭﻝ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. ّ Definite and indefinite, [= were once] children.) [From The Little Prince.] singular (Most of the great ِﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺁﺩﻣﻬﺎﻯ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺩﺭ ّﺍﻭﻝ ِﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺳﺨﺘﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ. :and plural review and people have had a difficult life in the beginning.) expansion Tall guys should sit in the) ِ ﻗﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻨﺸﻴﻨﻨﺪ. Vocative case last row.) With these) ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﺗﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻨﺸﻴﻨﻴﺪ. tall statures [of yours] [= as you are so tall] you cannot sit in the first row.)

With a number of compound nouns made from Arabic loan words, it is common in ofﬁcial and administrative language to use the Arabic broken plural for the ﬁrst noun, something of which not all writers approve:

Table 3.1: Plural of compounds – some examples

singular broken plural Persian plural ﻭﻛﻴﻠﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻭﻛﻼﻯ ﻣﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﻓﻊ (vakil modAfe', attorney) (vokalA-ye modAfe') (vakil-hA-ye modAfe'), or ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﻓﻌﻬﺎ (vakil modAfe'-hA) ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺅﺳﺎﻯ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ (ra'is[-e] jomhur, (ro'asA-ye jomhur) (ra'is[-e] jomhur-hA) president [of a country]) ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻘﻠﻴّﻪ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞِ ﻧﻘﻠﻴّﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﻘﻠﻴّﻪ (vasile-ye naghliyye, (vasAyel-e naghliyye) (vasile-hA-ye naghliyye) vehicle)

b) Some unavoidable Arabic broken plurals, the case of double plurals, and more In ofﬁcial and administrative Persian, some Arabic broken plurals are as common as Persian ones; some of them are very common in colloquial Persian also. And with a few of the borrowings from Arabic you always use the broken Arabic plural even in colloquial Persian. Examples of words almost always using the Arabic plural:

(ashkhAs, persons, people) ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ .shakhs, person), pl) ﺷﺨﺺ (afrAd, individuals, people) ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ .fard, individual), pl) ﻓﺮﺩ 30 (mAl, property), pl. (amvAl, properties, belongings) More on singular/plural ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺎﻝ (ahAli, residents or inhabitants) ﺍﻫﺎﻟﻰ .ahl, native [of a place]), pl) ﺍﻫﻞ adabiyyAt, originally pl. of) ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ adabi) means literary and) ﺍﺩﺑﻰ .means literature (ﺍﺩﺑﻴّﻪ Sometimes the Arabic plural is used in a speciﬁc sense for which the Persian plural cannot be used. Examples:

hoghugh) is the) ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ,hagh, right [n.]). In socio-political contexts) ّﺣﻖ ِﺣﻘﻮﻕ) hagh-hA), as in human rights) ﺣﻖﻫﺎ common plural and not .’hoghugh-e bashar). Additionally, hoghugh means ‘salary ,ﺑﺸﺮ entekhAbAt) is the) ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ .(entekhAb, selection or choice) ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ entekhAb-hA), which means) ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻬﺎ word used for elections and not selections or choices. eslAh, correction, improvement). Here also, although the) ﺍﺻﻼﺡ Persian -hA is possible, it is only eslAhAt which can be used in the sense of [political] reforms. davA-hA) means drugs and the) ﺩﻭﺍﻫﺎ ,(davA, drug, medicine) ﺩﻭﺍ .[adviye) means spice[s) ﺍﺩﻭﻳﻪ broken plural matbu') is common only as an adjective (‘pleasant’) while) ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ .matbu'At) means the press) ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ means sides or parties while ﻃﺮﻓﻬﺎ ,taraf) means side) ﻃﺮﻑ (atrAf) means around or surroundings. ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻢ marsum) is custom or customary, while the plural) ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ (marAsem) means ceremony and is usually treated as singular, ,marAsem-hA) ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻢ ﻫﺎ allowing the use of the double plural ceremonies).

ﺍﺩﻭﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ The double plural is possible with some other plurals also, like (‘spices’), etc. And occasionally an Arabic singular is hardly known or only seldom used in Persian, while the plural is a common word. Some examples:

,owlAd) ﺍﻭﻻﺩ ;(vAledeyn, parents) ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ;(arbAb, boss, master) ﺍﺭﺑﺎﺏ ,arAjif, balderdash) ﺍﺭﺍﺟﻴﻒ ;([children [in relation to parents .(nojum, astrology) ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ;(baloney

31 3 c) Firstly, secondly, etc. – and some more ordinal numbers and fractions Definite and To say firstly, secondly, etc., add tanvin to Persian ordinal numbers (which indefinite, would then change the -om to -oman). Understandably, this is common for singular and plural: only the first few numbers. Both Arabic and Persian versions are common review and for numbers 1–5: expansion Vocative case Table 3.2: Firstly, secondly, etc.

common word literary (no.khost) ﻧﺨﺴﺖ (av.va.lan) ّﺍﻭﻻً ﬁ rstly (do di.gar) ﺩﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ (sA.ni.yan) ًﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ dov.vo.man) or) ّﺩﻭ ًﻣﺎ secondly A (se di.gar) ﺳﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ (s .le.san) ًﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ sev.vo.man) or) ّﺳﻮ ًﻣﺎ thirdly (rA.be.'an) ًﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ cha.hA.ro.man) or) ًﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﺎ fourthly (khA.me.san) ًﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ pan.jo.man) or) ًﭘﻨﺠﻤﺎ ﬁ fthly

Some of the Arabic fractions that are common in Persian (sometimes pre- :(one ,ﻳﻚ ceded by the Persian

.for half-hours ﻧﻴﻢ very common, but use – (ﻧﻴﻢ = nesf, half) ﻧﺼﻒ used especially for quarters/terms in – (ﻳﻚ ّﺳﻮﻡ = sols, one-third) ﺛﻠﺚ academic year (excluding summer). used especially for a quarter of – (ﻳﻚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ = rob', one-fourth) ﺭﺑﻊ an hour. used mostly in an Islamic – (ﻳﻚ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ = khoms, one-ﬁfth) ﺧﻤﺲ context for religious taxes. .(ﻳﻚ ﺩﻫﻢ = oshr, one-tenth) ﻋﺸﺮ

3.3 The stressed -e (or -i) sufﬁx with quantities and time expressions year’) for giving‘) ﺳﺎﻝ You must be familiar with the stressed -e added to an age:

(yek pesar-e do sAle, ‘a two-year-old boy’] (I/8.5/3] ﻳﻚ ﭘﺴﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ

This -e can be added to many number + noun combinations, especially those again, for] ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ about time and age. (Another word you already know is (.[twice] ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ the second time] made from 32 Other examples: The stressed -e (or -i ) sufﬁx with a ten-day old child) quantities) ﻳﻚ ّﺑﭽﺔ ﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﺯﻩ and time a six-month journey) expressions) ﻳﻚ ِﺳﻔﺮ ﺷﺶ ﻣﺎﻫﻪ (a two-engine plane/a twin-engine aircraft) ﻳﻚ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﻯ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻩ (a bicycle) ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﭼﺮﺧﻪ (a man with two wives) ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺩِ ﺩﻭ ﺯﻧﻪ

If the word already ends in -e, then usually a stressed -i is added instead with alef). Occasionally -i is added to some ﺍﻯ of another -e (written as words ending in consonants and is written joined. This stressed -i should not be confused with the unstressed one discussed earlier in this unit (3.1.3). Examples:

(a ﬁve-minute conversation) ﻳﻚ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﻯ (a three-week journey) ﻳﻚ ِﺳﻔﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻯ

To say by ones or by twos, etc., say:

(by ones; one by one) ﻳﻜﻰ ﻳﻜﻰ or ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ :.tak tak, singly, one by one); more form) ﺗَﻚ ﺗَﻚ (yekAyek, each one, singly, every single one) ﻳﻜﺎﻳﻚ (by twos, two by two) ﺩﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ or ﺩﻭﺗﺎ ﺩﻭﺗﺎ ([by twos; also: the two of [us/you/them) ﺩﻭﺗﺎﺋﻰ (by threes, three by three) ﺳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ or ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎ ([by threes; also: the three of [us/you/them) ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎﺋﻰ

Also compare the following:

(once) ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ/ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭ (all at once, suddenly) ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭﻩ (for the first time) ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺑﺎﺭِ ّﺍﻭﻝ/ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ّﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ (twice) ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ (again) ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ (for the second time) ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺑﺎﺭِ ّﺩﻭﻡ/ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ّﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ (three times) ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ (threefold, thrice) ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ for the third time) 33) ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺑﺎﺭِ ّﺳﻮﻡ/ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ّﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ 3 3.4 The vocative case Definite and indefinite, The vocative is nothing but direct address, and the only thing which is singular and plural: required here is a shift of the stress: in direct address the stress, normally review and on the last syllable, has to shift to the first syllable. The names and titles Mr. Irani) are normally pronounced with) ﺁﻗﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ and ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ z,ﻋﻠﻰ z,ﻣﻴﻨﺎ expansion Vocative case stress on the last syllable as MinF, Alí, ParvAné and AghAye IrAní, but when you are calling/addressing them, the stress is on the first syllable: MínA!, Áli!, PárvAne! and FghAye IrAni! In what now sounds either archaic or poetical, the nouns in the vocative case used to be preceded by the particle ey, ‘O’] or occasionally suffixed by an unstressed -A (and no change of] ﺍﻯ stress). It can still be encountered in contemporary Persian when address- khodFyA, with the glide -y- added] ﺧﺪﺍﻳﺎ! ey khódA] or] ﺍﻯ ﺧﺪﺍ! :ing God here between the two vowels], both meaning O God!

Exercises

Exercise 3.1 In which of the following sentences could you consider rA optional? Put that rA in brackets after the word preceding it. Example:

ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻡ (!The second rA in this sentence is not optional) ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻯ (ﺭﺍ) → 1. ﻛﻤﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ. 2. ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﮔﺮﻣﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﭙﻮﺵ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﺭﻭ ﻛﻨﻰ. 3. ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻜﺸﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻨﺪ؟ ۴ . ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﺋﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩ. ۵ . ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﻡ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻡ. ۶ . ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﺍً ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻡ. 7. ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﺋﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡ ﻛﻪ ًﻗﺒﻼ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ. 8. ِﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡ. 9. ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ ﻭﻟﻰ ﭘﺴﺮﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻓﺶ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ. 10. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻮﺭﺍً ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ.

34 Exercise 3.2 Exercises Translate the sentences from Exercise 3.1 into English.

Exercise 3.3 Give the plural of the following compound nouns (treated as single con- cepts with no ezAfe) by using -hA; then separate the words and change the ﬁrst noun to plural. Translate each version into English. Example: ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ [books of the house] ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ (libraries], b] ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ (a → 1. ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ. 2. ﺗﻮپ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ. 3. ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ. ۴. ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﭙﺰﺷﻚ. ۵. ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩ ّﺍﻭﻝ. ۶. ﭘﺪﺭ ﺑﺰﺭگ. 7. ﺳﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻰ. 8. ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ. 9. ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ. 10. ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ.

Exercise 3.4 In which of the following sentences is the unstressed -i suffix used not just as indefinite determiner but to demonstrate the insignificance of some amount or careless/hasty treatment of something? Mention the words using such a suffix.

1. ﻏﺮﻭﺏ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺋﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻰ ﺩﺭ ِﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ ﻏﺮﻭﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﺷﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. 2. ﺍﺭﺍﺟﻴﻔﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﻧﮕﻮ. 3. ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻔﺮﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻜﻨﻴﻢ. ۴ . ﺍﻯ ﻛﺎﺵ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻰ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ. ۵ . ﺁﻗﺎﻯ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﺍ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛ ﺮﺩﻩﺍﻡ. ۶ . ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﺨﺸﻴﻢ. 7. ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﺁﺷﺘﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﻰ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﻛﺮﺩ. 8. ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﺋﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺻﺤﺒﺘﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. 9. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ. 10. ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﺋﻰ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ.

Exercise 3.5 Translate the sentences from Exercise 3.4 into English. 35 3 Exercise 3.6 Definite and indefinite, Write these in Persian. singular and plural: 1. A tricycle. 2. A six-finger hand. 3. A bilingual book. 4. A two-hour pro- review and gram. 5. A two-horse carriage. 6. A ten-second farewell. 7. A three-bed expansion room. 8. A seven-room house. 9. A two-way (Persian: ‘two-direction’) street. Vocative case 10. A two-day celebration.

Some words that could help:

ﭼﺮﺥ/ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ/ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻜﻪ/ﺟﺸﻦ/ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ/ﺧﺪﺍﺣﺎﻓﻈﻰ/ﺗﺨﺖ/ﺍﺗﺎﻕ/ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺖ/ﺯﺑﺎﻥ/ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ/ ﺍﺳﺐ/ﺳﺎﻋﺖ

ﻛﻮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﻩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺭﺳﺪ، ﺁﺩﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻣﻰ ﺭﺳﺪ. A mountain wouldn’t reach another mountain, a man reaches another.

(Used when you unexpectedly encounter someone you know.)

36 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT FOUR ۴ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻬﺎﻯ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ Persian equivalents of ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ِﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ English modal verbs ﺑﺎﺯﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ِﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻰ More on subjunctive

4.1 English modal verbs (or some semi-modals) and their Persian equivalents

bAyad, must] which is comparable to English] ﺑﺎﻳﺪ In Persian, it is only modals in defectiveness: it has only one form and is not conjugated. (Some [mi-bAyest] ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ,[bAyest] ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ,[mi-bAyad] ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ other forms like bAyesti/mi-bAyesti] are treated in] ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻰ/ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻰ or the rather archaic with no distinction.) Another ﺑﺎﻳﺪ contemporary Persian as synonyms for (’shAyad], is used more like an adverb (‘maybe] ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ,potential modal rather than the modal ‘may/might.’ The rest are adverbs or multi-word constructions with verbs that are conjugated in the normal way. Table 4.1 will show where Persian would use the subjunctive and where perfect (or past) subjunctive for English modals and their perfect forms.

Shall, will and would For shall and will you can usually use the Persian future tense, and you know that there is no ‘future perfect’ tense in Persian: you should use present perfect for shall have and will have. Would is a different story. There being no future in the past in Persian, you would need to check the units on conditionals and reported speech. Would have appears usually in irrealis or counterfactual statements, which is again covered in units on conditionals and wishes. For would used in polite requests, see could in Table 4.1. (to prefer) ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ For would rather you should simply use the verb ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ and conjugate it as a normal verb, or use some expression like for than and (ﺍﺯ not) ﺗﺎ to like better [‘more’]). In both cases use) ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ if a second verb is ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ or ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ and use) ﺗﺎ place the verb before needed):

37 Table 4.1: English modals or some semi-modals and their Persian equivalents

Modals Present Past must/have to/ obligation: past obligation: must have/ They must go. They had to go. (ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻨﺪ/ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ (ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ/ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭﻧﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ/ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ had to no obligation: no obligation in past: They don’t have to go. They didn’t have to go. (ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ/ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ (ﻛﻪ) (ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ/ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ/ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ/ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ prohibition: past prohibition: They mustn’t go. They weren’t [allowed] to go. (ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻨﺪ/(ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ (ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ/(ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ conjecture/guesswork: conjecture/guesswork for past: That must be Mina. That must have been Mina. ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ should/ought obligation/propriety/recommendation: unrealized past obligation or propriety: to/should We should go. We should have gone by now. ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ/ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ have need/need necessity: past necessity: have You need to stay here. I needed to say that. ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻢ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻰ/ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻰ no necessity: no necessity in past: You needn’t stay here. You didn’t need to say that./You needn’t have said that. ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻮﺋﻰ/ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻮﺋﻰ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻰ/ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻰ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻰ had better propriety/recommendation: past propriety (→ see ‘should have’): You had better see him. [You should have seen him.] ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ may/may possibility: past possibility: have/might/ He may/might come. He may/might have come. ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ/ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ/ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ/ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ/ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ might have asking for permission: — May I go? ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ؟/ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ؟/ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ؟/ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ؟ giving permission: — You may go now. ﺣﺎﻻ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﺪ can/could/ ability/inability: past ability/inability: could have/ I can [/I am able to] write./I can’t [/I’m not able to] I could [/couldn’t] write. ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ/ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ .be able to write :past accomplishment/failure to accomplish ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ/ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ I was able to [= managed to] write./I wasn’t able to [= failed to] write. ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ (/ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺷﺪﻡ) ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ/ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ (/ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻧﺸﺪﻡ) ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ possibility/impossibility: past possibility/impossibility: It can [/can’t]/could [/couldn’t] get worse. It can [/can’t]/could [/couldn’t] have gotten worse. ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ (/ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ) ﺑﺪﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ/ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ (/ﻧﻴﺴﺖ) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ (/ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ) ﺑﺪﺗﺮ ﺑﺸﻮﺩ/ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ (/ﻧﻴﺴﺖ) ﺑﺪﺗﺮ ﺑﺪﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺸﻮﺩ suggestion: suggestion for past: We could pick another color. We could have picked another color. ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ ِﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ِﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ (ﺭﺍ) ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ asking for permission/request: Could I leave? ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ؟/ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ؟/ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ؟1/ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ؟ (.it is possible’), always conjugated for third person. (See also impersonal constructions in Unit 7‘) ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ has the same meaning as ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ In this usage 1 4 I’d rather be a cat: ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ (/ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﻢ) ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ. Persian equivalents of English modal I’d rather be a cat than a mouse: verbs ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ (/ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﻢ) ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺵ. More on subjunctive I’d rather be on a trip than stay at home: ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ (/ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﻢ) ﺳﻔﺮ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻢ. However, if you want to use the above verbs with nouns and not a second ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ for respectively ﺍﺯ and ﺑﻪ verb, you would need the prepositions :ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ and ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺵ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﻢ. ﺳﻔﺮ (ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ (/ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ) ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. And how about would in a sense close to used to (repeated actions in the past)? In Persian you simply use the past progressive: Last year) ﭘﺎﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺮ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ. he would come/used to come to our house every day to learn Persian from my mother.) ﺍﻭ ﺗﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﺪ. (He paddled/would paddle faster and faster, but the boat wouldn’t get close to the shore.)

Could have also needs some attention:

• Sometimes it is closer to ‘probability’ (may/might), as when you say, ‘Any student could have written that on the board.’ The Persian translation would be: ﻫﺮ ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﻯ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ (/ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ/ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ) ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. • Sometimes it is about some very real possibility which was not realized, as when you say, ‘Why did you talk to the ofﬁcer like that? He could have arrested you.’ Here you wouldn’t use the past subjunctive, and ‘He could have arrested you’ should be translated as: or , ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ

Finally, let’s: For let’s simply use 1pl., subj. – although this can also be in the ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ here) ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭ/ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﺪ or ﺑﻴﺎ/ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻴﺪ preceded by the imperative 40 sense of ‘to allow’). Examples: – (bAyad) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ (.Let’s go to the city) different ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ ﺷﻬﺮ. Let’s not eat there any more.) usages) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﻳﻢ. (.Come] let’s watch this movie together]) ﺑﻴﺎ/ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. (.Let’s ask him also) ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭ/ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﻢ. sh3yad) – with and without subjunctive) ﺷﺎﻳﺪ 4.2 can function as both an adverb (maybe/perhaps) and a modal ﺷﺎﻳﺪ Since (may/might), using the subjunctive after it is optional. The present tense would be almost the same as the subjunctive, and the perfect subjunctive would be pretty much the same as the present perfect tense; in both cases, however, using the subjunctive would slightly increase the uncertainty. Compare:

(.Maybe she doesn’t know) ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ. (.She may not know) ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺪﺍﻧﺪ. (.Maybe she has gone) ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.She may have gone) ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. b3yad) – different usages) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ 4.3

This is what we know so far about bAyad:

A. bAyad + subjunctive = must/have to B. bAyad + perfect subjunctive = must have C. bAyad + past progressive = had to D. bAyad + past progressive = should have .in impersonal constructions ﺑﺎﻳﺪ E. See 7.2 for

(Note that C and D have the same form.)

Examples for the above usages:

You must see his) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻰ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺪﻫﻰ (a face to better recognize/distinguish the similarities.) You must) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻰ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺟﻠﻮ ﺗﻮ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ (b have seen his face, because he was standing right in front of you.) You certainly) ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮﺭﻭﺯ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰﺩﻳﺪﻯ (c weren’t happy [with the fact] that you had to see his face every day.) You should have seen) ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻯ! (d his face when he heard the news!) 41 He has to call the police and) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺯﻧﮓ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ (a 4 Persian tell/report the matter.) equivalents of He must) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺯﻧﮓ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ِﺟﻠﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ (English modal b verbs have called the police; a police car is in front of the door now.) More on c) (For a few weeks he had ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺯﻧﮓ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩ subjunctive to call the police every day.) You should have called) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺯﻧﮓ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩﻯ، ﭼﻮﻥ ﺗﻮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ (d the police, because you were responsible.)

4.4 Some verbs after which you need the subjunctive

With only a few exceptions, almost all of these are verbs after which the inﬁnitive (with or without to) is used in English. The most common of these verbs can be grouped in the following categories: 1. Verbs of needing, wanting, liking, preferring, being ready [to . . .]: ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ، ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ، ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ [ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ] ًﺍﻗﻼ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ. ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﻤﻴﺮﺩ ّﺍﻣﺎ ِﺯﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ. 2. Verbs of wishing, hoping, expecting, praying: ﺁﺭﺯﻭ/ﺍﻣﻴﺪ/ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ/ﺗﻮﻗّﻊ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺩﻋﺎ/ﺁﺭﺯﻭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭ/ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﺭﺯﻭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻃﻌﻢ ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻧﭽﺸﻨﺪ. ﺩﻋﺎ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ. ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺸﻨﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﻧﮕﻮﻳﺪ؟ lit., ‘may God grant it that . . .’) is practically the) ﺧﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ The expression same (in meaning and usage) as I hope: (.I hope he hasn’t forgotten) ﺧﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (.I hope he won’t ﬁnd out) ﺧﺪﺍ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﺪ (= ﺧﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﻬﻤﺪ) 3. Verbs of trying, attempting: ﺳﻌﻰ/ﺗﻼﺵ/ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻯ ﺩﺷﻤﻦ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭِ ُﻧﺎﺩ ُﺭﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ. ﺩﻭﻳﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪ ِﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﭼﺮﺍ ﻫﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؟ 42 4. Verbs of planning, deciding, intending: Some verbs after which you need the ﻗﺼﺪ/ﺧﻴﺎﻝ/ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ subjunctive ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺴﺎﺯﻧﺪ. ﺁﻳﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ؟ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻳﺎﺩ ِﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻗﻠﻴّﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﻛﻨﺪ. 5. Verbs of arranging, being supposed to, being about to: ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ/ﺑﻮﺩﻥ، ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻰ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ، ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ِﺟﻨﮓ ِﺟﻬﺎﻧﻰ ّﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺁﻳﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻰ ﺩﺍﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ.

6. Verbs of succeeding, managing, having the capability: ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ (see also 4.1 above)، ﻣﻮﻓّﻖ ﺷﺪﻥ، ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ، ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ/ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ، ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﺩ. ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮔﺶ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ. ﺍﻭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﺶ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﺪ.

7. Verbs of asking, requesting, pleading, demanding, commanding: ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ، ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ، ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ِﺟﻠﻮ ﺧﺎﻧﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﺯﺷﺖ ﻧﺰﻧﺪ. ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻡ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻧﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪ. ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.

8. Verbs of suggesting, recommending, advising: ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ/ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ/ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻧﺪ. ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﺠﺎﻯ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ، ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻢ. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺘﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﺎﺭ ﻧﻜﺸﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ.

9. Verbs of insisting, emphasizing: ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻜﻦ ﻛﻪ ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺷﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ. 43 ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ِﺳﺎﻋﺖ َﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﺮﺩﺩ. 4 10. Verbs of encouraging, allowing, letting: Persian ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ equivalents of English modal ﺗﻮ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻯ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﻰ. verbs ِ More on ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ. subjunctive ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻏﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ.

11. Verbs of forbidding, banning, depriving: ﻣﻨﻊ/ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) The ﬁrst three are the different ways you can say ‘The mayor banned smoking in restaurants’:

ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ (ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ) ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﺎﺭ ﺑﻜﺸﺪ. ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﮕﺎﺭ ﺑﻜﺸﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﻴﮕﺎﺭ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ.

12. Verbs of convincing or being convinced, accepting, agreeing, approving, promising, swearing: ﻗﺎﻧﻊ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺷﺪﻥ، ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺷﺪﻥ، ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ، ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ، ﻗﺴﻢ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ Note: with some of these verbs, the use of the subjunctive is not necessary if they are about some fact – and not something that is to happen.

ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩ/ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻨﺠﺸﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ.

13. Verbs of deserving, being qualiﬁed, having the right: ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ/ﺳﺰﺍﻭﺍﺭ/ﻻﻳﻖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ، ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﻰ/ﻟﻴﺎﻗﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻭ ِﻟﻴﺎﻗﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺷﻤﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻮﺋﻴﺪ. ﺁﻳﺎ ﺳﺰﺍﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ؟

44 14. Verbs of doubting, assuming, supposing, guessing: Some verbs after which you need the ﺷﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﺷﻚ/ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ، ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺗﺼﻮﺭ/ﮔﻤﺎﻥ subjunctive [ﻧَـ] ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﺣﺪﺱ ﺯﺩﻥ Note:

is followed ﺷﻚ wouldn’t need subj. when negative. And when ﺷﻚ that determines whether subj. is needed or not ﺷﺎﻳﺪ it is ,ﺷﺎﻳﺪ by .(above, under 4.2 ﺷﺎﻳﺪ see) ,on the contrary, would always need subj. when negative ,ﺗﺼﻮﺭ and ﮔﻤﺎﻥ but sometimes when afﬁrmative also. can be followed by subj. or not, depending on the degree of ﺣﺪﺱ uncertainty.

ﺷﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ/ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ/ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺣﺪﺱ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺯﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ. ﺗﺼﻮﺭ/ﮔﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ (/ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ).

15. Verbs of possibility and likelihood: ﻣﻤﻜﻦ/ ِﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ، ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ/ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.

16. Verbs of obligation, urgency and necessity: ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺷﺪﻥ، ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ/ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ/ﻟﺰﻭﻡ/ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﻻﺯﻡ/ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺔ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺶ ﺑﻜﻨﺪ. ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻴﺪ. ﺁﻳﺎ ًﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ/ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻮﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ؟

17. Verbs of remembering, forgetting, knowing/learning/teaching + how or other question words (the second verb subj. if English uses the inﬁnitive; see Unit 14 for more details, see also Table 8.2): ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ، ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ (ﻛﻪ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ/ﻛﺠﺎ/ . . . )، ﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ/ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ، ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺪﻫﻢ. ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﺑﺨﺮﻡ. 45 ﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ/ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﻧﺪ. 4 18. Verbs of beginning, starting: Persian ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ equivalents of English modal Note: using subj. is only one of the possible structures here; see below verbs the different ways of saying ‘The professor started to speak,’ with subj. More on being the last choice: subjunctive ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺮﺩ (ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ) ﻛﻪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ.

19. Verbs of causing, leading to: ﺑﺎﻋﺚ/ﻣﻮﺟﺐ/ﺳﺒﺐ ( ِﺑﺎﻋﺚ . . . / ِﻣﻮﺟﺐ . . . / ِﺳﺒﺐ . . . ) ﺷﺪﻥ، (ﺑﻪ . . . ) ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪﻥ/ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ِﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ِﻏﻠﻂ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ/ﻣﻮﺟﺐ/ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. ِﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﺵ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ.

20. Verbs of daring, having the courage, or fearing, worrying, being too shy or feeling embarrassed: ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ، ﺗﺮﺱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ، ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ، ﺟﺮﺋﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﺟﺮﺋﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺸﺪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﺋﺖ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳﭙﺶ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻰ (ﻛﻪ/ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ) ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺩ؟

21. Verbs of hastening, being in a hurry: ﻋﺠﻠﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻋﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ. ﻋﺠﻠﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﻢ.

22. Verbs of getting used to, being easy or difﬁcult: (ﺑﻪ . . . ) ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺳﺨﺖ/ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﺗﻠﻔﻨﻰ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﻛﺎﺭ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ.

46 4.5 Subjunctive in certain adjectival clauses Too . . . to and enough to In the last examples above (being easy/difﬁcult to . . .) we have in fact adjectival clauses, and using the subjunctive in adjectival clauses is very common, especially with interrogative or negative general statements. Compare the following:

(.All children are naughty) ﻫﻤﺔ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﻄﺎﻧﻨﺪ. (?Is there any child who isn’t naughty) ﺁﻳﺎ ّﺑﭽ ﻪﺍﻯ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ؟ (.There’s no child who isn’t naughty) ﻫﻴﭻ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ. (.I’m reading a book) ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻢ. (.I have a book to read) ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻢ. (.I have a book which is very interesting) ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ. Give me a book which is more) ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻟﺒﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. interesting.)

4.6 Too . . . to and enough to a) For ‘too . . . to’ in Persian you need: .subj + ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ . . . ﻛﻪ + .a comparative adj./adv Examples: -He is too young to under) ﺍﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﺪ. stand these things.) He is too smart to make) ﺍﻭ ﺯﺭﻧﮕﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﻰ ﺑﻜﻨﺪ. such a mistake.) He knows) ﺍﻭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﻯ ﺑﻜﻨﺪ. me too well to think of me in such a way [/to have such thoughts about me].) He knows) ﺍﻭ ﺑﻴﺶ/ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﻧﮕﻮﻳﺪ. too much about that matter not to tell the police.) This bird) ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﻋﻜﺴﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻡ. flies too fast for me to be able to take its picture.) Note: in this structure, if you don’t use subj., the meaning would totally change: in the English translation you would simply use a comparative adjective and no infinitive. Compare the following with the first two examples above: He is younger than [what] his) ﺍﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ. mother says.) He is smarter than [what] 47) ﺍﻭ ﺯﺭﻧﮕﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. you think.) 4 b) For ‘enough to . . .’ in Persian you need: .ﻛﻪ + adj./adv. + a verb + ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ Persian equivalents of English modal -to the suf‘) ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻛﺎﻓﻰ or ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ it is possible to use ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ verbs Instead of ficient extent or amount’). More on subjunctive In this structure, the verb takes the main stress, and that is why if you are using the verb to be, you would need its longer, ‘hast’ version (for emphasis). Without the stress on the verb, the meaning would change to ‘so much that’ or ‘to the extent that’ – and no subjunctive would then be necessary (nor the longer version of to be). Compare:

He is so smart that he) ﺍﻭ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺯﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﺪ. understands everything.) He is smart enough to) ﺍﻭ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺯﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﺪ. understand these things.) He is so wise that he) ﺍﻭ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. wouldn’t make such a mistake.) He is wise enough not to) ﺍﻭ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﻰ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ. make such a mistake.) You have so) ﺷﻤﺎ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﻳﺪ. much money that you travel in summer every year.) You have enough) ﺷﻤﺎ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ِﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺴﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﺪ. money to travel this summer.)

4.7 Conjunctions that need the subjunctive

Some conjunctions – like the conditional if (I/16) and some of the conjunctions used in time clauses (I/18) – can be followed by the subjunctive; but there are some that always require the use of the subjunctive, like those see I/18.2), or those meaning in order to ;ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ/ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ) meaning before .Here are a few more examples .(ﺗﺎ see Unit 12 for different usages of) ِﺑﺠﺎﻯ both meaning ‘without’) as well as) ﺑﻰ and ِﺑﺪﻭﻥ a) The prepositions see I/17.2 for) ﺁﻧﻜﻪ instead of’) can all be used as conjunctions by adding‘) the rule) – and then they would always need the subjunctive. Examples:

ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻰ ﻏﺬﺍ/ ِﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ. ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻰ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ/ ِﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ. ﻣﺎ ِﺑﺠﺎﻯ ﺗﻤﺎﺷﺎﻯ ِﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺻﻠﺢ، ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻢ. ﻣﺎ ِﺑﺠﺎﻯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ِﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺻﻠﺢ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﺷﺎ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ، ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻢ. 48 khAh . . . khAh . . .] and Exercises] ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . b) The correlative conjunctions che . . . che . . .], both meaning ‘whether . . . or . . . ,’ would] ﭼﻪ . . . ﭼﻪ . . . always need the subjunctive:

ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﻧﻴﺎﺋﻴﺪ، ﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺭﻓﺖ. ﭼﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﭼﻪ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺩِ ﭘﻴﺮ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﻨﺪ. and the) ﻫﺮ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ/ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪﺭ (ﻛﻪ) . . . or ﻫﺮﭼﻪ (ﻛﻪ) c) The same applies to /’all meaning ‘whatever ,ﻫﺮ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ or ﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛﻪ more formal versions ‘no matter what/how’ or ‘however much that’) when used for what is to happen next. Compare:

!no subj. here – ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﮔﻔﺖ، ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻰ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻡ. !.here subj – ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﮕﻮﺋﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ. ﻫﺮﻗﺪﺭ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻰ، ﺩﺍﺭﻡ.

Exercises

Exercise 4.1 and make the necessary changes ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ Start the following sentences with in the verbs, then translate the sentence. Example:

ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺩ. Yesterday I encouraged) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺩ. → him to go back to Iran.)

1. ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﺪ. 2. ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. 3. ﺳﻌﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. ۴ . ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ. ۵ . ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻢ. ۶ . ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﻯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ. 7. ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﺕ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺮﺻﻬﺎ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻛﻨﻰ. 8. ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺒﺮﻡ. 9. ﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ. 10. ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻢ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﺪ. 49 4 Exercise 4.2 Persian equivalents of In the following sentences change the ﬁrst verb to negative (and make English modal other changes if necessary); then translate. Example: verbs ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ More on I’m not sure if he himself) ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ → subjunctive knows [about it].) 1. ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﺔ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ. 2. ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ؟ 3. ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ۴ . ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺭﻭﺯِ ﺷﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻣﻰ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ. ۵ . ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺎ ِﺯﻥ ّﺍﻭﻟﻢ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. ۶ . ﺷﻚ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ. 7. ﺁﻳﺎ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ 8. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻊ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻜﺸﺪ. 9. ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. 10. ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ. Exercise 4.3 Fill out the blanks by using the correct form of the verb in the question, then translate the answers only. Example:

– ’ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻰ؟‘ – ’ﻧﻪ، ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ...... ‘ (.No, I intend to write another article) ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ → 1. – ’ﺩﺧﺘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‘ – ’ﻧﻪ، ﻭ ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ...... ‘ 2. – ’ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ؟‘ – ’ﻧﻪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ...... ‘ 3. – ’ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻯ؟‘ – ’ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻧﻪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻔﺘﺔ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ...... ‘ – – ۴ . ’ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻯ؟‘ ’ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻧﻪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ...... ‘ – – ۵ . ’ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ؟‘ ’ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ...... ‘ – – ۶ . ’ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ؟‘ ’ﻧﻪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ...... ‘ 7. – ’ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ؟‘ – ’ﻧﻪ، ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ...... ‘ 8. – ’ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﻮﺱ ﻣﻰﺭﻭﻯ؟‘ – ’ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻧﻪ، ﺻﺒﺢﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﻮﺱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ...... ‘ 9. – ’ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﺮﺳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺕ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‘ – ’ﻧﻪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ...... ‘ 10. – ’ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺖ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ؟‘ – ’ﻧﻪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻘﺶ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ...... ‘ 50 Exercise 4.4 Exercises Write the correct form of the verb based on the English translation. Example:

You should have) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ...... (ﺁﻣﺪﻥ)، ﺍﻵﻥ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ come earlier; it’s too late now.) ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪﻯ → She must have come) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ...... (ﺁﻣﺪﻥ)، ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ .1 earlier than us; I see her car.) In) ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ِﺷﻐﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﺒﺤﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ...... (ﺁﻣﺪﻥ) .2 this new job, he had to come to the office much earlier in the morning.) You have to finish your) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻣﺴﺎﻝ ...... (ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) .3 studies this year.) You must) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ...... (ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻰ .4 have finished your studies as you’re thinking about marriage.) You should) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ...... (ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻰ .5 have finished your studies so that you could be at ease now.) Did you have to) ﺁﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺴﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ...... (ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ)؟ .6 finish your studies this same year?) You must swim for) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ...... (ﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ .7 one hour to get hungry.) There we had) ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ...... (ﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻢ .8 to swim first and then study.) She must have swum as) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻥ ِﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ...... (ﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) .9 far as the other side [/bank] of the river.) You [sg.] have to wait until) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ...... (ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) ﺗﺎ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﺷﻮﺩ .10 it gets dark.) ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺪﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺭﻓﺘﻰ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ...... (ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ .11 It was a bad thing you did that you left earlier; you should have) ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ waited for us all to go together.) Did you always) ﺁﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ...... (ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﺑﺰﻧﻨﺪ؟ .12 have to wait until they called you?) ;You look tired) ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺭﺳﻰ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ...... (ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ) .13 you must have waited a lot.) You [pl.] must) ﺣﺎﻻ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ...... (ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻥ) ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ .14 have understood by now that those words had been lies.) You) ﺗﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﺵ ﻫﺴﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ...... (ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻥ) ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ .15 who are his brother should have understood why he was doing this.) 51 4 Exercise 4.5 Persian equivalents of Translate these sentences into English. English modal 1. ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺯﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ِﺯﻥ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ. verbs More on 2. ﻫﻮﺍ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺘﻮ ﺑﭙﻮﺷﻰ. subjunctive 3. ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺸﻨﻮﻧﺪ. ۴ . ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻡ. ۵ . ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺣﻤﻖ ﻫﺴﺘﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﻰ. ۶ . ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. 7. ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﺪ. 8. ﻣﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺪﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺮﻡ. 9. ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻴﻢ. 10. ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻔﺮﻭﺷﻢ. 11. ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﭽﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﻧﻮ ﺑﺨﺮﺩ. 12. ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ.

Exercise 4.6 In the sentences from Exercise 4.5, change Anghadr . . . ke (‘enough’) to bish az An . . . ke (‘too’) without changing the meaning (this will require changes in the afﬁrmative/negative also). Then translate into English. Example:

He has studied) ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ. well enough to pass the test.) He has) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ. → studied too well to fail [/not to pass] the test.)

ﻣﺎﻫﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻯ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. Whenever you catch the ﬁsh, it’s fresh.

(= It’s not too late yet; don’t give up/let’s do it.)

52 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT FIVE ۵ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺷﺮﻃﻰ ﻫﺎ More on conditionals ﺍﮔﺮ، ﻣﮕﺮ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ، ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ ,If, unless; otherwise as if

[ágar, if] ﺍﮔﺮ Some substitutes for 5.1 ,in time clauses ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ often appears to be little different from ﺍﮔﺮ While we can have a stronger, more emphatic ‘condition’ by using conjunctions that mean provided that, namely:

ﺑﻪ ِﺷﺮﻁ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ/ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻰ ﻛﻪ/ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ

They are not very common in the past (‘irrealis’) conditions – especially never placed at the beginning of the sentence – and they would always need the subjunctive. in case, in the event that) is also very) ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ The conjunction close to this group, though not as strong (and, therefore, the use of the subjunctive is not obligatory). To say ‘I’ll buy you that shirt provided that you study well,’ you can use one of the following forms:

ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ، ﺁﻥ ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺧﺮﻡ. ﺁﻥ ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺧﺮﻡ. ﺁﻥ ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺧﺮﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ. ﺁﻥ ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺧﺮﻡ، ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ. :can also be used in a similar way ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ، ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﻤﺎﺷﺎﻯ ﺁﻥ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻫﻢ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ. meaning whereas/while (see ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﻛﻪ or it can be used as a synonym of I/18.5) – and always at the beginning of the second clause in this sense:

53 ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ، ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻐﺎﺯﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺗﺶ ﻧﺰﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. [mágar, if not; unless] ﻣﮕﺮ 5.2 5 More on conditionals or (or just ) can be used as the negative of ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﮕﺮ ﻣﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ/ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ;If, unless otherwise, (‘if’) in conditional sentences. It has, however, one major difference from as if the English unless: it always introduces the second clause and is never at the beginning of a sentence when used in the sense of unless. Compare:

ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺑﺮﻭﻯ، ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﻡ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺮﻭﻯ، ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺭﻭﻡ. ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺭﻭﻡ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﻯ.

ﻣﮕﺮ Other uses of 5.2.1 -is used in questions to show disbelief or surprise (or protest, indig ﻣﮕﺮ (a nation) – this means that you normally expect to hear the opposite of what you are saying (regarding afﬁrmative/negative). ’?means ‘Was he there ﺍﻭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ؟ still means ‘Was he there?’ although it is more like ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ؟ ﻧﻪ، ﻧﺒﻮﺩ :But was he really there?’ and shows that you expect to hear‘ (No, he wasn’t). ;Wasn’t he there?) would have the opposite effect) ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ؟ it is closer to ‘But he was there, wasn’t he?’ and you expect to hear: used to give an afﬁrmative answer to ﭼﺮﺍ Yes, he was). (For) ﭼﺮﺍ، ﺑﻮﺩ a negative question see I/4.8). Examples:

ﭼﺮﺍ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﻫﻰ؟ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻰ؟ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؟ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﻯ؟ ﻣﮕﺮ ﻣﻦ ﭼﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ؟ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻭﻧﺪ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺗّﻔﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ؟ and sometimes they are ,ﻛﻪ is similar to a usage of ﻣﮕﺮ This usage of used for emphasis in two consecutive sentences which only differ in using afﬁrmative and negative – the afﬁrmative form of one has the effect of the negative form of the other, and vice versa:

ﻣﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪ؟ ﺍﻭ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻣﺪ! (But didn’t he come? He did come, alright?) ﺍﻭ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ! ﻣﮕﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ؟ (But he doesn’t know – or does he?)

when ﻣﮕﺮ/ﻛﻪ Akhar) is also close in certain ways to) ﺁﺧﺮ The adverb 54 used as a ﬁller to justify a situation. Examples: ,mágar] ﻣﮕﺮ (?But why didn’t you ask me) ﺁﺧﺮ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻧﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪﻯ؟ if not; unless] (.I didn’t go; it was already dark) ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻢ، ﺁﺧﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. magar na] is used in colloquial Persian] ﻣﮕﺮ ﻧﻪ؟ b) The interrogative phrase in a way similar to the English question tags.

ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﻧﻪ؟ (– ﺑﻠﻪ، ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ./– ﻧﻪ، ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ.) You know him, don’t you? (– Yes, I do./– No, I don’t.) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﻧﻪ؟ (– ﭼﺮﺍ، ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ./– ﻧﻪ، ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ.) You hadn’t read this article, had you? (– Yes, I had./– No, I hadn’t.)

is simply a preposition meaning except or other than ﻣﮕﺮ c) Sometimes :as in these examples – ّﺍﻻ and ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ z, ُﺟﺰ/ ﺑِ ُﺠﺰ its synonyms being – ﻫﻤﻪ ﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ (/ﺑﺠﺰ/ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ/ ّﺍﻻ) ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ. ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ (/ﺑﺠﺰ/ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ/ ّﺍﻻ) ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻥ. except’ that = ﻣﮕﺮ‘ It would be wrong to conclude from the equation can always be used for except that: if you are using except ’ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‘ that to show a difference (= with the difference that/but for the fact that), then the appropriate Persian equivalent would be: :Examples .ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻛﻪ or ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ

ُﺩ ُﺭﺳﺖ ِﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ ّﻗﺪﺵ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻫﻮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ِﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ.

In most of the other cases, except that can be translated into Persian as :(as in these examples) ﺑﺠﺰ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ/ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ/ ّﺍﻻ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ

ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺑﺠﺰ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ (/ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ/ ّﺍﻻ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ) ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻳﻢ. ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﺠﺰ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ (/ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ/ ّﺍﻻ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ) ﺩﺭﺳﻬﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪ. in more formal ﺗﻨﻬﺎ or) ﻓﻘﻂ And sometimes you can just use the word language, both meaning only) as in these examples: ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻯ، ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﻰ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻢ، ﻓﻘﻂ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻡ. in the above examples would not be possible. 55 ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ Using [va gar na, otherwise; if not so; or else] ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ 5.3 5 More on otherwise] is usually not used at the beginning of ,ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻪ or] ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ,conditionals As in English If, unless; a sentence. Two common synonyms are [va el.lX] and ﺩﺭ ِﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭ ّﺍﻻ ,otherwise as if [dar gheyr-e in surat]. Examples: ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺸﻮﺋﻰ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﻫﻢ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻯ. ﺑﮕﻮ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﻧﻜﻨﻨﺪ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﺗﺶ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﻰ؛ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﺒﺢ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺐ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ، ﻭ ّﺍﻻ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﻯ.

[enga¯r, as if] ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ 5.4 ,do not need the subjunctive – ﮔﻮﺋﻰ .and the more formal or literary – ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ because what is expressed after them is treated as some pseudo-fact:

ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﻰ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ (ﻛﻪ) ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﻤﻘﻢ. ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻻﻏﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ. ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ِﭘﻴﺶ ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ، ﮔﻮﺋﻰ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺗّﻔﺎﻗﻰ ﻧﻴﻔﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.

5.4.1 To look as if all meaning) ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ (and (in form./lit. Persian ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ/ﺁﻣﺪﻥ The verbs ‘to look, to seem, to appear’) need the subjunctive when negative, but normally no subjunctive when afﬁrmative, unless you want to decrease the likelihood when talking about what is going to happen next. (See also I/14.2.4.) Compare: ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺸﺐ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﺍﻯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ.

5.5 More on tenses in counterfactual conditionals

We know that there are only two tenses that can be used in counterfactual conditionals: past progressive and past perfect. (See I/16.2.) We also learned that the past progressive is the more common of the two tenses, especially in the main clause. Here we can add that the past perfect is usually not 56 used in the main clause if • it has the nature of some general statement (whether true or false); Exercises • some frequency adverb (always, every day, etc.) is mentioned; or • the tense of the ﬁrst verb (in the if-clause) is past progressive and the action of the verb in the main clause could not have happened before that.

In the following examples of counterfactual conditionals, the tense of the verb in the main clause cannot be past perfect: ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﺍﻳﻨﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﺑﺨﺘﻰ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ)، ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺯﺩﻡ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭِ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ، ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻨﺪ.

Exercises Exercise 5.1 .unless’); then translate‘) ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ Combine the two sentences by using Example: ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. I’ll bring it unless it’s) ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. → too heavy.) 1. ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﺪ. 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ. ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻮﺳﻢ. 3. ﺍﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ۴ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ. ۵ . ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ. ۶ . ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ. ﺷﻮﻫﺮﻡ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻯ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. 7. ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ. ﻫﺮﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻰ. 8. ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻴﻢ. 9. ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺯﺩ. ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺬﺭﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. 10. ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻐﻠﺖ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ.

Exercise 5.2 Translate the following into English. 1. ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ. 57 2. ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻢ. 3. ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ. 5 More on ۴ . ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻯ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ. conditionals If, unless; ۵ . ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺰﻯ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻯ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ. ,otherwise ۶ . ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﺁﺩﻣﻬﺎﻯ ﺗﻨﺒﻠﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ. as if 7. ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻢ. 8. ﺁﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻥ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ. 9. ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪ. 10. ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ.

Exercise 5.3 In the sentences from the previous exercise (5.2), begin the ﬁrst clause otherwise’); other changes might also be‘) ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ if’) and delete‘) ﺍﮔﺮ with necessary. Then translate. Example:

ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺁﺩﻡِ ﺍﺣﻤﻘﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ If he doesn’t give you) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ، ﺁﺩﻡِ ﺍﺣﻤﻘﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ → that job, he is a stupid person.)

Exercise 5.4 Choose one of the words/conjunctions:

ﺍﮔﺮ – ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ – ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ – ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ – ﻓﻘﻂ – ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ

to ﬁll in the blanks in the following sentences, then translate the sentence. Example:

...... ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﺩﻯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ (.It seems that tomorrow is going to be a very cold day) ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ →

1...... ﻭﻗﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﻢ. 2. ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻢ ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﺑﻮﺩ، ...... ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪﻡ. 3. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ، ...... ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. ۴ . ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ، ...... ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻧﻴﺎﻳﺪ. ۵ . ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻢ، ...... ﺟﺮﺋﺖ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻡ. 58 Exercises ۶...... ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﭼﺮﺍ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ؟ 7. ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ، ...... ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻦ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻡ. 8. ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻣﺪ، ...... ﻛﻤﻰ ﺩﻳﺮﺗﺮ. 9. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﻢ ...... ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ. 10...... ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ؟ Exercise 5.5 Provide the correct form of the verb, then translate. Example: ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ِﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ...... (ﺁﻣﺪﻥ) (.I’ll never see him again unless he comes/appears in my dream) ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ →

1. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ...... (ﻧـ + ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ، .2sg) ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻼﺱ ﻧﺮﻭﻯ. 2. ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺯﻧﮓ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﺵ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ...... (ﻧـ + ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻥ). 3. ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺳﻴﮕﺎﺭ ﺑﻜﺸﻢ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﻗﻰ ...... (ﻧـ + ﻛﺮﺩﻥ). ۴ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺘﻰ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻰ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﺍﻯ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ ...... (ﻛﺮﺩﻥ). ۵ . ﺍﮔﺮ ...... (ﻧـ + ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ، .3sg) ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﺮﺩ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ ﻗﺮﺽ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ۶ . ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ، ...... (ﻓﻜﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، .1sg) ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﺪﻯ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. 7. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﺗﺶ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﻓﺖ، ...... (ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ) ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ؟ 8. ﺍﮔﺮ ...... (ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ، .2pl) ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ، ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺴﺎﻝ ﺑﻜﻨﻴﺪ. 9. ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ...... (ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، .3sg). 10. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻃﻼﻕ ...... (ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ)، ﺁﻳﺎ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺍﺯ ِﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﭘﺪﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ؟

59 5 Exercise 5.6 More on conditionals Translate the following into Persian; some of the words you can use have If, unless; been given at the end of the exercise. otherwise, as if 1. Don’t call me again if you hate me so much. 2. I won’t write that letter unless he earnestly begs. 3. Unless you succeed in ﬁnding the mouse, I wouldn’t dare sleep in this room. 4. They shouldn’t drink this water if they haven’t boiled it ﬁrst. 5. He is a good person; otherwise he wouldn’t have given you your money. 6. Is it bad if the color of one eye differs from that of the other? 7. My parents are not much different, except that they are younger. 8. How did you tell them what you wanted if you didn’t know the language? 9. Don’t tell her about it if you don’t want everybody to know. 10. It looks as if they are encouraging him to go back to Iran.

ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ/ ﺑﺪ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ/ ﺯﻧﮓ ﺯﺩﻥ/ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ ﻣﻮﻓّﻖ ﺷﺪﻥ/ ﻣﻮﺵ/ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ ﺟﺮﺋﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ/ ﻧﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ/ ﺁﺩﻡ/ﭘﻮﻝ/ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ/ ﺭﻧﮓ/ ﭼﺸﻢ/ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ/ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ/ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ/ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ/ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻥ/ ﻫﻤﻪ/ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ/ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ/ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ

ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻳﻚ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑَﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ. If there’s someone home, one word is enough.

(= I don’t care if you don’t follow my advice.)

60 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT SIX ۶ ِﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﺒﺒﻰ Causative form ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻰ Optative mood ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡِ ﻓﻌﻞ Past participle as verb ِﺣﺬﻑ ِﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ Deleting a similar verb َﭘﻴﺸﺮ ِﻭﻯ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ !Regulars on the march

6.1 Causative form

This is a very common form used to make causative/transitive verbs from intransitive verbs (or occasionally to give a causative sense to an already transitive verb). Xndan) to the-) ـﺎﻧﺪﻥ The formation is quite regular: you add the suffix present stem (sometimes these verbs have a more formal or literary ver- Xnidan]). The resulting verb is also always-] ـﺎﻧﻴﺪﻥ sion also with the suffix regular. To get the present stem, you only drop -dan (or -idan) from the end of the new infinitive. Note 1: Not all the verbs have this causative form. Note 2: Not all the infinitives ending in -Xndan are the causative form of another infinitive – which means that some can even be intransitive .mXndan], to stay). But the great majority of them are] ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ like) neshastan, to sit, pres. stem neshin) uses the) ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ Note 3: The verb -neshXndan, to cause to sit). Also, in col) ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ shortened causative form (shekXndan) ﺷﻜﺎﻧﺪﻥ loquial Persian you hear the causative/transitive form .(.shekastan, to break, both tr. and intr) ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ for the verb Examples: Say hello from me./Give my) ﺳﻼﻡ ﻣﺮﺍ (= ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ) ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪ. greetings to your family.) He returned yesterday but did) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ. not return my book.) Can you feed this food to the child?) 61) ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺍﻧﻰ؟ 6 Table 6.1: How causative verbs are formed (from left to right) Causative form Optative mood Simple Infinitive Causative Infinitive Past participle (often intransitive) (always transitive) as verb infinitive pres. stem + infinitive pres. Deleting a similar verb -a¯ndan stem (-a¯nidan) Regulars on ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ (ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﺪﻥ) ﺧﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ !the march to eat khor khorXndan (khorXnidan), khorXn to feed; to cause to eat ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﺪﻥ (ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﻴﺪﻥ) ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻥ to sleep khXb khXbXndan (khXbXnidan), khXbXn to put to bed; to cause to sleep ﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ (ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻥ) ﺭﺱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ to reach res resXndan (resXnidan), resXn to cause to reach; to deliver ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻦ to return bargard bargardXndan, bargardXn (intr.) to [cause to] return (tr.) ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻥ to stand ist istXndan, to cause to stand istXn ﺩﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻭﻳﺪﻥ to run dow/dav davXndan, to cause to run davXn ﭘﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﭘﺮ ﭘﺮﻳﺪﻥ to fly par parXndan, to cause to fly parXn ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺵ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ to wear push pushXndan, pushXn to cause to wear; to cover ﺗﺮﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺗﺮﺱ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ to fear tars tarsXndan, to scare tarsXn

6.2 Optative mood

An outmoded mood now, it was used in early modern Persian as a form of prayer, for wishing and cursing. In poetical/archaic language you can 62 still encounter examples of this, which mostly consist of changing the third person -ad ending to -Xd. Thus, (dahXd) and (konXd) would be Past participle as verb ﻛﻨﺎﺩ ﺩﻫﺎﺩ the optative forms of respectively dXdan and kardan. ﺑﻮﺩﻥ The only verb whose optative mood is still widely used is the verb [bXdX] ﺑﺎﺩﺍ bXd, sometimes) ﺑﺎﺩ to be), its irregular optative form being) in poetry, meaning ‘May [it] be . . .’), especially common in the expression ‘Long live . . . :’ (!Long live freedom) ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻯ! (!proverb:] Come what may!/Whatever will be, will be]) ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺩﺍ ﺑﺎﺩ!

6.3 Past participle as verb

Sometimes a past participle alone – without being part of a perfect tense or structure – is used as a verb. is deleted ﺍﺳﺖ When 6.3.1 In the third person singular of the present perfect tense, colloquial Persian this happens often enough in more formal, written – ﺍﺳﺖ always drops instead ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ :Persian as well – thus leaving the past participle behind My father has come). This is probably the only case) ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ of where using a single past participle as verb is acceptable in all levels of language and is not con sidered ‘bad’ or careless Persian.

6.3.2 ‘Having not yet . . .’ Another ‘acceptable’ case is one in which the past participle is negative and is used in the sense of ‘having not yet . . .’ (which can also be seen as a shortened version of a Persian equivalent for had hardly/scarcely . . . when . . . ; see 12.4). In this usage, regardless of the negative na- that usually takes the main (and) َﻭ stress, the stress is on the last syllable of the past participle, and no follows it. Examples: Having barely opened) ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ، ﻓﺮﻳﺎﺩ ﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. the door, he shouted that he was hungry. Or: Scarcely had he opened the door when . . .) ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺒﺎﻯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ، ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺗﻮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ. (Having barely learned the ABCs of the job, he wanted to get a salary as high as yours.)

The following examples (still negative, with final stress, and no va) are very close to the ones above: 63 Where are you going without having) ﻏﺬﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﻯ؟ 6 Causative form eaten?) Optative mood ِ (I won’t let him leave this ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻡ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. Past participle as verb place before he gives me [/not having given me] my money.) Deleting a similar verb Regulars on 6.3.3 To be avoided: participial absolute the march! In written Persian, especially in official/administrative language, you often come across another usage of past participle (or participial absolute) as verb, a practice hated and avoided by writers of ‘good’ Persian. In its most acceptable (or least hated) version, the rule is to change one or more verbs (of the same tense) in a longer sentence to past participles and only keep the verb at the end of the sentence in its finite form – which will also determine the tense and person of the past participles. It is recommended to drop the conjunction ‘and’ when a finite verb changes to a past participle, but this is often neglected, to make things worse. Example:

Normal sentence: (.We returned home and ate) ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻳﻢ.

After the change (not recommended!): is what ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻳﻢ Same meaning; here) ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻳﻢ. (.ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻪ shows the tense and person of

Still worse would be keeping the conjunction: ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻳﻢ.

And still worse would be using this form when verbs are not of the same tense and/or person, which can be confusing as well.

6.4 Deleting a similar verb

Here also you usually keep the ﬁnite verb at the end of the sentence and somehow ‘shorten’ or delete the verb(s) before it in longer sentences, which is done in two ways: deleting similar auxiliary verbs and deleting similar verbal parts of compound verbs. Deleting other verbs, or the verb at the end of the sentence, is much less common, and deleting verbs that are not similar is considered a grammatical mistake. 64 This is also a feature common in written Persian only – and not much loved even there. Examples (with deleted verbs in brackets): Regulars on the march! ﺍﻭ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ (ﺑﻮﺩ) ﻭ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ (ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ (ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ) ﻭ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. ﺑﻌﺪﺍً ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺯ (ﺷﺪﻧﺪ) ﻭ ﺍﺗﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ (ﺭﻓﺖ) ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺖ. ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ِﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ (ﺭﻓﺖ).

6.5 Regulars on the march!

In the course of its simpliﬁcation, modern Persian has been moving away from simple, irregular verbs. The two main strategies have been:

; ﺷﺪﻥ and ﻛﺮﺩﻥ a) using compound verbs with only a few verbs – mainly b) making regular verbs out of the irregular ones.

The latter strategy requires adding -idan to the present stem of the verb. The irregular verb is then usually used in written/literary language only, and the present stem for both versions of the verb would be the same.

Examples for a):

/Xlude kardan] ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺷﺪﻥ → [Xludan, to pollute, to dirty] ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻥ shodan, to make or get dirty and polluted] khaste] ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺷﺪﻥ → [(khastan, to wound (obsolete] ﺧﺴﺘﻦ kardan/shodan, to make or get tired]

Examples for b):

[khXbidan, to sleep] ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻥ → [khoftan, to sleep] ﺧﻔﺘﻦ ,kubidan, to pound] ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺪﻥ → [kuftan, to pound, to hammer] ﻛﻮﻓﺘﻦ to mash] → [ru'idan, to grow] ﺭﻭﺋﻴﺪﻥ [rostan, to grow] ُﺭﺳﺘﻦ → → ﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ [rahidan] ﺭﻫﻴﺪﻥ [rastan, to escape or be saved] َﺭﺳﺘﻦ [rahX shodan]

In the case of kuftan/kubidan, their past participles give the names of two kufte, ball of ground meat mixed with other] ﻛﻮﻓﺘﻪ :famous Persian dishes 65 ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺪﻩ ingredients, in other countries known as kufta, kofta or köfte] and [kubide, skewer of ground meat kebab]. 6 Exercises Causative form Optative mood Exercise 6.1 Past participle as verb Provide the causative form of the same verb used in the ﬁrst part of each Deleting a sentence (all simple past tense, except one imperative and one subjunctive); similar verb then translate. Example: Regulars on ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ...... !the march (.He didn’t understand the subject, but I made him understand) ﻓﻬﻤﺎﻧﺪﻡ → 1. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﻡ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻭﺭ ﻣﺮﺍ ...... 2. ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻣﻰ ْﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ّﺑﭽﻪ ...... 3. ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺍﺯ ﺳﮓ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﮓ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍ ...... ۴ . ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﺪ، ﻫﻤﺔ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ...... ۵ . ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ...... ۶ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﮓ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻤﻰ ...... 7. ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﮔﺮﻣﻰ ﺑﭙﻮﺵ ﻭ ﺷﺐ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ...... 8. ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﻧﺸﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻯ ﭘﺎﻳﺶ ...... 9. ﻫﻔﺘﺔ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺨﺖ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻭﻟﻰ (ﻣﺎ) ﻫﻔﺘﺔ ّﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ ...... 10. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ......

Exercise 6.2 Translate the following and say

a) would you read the verb as ending in -Xnd or -Xnad? b) Which of the verbs are causative?

ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ :Example → He knows. (-Xnad, not causative)

1. ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ. 2. ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ. 3. ﭼﺮﺍ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﺪ؟ ۴ . ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺻﺪﺍﻯ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺵ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺘﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ. ۵ . ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ؟ 66 Exercises ۶ . ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺯﻭﺩ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ، ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺭﺍﻧﺪ. 7. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﺎﻧﺪ. 8. ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ. 9. ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻐﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ. 10. ًﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻳﻢ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ؟

Exercise 6.3 Re-write the following sentences by replacing the past participles with complete verbs (+ conjunctions if necessary), then translate. Example:

ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﺵ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ Parvin goes home and takes) ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺵ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ → a shower.)

1. ﺑﺸﻘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﻡ. 2. ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺻﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻔﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻡ. 3. ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻛﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ؟ ۴ . ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. ۵ . ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺯﺩ. ۶ . ﺁﻥ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﺨﺮﻳﺪ. 7. ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ. 8. ﺍﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺣﺘّﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﺪ. 9. ًﻗﺒﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. 10. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﭼﺎﻯ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.

Exercise 6.4 Translate the following sentences. 1. ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻨﺪ. 2. ﻇﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻠﻮ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺸﻴﻨﻰ. 3. ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. ۴ . ﻏﺬﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻩ. 67 ۵ . ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻯ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻡ. ۶ . ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻳﻢ. 6 Causative form 7. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻤﺎﻥ ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﺷﺪ. Optative mood 8. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺐ ًﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺪﻩ. Past participle as verb 9. ﺳﻮﺍﺭِ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻢ. Deleting a similar verb 10. ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﭘﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺷﺪ. Regulars on the march! Exercise 6.5 In which of the sentences from the previous exercise are we using a past participle in a way that colloquial/spoken Persian usually avoids? Mention the numbers and the past participle.

ﺟﻮﺟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺧﺮِ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻤﺮﻧﺪ. They count the chicks at the end of autumn.

(= Don’t rejoice too early!)

68 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT SEVEN 7 ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻰ Impersonal forms

[a¯dam] ﺁﺩﻡ Impersonal with 7.1 ,Xdam] ﺁﺩﻡ The only equivalent in Persian to the English impersonal one is Xdami with stressed final -i], but Persian can get ,ﺁﺩﻣﻰ in literary Persian even more impersonal than this (see 7.2) – or much less (see 7.3). 2dam is used as a singular noun, functioning as the subject or object of verbs. as you or ﺁﺩﻡ When used as object, English might prefer to translate this) people or use other pronouns.) Examples: (.One must be very careful) ﺁﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻇﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. (.One doesn’t know what to say) ﺁﺩﻡ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﻪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ. (.[You scare one [/me/people) ﺁﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ. [They don’t tell one [/you/people) ﺑﻪ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. where to go.) ,is used simply in the sense of a person/a human ﺁﺩﻡ However, sometimes especially when accompanied by indefinite markers (yek or unstressed -i). :is used in a plural sense, it simply means people. Examples ﺁﺩﻡ If (.The room was full of/filled with people) ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﭘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ. Didn’t you find any well-informed) ﺁﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻣﻄﻠﻌﻰ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻯ؟ person?) (!Eat like a human!/Watch how you eat) ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺭ! People must learn) ﺁﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ِﻣﻮﺍﻇﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. how to protect/care for nature.)

7.2 Entirely impersonal constructions

There are a few entirely impersonal constructions in Persian, all of which use the past stem (also called short inﬁnitive): 69 ’. . . bXyad] + past stem = ‘one must . . .’/‘one has to] ﺑﺎﻳﺪ (a 7 ’. . . mi-tavXn] + past stem = ‘one can] ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ (Impersonal b ’. . . mi-shavad] + past stem = ‘one can/may . . .’/‘it is possible to] ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ (forms c mi-shod] + past stem = ‘one could [have] . . .’/‘it was possible] ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ (d to . . .’

b) have no past tense in contemporary Persian, but) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ a) and) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ d) for past, which can even be used as the) ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ c) changes to) ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ .(b) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ past tense substitute of ,[bXyesti] ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻰ ,[bXyest] ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ,namely – ﺑﺎﻳﺪ The once past versions of mi-bXyesti] – are now used loosely] ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻰ mi-bXyest] and] ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ or as less common synonyms of bXyad in the present tense and can all be .a), with the same function and meaning) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ followed by the past stem like b and c) are preceded by something that requires) ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ and ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ If be-shavad], but] ﺑﺸﻮﺩ be-tavXn] and] ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ the subjunctive, they change to this doesn’t affect the past stem:

Perhaps one can say) ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. that this is the coldest city in Iran.) One might not be able to go there) ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﻓﺖ. today.)

in Persian ﺑﺎﻳﺪ Now that you have learned the last possible construction with (see 4.3), let us see them all together: four constructions with ﬁve different usages.

Table 7.1: All constructions possible with bXyad (from left to right)

ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻓﺖ (’bXyad + past stem = impersonal (‘one One must go. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ bXyad + subjunctive = must or have to He must go. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ bXyad + perfect subjunctive = must have He must have gone. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺖ bXyad + past progressive = should have He should have gone. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺖ had to = He had to go.

70 Examples: Some quasi- impersonal idioms One must) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. educate/teach people how to preserve/protect nature.) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. (One can say that the biggest massacres of history took place in the twentieth century.) (.One must be able to talk to him) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ. (.One cannot take these pills together) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺻﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ. How could one believe that) ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﺟﻴﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ؟ garbage?)

.(see also Unit 4 (Table 4.1 ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ For more examples with

7.3 Some quasi-impersonal idioms

There are a variety of idioms in Persian using a construction that can hardly be called impersonal, because the person is clearly there – only not where you normally expect it to be: not as the conjugational ending of the verb. In these constructions, the tense of the verb can change, but not its person: the verb always remains third person singular for all persons, and the ‘person’ – the real subject – is attached as a possessive/dative sufﬁx to the word that can be said to be the ‘grammatical’ subject of the verb. We are already familiar with this construction from earlier discussions of speaking about age (I/8.5.1). One option for giving an age was:

X years + possessive sufﬁxes + verb to be (3sg.)

,(man bist sXl-am ast, I am 20) ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ In the sentence the grammatical subject is sXl (year), which is always third person singular, and the real subject is shown by the suffix -am attached to sXl. To better sard-am ast, I feel cold), we should) ﺳﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ understand an idiom like analyze it like this: ‘[For] me [it] is cold.’ (Compare this with the German dative version: Mir ist kalt.) To make it still easier to understand, it can be always third person singular – ﺳﺮﺩ said that the grammatical subject here is – and the real subject (to be used in translation) is the personal suffix added to sard. Instead of changing the conjugational endings of the verb, this sard-eshXn) ﺳﺮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ am should change: to say ‘they feel cold’ you say- ast), and so on. [bassame) means ‘[For , ّﺑﺴﻤﻪ :bas-am ast; Tehrani) ﺑَ َﺴﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ,Similarly me [it] is enough.’ (German: Mir reicht’s.) 71 :che-at ast?; Tehrani) ﭼﻪ ﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ The contemporary, colloquial phrase 7 che-te?) has its older, dative version (now used in literary language ﭼﺘﻪ؟ Impersonal :all meaning ‘What’s wrong with you?’ (German ,ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ؟ :forms only) as ﺍﺕ Was ist mit dir?) To say ‘What’s wrong with them?’ you simply change cheshune?), while the verb ﭼﺸﻮﻧﻪ؟ :Tehrani) ﭼﻪ ﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ :and say ﺷﺎﻥ to remains the same. See below for some examples of the most common impersonal idioms, most of which deal with sensations, feelings and emotions. (An asterisk is used to show where you add the suffixes.)

:(to like) ﺍﺯ . . . ﺧﻮﺵ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ (.You’re going to like the movie) ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺷﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ. I didn’t like what he did [lit., ‘this deed) ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺵ ﺧﻮﺷﻢ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪ. of his’].) :(to dislike or hate) ﺍﺯ . . . ﺑﺪ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ (.I really hate this color) ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺪﻡ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ. (.Apparently he likes you/has fallen for you) ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﺑﺪﺵ ﻧﻤﻰﺁﻳﺪ. :(to feel/get sleepy) ﺧﻮﺍﺏ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ It’s not dark yet, how) ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ، ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ؟ can you feel sleepy?)

:(to fall asleep) ﺧﻮﺍﺏ* ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ We were still talking) ﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺶ ﺑُﺮﺩ. when he fell asleep.) :(to be late) ﺩﻳﺮ* ﺷﺪﻥ I can’t wait more/longer) ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﻨﻢ، ﺩﻳﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ. than this; I’m late.) :(to have to or to start to laugh/cry) ﺧﻨﺪﻩ*/ﮔﺮﻳﻪ* ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ I left the room) ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺧﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ. quickly because I had to laugh.) When we asked about) ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻳﻢ، ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﺵ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. her mother, she started to cry.) :(to wish/want) ﺩﻝ* ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ The children want to watch) ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺩﻟﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻨﺪ. this movie.)

72 For similar idioms about remembering/forgetting see also Unit 14. For idioms about putting on or wearing clothes see Unit 8. Some quasi- impersonal In some cases, it is also possible in such idioms to use a noun or an idioms independent pronoun (instead of using the sufﬁxed possessive pronoun), as with these verbs:

:(to miss) ﺩﻝ* ﺗﻨﮓ ﺷﺪﻥ ( ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ) I really miss those days.) – here) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺩﻟﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﮓ ﺷﺪﻩ. del-am can change to del-e man. :(to feel pity for or take pity on) ﺩﻝ* ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ( ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ/ﺑﻪ ِﺣﺎﻝ) You feel) ﺩﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ِﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺳﻮﺯﺩ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﻪ ِﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻧﻪ. pity [/show compassion] for dogs and cats but not for this child.) :(to have a good time; to enjoy one’s time) ﺧﻮﺵ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ*) ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ، ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ (/ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ) ﺧﻮﺵ ﺑﮕﺬﺭﺩ؟ (to have a bad time) ﺑﺪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ*) ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ (/ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺴﺮﻡ) ﺑﺪ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ. become totally impersonal (ﺑﺪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ and ﺧﻮﺵ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ) The last two when no pronoun/noun is mentioned for the person who has a good or bad time:

(.Last night it was hilarious) ﺩﻳﺸﺐ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺵ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ. (.It’s a lot of fun with Parvin) ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺵ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺬﺭﺩ.

Note: Some verbs may belong to this group in one of their senses only. Example:

to encounter, to come across) = a normal verb, conjugated) ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) for all persons: (.I bumped into Mina on the street) ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﻡ. (.They came across a new article) ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻯ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﻧﺪ. to be offended) = quasi-impersonal, conjugated) ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ*) always for 3sg.: (.I was really offended) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ْﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ. (.I hope you won’t take offense) ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ َﺑﺮﻧﺨﻮﺭﺩ.

73 7 Exercises Impersonal forms Exercise 7.1 Make impersonal, present tense sentences with the words given (some might also require a preposition); then translate. (You wouldn’t need to change the order.) Example:

ﭘﺪﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻢ – ﻧَ َﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺞ – ﺳﺎﻝ* ﺑﻮﺩﻥ → (.My grandfather is 95 years old) ﭘﺪﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻢ ﻧَ َﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎﻟﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ 1. ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎ – ﻣﻮﺷﻬﺎ – ﺩﻝ* ﻧـ+ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ 2. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺐ – ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻯ – ﺩﻳﺮ – ﺧﻮﺍﺏ* ﺑﺮﺩﻥ 3. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻰ – ﻧﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ – ﺩﻳﺮ* ﺷﺪﻥ ۴ . ﺁﻳﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ – ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﺗﺎﻥ – ﺩﻝ* ﺗﻨﮓ ﺷﺪﻥ؟ ۵ . ﭼﺮﺍ ﺗﻮ ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ – ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ – ﺑﺪ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ؟ ۶ . ﻫﺮ ﻭﻗﺖ – ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ – ﮔﺮﻡ* ﺷﺪﻥ 7. ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍ – ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻦ – ﻣﻦ – ﺧﻮﺍﺏ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ 8. ﺁﺩﻡ – ﺍﻳﻦ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎﻯ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ – ﺩﻝ* ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ 9. ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ – ﻟﺒﺎﺳﺶ ﺭﺍ – ﺩﻳﺪﻳﻢ – ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ – ﺧﻨﺪﻩ* ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ 10. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺭ – ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺭﺍ – ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ – ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ – ﮔﺮﻳﻪ* ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ

Exercise 7.2 Translate the following into English. 1. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﻧﻪ؟ 2. ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩ. 3. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ. ۴ . ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ. ۵ . ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ ِﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﻓﺖ. ۶ . ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺨﻨﺪﻳﺪ. 7. ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩ. 8. ﻛﺎﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ. 9. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ِﺩﺧﺘﺮ َﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﺮﺩ. 10. ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ؟ 74 Exercise 7.3 Exercises Change the structure of the sentences in the previous exercise from using the pronoun or ,(ﺁﺩﻡ :impersonal to personal (or quasi-impersonal noun given below as subject; then translate. These are the nouns/pronouns you should use (or just have in mind) for each of the sentences in the previous exercise:

1. ﻣﺮﺩﻡ 2. ﺗﻮ 3. ﻣﺎ ۴. ﺷﻤﺎ ۵. ﺗﻮ ۶. ﺁﺩﻡ 7. ﻣﺎ 8. ﻣﻦ 9. ﻣﺮﺩﻫﺎ 10 ﺁﺩﻡ Example:

ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ (ﻣﻦ) (.I cannot trust him at all) ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻢ →

Exercise 7.4 Translate the following and write in brackets those words which constitute the impersonal structure. (There is only one sentence without any impersonal structure.) Example:

ِﺟﻠﻮ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﺯﺷﺖ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ . . . ﮔﻔﺖ) .One should not utter ugly words before children → 1. ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﻳﺪ. 2. ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻛﺮﺩ. 3. ﺁﻳﺎ ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ؟ ۴ . ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ِﺷﻐﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺵ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ. ۵ . ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ِﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺷﻮﻫﺮﺵ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﺪ. ۶ . ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ. 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺯﺩ. 8. ﺩﻛﺘﺮ، ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻯ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ؟ 9. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﮕﻮﺋﻰ؟ 10. ﻛﺎﺵ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ِﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ! 11. ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺗﺶ ﻣﻰ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ. 12. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ًﻗﺒﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ِﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺗﺶ 75 ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪ. 7 Exercise 7.5 Impersonal forms Which of the following sentences is using an impersonal (or quasi-impersonal) structure?

1. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ. 2. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺶ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺩ. 3. ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺩﻳﺪ. ۴ . ﺁﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ؟ ۵ . ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻫﻢ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ؟ ۶ . ﺧﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺻﺪﺍﻯ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. 7. ﺍﺯ ِﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻧﭙﺨﺘﻪ ًﺍﺻﻼ ﺧﻮﺷﻢ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ. 8. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ. 9. ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭﻯ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ. 10. ﭼﺮﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻤﻰ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺭﻓﺖ؟

ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﻭ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ. One cannot hold two watermelons in one hand.

(= Do things one at a time!)

76 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT EIGHT 8 ﺟﺎﻯ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ Position of verbs in the sentence ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎﻯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ Verbs of state ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ ﻭ ِﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ Putting on and taking off clothes ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ، ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ، ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ To want, to be able to, to know

8.1 Position of verbs in the sentence

In a standard Persian sentence the verb is usually placed at the end of the sentence or clause. Colloquial Persian, however, leaves room for some ﬂexibility in this regard. In particular, after a verb of movement, words denoting a location or destination can be placed after the verb. In such cases, we are more likely to drop the preposition in the adverbial phrase that follows the verb. Examples:

After two weeks his/her) ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺮﺵ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ (ﺑﻪ) ﻣﺸﻬﺪ. spouse returned to Mashhad.) We went to) ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ (ﺑﻪ) ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ِﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ. Germany in the hope of seeing Ali, but he was not there.) She poured the milk) ﺷﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺗﻮﻯ ﻟﻴﻮﺍﻥ (ﻭ) ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ ِﺟﻠﻮ ّﺑﭽﻪ. into the mug and put [it] in front of the child.) ﺷﻮﻫﺮﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ (ﺑﻪ/ﺗﻮﻯ) ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺘّﻰ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻧﺪ. (They threw her husband in jail and didn’t even give [her] a visiting permit.)

In colloquial Persian you can ﬁnd examples with no ‘movement’ in the verb, or with no ‘location/destination’ mentioned:

77 Stay in Tehran for) ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻤﺎﻥ (ﺩﺭ) ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﻯ 8 Position of a few days to get to know the city.) verbs in the I tried hard to hide) ﺗﻼﺵ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﻢ sentence Verbs of state my anxiety.) Putting on He introduced his) ﺯﻧﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺵ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺑﻠﻴﻂ ﺑﺨﺮﺩ and taking off clothes wife to his colleague and went to buy tickets.) To want, He was very much afraid) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ِﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺁﻥ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﭼﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ,to be able to to know of its consequences, but there was no way out/he had no other choice.)

8.2 Verbs of state

Persian verbs of state use a perfect tense where English would use a progressive tense. These verbs – a small group – are treated as normal verbs when their focus is on the action, but as state verbs when their focus is only showing the state in which the subject of the verb is. You already know four ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻥ ,(’to stand‘) ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻥ ,(’to sit‘) ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ :important verbs of this group :to wear’) (see I/13.3/b). Here are a few more verbs‘) ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ to sleep’) and‘) ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ، ﭼﻤﺒﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ، ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﻮﺵ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ، ﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ

And here are some pairs of examples showing them as both state verbs and normal verbs:

When) ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺨﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻓﻜﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ. I saw her lying/saw that she was lying on the bed, I thought she was asleep.) ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩِ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. (It is about half an hour since she has eaten and has lain down.) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ Mina is the girl [who is] leaning against that tree and) ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﺪ. talking to her friend.) ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﺳﺮﺵ ﮔﻴﺞ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﻔﺘﺪ. (Apparently she has felt dizzy and has leaned against the wall in order not to fall [down].) ﺑﺒﻴﻦ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﺮﻭﺳﻜﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﻮﺵ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺶ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ)! (See how she is holding her doll in her arms and has fallen asleep!) She has) ِﺟﻠﻮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﻮﺵ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. 78 embraced that man in front of everybody and has kissed him.) Past and past progressive of ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﭼﻤﺒﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ (It was a few hours that he was squatting there and did not move/ certain verbs budge from his place.) As soon as he had) ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﭼﻤﺒﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﻣﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﻴﺸﺶ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ squatted there, a snake had bitten him.)

8.2.1 To put on, to be wearing and to take off clothes belongs to these state verbs. There are some ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ ,As already mentioned other compound verbs and idioms that can be used as synonyms, some used for only certain articles of clothing – and some of them use a quasi- impersonal construction (see Table 8.1 below).

8.3 Past and past progressive of certain verbs ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ to be able to) and) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ,(to want) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ With certain verbs like (to know), the past progressive, which is the tense more commonly used, shows some PASSIVE state of wanting, knowing or being able in general (with the mi- preﬁx used in its durative function), while the simple past tense shows the more ACTIVE side of these verbs at some particular moment in the past. They might need different verbs in English translation.

ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ 8.3.1 -with mi- is the passive state of want ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ ,In the past progressive tense ing, while without mi- (simple past) it is more an act and indicates some immediate or sudden decision or intention (similar to ‘being just about to’). Compare the following examples with and without mi-: When she was young, she) ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﺮﭘﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺸﻮﺩ. wanted to become an actress.) He wanted to) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ/ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺳﻼﻡ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ. say ‘hello’ to her, but was [too] timid/bashful.) – The version without mi- (simple past) has more of an act: he was just about to do so. – ’ﭼﺮﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﺳﺘﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﻰ؟‘ – ’ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ/ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻭ ﻭﻗﺖ ,Why didn’t you want to talk to him?’ – ‘I wanted to‘ –) ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ.‘ but he had no time.’) ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻢ، ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺻﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﻤﺶ Just as I wanted to ask her name, her mother called her) ﭼﻴﺴﺖ. and I found out what her name was.) /Did the police want) ﺁﻳﺎ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻯ؟ ask you to get off the car?) 79 Table 8.1: Most common expressions for putting on, taking off and wearing

article to put on to be wearing to take off general (excluding I am putting on a shirt: I am wearing a shirt: I am taking off my shirt: (.col) ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻨﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ. ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ. ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﻣﻰ ﭘﻮﺷﻢ. ,(head, hands, feet ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻨﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻦ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ. ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. (.col) ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﺗﻨﻢ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. ,e.g. clothes, shirt jacket, pullover, (.col.) (form) ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﺗﻨﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.form) ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻦ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. (.form) ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. .suit, skirt, etc hat I am putting on a hat: I am wearing a hat: I am taking off my hat: (.col) ﻛﻼﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. ﻛﻼﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. (.col) ﻛﻼﻩ ﺳﺮﻡ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻡ. (.form) ﻛﻼﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮ ﺑﺮﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. (.col) ﻛﻼﻩ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.form) ﻛﻼﻩ ﺑﻪ/ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻡ. (.form) ﻛﻼﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. glasses I am putting on my glasses: I am wearing glasses: I am taking off my glasses: (.col) ﻋﻴﻨﻜﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﻢ. (.col) ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺸﻤﻢ ﺑﺮﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﻡ. (.col) ﻋﻴﻨﻚ (ﺑﻪ) ﭼﺸﻤﻢ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻡ. (.form) ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﺮﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. (.col) ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﭼﺸﻤﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.form) ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺑﻪ/ﺑﺮ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻡ. (.form) ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺑﻪ/ﺑﺮ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. gloves I am putting on my gloves: I am wearing gloves: I am taking off my gloves: ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺸﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ. ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. (.col) ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﻢ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. (.col) ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.form) ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. (.form) ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. pants/trousers, I am putting on my pants: I am wearing pants: I am taking off my pants: (.col) ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ. ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﭘﻮﺷﻢ. shoes and socks (.form) ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎ ﺩﺭﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ. ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ. (.col) ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻢ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. example given) (.col) ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.form) ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. (for pants only (.form) ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. walking stick I take my walking stick in my hand: I have my walking stick in my hand: (.col) ﻋﺼﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.col) ﻋﺼﺎﻳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﻢ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﻡ. (.form) ﻋﺼﺎ ﺑﻪ/ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. (.form) ﻋﺼﺎ ﺑﻪ/ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﻡ. (I always wanted to ride in that car.) Past and past progressive of ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻰﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ ﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻮﻡ. We asked him to get in [the certain verbs) ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻴﻢ (ﻛﻪ) ﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺪ. car], but he was afraid.)

ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ 8.3.2 with mi-) shows a general state of) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ The past progressive tense of capability (or, if negative, inability), while its simple past (with no mi-) shows more the act of managing to do something (or, if negative, failing to do something) – again at some particular point of time in the past. Examples: From one of the) ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ. windows we could see the lake.) When the window was) ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪ، ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ. opened, we were able to see the lake.) ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻢ. (Luckily I could swim and was able to/managed to reach [/bring myself to] the shore by swimming.) and related verbs ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ 8.3.3 is often a statement (= to know that . . .) and, when ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ The object of used in this way, we have a similar difference between its simple past and past progressive tenses, the latter being by far the more common. I knew only when by I knew you ﻣﻰ- and you use it without ,ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ is usually mean I realized, as in these examples:

[When [/As) ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ، ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ. I was going there, I knew that he might not be home.) As soon) ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ، ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ. as I saw his face, I knew that they had told him everything.)

Even when used in this sense, the form without mi- is not usually used for negative or interrogative. There are other verbs that are much more common in Persian for the act of realization, a fact that contributes to you ,ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ without mi-) such a rare occurrence: instead of) ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ making ,or, in more formal Persian) ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡ/ ّﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻡ are much more likely to say :Examples .(ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺘﻢ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻯ، ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻯ (/ ّﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻯ) ﻛﻪ ﺁﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ (.would sound awkward ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻰ Here) 81 ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻴﺪ (/ ّﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺸﺪ) ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ. (.would be wrong ﻧﺪﺍﻧﺴﺖ Here) ,is usually used ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ is not used for knowing a person, where ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ 8 = act) ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ Position of and again we will witness the same difference between verbs in the ‘I recognized’) and (state = ‘I knew’), as in these examples: ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ sentence Verbs of state (I didn’t know your brother until ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ. Putting on and taking [just] yesterday.) off clothes ,As soon as I saw your father) ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ، ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ. ,To want to be able to, I recognized him.) to know in ﺑﻠﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ To know how to do something is more often expressed by colloquial Persian. Considering the different meanings of the verb to know in English and its different usages, it would be helpful to have some examples of this verb used in different senses and see how it has been translated into Persian:

Table 8.2: To know and its Persian equivalents

ﻛﺴﻰ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ! !Who knows ﺍﺯ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻢ؟ ?How should I know ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ/ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ. .I know/knew his name ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ/ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ. .I know/knew him well ﺷﻄﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﻠﺪﻡ/ﺑﻠﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ. .I know/don’t know [how to play] chess ﺁﻥ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ. .I know that street ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ. .I know that he will come ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ. .I know how to go there ﺑﻠﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ (= ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ) ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. .He doesn’t know how to drive ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ. .I know him to be a good man ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. .I knew that he was Iranian ﻓﻘﻂ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩ، ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡ He spoke only a few words, and I knew (/ ّﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻡ) ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. .I realized] that he was Iranian =] ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎﺧﺒﺮﻡ (/ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ/ ّﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ/ .I know about his past ُﻣ ﱠﻄﻠِﻌﻢ)./ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ. ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ. .I will let you know ﺍﺯ ِﺯﻣﺎﻥ ُﻭﺭﻭﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺧﺒﺮ (/ ُﻣ ﱠﻄﻠِﻊ) ﻛﻨﻴﺪ./ Let us know about the time of ِ ِ ِ .your arrival ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ُﻭﺭﻭﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ. 82 Exercises Exercises

Exercise 8.1 Write the correct form of the verb, then translate.

1. ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﻤﻜﺖ ...... (ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ). 2. ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺗﻮ ...... (ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ) ﻛﻴﺴﺖ؟ 3. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺭﺍ ...... (ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﻮﺵ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ) ﻭ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ ﻛﻨﺪ. ۴ . ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻓﻮﺭﺍً ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺨﺖ ...... (ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ). ۵ . ﭼﺮﺍ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ...... (ﭼﻤﺒﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ) ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻰ؟ ۶ . ﻣﺮﺩ ﻗﺪﺑﻠﻨﺪﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ّﺍﻭﻝ ...... (ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ) ﻭ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ. 7. ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻨﺖ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ...... (ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ). 8. ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ...... (ﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ) ﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ. 9. ﺁﻥ ﭘﺴﺮﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻨﺎﺭِ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ...... (ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ) ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ؟ 10. ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ، ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ...... (ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻥ).

Exercise 8.2 Provide the correct verb for wearing, putting on and taking off, then translate. Example:

ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺩﺭ ِﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻔﺶ ...... (.In Iran people don’t wear shoes inside the house) ﻧﻤﻰ ﭘﻮﺷﻨﺪ → 1. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩِ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﻯ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻔﺸﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﺖ ...... 2. ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ...... 3. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ، ﭼﺮﺍ ﻋﻴﻨﻜﺖ ﺭﺍ ...... ۴ . ًﻟﻄﻔﺎ ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ...... ﺗﺎ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺯﺍﻧﻮﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ. ۵ . ﺟﻮﺭﺍﺑﻢ ﺧﻴﺲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ...... ۶ . ﺍﺯ ﻟﺒﺎﺳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻪ ...... ﺧﻮﺷﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ. 7. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻰ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ...... ؟ 8. ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼﻫﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮ ...... ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. 9. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺶ ﻛﻬﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﻰ ...... 83 10. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻣﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻟﺒﺎﺳﻰ ...... 8 Exercise 8.3 Position of .to want’), then translate‘) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ verbs in the Provide the correct form of the verb sentence Example: Verbs of state ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ (ﺍﻭ) ...... ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ Putting on and taking → (.She had come yesterday because she wanted to talk to you) ﻣﻰﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ off clothes To want, 1. ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﻢ ﻭ ...... ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ. ,to be able to 2. ﻫﻔﺘﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ...... ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ. to know 3. ﭼﺮﺍ ﺗﻮ ﻫﺮ ﻭﻗﺖ ...... ﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﻰ، ﭼﺸﻤﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻨﺪﻯ؟ ۴ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ًﻓﻌﻼ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺮﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﺮ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺗﻮ ...... ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ. ۵. (ﻣﻦ) ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ...... ﺟﻮﺍﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﻢ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺯ ﭘﺸﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻡ. ۶ . ﺷﻮﻫﺮ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﺍﻡ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ...... ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪ ﻏﺮﻕ ﺷﺪ. 7. ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ، ...... ﺑﻪ ِﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﺩ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ. 8. ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻰ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻰ، ﺑﻪ ِﺷﺮﻁ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ًﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ...... 9. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ...... ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ. 10. ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﻰ ِﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ...... ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ.

Exercise 8.4 -to be able to’), then trans‘) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ Provide the correct form of the verb late. Example: ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ ﭼﻮﻥ ...... ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ (.I won’t tell him because I can’t see him/his crying) ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ → 1. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ...... ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ. 2. ﺁﻳﺎ ...... ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩ؟ 3. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ ...... ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ. ۴ . ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﻭﺷﻨﺒﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ...... ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. ۵ . ﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﭘﻮﻟﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ...... ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻜﻪ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ۶ . ﺁﻳﺎ ...... ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ؟ 7. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻰ ﺍﺩﻳﺴﻮﻥ [Edison] ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ...... ﺑﺮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻛﻨﺪ؟ 8. ﺑﻠﻪ، ...... ﺑﺎﻻﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﻯ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺳﺮﺕ ﮔﻴﺞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﻓﺖ. 9. ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ ...... ﺁﻥ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ 10. ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻭ ...... ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ. 84 Exercise 8.5 Exercises to translate the following sentences; write ﺑﻠﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ or ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ Use either both versions wherever possible. (Some of the words you might need have been given at the end of the exercise.) Example: I knew the meaning of that word. ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ/ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ → 1. I know why he doesn’t like you. 2. It was a new lesson, but I knew all the words. 3. It was then that I realized where he was going. 4. Do you want to know the truth? 5. I know where to go. 6. I knew where he was going. 7. I know that he has not returned yet. 8. I don’t know how many pictures he has taken of us. 9. I don’t know how many pictures to take. 10. I know that taking these pictures has been a difﬁcult job. ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ/ﺟﺪﻳﺪ/ﻛﻠﻤﻪ/ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ/ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻦ/ﻋﻜﺲ (ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ)/ﺳﺨﺖ

Exercise 8.6 Translate into English. 1. ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ؟ 2. ﻓﻮﺭﺍً ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ. 3. ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ، ﻭ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﻣﻰ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ۴ . ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮﺵ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ. ۵ . ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ؟ ۶ . ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻭ ﺧﺒﺮﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ. 7. ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. 8. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﺒﺮﺵ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﻓﻮﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ. 9. ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻰ ﺧﺒﺮﻯ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ. 10. ﻋﻜﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ، ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ.

ﺧﺪﺍ ﺧﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺶ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ. God knew the donkey, therefore gave him no horns. (Used for a person who is a failure but potentially dangerous.) 85 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT NINE 9 ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎﻯ More on ﻣﺮﻛﺐ compound verbs ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ Ways to avoid ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ passive

9.1 Separability of compound verbs

The verbal part of compound verbs can often be separated from non- verbal parts in different ways – we saw earlier how an objective sufﬁx can be placed between the two parts of a compound verb (see 2.3 to 2.3.2):

ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ: ﺑﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ. (= ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ.) ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ: ﻧﮕﻬِﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ. (= ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ.)

( ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ in ﺑﺮ If the first part is a prefix (as 9.1.1 An objective suffix can come between the two parts of some of the most common verbs of this group:

(.We returned them) ﺑﺮﺷﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻳﻢ. → ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻳﻢ. (.Don’t take it out/off) ﺩﺭﺵ ﻧﻴﺎﻭﺭ. → ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺎﻭﺭ.

(ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ If the first part is an adjective (as in 9.1.2 Apart from objective suffixes, some modifiers/intensifiers can be added to the adjective, or sometimes comparative suffixes:

ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﺗﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. (= ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ.). ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. (= ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ.).

86 9.1.3 If the ﬁrst part is a noun (as in ) More ways to avoid passive ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ The two parts can be separated by different words, even by whole adverbial or relative clauses:

ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻫﺎﺋﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻫﺎﺋﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ. ﺻﺤﺒﺖﻫﺎﺋﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ.

9.2 Transitive compound verbs turned intransitive

There are a few compound verbs that have embraced or rather absorbed their objects in such a way that they are treated as intransitive – and may cause confusion when compared with their English equivalents. You already know the most common of these:

.is to eat – and transitive: you always need an object ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ • is also to eat – but intransitive: no object needed, because ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ • .as the unspeciﬁed, general object ﻏﺬﺍ you already have .if you want to say I’m eating ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ Thus, you can’t just say if you want to say ﻛﺒﺎﺏ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ And, on the contrary, you can’t say would be redundant and you should just ﻏﺬﺍ I’m eating kabAb – here .ﻛﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ say -tr.), or the com) ﭘﺨﺘﻦ .to cook; intr.) vs) ﻏﺬﺍ ﭘﺨﺘﻦ It is the same with :(.tr) ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ .to study; intr.) vs) ﺩﺭﺱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ pound verb [’He is studying [lit.: ‘reading his lessons) ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻗﺶ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ. in his room.) He wants to study history.) – Here you) ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪ. .before the verb ﺩﺭﺱ shouldn’t repeat (.He’s reading a book) ﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ.

9.3 More ways to avoid passive

That Persian is not very fond of the passive we already know (see I/20.1). Here we learn one or two expressions that can give a statement a quasi-passive 87 ﻣﻮﺭﺩmeaning without using the real passive. One common expression is  9 More on (mowred-e) + some noun (usually the non-verbal part of a compound compound verb) + the verbs (which is the intransitive version of ) ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ verbs This would draw the focus from the subject to the .ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻥ Ways to or sometimes avoid passive object, which is thus being subjected to the action described by the noun that follows it. Examples:

(.We looked into that matter) ﻣﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. We subjected that matter) ﻣﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻳﻢ. = to our investigation.) (.That matter was looked into) ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. → ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺷﺪ. = (.They admired her talent) ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. Her talent was the object of) ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ. = admiration.) ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺵ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ./ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺵ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪ → (Her talent was admired.) ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺵ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. =

(.They pay no attention to my words) ﻫﻴﭻ ّﺗﻮﺟﻬﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ. They subject my words) ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﺮﺍ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ّﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ. = to no attention.) My words are not) ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﻦ ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ّﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ. → heeded at all.) ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ّﺗﻮﺟﻬﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ. = ,construction ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ after the ﺷﺪﻥ or ﺑﻮﺩﻥ Sometimes the verb changes to occasionally with other changes in the phrasing – often when a ‘real passive’ is grammatically not possible or not common. Examples:

My father likes the poems of) ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻌﺎﺭِ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ Hafez a lot.) The poems of Hafez are the) ﺍﺷﻌﺎﺭِ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ → object of my father’s great affection.) – or, better still: My father’s favorite poet is) ِﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﺳﺖ Hafez.) 88 (No ‘real passive’ version possible here.) Which proposal would you go for?) Exercises) ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ؟ Which is the proposal you) ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩِ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ِﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ → would accept?) Which proposal would) ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ (ﺍﺯ ِﺳﻮﻯ ﺷﻤﺎ) ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ؟ = be accepted [by you]?)

taht-e] means under. It is not always interchangeable with] ِﺗﺤﺖ The word zir-e], but it comes closer to the English] ِﺯﻳﺮ the much more common word ,(cannot be used ِﺯﻳﺮ where) ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ under in certain constructions similar to -taht] ِﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ taht-e bar-rasi, ‘under investigation’] or] ِﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ as in e eshghAl, ‘under occupation’]. Examples in sentences:

(.They treated him in the hospital) ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ He underwent treatment in) ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ِﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ → the hospital.) Cubism has) ِﺳﺒﻚ ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻴﻬﺎﻯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ (/ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ) ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ influenced her paintings.) Her paintings are under) ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻴﻬﺎﻯ ﺍﻭ ِﺗﺤﺖ ِﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ِﺳﺒﻚ ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺴﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ → the influence of [/are influenced by] Cubism.) (ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻴﻬﺎﻯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ِﺳﺒﻚ ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ =)

Exercises

Exercise 9.1 If you detect a compound verb in the following sentences, write its inﬁnitive. (Tip: There are two sentences with no compound verbs.) Example:

ﺑﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﺤﺒﺘﻬﺎﻯ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ → 1. ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻡ. 2. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺵ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﻨﺪ. 3. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﻯ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ. ۴ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﻜﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻠﻴﺐ ﺳﺮﺥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ۵ . ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ ﺯﻭﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﭘﺴﺶ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻯ؟ 89 ۶ . ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ِﺳﻌﻰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ِﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻜﻨﻢ. 7. ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ِﭘﺴﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻧﺪ. 9 More on 8. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺗﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. compound 9. ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭِ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. verbs Ways to 10. ِﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. avoid passive

Exercise 9.2 Translate the sentences from Exercise 9.1 into English.

Exercise 9.3 Change the mowred-e or taht-e constructions back to constructions using compound verbs. (Find the corresponding verbs in the glossary.) Example:

ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩِ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩِ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺷﺪ or ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩِ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ → 1. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺷﻜﻨﺠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ؟ 2. ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﻛﻪ ِﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻜﻨﺠﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﺪ. 3. ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ِﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ۴ . ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ. ۵ . ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ِﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺖ. ۶ . ﺍﻭ ِﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻋﻔﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. 7. ﺍﻭ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺩﻣﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩِ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ. 8. ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ِﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. 9. ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ِﻛﻼﺱ ّﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. 10. ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺵ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ِﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺖ.

Exercise 9.4 Translate the sentences from Exercise 9.3 into English.

Exercise 9.5 Translate the following into Persian. (Some of the words you can use have been given at the end of the exercise.)

1. I don’t see Parvin; is she still cooking? 90 2. No, she’s reading a story to [Persian: for] her daughter. 3. You love cooking, but you don’t always eat what you’ve cooked. 4. If you want to study the contemporary history of Iran, you should go Exercises to another university. 5. I know that she goes to college [Persian: university], but I don’t know what she’s studying. 6. Had you studied better, you could have had better grades. 7. One cannot eat Persian food and not fall in love with it. 8. Iranians usually eat with spoons and forks. 9. Knives are used in the kitchen or for eating certain fruits. 10. How can you study with this loud music? ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻯ/ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ/ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ/ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ/ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ/ﭘﺨﺘﻦ/ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ/ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ/ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ/ﺭﺷﺘﻪ /ﺩﺭﺱ/ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ/ﻧﻤﺮﻩ/ﻋﺎﺷﻖ ﺷﺪﻥ/ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً/ﻗﺎﺷﻖ/ﭼﻨﮕﺎﻝ/ﻛﺎﺭﺩ/ﺑﻌﻀﻰ/ﻣﻴﻮﻩ/ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ/ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ/ﺑﻠﻨﺪ

ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺵ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ، ﻣﻮﺵ ﮔﻮﺵ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. The wall has mice, the mice have ears.

(= We can be overheard.)

91 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT TEN 10 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭ Nouns and adjectives ﺻﻔﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ made from verbs ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ Some preﬁ xes and ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ sufﬁ xes

Nouns and adjectives made from verbs

Here we learn some of the most common ways of making nouns and adjectives from verbs (usually by adding certain sufﬁxes). It must be known, however, that the words must be common in the language and you can’t usually create new words on your own.

10.1 Inﬁnitive + stressed -i

We know that we can add stressed -i to adjectives to make nouns and to nouns to make adjectives or other related nouns (see I/6.3). When added to infinitives, it usually works in a similar way to the English -able/-ible suffix: it is about some (usually passive) potential and means ‘worthy of’ or ‘fit for’ or occasionally (with intransitive verbs) something bound to happen.

Examples of participles of potential (passive): infinitive + stressed -i paziroftani, acceptable ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻨﻰ khAstani, desirable ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻨﻰ dust-dAshtani, amiable ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﻰ sotudani, admirable ُﺳﺘﻮﺩﻧﻰ shodani, doable; possible ﺷﺪﻧﻰ khAndani, readable; worth reading ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻧﻰ khordani, edible; fit to eat; food ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻧﻰ mordani, feeble, about to die ﻣﺮﺩﻧﻰ mAndani, lasting ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﻰ didani, worth seeing ﺩﻳﺪﻧﻰ 92 goftani, worth saying Infinitive + stressed -i ﮔﻔﺘﻨﻰ shenidani, worth listening ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻧﻰ bAftani, product of hand-knitting ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻨﻰ nushidani, drink ﻧﻮﺷﻴﺪﻧﻰ Ab-e AshAmidani, drinking water ِﺁﺏ ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻰ be yAd mAndani, memorable ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﻰ

Note 1: There are certain words that have this meaning of potentiality or fitness and can be placed before an infinitive instead of adding this -i. Often interchangeable, all of them mean worthy of or fit for, and all would ghAbel-e], and the more formal] ِﻗﺎﺑﻞ need ezAfe. The most common one is shAyeste-ye] and] ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﺔ ,[sezAvAr-e] ﺳﺰﺍﻭﺍﺭِ ,[darkhor-e] ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺭِ ones include :shAyAn-e]. Examples] ِﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ (fit to eat) ِﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ z= ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻧﻰ (worth remembering) ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ z= ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﻰ (admirable, praiseworthy) ِﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ِﺳﺘﺎﻳﺶ or ِﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﺩﻥ z= ُﺳﺘﻮﺩﻧﻰ (worth mentioning) ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺭِ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ z= ﮔﻔﺘﻨﻰ (worth seeing) ﺳﺰﺍﻭﺍﺭِ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ z= ﺩﻳﺪﻧﻰ na-/nA-] to the infinitive + -i, or change] ﻧـ/ﻧﺎ For negative (= ‘un—able’), add :[gheyr-e-ghAbel-e] ِﻏﻴﺮ ِﻗﺎﺑﻞ ghAbel-e] to] ِﻗﺎﺑﻞ ,bAvar-na-kardani) ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻧﻜﺮﺩﻧﻰ → (bAvar-kardani, believable) ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻛﺮﺩﻧﻰ (az yAd na-raftani, unforgettable) ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻨﻰ unbelievable); or consider -gheyr) ِﻏﻴﺮ ِﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ → (ghAbel-e-goftan, speakable, sayable) ِﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ e-ghAbel-e-goftan, unspeakable) ـﻨﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ and its negative (ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ pazir] (from the verb-] ـﭙﺬﻳﺮ Sometimes) ﭼﺎﺭﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ nA-pazir] are added to nouns to give a similar meaning, like-] ,[shekast-nA-pazir, invincible] ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ chAre-pazir, remediable] or] but these can be said to be ‘agent participles’ of compound verbs, to be covered below, in 10.2/A.) this added -i in colloquial ,ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻦ and ﺭﻓﺘﻦ z,ﺁﻣﺪﻥ Note 2: With the verbs Persian can also give the meaning of while on the way to some place, as in these examples:

(.On your way back, buy some bread too) ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻨﻰ، ﻛﻤﻰ ﻧﺎﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺨﺮ. (.While coming, I saw Ali on the way) ﺁﻣﺪﻧﻰ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ. On their way [going], they also made 93) ﺭﻓﺘﻨﻰ، ﺗﻮﻗﻔﻰ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. a stop in Shiraz.) 10 10.2 Present stem Nouns and adjectives A. Present stem + -ande = agent participle made from verbs This usually gives the agent, similar to the English -er/-or suffix: Some prefixes and → → ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ z ﺧﻮﺍﻥ z ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ suffixes = to sing → sing → singer

This is especially common for professions and tools. With compound verbs, however, the present stem alone often assumes this meaning without adding -ande. This participle can be a noun, an adjective, or both. Examples:

(reader, singer) ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ → (to read, to sing) ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ a bookworm, one who loves reading) – and not) ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﻮﺍﻥ :but ! ’ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ‘ (receiver) ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ → (to take, to receive) ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ (unyielding, inflexible, serious) ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮ :but (carver) ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻨﺪﻩ → (to carve, to whittle) ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻴﺪﻥ (pencil-sharpener) ﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﺵ :but (fatal, lethal) ﻛﺸﻨﺪﻩ → (to kill) ﻛﺸﺘﻦ (murderer) ﺁﺩﻣﻜﺶ :but (seller) ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﻩ → (to sell) ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻦ ([traitor [to one’s country) ﻭﻃﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ :but (fragile) ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﻩ → (to break) ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ (promise breaker; disloyal) ﻋﻬﺪ ﺷﻜﻦ :but (driver) ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ → (to drive) ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ (’bird; ‘flyer) ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ → (to fly) ﭘﺮﻳﺪﻥ → (winner) ﺑَ َﺮﻧﺪﻩ (to take [away]; to win) ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ (loser) ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ → (to lose; to play or gamble) ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻦ ([player [in sports) ﺑﺎﺯﻳﻜﻦ → (to play) ﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (boring, tiring) ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ → (to tire, to bore) ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (amusing) ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ → (to amuse) ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ

Notes:

• As the last two examples show, even with compound verbs sometimes .(ﻛﺮﺩﻥ the -ande sufﬁx is used (especially with 94 Present stem ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪﻩ If needed, the glide -y- should be added before -ande, as in • -Ayande, com] ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ and [ ﮔﻮ present stem ,ﮔﻔﺘﻦ guyande, speaker; from] .[ﺁ present stem ,ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ing; future; from • You can add stressed -i to these words to make abstract nouns (not if it is the form ending ;( ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ very common with compounds ending in (ﻩ) would be required and the silent hé ( گ) -in -ande, then the glide -g is dropped:

(rAnandegi, driving) ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻰ → (rAnande, driver) ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ

and very often you form new compound verbs with these:

ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ z→ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻰ z→ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ z→ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ z→ ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮﻯ z→ ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮ z→z ﺳﺨﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺷﻰ → [bookseller] ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺵ → [to sell books] ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻦ [to sell books] ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺷﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ → [bookstore, or selling books]

• In translating western scientiﬁc or political terms into Persian, the verbs / geravidan] ﮔﺮﻭﻳﺪﻥ/ﮔﺮﺍﺋﻴﺪﻥ shenAkhtan, to know, to discern] and] ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ gerA'idan, to incline] have proven to be very helpful, the former for sciences and the latter for schools of thought or literary trends. Examples:

,zamin-shenAsi] ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ,[zamin-shenAs, geologist] ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺱ geology] ,jAme'e-shenAsi] ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ,[jAme'e-shenAs, sociologist] ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺱ sociology] [vAghe'-gerA'i, realism] ﻭﺍﻗﻌﮕﺮﺍﺋﻰ ,[vAghe'-gerA, realist] ﻭﺍﻗﻌﮕﺮﺍ [aghl-gerA'i, rationalism] ﻋﻘﻞ ﮔﺮﺍﺋﻰ ,[aghl-gerA, rationalist] ﻋﻘﻞ ﮔﺮﺍ

B. Present stem + -an = present participle This is very close to the English present participle and is used as a verbal adjective or an adverb/adjective of manner, but sometimes as a noun also.

(laughing; cheerful) ﺧﻨﺪﺍﻥ → (to laugh) ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪﻥ (while] laughing]) ﺧﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻨﺎﻥ → (to laugh) ﺧﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (crying, weeping) ﮔﺮﻳﺎﻥ → (to cry, to weep) ﮔﺮﻳﺴﺘﻦ (crying, weeping) ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﺎﻥ → (to cry, to weep) ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (dancing) ﺭﻗﺼﺎﻥ → (to dance) ﺭﻗﺼﻴﺪﻥ (going; flowing; running; fluent; soul) ﺭﻭﺍﻥ → (to go) ﺭﻓﺘﻦ concerned; anxious, worried) 95) ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ → (to look) ﻧﮕﺮﻳﺴﺘﻦ (ablaze; burning; hot; scorching) ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻥ → (to burn) ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ 10 Nouns and (to be worth; to cost) → (cheap [‘worth the price’]) ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺪﻥ adjectives (apparent; appearing) ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥ → (to show; to represent; to appear) ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ made from verbs (to last; to watch or guard) → (end [n.]) ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺪﻥ Some prefixes and suffixes Notes:

• As the last two examples show, here also the glide -y- is added when needed. • Sometimes a present participle is repeated and the meaning intensiﬁed:

porsAn-porsAn]: after or while asking many times] ﭘُﺮﺳﺎﻥ ﭘُﺮﺳﺎﻥ (for directions); .davAn-davAn]: running fast] َﺩﻭﺍﻥ َﺩﻭﺍﻥ Partial repetition:

.lang-langAn]: limping] ﻟﻨﮓ ﻟﻨﮕﺎﻥ

• Sometimes two present participles form a bond and are said together:

oftAn-o-khizAn]: falling and rising; walking with] ﺍﻓﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻴﺰﺍﻥ difﬁculty; .tarsAn-o-larzAn]: fearing and trembling] ﺗﺮﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ

• The present stem of causative verbs (see 6.1) already ends in -An; these verbs don’t usually form a present participle by adding another -An. Interestingly, the present participle of simple verbs from which causative ones are made is the same as the present stem of this latter group. Examples:

to burn) but the) ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ suzAn] is the present participle of] ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻥ ;(cause to burn) ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻥ present stem of its causative form to laugh) but) ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪﻥ khandAn] is the present participle of] ﺧﻨﺪﺍﻥ .(cause to laugh) ﺧﻨﺪﺍﻧﺪﻥ the present stem of its causative form

C. Present stem + -a = participle of potential (active) This participle is similar to inﬁnitive + -i (see 10.1 above) in that it is about some potential, but this time it is usually an active potential, not passive. 96 And it differs from the -ande participle (section A above) in that it is often about the state of having this potential rather than the act of putting Present stem [shenavande] ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪﻩ ,shenidani] is what is worth hearing] ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻧﻰ .it to use shenavA] is a person capable of hearing. More] ﺷﻨﻮﺍ is a listener, and examples:

(capable; mighty) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎ → (to be able) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ (wise) ﺩﺍﻧﺎ → (to know) ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ (capable of seeing; not blind) ﺑﻴﻨﺎ → (to see) ﺩﻳﺪﻥ (wealthy) ﺩﺍﺭﺍ → (to have) ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (legible) ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺎ → (to read) ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ (beautiful) ﺯﻳﺒﺎ → (to beﬁt, to become) ﺯﻳﺒﻴﺪﻥ (charming) ﻓﺮﻳﺒﺎ → (to charm) ﻓﺮﻳﻔﺘﻦ (attractive; catching) ﮔﻴﺮﺍ → (to take, to catch) ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ (far reaching and loud) ﺭﺳﺎ → (to reach) ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ (ﬂeeting; transient) ﮔﺬﺭﺍ → (to pass) ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ → (free) َﺭﻫﺎ (to escape; to become free) َﺭﻫﻴﺪﻥ or َﺭﺳﺘﻦ

D. Present stem + -esh = verbal noun

Present stem + -esh will give an active and abstract verbal noun and is very common. When you need the noun form of a verb (as after prepositions), you can often use this form instead of the Persian inﬁnitive (provided that it does exist and has the same meaning!). It is also very common to make compound verbs with these verbal nouns – which are increasingly replacing the simple verbs.

(to turn, to stroll) ﮔﺸﺘﻦ (stroll) ﮔﺮﺩﺵ → (to stroll) ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ → (to admire, to praise) ُﺳﺘﻮﺩﻥ (admiration, praise) ﺳﺘﺎﻳﺶ → (to admire, to praise) ﺳﺘﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ → (to blame, to reproach) ﻧﻜﻮﻫﻴﺪﻥ (blame, reproach) ﻧﻜﻮﻫﺶ → (to blame or reproach) ﻧﻜﻮﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ → (to want) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ (request) ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ → to request) 97) ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ → (to show, to appear) ﻧُﻤﻮﺩﻥ 10 (a play; showing) ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ → Nouns and adjectives → (to show; to present) ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ made from (to increase) ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ verbs Some → (increase) ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ prefixes and (to increase) ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ/ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ → suffixes (to decrease) ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻦ (decrease) ﻛﺎﻫﺶ → (to decrease) ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ/ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ → (to incline) ﮔﺮﻭﻳﺪﻥ/ﮔﺮﺍﺋﻴﺪﻥ (inclination) ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ → (to be inclined) ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ/ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ → This suffix is usually not added to compound verbs, which would just add -i to the ‘agent participle’ instead (and the agent participle, as we saw above, uses the present stem alone when it comes to compound verbs): (insight) ﺑﻴﻨﺶ z→ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ;(foresight) ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ optimism) or) ﺧﻮﺵ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ :but (selection) ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ z→ ﮔﺰﻳﺪﻥ ;(spouse selection) ﻫﻤﺴﺮﮔﺰﻳﻨﻰ recruitment office) or) ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺰﻳﻨﻰ :but → (method, way) َﺭ ِﻭﺵ z ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ,deviation) َﻛﺠﺮﻭﻯ moving forward, advancing) or) َﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭﻯ :but aberration); (burning sensation or twinge) ﺳﻮﺯﺵ z→ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ .(pity) ﺩﻟﺴﻮﺯﻯ fire accident or incineration) or) ﺁﺗﺶ ﺳﻮﺯﻯ :but blaming), from) ﺳﺮﺯﻧﺶ One rare example of adding -esh to a compound is to slap on the head with the hand) – while we) ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺯﺩﻥ the compound .(rowing) ﭘﺎﺭﻭﺯﻧﻰ chest-beating [a Shiite ritual]) or) ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﺯﻧﻰ say

10.3 Past stem

A. Past participle The most common of the nouns/adjectives made from the past stem we already know: the past participle (= past stem + -e or silent hé – see I/13.1), sometimes hardly recognizable as past participles: like the common adjec- ,khastan) ﺧﺴﺘﻦ khaste, tired) made from the now archaic verb) ﺧﺴﺘﻪ tive baste, package) doesn’t always remind) ﺑﺴﺘﻪ to wound); even a noun like .(bastan, to tie, to close) ﺑﺴﺘﻦ us of the equally common verb 98 B. Short infinitive (past stem) as noun Past stem Some of the words we have learned so far as nouns were in fact short -defeat), past stems of respec) ﺷﻜﺴﺖ shopping) and) ﺧﺮﻳﺪ infinitives, like .(to break) ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ to buy) and) ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻥ tively In the following sentences short infinitives have been used as nouns, an) you will have the-) ـﻦ and you know that in each case by just adding َ .full infinitive

Should I buy a one-way ticket) ِﺑﻠﻴﻂ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺑﺨﺮﻡ ﻳﺎ ِﺑﻠﻴﻂ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ؟ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻦ and ﺭﻓﺘﻦ → (?or a return ticket After the return of her) ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ِﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﺵ ﺣﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺷﺪ. to return = (ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻦ =) ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺘﻦ → (.daughter her health improved In the view of this) ﺍﺯ ِﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻰ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. ﺩﻳﺪﻥ → (.philosopher, man has no responsibility I was very pleased to receive) ﺍﺯ ِﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺎﻥ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻡ. to receive = ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ → (.from receiving’] your letter‘/] Understanding these problems is not) ِﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ → (.easy (.Don’t forget the payment of rent) ِﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻛﺮﺍﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ. ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ → Why don’t you say what you) ﭼﺮﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﻮﺋﻰ ِﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ ﺍﺕ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ → (?[really want [/what your real desire is Next session will be in three) ِﻧﺸﺴﺖ ﺑﻌﺪﻯ ﺳﻪ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ. ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ → (.weeks He has lost the receipt of this) ِﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻥ and ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ → (.purchase His progress in math was very) ِﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻰ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩ. to advance = ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ → (.good

Sometimes you have a compound verb, a second compound with a short infinitive, and a third one made from the agent participle, with the same or slightly different meanings. Compare: to go forward, to advance = ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ (to make progress (as in studies = ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ is َﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭﻯ to advance (as armies in warfare) – Here = َﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ,pish-row, forerunner) ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭ made from the agent participle pioneer, progressive). 99 10 C. Past and present stems together Nouns and adjectives Occasionally you might see a past stem followed by the present stem of made from either the same verb or another verb. The two stems (connected through here pronounced o) make a new word or concept; they are sometimes , َﻭ verbs Some written together as one word and is dropped in writing (not in pronun- ﻭ prefixes and suffixes ciation). Some examples: goftan, to say) – it means ﮔﻔﺘﻦ goft-o-gu, from) ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ or ﮔﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﻮ also ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ conversation’ and we have the compound verb‘ (‘to engage in conversation’). jostan, to seek/find) – it ﺟﺴﺘﻦ jost-o-ju, from) ُﺟﺴﺘُﺠﻮ or ُﺟﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺟﻮ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ means ‘searching’ and there is the compound verb also (‘to search or look for’). shostan, to wash) – it ﺷﺴﺘﻦ shost-o-shu, from) ُﺷﺴﺘُﺸﻮ or ُﺷﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻮ means ‘washing’ and can be used to make other compound verbs. porsidan, to ask, and ﭘُﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ pors-o-ju, from the two verbs) ﭘُﺮﺱ ﻭ ﺟﻮ jostan, to seek) – it means ‘inquiry’ and we have the compound ﺟﺴﺘﻦ .(’also (‘to make a search or inquiry ﭘُﺮﺱ ﻭ ﺟﻮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ verb collusion’ or a secret‘ = ﺑﺴﺘﻦ band-o-bast, the two stems of) ﺑَﻨﺪﻭﺑَﺴﺖ In deal), however, the present stem precedes the past one. (And, of course, we sometimes have compounds using two present stems or even two imperatives, similar to ‘hide-and-seek’ in English.)

D. Past stem + -ar The nouns using this suffix sometimes are similar to those using the -ande suffix (the ‘agent’ – see 10.2/A) and sometimes are little different from the infinitive used as noun, but can also make words with different meanings. Examples of these with some related words: purchaser – for this concept there is :(ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻥ kharidAr, from) ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭ !with the -ande ending ﺧﺮﻧﺪﻩ no (kharidAri, purchase) ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻯ one who wants; desirous (similar in :(ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ khAstAr, from) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ (khAhAn used as noun ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺎﻥ meaning to the present participle captive, occupied, busy :(ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ gereftAr, from) ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭ gereftAr kardan, to catch or arrest, to entangle, to) ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ preoccupy) (gereftAri, captivity, entanglement, trouble) ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭﻯ 100 behavior ‘-Ane’ suffix :(ﺭﻓﺘﻦ raftAr, from) ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ (raftAr kardan, to behave or act) ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ butchery; slaughter; massacre :( ﻛﺸﺘﻦ koshtAr, from) ُﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭ cadaver, corpse :( ُﻣﺮﺩﻥ mordAr, from) ُﻣﺮﺩﺍﺭ saying; speech :(ﮔﻔﺘﻦ goftAr, from) ُﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ visit :(ﺩﻳﺪﻥ didAr, from) ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ (didAr kardan, to visit) ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ

10.4 ‘-3ne’ sufﬁx

This sufﬁx, which is originally a sufﬁx of manner, is used to make

a) adjectives from nouns; b) adjectives (for non-humans) from other adjectives (that should be used for humans only); and c) adverbs from adjectives.

Examples for a): – (yearly) ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ,(monthly) ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ,(daily) ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ z→ ﺭﻭﺯ، ﻣﺎﻩ، ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻧﻪ/ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ the last two sometimes add -iyAne and become (manly, masculine, of men or men’s) ﻣﺮﺩﺍﻧﻪ z→ ﻣﺮﺩ (womanly, feminine, of women or women’s) ﺯﻧﺎﻧﻪ z→ ﺯﻥ (childish, childlike, of children or children’s) ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻧﻪ/ ّﺑﭽﮕﺎﻧﻪ z→ ﻛﻮﺩﻙ/ ّﺑﭽﻪ (friendly) ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ z→ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ .(romantic, amorous; amorously) ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎﻧﻪ z→ ﻋﺎﺷﻖ

Examples for b): Some adjectives that are about speciﬁcally human qualities add this -Ane sufﬁx when used for inanimates or abstract nouns and activities:

This deed of] ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﻗﻼﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ. → [.Mina is wise] ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ. Mina’s/What Mina did was not wise.] Your] ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺗﻮ ﺍﺣﻤﻘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ. → [.You are not stupid] ﺗﻮ ﺍﺣﻤﻖ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻰ. decision was stupid.]

Examples for c): Although adjectives can generally be used as adverbs in Persian without any change, most of those describing human qualities (mentioned above) usually add the -Ane suffix when used as adverbs. 101 (.He is wise) ﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ. 10 Nouns and → (His words are wise.) ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻗﻼﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. adjectives (.He speaks wisely) ﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻗﻼﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﺪ. → made from verbs (He is in love.) ﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﺷﻖ ﺍﺳﺖ. Some (.This is a romantic letter) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. → prefixes and He looked amorously at his) ﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺮﺵ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ. → suffixes spouse.) (.You are smart) ﺷﻤﺎ ﺯﻳﺮﻛﻴﺪ. (.Your response was smart) ﺟﻮﺍﺑﺘﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺮﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ. → (.You acted very smartly) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺮﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﺪ. →

If the -Ane version of an adjective is not common, other solutions should be found – like changing the adjective to an abstract noun (by adding ﺯﺭﻧﮓ zirak] and] ﺯﻳﺮﻙ :(from) ﺍﺯ ِﺭﻭﻯ with) or) ﺑﺎ stressed -i) and using and the last example ,ﺯﺭﻧﮕﺎﻧﻪ zerang] both mean smart, but there is no] :ﺯﺭﻧﮓ above would look like this if we were to use (.You are smart) ﺷﻤﺎ ﺯﺭﻧﮕﻴﺪ. (.Your response was smart) ﺟﻮﺍﺑﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ِﺭﻭﻯ ﺯﺭﻧﮕﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ. → (.You acted very smartly) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺭﻧﮕﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﺪ. →

Also, certain adverbs (like those modifying the whole sentence) usually need -Ane:

(luckily, fortunately) ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ → (lucky, fortunate, happy) ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺖ (unluckily, unfortunately) ﺑﺪﺑﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ → (unlucky, unfortunate) ﺑﺪﺑﺨﺖ → (regrettably, unfortunately) ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ (sorry, regretful) ّﻣﺘﺄﺳﻒ (See also Unit 11 for more on adverbs.)

10.5 Some preﬁxes and sufﬁxes

A. Having vs. not having, negation and opposition por, ‘-ful’) is a) ﭘُﺮ- ;bA-, ‘with’) is a very common prefix) ﺑﺎ- :Having stronger prefix meaning ‘full of’ (or ‘having lots of’); common suffixes mand), and-) -ﻣﻨﺪ z,(ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ dAr, from the verb-) ـﺪﺍﺭ used in this group are .(nAk-) ـﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﻢ- ,Not having: If there is too little of something or some quality .(-bi) ﺑﻰ- kam-) may be used as prefix; the total absence is shown by) 102 While the above prefixes and suffixes are usually added to nouns, Some A prefixes and n -) are often added to adjectives, present stems and suffixes) ﻧﺎ- na-) and) ﻧَـ participles for negation, and only seldom to nouns. A common way of expressing the progression from absence to having lots of is:

bi- → kam- → ba- → por-. ,fAyede) ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ ,(howsele, patience) ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ Examples with the words :(arzesh, value) ﺍﺭﺯﺵ beneﬁt, use), and

ﭘﺮ ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ ﻛﻢ ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻰ ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ impatient; bored irritable; not very patient very patient patient ﭘﺮ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ (= ﻣُﻔﻴﺪ) ﻛﻢ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻰ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ useless of little use useful very useful ﭘﺮ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ (= ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ) ﻛﻢ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺑﻰ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ worthless of little value valuable highly valuable

Examples with other preﬁxes/sufﬁxes:

,pul-dAr) ﭘﻮﻟﺪﺍﺭ ,(bachche-dAr, having child/children) ﺑﭽﻪﺩﺍﺭ :(dAr-) ـﺪﺍﺭ (din-dAr, believer) ﺩﻳﻨﺪﺍﺭ ,(khAne-dAr, housewife) ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ,(rich ,(dard-nAk, painful) ﺩﺭﺩﻧﺎﻙ ,(tars-nAk, frightening) ﺗﺮﺳﻨﺎﻙ :(nAk-) ـﻨﺎﻙ (sharm-nAk, ashamed) ﺷﺮﻣﻨﺎﻙ ,(khatar-nAk, dangerous) ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ/ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪ ,(arzesh-mand, valuable) ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ :(mand-) ـﻤﻨﺪ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ,(niru-mand, powerful) ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻣﻨﺪ ,(alAghe-mand, interested) (servat-mand, wealthy) ,na-fahm, stupid) ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ,(na-tars, fearless) ﻧﺘﺮﺱ :(na-/nA) ﻧـ/ﻧﺎ- ,(nA-chiz, insignificant, worthless) ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ,(uncomprehending (nA-ma'lum, unclear, unknown) ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ -dArA-ye, having) and bi) ِﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ The prefix bA- can often be substituted by (faghed-e, lacking) ِﻓﺎﻗﺪ bedun-e, without) or) ِﺑﺪﻭﻥ by gheyr-e, with gheyr originally meaning ‘other’) is often) ِﻏﻴﺮ The word used as a prefix to make antonyms:

(gheyr-e-momken, impossible) ِﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ → (momken, possible) ﻣﻤﻜﻦ nA-momken) in more formal or literary language. 103) ﻧﺎﻣﻤﻜﻦ also – (gheyr-e-vAghe'i, unreal) ِﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ → (vAghe'i, real) ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ 10 Nouns and (ensAni, human, humane) → (gheyr-e-ensAni, ِﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ adjectives made from inhuman, inhumane) verbs (mas'ulAne, responsible, responsibly) → (gheyr-e- ِﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ Some prefixes and mas'ulAne, irresponsible, irresponsibly) suffixes :(ّ (zed-deﺿﺪ Another useful word, usually functioning as the anti- prefix, is (zed-de-enghelAbi, counter-revolutionary) ّﺿﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﻰ

B. Activities, professions (kAr-) ـﻜﺎﺭ ,(gar/-gAr-) ـﮕﺮ/ـﮕﺎﺭ Some common preﬁxes of this category are :chi). Examples-) ـﭽﻰ and the originally Turkish (Ahan-gar, ironsmith) ﺁﻫﻨﮕﺮ ,(kAr-gar, worker) ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﮕﺎﺭ ,(Amuz[e]gAr, teacher of elementary school) ﺁﻣﻮﺯﮔﺎﺭ (khAst[e]gAr, suitor) shab-kAr, night) ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺭ ,(ma'dan-kAr, miner, mine worker) ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻜﺎﺭ shift worker) (post-chi, mailperson) ﭘﺴﺘﭽﻰ ,(shekAr-chi, hunter) ﺷﻜﺎﺭﭼﻰ

C. Causing and provoking -to stir, to pro ,ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻦ angiz, from-) ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ Two common sufﬁxes here are to bring), usually added to abstract nouns ,ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ Avar, from-) ﺁﻭﺭ voke) and to make adjectives. These could have been covered under 10.2/A (agent participle) also, because they are in fact nothing but the present stems of (heyrat-angiz, astonishing) ﺣﻴﺮﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ,thus ;ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻦ and ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ the verbs dard-Avar, causing pain) can be said to be the agent participles) ﺩﺭﺩﺁﻭﺭ and :Other examples .ﺩﺭﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ and ﺣﻴﺮﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻦ of the compound verbs ,nefrat-angiz, hateful) ﻧﻔﺮﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ,(bahs-angiz, controversial) ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ revolting) (khAb-Avar, sedative) ﺧﻮﺍﺏﺁﻭﺭ ,(khejAlat-Avar, embarrassing) ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺖﺁﻭﺭ

D. Resemblance ـﺴﺎﻥ ,(vAr-) ـﻮﺍﺭ ,(mAnand-) -ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ Sufﬁxes used to show resemblance are :gun/-gune). Examples-) ـﮕﻮﻥ/ـﮕﻮﻧﻪ sAn) and-) 104 A A Exercises (tappe-m nand, hill-like) ﺗَﭙّﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ,(asb-m nand, horse-like) ﺍﺳﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ (bigAne-vAr, like strangers) ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪﻭﺍﺭ ,(divAne-vAr, madly, like crazy) ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻧﻪﻭﺍﺭ (bargh-sAn, fast, like lightning) ﺑﺮﻕﺳﺎﻥ ,(gorbe-sAn, feline, cat-like) ﮔﺮﺑﻪﺳﺎﻥ (do'A-gune, prayer-like) ُﺩﻋﺎﮔﻮﻧﻪ ,(gol-gun, rosy, rose-like) ﮔﻠﮕﻮﻥ Some independent words (+ ezAfe) that mean ‘like’ are usually placed before the noun that they modify and (similar to like in English) function mesl-e, like) and) ِﻣﺜﻞ like prepositions. The most common of them are shabih-e/shabih be, similar to); in formal/written Persian the) ِﺷﺒﻴﻪ/ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ;be-gune-ye) are used in a similar sense) ﺑﮕﻮﻧﺔ mAnand-e) and) ِﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ words ham-chon) are used in poetical) ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ chon) or) ﭼﻮﻥ be-sAn-e) and) ِﺑﺴﺎﻥ language. Compare the usage: ﺍﺳﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ = ِﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺐ، ِﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺐ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺭ = ِﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻥ = ِﺑﺴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ، ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﮕﻮﻥ = ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﮔﻞ، ﺑﻪ ِﺭﻧﮓ ﮔﻞ، ِﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﻞ To learn more about the structures used for resembling/comparing see Unit 11.

E. Time and location Quite a few of the words you have learned so far are using sufﬁxes that denote gAh, as in-) ـﮕﺎﻩ :time or location; some of the more common ones are ,AbAd-) ـﺂﺑﺎﺩ z,(ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ kade, as in-) ـﻜﺪﻩ z,( ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ estAn, as in-) ـِﺴﺘﺎﻥ z,( ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ .([golzAr, rose garden] ﮔﻠﺰﺍﺭ zAr, as in-) ـﺰﺍﺭ ,([Islamabad] ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ as in

Exercises Exercise 10.1 Deﬁne the following words in Persian by using short and simple relative clauses, then translate. Examples: ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺵ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻰ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﺪ z→ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺵ (A bookseller is someone who sells books.) ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ z→ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺳﺎﺯ (A watchmaker is someone who makes watches.)

1. ﺑﺎﺭﺑَﺮ 2. ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ 3. ﺳﻨﮕﺘﺮﺍﺵ ۴. ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻥ ۵. ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ۶. ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ 7. ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ 105 8. ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ 9. ﺳﻴﺎﻫﭙﻮﺵ 10. ﻣﺎﻫﻴﮕﻴﺮ. 10 Exercise 10.2 Nouns and adjectives Find the different nouns and adjectives made from verbs in each sentence made from and write the verb on which they are based. Example: verbs (.This singer’s voice is very sad) ﺻﺪﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻏﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ Some prefixes and → (ﻏﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻦ) ﻏﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ,(ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ) ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ suffixes He is) ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻏﮕﻮﻯ ﻣﺎﻫﺮﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﺓ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ .1 a skilled liar and will have a good future in politics.) Shortly after the) ﻛﻤﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺃﻯ ﮔﻴﺮﻯ، ِﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺁﺭﺍء ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ .2 voting, they started the counting of the votes.) A number of the soldiers) ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯﺍﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺷﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻨﺪ .3 also joined the rebels.) Taxi Driver is one) ’ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﺓ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻰ‘ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ .4 of the most important films by this director.) That easily gained wealth) ﺁﻥ ِﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺭﻓﺖ .5 [‘brought with the wind’] was very soon gone with the wind.) His arrest was one of the) ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺧﺒﺮﺳﺎﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺩ .6 newsmaking events of that year.) The next speaker) ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻯ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ .7 wasn’t able to come on time and the session was ended.) The words of that stupid person) ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺁﺩﻡِ ﻧﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺪ .8 created problems [/‘became problem-creating’].) I hunted/trapped a bloodsucking) ﻳﻚ ﭘﺸﺔ ﺧﻮﻧﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ .9 mosquito.) With the decrease of) ﺑﺎ ﻛﻢ ِﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎ، ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ .10 readers [of books], booksellers lose their jobs [‘become jobless’].)

Exercise 10.3 /as‘) ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ . . . Change the ‘-ān’ present participle to a clause with while . . .’), then translate. Example: ﺧﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩِ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺷﺪ He entered the room [while he) ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩِ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺷﺪ → was] laughing.) 1. ﺑﭽﺔ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺖ. 2. ﺍﺷﻜﺮﻳﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻓﺮﻳﺎﺩ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﻴﺪ. 106 Exercises 3. ﻓﺮﻳﺎﺩﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ِﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺩﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﻨﺪ. ۴ . ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻟﻨﮓ ﻟﻨﮕﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ. ۵ . ﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﺩﻯ ﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. ۶ . ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﺎﺭِ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﺔ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ. 7. ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ. 8. ﺷﻨﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻛﺮﺩ. 9. ﻟﺒﺨﻨﺪﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ: ’ﺩﺭ ﻋﻔﻮ ّﻟﺬﺗﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.‘ 10. ﺩﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻳﻢ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ.

Exercise 10.4 Fill in the blanks by using one of the words given below (don’t use any word twice), then translate. Words from which to choose:

ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ/ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ، ﺍﺣﻤﻖ/ ﺍﺣﻤﻘﺎﻧﻪ، ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ/ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﺍﻧﻪ، ﻧﺎﺍﻣﻴﺪ/ ﻧﺎﺍﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻪ، ﺷﺠﺎﻉ/ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺎﻧﻪ 1. ﻛﻴﻔﺖ ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ، ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ...... ﻧﺒﺎﺵ. 2. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ...... ﭘﻴﺎﻧﻮ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﺪ. 3. ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ...... ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﺪ. ۴ . ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺩِ ...... ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺷﺘﻰ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ؟ ۵ . ﺍﻳﻦ ِﺳﮓ ...... ﻧﮕﺬﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺯﺩﺩ. ۶ . ﻣﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ...... ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺸﻢ. 7. ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺷﺪﻡ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ...... ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺰﺩ. 8. ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭِ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ...... ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ. 9. ﺣﺪﺱ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ...... ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻡ. 10. ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻰ ...... ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.

Exercise 10.5 Try to guess the meaning and translate:

1. ﺑﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ 2. ّﺿﺪ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﺋﻰ 3. ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ۴. ﺑﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ۵. ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ّﺣﻤﺎﻡ ۶. ﺑﻰ ﻓﻜﺮ 7. ِﻏﻴﺮﻻﺯﻡ 8. ﭘ ّﺮﻟﺬﺕ 9. ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻥ 10. ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻥ 107 ُ 10 Exercise 10.6 Nouns and adjectives Use a word with one of the prefixes bi-, kam- or por- to complete the made from sentences, then translate. Example: verbs Some ﻛﺴﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﭘﻮﻟﻰ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ prefixes and (.One who has no money is penniless) ﺑﻰ ﭘﻮﻝ → suffixes 1. ﻛﺴﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ. 2. ﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ. 3. ﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺩِﺳﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ. ۴ . ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻏﻠﻂ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ. ۵ . ﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ. ۶ . ﻛﺴﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﻓﻰ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ. 7. ﻛﺴﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ. 8. ﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ. 9. ﺁﺩﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﺪ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ. 10. ﻛﺴﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ...... ﺍﺳﺖ.

ِﺩﺷﻤﻦ ﺩﺍﻧﺎ ﺑُﻠﻨﺪﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ ﺑَﺮ َﺯﻣﻴﻨﺖ ﻣﻴﺰﻧﺪ ِﻧﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ (ﺳﻌﺪﻯ) The wise enemy lifts you, the foolish friend throws you down.

(= Foolish friends are worse than wise enemies.)

108 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT ELEVEN 11 ﺷﻜﻞ ِﺑﻴﺎﻥ ّﺗﻌﺠﺐ Exclamative form ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻴﺪ More on adjectives/adverbs ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ Comparison of adjectives ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ EzAfe

11.1 Exclamative form

che] with both nouns and adjectives in exclamative] ﭼﻪ Persian uses the word phrases and sentences. When used with nouns, the indeﬁnite -i is also added to the noun or to the (last) adjective if the noun is modiﬁed by adjective(s). /chi] in spoken] ﭼﻰ Unlike the interrogative che, which changes to .always remains the same and does not change ﭼﻪ Tehrani Persian, this ajab, usually an interjection: ‘how strange’] can also] ﻋﺠﺐ The word ﭼﻘﺪﺭ be used in such structures; in colloquial Persian you can also use but mainly with adjectives (not nouns) or to ,ﭼﻪ how much’) instead of‘) modify the verb, in which case the verb will take the main stress.

Examples: a) With nouns: (!What a day) ﭼﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ!/ﻋﺠﺐ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ! (!What birds) ﭼﻪ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﺋﻰ!/ﻋﺠﺐ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﺋﻰ! b) With adjectives: (!How late) ﭼﻪ ﺩﻳﺮ!/ﻋﺠﺐ ﺩﻳﺮ!/ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺩﻳﺮ! (!How beautiful) ﭼﻪ ﻗﺸﻨﮓ!/ﻋﺠﺐ ﻗﺸﻨﮓ!/ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻗﺸﻨﮓ! c) Nouns and adjectives together: (!What a cold day) ﭼﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺳﺮﺩﻯ!/ﻋﺠﺐ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺳﺮﺩﻯ! ﭼﻪ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻗﺸﻨﮕﻰ!/ﻋﺠﺐ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﻗﺸﻨﮕﻰ! (What small beautiful birds!) 109 11 d) In a sentence: Exclamative (!What a cold day it was yesterday) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﭼﻪ (/ﻋﺠﺐ) ﺭﻭﺯ ﺳﺮﺩﻯ ﺑﻮﺩ! form More on What pretty and) ﭼﻪ (/ﻋﺠﺐ) ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﻗﺸﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻫﻮﺷﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ! /adjectives adverbs smart daughters you have!) Comparison = How much you eat! [ you eat a lot!]) – Here) ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻯ! of adjectives EzAfe the verb (in this case mí-) takes the main stress; compare with a normal question in which the stress is on ché-ghadr: (?How much do you eat) ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻯ؟

11.2 Some idiomatic usages of exclamative che

• Che + noun + ke + negative verb: an afﬁrmative verb, and + ﺧﻴﻠﻰ This usually has a meaning similar to the English translation would probably require an afﬁrmative verb. Examples:

ﭼﻪ ﺭﺷﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺴﺮﺵ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ! (= ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺭﺷﻮﻩ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺴﺮﺵ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ) (What bribes he gave to have his son freed!) ﭼﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮﺵ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺯﻧﻨﺪ! (= ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮﺵ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﻨﺪ) (What things they say behind his back!)

che besyAr] is used to emphasize the high frequency of] ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ • how‘) ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ the occurrence; a more colloquial synonym would be much’):

/How much/How often they advised) ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. warned him!) (!How often I saw him those days) ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ. che basA] is used for conjecture and speculation, when you] ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ • shAyad) or ‘could it be ,ﺷﺎﻳﺪ) ’are wondering: it is similar to ‘maybe that . . . ?’:

(?Maybe he doesn’t know) ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ؟ It’s possible that he has come and) ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ. 110 has not found us.) • (with or being subj.) means ‘let alone/not to Forms of – adverbs ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﺭﺳﺪ (ﺗﺎ) ﭼﻪ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ in the sense of ‘even’) for reviewing and) ﻫﻢ mention/much less’; often preceded by more emphasis: expanding I don’t even have children, let alone) ﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ، ﭼﻪ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻩ. grandchildren.) He didn’t) ﺣﺘﻰ ﺳﻼﻡ ﻫﻢ ﻧﮕﻔﺖ، ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ. even say hello, let alone shake hands.) ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ (ﺍﺳﺖ) be . . . che!) – in its more complete form used with) ﺑﻪ... ﭼﻪ! • rabti dArad, both meaning ‘is related’) – is) ﺭﺑﻄﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ marbut [ast]) or) a common but rather rude way of saying that something does not concern someone, and it is originally an interrogative phrase turned exclamative. (You can use a question mark or an exclamation mark.) (?I don’t care!/Why should I care) ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﭼﻪ! Why should it concern me?/Why) ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﭼﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ (ﺍﺳﺖ)؟ should I care?) (!None of your business!/It doesn’t concern you) ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﭼﻪ! (.It’s none of your father’s business) ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺕ ﭼﻪ ﺭﺑﻄﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟ + ﻫﺮﭼﻪ and see 11.6 below for ,ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻛﻪ or ﭼﻪ . . . ﭼﻪ . . . See also 4.7 for) comparative.)

11.3 Forms of adverbs – reviewing and expanding a) Adjectives Most of the time, adjectives can be used as adverbs: This pen is good./This) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ./ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ. pen writes well.) (.He was angry./He talked angrily) ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ./ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩ. abstract noun + ﺑﻪ/ﺑﺎ (b which is ﺑﻪ This is similar to saying with anger instead of angrily. The ,(is dropped ـﻪ and) ﺑـ used to make adverbs is often written joined as ﺑﺎ or ﺑﻪ as preposition is written separately. Sometimes either ﺑﻪ while can be used, sometimes only one of them. Examples: This pen writes) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ./ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ. should also be used ﺑﺪ and ﺑﺒﺪﻯ well.) – Note that we don’t have as adverb. 111 (.I opened the door easily) ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺂﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ./ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. 11 Exclamative (‘Of course!’ I said happily.) ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻟﻰ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ: ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ! form He was looking at me with) ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ. More on adjectives/ astonishment.) adverbs Comparison Some examples of adverbs with be- for which you cannot use bA-: of adjectives A ,[be-mowghe', on time] ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ ,[be-tadrij, gradually] ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ Ez fe ,[be-tanhA'i, alone] ﺑﺘﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ,[be-zudí, soon] ﺑﺰﻭﺩﻯ .[be-tAzegi, recently] ﺑﺘﺎﺯﮔﻰ ﺩﺭ/ﺑﺎ expressions like ,ﺑﺎ or ﺑﻪ For more emphasis, sometimes instead of dar/bA nahAyat-e] are used, in this] ﺩﺭ/ﺑﺎ ِﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ dar/bA kamAl-e] or] ِﻛﻤﺎﻝ usage both meaning ‘with utmost’/‘at the height of’/‘extremely’:

(.He wore clothes very tastelessly) ﺩﺭ ِﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻰﺳﻠﻴﻘﮕﻰ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﻰﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ. (.He greeted her most respectfully) ﺑﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺳﻼﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ.

c) -āne sufﬁx We learned about the -Ane sufﬁx (that produces both adjectives and adverbs) in 10.4:

(.I waited for her response impatiently) ﺑﻰ ﺻﺒﺮﺍﻧﻪ ِﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﺶ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ. They brutally massacred) ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻧﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. thousands of prisoners.)

d) Adjective + tanvin This is mostly for adjectives borrowed from Arabic, and in contemporary Persian the tanvin sign (pronounced as a ﬁnal -an; see I/1.2.6) is usually placed on an alef, regardless of the original Arabic spelling. Adjectives borrowed from Arabic usually have a different form for the abstract sor'at] is speed. Compare in the] ﺳﺮﻋﺖ sari'] is fast and] ﺳﺮﻳﻊ :noun following examples the different adverb forms:

‘He answered quickly.’ = ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺩ. (pronounce sari'an) ًﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺩ. ‘He strongly objected.’ = ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ّﺷﺪﺕ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ. (pronounce shadidan) ﺍﻭ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍً ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ. 112 You can’t usually ﬁnd adjectives that have both -Ane (c) and tanvin (d) Much/many/ forms; it is either one or the other. a lot (of) For numerative adverbs made from ordinal numbers, see 3.2/c. Some useful adverbs with tanvin: ,ba'dan] ﺑﻌﺪﺍً ,[nesbatan, relatively] ًﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ,[fowran, immediately] ﻓﻮﺭﺍً ,taghriban] ًﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ,[makhsusan, especially] ًﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ,[afterwards ,ghAleban] ًﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ,[ma'mulan, usually] ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ,[approximately, almost .[ettefAghan, incidentally, by chance] ﺍﺗّ ًﻔﺎﻗﺎ ,[often

11.4 Much/many/a lot (of)

,ziyAd] in colloquial/less formal Persian] ﺯﻳﺎﺩ kheyli] and] ﺧﻴﻠﻰ The words /basi] in literary] ﺑﺴﻰ farAvAn] in more formal and] ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ besyAr] or] ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ poetical language are all used to mean much, many or a lot of.

Table 11.1: A lot (of)

colloquial/informal formal/written literary/poetical ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ He has a lot ﺑﺴﻰ ﺩﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺩِ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .of pain ﺩﺭﺩِ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺩِ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺩِ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺩِ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ He has a lot ﺑﺴﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .of books ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺴﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ He writes a ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ .lot some differences – ﺧﻴﻠﻰ .vs ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ,adverbially to modify an adjective in affirmative sentences ﺯﻳﺎﺩ Don’t use • though it is common in the negative: :here), but ﺯﻳﺎﺩ do not use) ﻫﻮﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ 113 ﻫﻮﺍ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ/ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ :ﺯﻳﺎﺩ with comparative adjectives and adverbs, not ﺧﻴﻠﻰ Use • 11 Exclamative ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ or ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺗﺮ form More on adjectives/ A chand n; see 12.3) are ,ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ or) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ,adverbs In this case, even when negative Comparison the preferred adverbs. of adjectives -ziyAdí] with stressed -i, the mean] ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ EzAfe Much too/too much: If you use ing is much too or too much. (In Table 11.1, ziyAdi ended in unstressed, ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ,[ziyAde az hadd] ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ indefinite -i.) Expressions like :bish az andAze] can also be used. Examples] ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ bish az hadd] or] (.This lesson is [much] too difficult) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ. You trust yourself too) ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ. much.) He doesn’t work and) ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﺪ. talks too much.)

11.5 Little/a little and few/a few

.kam] can be used for both little and few] ﻛﻢ (with -i can also be used in this sense but only after (and not before ﻛﻤﻰ a plural noun (or uncountable noun) + ezAfe. If used before, it would mean a little or a few: some/a little money = ﻛﻤﻰ ﭘﻮﻝ little money = ِﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﻤﻰ

A little or a few can be expressed in the following ways:

ghadri/meghdAri, both meaning] ﻗﺪﺭﻯ/ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻯ kami, a little] or] ﻛﻤﻰ • ‘some amount of’] for uncountables ,az, of], thus becoming deﬁnite] ﺍﺯ Note: when these are followed by) Persian allows the use of the plural even for uncountables); .te'dAdi, a number of] for countables] ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ chand (tA), some] or] ﭼﻨﺪ (ﺗﺎ) • ,are followed by singular nouns ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ and ﭼﻨﺪ .by plural nouns ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ and ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ can be used as adverbs also in the sense of hardly or less ﻛﻤﺘﺮ and ﻛﻢ 114 frequently. Table 11.2: Few, little, etc. Little/a little and few/ a few ﭼﻨﺪ/ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ. a few (I bought some/a few apples.) ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻡ. (I ate some/a few of the apples.) ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ. (I saw a number of students.) ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩﻡ. (I talked to a number of the students.) ﻛﻤﻰ ﺷﻜﺮ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ. a little (I bought some/a little sugar.) ﻛﻤﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﺮ(/ﺷﻜﺮﻫﺎ) ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻢ. (I poured some/a little of the sugar into the water.) ﻛﻤﻰ/ﻗﺪﺭﻯ/ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻯ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺩ. (He gave me some/a little money.) ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝ (/ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎ) ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺩ. (He gave me some of the money.) ﻛﻢ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ./ﺳﻴﺐ ﻛﻢ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ./ﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎﻯ ﻛﻤﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ. few/little (I bought few apples.) ﻛﻢ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺩ./ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ./ ِﭘﻮﻝ ﻛﻤﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺩ. (He gave me little money.) ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ. adverbial usage (I hardly know him./I know him very little.) ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ. (Hardly anyone knows/Few people know this.) ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ./ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. (I hardly see him [at all].)

As you may have noticed, kam-tar + an indeﬁnite noun = hardly any; as in:

(.Hardly anyone knows where he is) ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﺴﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺠﺎﺳﺖ. There is hardly anyone who) ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﺴﻰ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺠﺎﺳﺖ. knows where he is.) There is hardly any day when I don’t) ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺒﻴﻨﻢ. see him.) You hardly see a man) ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ. who works so much at home.) 115 11 11.6 More on comparison of adjectives/adverbs Exclamative less) – a different usage) ﻛﻤﺘﺮ more) and) ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ (form a More on most of = ِﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ .with ezAfe means ‘most of’, e.g ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ adjectives/ You know that adverbs the days; and sometimes is used as an adverb meaning mostly: ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ Comparison of adjectives (This book is mostly about the ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ. EzAfe history of Africa.) without the second part of the comparison ﻛﻤﺘﺮ and ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ Examples of being mentioned: (.You should sleep more) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﻰ. (.I see him less often) ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. Occasionally different meanings can be possible, especially when some amount/quantity is mentioned. :can mean ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ For instance, the sentence i. This library has more than 50,000 books. ii. This library has 50,000 books more [than some other library, not mentioned here]. for instance ,ﻛﻤﺘﺮ The same ambiguity can happen with :can mean ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺳﻰ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ i. Parviz is below 30. ii. Parvis is 30 years younger. comparative + ﻫﺮﭼﻪ (b -followed by two comparatives is similar to two English compara ﻫﺮﭼﻪ • tives preceded by the: (.The sooner, the better) ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ، ﺑﻬﺘﺮ The sooner you go, the better it) ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ. will be.) :’followed by only one comparative has the meaning of ‘as . . . as possible ﻫﺮﭼﻪ • (.As soon as possible) ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ (.Finish the letter as fast as possible) ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻦ. I wish you the utmost) ِﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ِﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺭﺯﻭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. 116 success/as much success as possible.) The latter version (with one comparative) would be close in meaning to: More on comparison + + A + of adjectives/ momken, possible), adverbs) ﻣﻤﻜﻦ superlative noun ez fe dar nahAyat-e, with the utmost), as in) ﺩﺭ ِﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ or using expressions like these examples:

I responded with as much respect) ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡِ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ. [/as respectfully] as possible.) I responded with the most) ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡِ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ. = respect possible [/as respectfully as possible].) (.I responded with the utmost respect) ﺩﺭ ِﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ. = more than before, more than ever) is also) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ The expression .and they are sometimes interchangeable ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ very close to

[az] ﺍﺯ ta] instead of] ﺗﺎ c) Comparative with see I/8.1.1). However, if the) ﺍﺯ The preposition used for the comparative is second part (or ‘standard’) of comparison is mentioned after the main verb, :and this can occasionally reduce ambiguities – ﺍﺯ is used instead of ﺗﺎ then :can have two meanings (ﻣﻦ) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ The sentence i) I see Mina more than [I see] you, or ii) I see Mina more than you [do].

we would ,ﺗﺎ to the version with (ﻣﻦ) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ By changing have two different versions for (i) and (ii):

(ﻣﻦ) ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ (i ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮ (ii that brings clarity, and in (ii) we can’t ﺭﺍ As you notice, in (i) it is the ﬁnal drop the subject because it needs emphasis. ,can have two meanings ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺩ Similarly, the sentence :for each of those meanings ﺗﺎ and we will give here the version with i) He gave me less money than you [did]. ;(cannot be dropped here ﺍﻭ note that) ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮ. ii) He gave less money to me than to you. Note the clarifying presence of the) (ﺍﻭ) ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ. here.) 117 ﺑﻪ second 11 The comparative with tA is usually used in afﬁrmative sentences; it would Exclamative sound a little awkward with the negative. form More on adjectives/ d) Superlative with ezafé adverbs Comparison So far you have learned to say of adjectives • yek sib-e bozorgtar, a bigger apple), and) ﻳﻚ ِﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ EzAfe bozorgtarin sib, the biggest apple) (see I/8.1.2) – which) ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺐ • means: superlative precedes the noun and needs no ezAfe.

However, when used before plural nouns, an ezAfe can be added to the superlative – if needed – to function like of after an English superlative. bozorgtarin-e) ِﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎ The biggest of the apples’, then, would be‘ bozorgtarin sib-hA) without ezAfe would) ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎ sib-hA) while simply mean ‘the biggest apples’.

Other examples:

(behtarin mive, the best fruit) ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ (behtarin mive-hA, the best fruits) ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ → (behtarin-e mive-hA, the best of the fruits) ِﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ → (khoshgeltarin dokhtar, the prettiest girl) ﺧﻮﺷﮕﻠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺧﺘﺮ (khoshgeltarin dokhtar-hA, the prettiest girls) ﺧﻮﺷﮕﻠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻫﺎ → khoshgeltarin-e dokhtar-hA, the prettiest of) ِﺧﻮﺷﮕﻠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻫﺎ → the girls)

11.7 Equal comparison; resemblance and sameness

The most common structure used in Persian for equal comparison (‘as . . . as . . .’) is:

be-/bA + abstract noun + ezAfe be zibA'i-ye] = as beautiful as] ﺑﻪ ِﺯﻳﺒﺎﺋﻰ ﺑﻪ You know how you can make adverbs by using an abstract noun after .see 11.3/b) – here you only need to add an ezAfe to that structure) ﺑﺎ or and is usually written separately. (To make ﺑﺎ is more common here than ﺑﻪ .(see I/6.3 ;ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺋﻰ ζ→ ﺯﻳﺒﺎ abstract nouns from adjectives, add stressed -i, as in 118 See comparisons with adverbial use in the following examples: (He carefully listened to my words.) Equal ;comparison ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗّﺖ/ﺑﻪ ﺩﻗّﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻳﻢ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩ. He works with the precision of [as resemblance) ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗّ ِﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. and precisely as] a machine.) sameness (.He quickly put on his jacket and left) ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺖ. He ran out of the house as fast as) ﺑﻪ ِﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺪ. lightning.) (.His hands were as cold as ice) ﺩﺳﺘﻬﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ِﺳﺮﺩﻯ ﻳﺦ ﺑﻮﺩ. (.Her hair is as white as snow) ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ِﺳﻔﻴﺪﻯ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.Shiraz is not as large as Isfahan) ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺑﻪ ِﺑﺰﺭﮔﻰ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.

When the second part of the comparison is a singular demonstrative pro- it is more common to place it before the abstract noun ,(ﺁﻥ or ﺍﻳﻦ) noun (with no ezAfe):

a ﬂower as beautiful as this) is more common than) ﮔﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺸﻨﮕﻰ .ﮔﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ِﻗﺸﻨﮕﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ meaning ‘to the size/extent/amount of’) can) ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ/ﺑﻘﺪﺭِ Expressions like also be used to convey this kind of equal comparison:

(.I’m not as smart as you) ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ِﺯﺭﻧﮕﻰ ﺗﻮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ. ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺗﻮ ﺯﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ. = This book is not as simple as) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ِﺳﺎﺩﮔﻰ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. the previous one.) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻘﺪﺭِ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. = -is especially common in cases where the basis of com ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ/ﺑﻘﺪﺭِ Using parison is not an ‘abstract’ noun, or with longer compound adjectives:

(.Talk as big as your mouth) ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭِ ﺩﻫﻨﺖ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻥ. However) ﻫﺮﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻻﻍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﺪ. much he may have studied, he doesn’t understand so much as a donkey.) This ﬁlm was not so) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ِﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ. boring as the previous one.)

ﻫﻤﻴﻦ hamAn, the same, that same) or the more colloquial) ﻫﻤﺎﻥ Using ,is also very common ﻗﺪﺭ and ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ hamin, the same, this same) before) giving them the meaning of as much/to the same amount or extent, while 119 before the second part of the comparison (which can then turn ﻛﻪ using 11 Exclamative into a clause by adding a verb): form (.His brother was also as [much] talkative) ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﺵ ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﭘﺮﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺩ. More on ُ /adjectives His brother was also as) ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﺵ ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﭘُﺮﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ. adverbs Comparison talkative as him[self].) of adjectives A :’is used in the sense of ‘as much as/so far as ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﺋﻰ ﻛﻪ or ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ Ez fe (. . . So far as I know) ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ . . . (. . . As much as it concerns you) ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﺋﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ . . .

We learned a few preﬁxes earlier that are used to show resemblance (see 10.5/D). Some more words now:

Words that mean like (used as prep.):

(shabih-e) ِﺷﺒﻴﻪ ,(mesl-e) ِﻣﺜﻞ :colloquial + formal • (mAnand-e) ِﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ :formal/written • ﺑﻪ ِﺳﺎﻥ ,(ham-chon) ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ,(chon) ﭼﻮﻥ ,(hamAnand-e) ِﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ :poetical • (be sAn-e)

Words that mean alike (adj.):

(moshAbeh) ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ,(shabih) ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ,(mesl-e ham) ِﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻢ :colloquial + formal • (yek-sAn) ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ,(ham-sAn) ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ ,(hamAnand) ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ :formal/written • :(ﺑﻪ Verbs that mean to resemble (all of them with ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ,(shebAhat dAshtan) ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ,(shabih budan) ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ • (mAnestan) ﻣﺎﻧﺴﺘﻦ ,(moshAbehat dAshtan) eyn-e) before the) ِﻋﻴﻦ dorost mesl-e) or) ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ِﻣﺜﻞ For exactly like use .hamAn) predicatively) ﻫﻤﺎﻥ noun, and for the same as use

Examples:

This is how you say ‘a dog is like/resembles a wolf’ (or they are alike) in Persian (ignoring the more literary/poetical versions):

• ﺳﮓ ِﻣﺜﻞ ﮔﺮگ ﺍﺳﺖ. • ﺳﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺮگ ِﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. 120 Adjective • ِ placed before ﺳﮓ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮگ ﺍﺳﺖ. noun. More • ﺳﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺮگ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ (/ ِﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ) ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. on ezAfe • ﺳﮓ ِﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺮگ ﺍﺳﺖ. • ﺳﮓ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮگ ﻣﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ. • ﺳﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺮگ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ. • ﺳﮓ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮگ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. • ﺳﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺮگ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. • ﺳﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺮگ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ (/ ِﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ) ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. • ﺳﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺮگ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.

11.8 Adjective placed before noun. More on ez3fe

Adjectives are usually placed after the noun, and they are connected mard-e khub, the good man). In poetical) ﻣﺮﺩِ ﺧﻮﺏthrough an ezAfe, as in language, however, the adjective can be placed before the noun, the two words making some sort of compound, and there is no ezAfe. ?ﻣﺮﺩِ ﺧﻮﺏ khub-mard) instead of) ﺧﻮﺑﻤﺮﺩ You might ask now: Can I say Answer: No, you can’t – because: a) you are not writing a poem, are you? and with the ﺧﻮﺏ b) even if you were, then you should substitute the word nik-mard, a) ﻧﻴﻜﻤﺮﺩ and say ﻧﻴﻚ more literary/poetical sounding word good and benevolent man).

Some very common compound words, however, use this form: (zan-e pir) ِﺯﻥ ﭘﻴﺮ = (pir-zan, old woman, used in a generic sense) ﭘﻴﺮﺯﻥ (mard-e pir) ﻣﺮﺩِ ﭘﻴﺮ = (pir-mard, old man, used in a generic sense) ﭘﻴﺮﻣﺮﺩ (sefid-pust, white-skinned, belonging to the white race) ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻮﺳﺖ (siyAh-pust, black-skinned, belonging to the black race) ﺳﻴﺎﻫﭙﻮﺳﺖ (khosh-bakht, fortunate) ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺖ (bad-bakht, unfortunate) ﺑﺪﺑﺨﺖ The omission of ezAfe does not happen only when the adjective precedes the noun. Even where the adjective follows the noun (as in standard usage), the connecting ezAfe can occasionally be omitted if the two words form a fixed (or ‘lexicalized’) compound, a lexical unit with an independent mean- takhte-siyAh, blackboard), which differs) ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ing. One such example is takhte-ye siyAh, a black plank or board). Other words that) ﺗﺨﺘﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ from 121 .ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺑﺰﺭگ and ﭘﺪﺭﺑﺰﺭگ you already know are 11 Exercises Exclamative form Exercise 11.1 More on adjectives/ Choose one of the following to fill in the blanks, then translate: adverbs ﭼﻪ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ (f ﭼﻪ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ (e ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ (d ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ (c ﻫﺮﭼﻪ (b ﭼﻪ (Comparison a of adjectives EzAfe Example: ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪ، ...... ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ. Mina didn’t come; maybe she didn’t know that she had to) ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ → come.) 1. ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ، ...... ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ. 2. ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻭﻟﻰ ...... ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ. 3. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻛﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻰ ...... ﻫﻮﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ! ۴ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻍ ﻭﺣﺶ ﺣﺘّﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮﺱ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ...... ﻓﻴﻞ. ۵ . ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺷﺎﻡ ...... ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﻳﻢ. ۶ . ﺣﺎﻻ ﻋﺠﻠﻪ ﻧﻜﻦ، ﺑﻌﺪﺍً ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ...... ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ. 7. ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻭ ...... ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ. 8. ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺸﻨﻮﻡ، ...... ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺮﺽ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻡ. 9. ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ...... ؟ 10. ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ...... ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ.

Exercise 11.2 Choose the correct answer. Example: ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ (ﺧﻮﺏ/ﺧﻮﺑﻰ/ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ) ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﺪ. ﺧﻮﺏ → 1. ﻣﻦ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ (ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻰ/ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻰ/ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ) ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ. 2. ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ (ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ/ﺳﺮﻋﺖ/ ًﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ) ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ. 3. ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻰ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ (ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﺕ/ﻛﺎﺭﺕ/ﺳﮕﺖ) ﻋﺎﻗﻼﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ. ۴ . ﻣﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ِﺟﻮﺍﺏ (ﺳﺮﻳﻊ/ﺳﺮﻋﺖ/ َﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ) ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ. ۵ . ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎﻯ (ﻭﺣﺸﻰ/ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺎﻧﻪ/ ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺎﻧﻪﺍﻯ) ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺘﻜﻤﺎﻥ ﺯﺩﻧﺪ. ۶ . ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ (ﻭﺣﺸﻰ/ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺎﻧﻪ/ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻯ) ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺘﻜﺶ ﺯﺩﻧﺪ. 7. ﺷﻬﺮ (ﻓﻮﺭﺍً/ ًﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ/ ًﻗﺒﻼ) ﺁﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. 122 Exercises 8. ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺭﺍ (ﺁﺭﺍﻡ/ﺁﺭﺍﻣﻰ/ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﻰ) ﻛﻨﺪ. 9. ﺻﺪﺍﻯ ﺑﺪﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ (ﺑﺪ/ﺑﺪﻯ/ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻯ) ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ. 10. ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ (ﺩﻭﺳﺖ/ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻰ/ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ) ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ.

Exercise 11.3 Choose one of the following to ﬁll in the blanks; the translations will help you to make the right choice:

ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ (f ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ (e ﺯﻳﺎﺩ (d ﻛﻤﺘﺮ (c ﻛﻤﻰ (b ﻛﻢ (a

Example:

I didn’t stay longer) ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪﻡ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ...... ﻭﻗﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ because I had very little time.) ﻛﻢ → 1. ﺍﻭ ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ...... ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. (She will certainly come, but you have to wait a little longer.) 2. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻔﺖ ﻛﻔﺶ ﻧﻮ ﺑﺨﺮﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﭘﻮﻝ ...... ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. (I must buy a pair of shoes, but I have too little money.) 3...... ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﺍﻧﺪ. (Hardly any professors make the students laugh as much as he does.) ۴ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺶ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﻰ ﺗﻨﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻜﻰ ...... ﺗﻨﮓ ﺑﻮﺩ. (These shoes are only a little small [‘tight’], but those were too small.) ۵...... ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺟﻠﻮ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻐﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. (Most of the days I see him on the street in front of that store.) ۶ . ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ...... ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. (Since she got pregnant I have hardly seen her at all in the library.) 7. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﻤﻰ ...... ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩ، ﻫﻤﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺮﺩ. (If he had talked a little longer, everybody would have fallen asleep.) 8. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ...... ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻯ. (You must study a lot to get good results.) 9. ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ...... ﺗﻨﺒﻞ ﺑﻮﺩ. (He never worked because he was too lazy.) 10. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻦ ...... ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ. (This exercise was too easy for me.) 123 11 Exercise 11.4 Exclamative A form Change the comparatives with az to comparatives with t . Example: More on ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﺮﺗﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ /adjectives adverbs → ﺍﻭ ﺩﻳﺮﺗﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻦ Comparison of adjectives 1. ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻄﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. EzAfe 2. ﺩﺭﺱ ّﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺱ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. 3. ﺧﺮﺑﺰﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺮﺑﺰﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ. ۴ . ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ۵ . ﺍﻭ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. ۶ . ﺗﻮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻰ. 7. ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﺪ. 8. ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻬﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺪ. 9. ﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻳﻢ. 10. ﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺟﺎﻟﺒﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ.

Exercise 11.5 Translate into English.

1. ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻦ، ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ِﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﺩ! 2. ِﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ِﺧﺮﺍﺑﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ. 3. ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ِﺑﺰﺭﮔﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ۴ . ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﻋﺮﻯ ﺑﻪ ِﺑﺰﺭﮔﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ. ۵ . ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ِﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺳﻨّﺘﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ. ۶ . ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ّﺑﭽ ﻪﺗﺎﻥ ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩﻳﺪ. 7. ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺋﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻯ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ؟ 8. ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻯ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﺮﺩ؟ 9. ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ِﺗﺎﺭﻳﻜﻰ ﺷﺒﻬﺎﻯ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. 10. ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺗﻮ ﺑﺪﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺷﺒﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ.

124 Exercise 11.6 Exercises Translate into Persian. You don’t need to mention all possible synonyms, but if two structurally different renderings are possible mention both. (Some of the words you can use have been given at the end of the exercise.)

1. This dog is as large as a horse. [.for people ﺁﺩﻡ/ﺁﺩﻣﻬﺎ This parrot talks exactly like people. [Use .2 3. Believe me, I’m as tired as you are. 4. Are days in summer as long as nights in winter? 5. She resembles a ﬂower in this dress. 6. I’ll die if I run as fast as you do. 7. Onion is almost as useful as garlic. 8. Will garlic smell as bad by any other name? (Use ‘with’ for ‘by.’) 9. This exercise was as boring as the previous one. 10. I hope he doesn’t act as stupidly as he talks.

ﺳﮓ/ ﺍﺳﺐ/ ﺑﺰﺭگ/ ﻃﻮﻃﻰ/ ﺁﺩﻡ/ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ِﻣﺜﻞ/ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ/ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ/ ﺭﻭﺯ/ ﺷﺐ/ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ/ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ/ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ/ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ/ﮔﻞ/ ﺗﻨﺪ/ ﺩﻭﻳﺪﻥ/ ﻣﺮﺩﻥ/ ﭘﻴﺎﺯ/ ﺳﻴﺮ/ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ/ ًﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ / ﺑﻮ/ ﺑﺪﺑﻮ/ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ/ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ/ ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭ/ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ/ ﺍﺣﻤﻘﺎﻧﻪ

ّﻣﻼ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ، ﺁﺩﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭼﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ! How easy to become a mullah, how hard to become a human!

(= It’s not some education that makes you a good person.)

125 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT TWELVE 12 ِﺣﺮﻑ ﺭﺑﻂ ِﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ Correlative conjunctions ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ِﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﻰ More on subordinate clauses ﻣﺮﻭﺭِ ’ﺗﺎ‘ A review of tA

12.1 Correlative conjunctions

Correlative (or reciprocating) conjunctions work in pairs, usually joining words (or groups of words) that are of equal weight. If the sentence has only one main verb, it is usually placed before the second part of these conjunctions; using a comma to separate the two parts is optional. In the following list, you already know the ﬁrst two (see 4.7).

che . . . che . . .] both] ﭼﻪ . . . ﭼﻪ . . . khAh . . . khAh . . .] and] ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . • mean ‘whether . . . or . . .’:

I’ll go, whether you come or) ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺭﻓﺖ، ﭼﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺋﻰ. you don’t.) ,You must read it) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ، ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺷﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﻧﻪ. whether you like it or not.)

,(ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ Based on this ‘khAh . . . khAh . . .’ conjunction (from the verb -khAh-nA-khAh, willy) ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﻩ Persian has the very common adverbs -khAhi) ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻰ nilly, whether desired or not, no matter what) or nakhAhi, same meaning):

One day he will ﬁnd out, whether) ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻣﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﺪ. you like it or not.)

:’. . . yA . . . yA . . .] means ‘either . . . or] ﻳﺎ . . . ﻳﺎ . . . • (.She comes either today or tomorrow) ﻳﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ. (.Either study or help your Mom) ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻦ. 126 • [na . . . na . . .] means ‘neither . . . nor . . .’: Correlative conjunctions ﻧﻪ . . . ﻧﻪ . . . (.It’s neither very difﬁcult nor easy) ﻧﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ. He neither wrote a letter nor) ﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ، ﻧﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﻨﻰ ﺯﺩ. telephoned.)

that normally require a) ﻫﺮﮔﺰ or ﻫﻴﭻ Note that if you have words like negative verb) in sentences with ‘neither . . . nor . . . ,’ you don’t need a negative verb any more:

Neither do I ever see her) ﻧﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ ﻧﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ. nor her friend.)

:’. . . ham . . . ham . . .] means ‘both . . . and] ﻫﻢ . . . ﻫﻢ . . . • I know both your brother) ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ، ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ. and your sister.) He both cleaned the house and) ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮﺩ، ﻫﻢ ﻏﺬﺍ ﭘﺨﺖ. cooked.)

Note: with all of the above correlative conjunctions, in colloquial/ va, and] before the] ﻭ less careful Persian you might see a redundant second part, especially if the relation between the two parts is not that strong:

Both my mother died and) ﻫﻢ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﻣﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻡ. I failed in the exam.)

na tanhA . . . balke . . . ham . . .] means ‘not only . . . but] ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ . . . ﺑﻠﻜﻪ . . . ﻫﻢ . . . • in this construction is omitted, and ﺑﻠﻜﻪ also . . . ;’ sometimes the word :ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ na faghat] instead of] ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ it is possible to say He has not only lied to you) ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ. but to me as well.) She not only) ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ، (ﺑﻠﻜﻪ) ﺧﻮﺏ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻗﺼﺪ. sings well but also dances well.) She not) ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ، (ﺑﻠﻜﻪ) ﻛﺎﺭِ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻫﻢ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ. only ﬁnished her studies but found a good job too.)

127 12 12.2 More on subordinate clauses and matching Correlative adverbial phrases conjunctions More on subordinate Several types of subordinate clauses have already been covered, like clauses relative clauses (I/19), if-clauses in conditionals (I/16) and time clauses A review of tA (I/18). Subordinate clauses usually need conjunctions which are often a pre- see I/17). Here we learn more about conjunctions used) ﺁﻧﻜﻪ/ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ + position in clauses of purpose (‘so that’), cause (‘because’/‘therefore’), result (‘so/ such . . . that’), contrast/concession (‘although’) – and also certain temporal idioms (like had hardly and no sooner; see 12.4).

12.2.1 Clauses of purpose, cause and effect A. To say ‘He came here (in order) to see you,’ you normally say in Persian:

ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ. in the above sentence can also be dropped, or can ﻛﻪ The conjunction be replaced by any of the following conjunctions:

ﺗﺎ/ ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ/ﺑﻪ ِﻗﺼﺪ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ (/ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻛﻪ)/ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭِ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ (/ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ِ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ)/ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴّﺖ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ (/ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴّﺖ ﻛﻪ)/ﺑﻪ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ (/ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﻪ)/ﺑﺎ ِﻫﺪﻑ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ (/ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻛﻪ) in this) ﺗﺎ or ﻛﻪ Here you can switch the two clauses but you can’t use sense) at the beginning of the ﬁrst clause: ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ.

Another possibility would be using a preposition:

[He came here for [/with the purpose of) ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ ِﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ. seeing you.)

:in the above sentence, you can use any of the following ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ Instead of ِ ِ ِ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ/ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭِ/ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴّﺖ/ﺑﻪ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ/ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ B. To say ‘He came here because he wanted to see you,’ you normally say in Persian:

ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ. 128 Instead of the conjunction in the above sentence you can use any More on subordinate ﭼﻮﻥ of the following: clauses and matching adverbial ِ ِ ِ phrases ﭼﻮﻧﻜﻪ/ﺯﻳﺮﺍ/ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ/ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ/ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ/ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ/ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ/ ﺑﻪ ِﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ or ﭼﺮﺍﻛﻪ You can switch the two clauses again, only you can’t use ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﻛﻪ at the beginning of the sentence – and you can additionally use instead: ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ.

C. To say ‘He wanted to see you; therefore, he came here,’ you normally say in Persian:

ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ. in the above sentence you can use any of the ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ Instead of following:

ﭘﺲ/ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ/ ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ/ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ/ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ/ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻴّﺖ/ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ/ﺑﻪ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ/ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ/ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ/ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ

Two notes:

can both mean for the purpose of (which ﺑﻪ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ ,As you noticed • is about the future) and because of (which is about the past). ﺁﻧﻜﻪ is more common than ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ It is good to be reminded again that • and ﺑﻪ ِﺳﺒﺐ in less formal Persian – while some expressions like .would be a better ﬁt ﺁﻧﻜﻪ are more formal and for these ﺑﻪ ِﺟﻬﺖ

12.2.2 Clauses of contrast/concession .meaning although ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ In concessive statements you have words like

A. To say ‘Although it was raining, we waited,’ you normally say in Persian:

ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪ، ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﻢ. although’) in the above sentence you can use any of‘) ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ Instead of the following:

129 ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ/ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ (/ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ)/ﺑﺎ ُﻭﺟﻮﺩِ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ/ ِﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ/ﺑﻪ ِﺭﻏﻢ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ 12 You can switch the two clauses, using the same conjunctions. Correlative Sometimes in clauses of concession, two conjunctions are used for conjunctions emphasis, each introducing one of the clauses. Though an obvious More on redundancy, this is not a rarity in Persian: subordinate clauses ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ِﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺪﻯ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﻢ. A review of tA

:can be used as prepositions also ﺑﻪ ِﺭﻏﻢ and ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺭﻏﻢ z, ﺑﺎ ُﻭﺟﻮﺩِ ﺑﺎ ُﻭﺟﻮﺩِ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ، ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﻢ. B. To say ‘It was raining; nevertheless, we waited,’ you normally say in Persian:

ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪ، ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﻢ. however’) in the above sentence you can use one‘) ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﻤﻪ Instead of of the following:

ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩِ ﺍﻳﻦ/ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ/ﻣﻌﻬﺬﺍ/ﻣﻌﺬﻟﻚ/ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺁﻥ/ﺑﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺁﻥ

12.2.3 Clauses of result (or consequence) In clauses of result (or consequence), Persian usually uses different words ke]. The words] ﻛﻪ in the ﬁrst clause and begins the second clause with used include:

all meaning ‘so, so much, so many, to such ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ/ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ/ﺑﻘﺪﺭﻯ/ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﻯ • an extent’:

She was so tired that she) ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﺭﺍً ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺶ ﺑُﺮﺩ. immediately fell asleep.) ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻜﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻮﺭ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻘﺪﺭﻯ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩ. .in a different sense ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ See 4.6/b for more examples with the latter ,’ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ . . . ﺗﺎ . . .‘ differs from ’ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ . . . ﻛﻪ . . .‘ Also note that usually meaning ‘keep doing something until . . . :’

I kept calling until) ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﺯﺩﻡ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺩ. 130 someone ﬁnally answered.) form./lit.), all mean- Other usages) ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻯ ,(.still more col) ﺟﻮﺭﻯ ,(.col) (ﺑﻪ) ﻃﻮﺭﻯ • and ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ing ‘in such a way’: of More .ﭼﻨﺎﻥ conjunctions He walked in such a) ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. way that it was obvious that he was tired.) ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ. .in such a way as if . . .) see 5.4) ’ﻃﻮﺭﻯ . . . ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ . . .‘ For :(.form./lit) ﭼﻨﺎﻥ • She is so beautiful that she) ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﻓﺮﻳﺒﺪ. spellbinds everybody.) ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﺓ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑُﺮﺩ. ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺳﺨﺘﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ. in such a way as if . . .) is a formal or) ’ﭼﻨﺎﻥ . . . ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﺋﻰ . . .‘ Note that :(see 5.4) ’ﻃﻮﺭﻯ . . . ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ . . .‘ literary version of He talked in such) ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﺋﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﻴﻢ :.form a way as if we were children.) (.Same meaning) ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺍﻳﻢ :.col (.so, so much, so many) (poet) ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ • It was so late that everybody) ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻥ ﺧﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ. had gone to bed.)

Compare this with the colloquial version: ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ. Another example: He found so many) ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻴﺮﺕ ﻛﺮﺩ. books in that house that he was astounded.)

.ﭼﻨﺎﻥ and ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ Other usages of 12.3 More conjunctions [chandan] ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ .A was labeled above ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ In its usage as consecutive conjunction, the word -can be used in col ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ,as poetical, which limited its usage. However loquial Persian as ‘much/that much’ in negative sentences: 131 (.I don’t know him much) ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ. 12 Correlative (This lesson was not that difﬁcult.) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ. conjunctions More on means = ‘not much’: ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﻪ ﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ subordinate clauses – ;Did he eat?’ – ‘Not much‘ –) – ’ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ؟‘ ’ﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ؛ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ.‘ A review of tA he had no appetite.’)

[chenan-ke] ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ .B (. . . so . . . that) ’ﭼﻨﺎﻥ . . . ﻛﻪ . . .‘ is different from (ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ also written) ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ and means as or the way that:

(. . . As you know) ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ . . . (. . . As you see) ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ . . . (. . . As we have been told) ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ . . .

itself); a very common colloquial synonym is ﭼﻨﺎﻥ is formal (like ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ :(ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭﻛﻪ hamAn-towr-ke, written also) ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻛﻪ (. . . As I had told you) ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ . . .

[ham-chenan-ke] ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ .C ham-chenAn-ke, in the same way that] has two meanings and] ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ functions:

see above), maybe even more) ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ It can have the same meaning as (1 formal:

(. . . As it has been announced) ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ . . . :(’the temporal ‘while/as’ or ‘at the same time that) ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ It means (2 At the) ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ، ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ. same time that he was eating, he was listening to the news on the radio.)

Note 1: ham-chenAn] means still] ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ,(Used as adverb (and not conjunction -ham] ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ hanuz), while ,ﻫﻨﻮﺯ form.; its colloquial synonym being) niz, both of them ,ﻧﻴﺰ =) chenin] means also or, in the negative, neither/nor :(hamin-towr ,ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ form.; their colloquial synonym being 132 = (He still works in Mashhad.) Temporal :idioms ﺍﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ( ﻫﻨﻮﺯ) ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ. /We also need had hardly) ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ (= ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ) ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ. scarcely and a larger car.) no sooner – (.You didn’t sleep, and neither did I) ﺗﻮ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻯ، ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ. In more formal/literary language, the last part should have been (.See also 13.2.1) .ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ

Note 2: ham-chenin-ke) in contemporary Persian, although) ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ There is no /hamchin-ke) ﻫﻤﭽﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ/ﻫﻤﭽﻴﻜﻪ in the colloquial/Tehrani accent you hear hamin-ke, as soon as) – which) ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ hamchi-ke) used as a synonym for is a temporal conjunction used in time clauses (see I/18.3).

12.4 Temporal idioms: had hardly/scarcely and no sooner

For the idiomatic ‘had hardly [/scarcely/barely] . . . when . . .’ what you need in Persian is:

( ﻛﻪ) negative past perfect + ke + (ﻫﻨﻮﺯ) hanuz

This can also have shorter versions: sometimes no hanuz, and sometimes just a negative past participle instead of the past perfect (as mentioned earlier; see 6.3.2). But it works best when all ingredients are there:

I had scarcely washed my) ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺗﻨﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺷﺪ. body when the water became cold.) I had hardly started the) ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻗﺼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺶ ﺑﺮﺩ. story when he fell asleep.)

instead ﺗﺎﺯﻩ For ‘no sooner . . . than . . .’ you need no negative, and you use : ﻫﻨﻮﺯ of ( ﻛﻪ) past perfect + ke + (ﺗﺎﺯﻩ) tAze

No sooner had I started) ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻗﺼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺶ ﺑﺮﺩ. the story than he fell asleep.) I had no sooner) ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺪ. opened the door than the cat ran out.) 133 :ﺗﺎ or with ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ Compare with 12 Correlative ,As soon as I opened the door) ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ، ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺪ. conjunctions More on subordinate the cat ran out.) ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ، ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻳﺪ. = clauses A review of tA .ﺗﺎ And this seems to be a good point to turn our attention to

(t3) ﺗﺎ A review of the omnipotent 12.5 -bi-ham) ﺑﻰ ﻫﻤﺘﺎ itself to describe it, we should say it is ﺗﺎ To use the word tA), meaning matchless and incomparable.

• As a noun – yes, a noun too! – it means (among others) a ‘match’ and to fold’) and the agent‘) ﺗﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ a fold’ – from which we have the verb‘ .(tA-show, foldable, folding) ﺗﺎﺷﻮ participle ,is the most common counting word used after numbers ﺗﺎ ,As a numerative • which, in certain cases, is indispensable – for example when numbers are used as pronouns (see I/3.4):

ﺗﻮ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ.

• As a preposition – both temporal and locational – it means until/up to/as far as (see I/17.1):

ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﺎﺭِ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﻭﻳﺪﻡ. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻢ.

• In the comparative, it can function as than when placed after the verb (see 11.6/c):

ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ. has at least ﬁve ﺗﺎ ,(Most importantly, as a conjunction (see 12.2.1 also • different usages:

or ‘so that’ when introducing a (ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ =) ’a) It means ‘in order to subsequent clause and will always require the subjunctive:

ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺯﺩﻡ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ. ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻢ. 134 b) It also means ‘until’ when introducing a subsequent clause, with the A review of the subjunctive if about future (or future in the past): omnipotent (tA) ﺗﺎ (.We’ll wait until he comes) ﺻﺒﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ. (.We waited for him to come) ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ. (.We waited until he came) ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ. c) Introducing the first clause, it can still mean ‘until’/‘for as long as’ with an affirmative verb (see also I/18.5): ﺗﺎ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ (/ﺑﺎﺷﺪ) ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ. ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. The meaning changes to ‘until’/‘by the time that’ if the verb indicates the completion of an action (and not a state; no progressive tenses; and often a perfect tense in the main clause): By the time) ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻳﻢ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. I finish this book, my hair will have turned white.) By the time he returned) ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. from the trip, his father had died.) d) Introducing the first clause (with the negative), it means ‘so long as’ – or ‘until’ if you translate as the affirmative. Use the subjunctive if about the future: -I won’t bring the ice) ﺗﺎ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﻯ ﺑﺴﺘﻨﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰﺁﻭﺭﻡ. cream so long as you don’t eat [= until you eat] your food.) She didn’t give me) ﺗﺎ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﺩﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺴﺘﻨﻰ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ. ice-cream so long as I hadn’t eaten [= until I ate] my food.) ,(ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ =) ’e) Finally, introducing the first clause, it can mean ‘as soon as with the main stress on tA; see the different tenses and moods below: As soon as he opens) ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ. the door, he will understand everything.) As soon as he opened the) ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩ، ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ. door, he realized everything.) As soon as he comes) ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ، ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺟﻠﻮ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ. home, he goes in front of the TV.) He used to run away as soon as he) ﺗﺎ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ. saw the doctor.) He ran away as soon as he saw the 135) ﺗﺎ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ. doctor.) ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ .vs ﻛﻪ :Noun clauses 12.6 12 Correlative conjunctions If you begin a sentence with a noun clause, you would usually need ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ/ ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪ More on at the beginning of the sentence. Such a noun clause may (ﺁﻧﻜﻪ subordinate (and not clauses function A review of tA • as the subject, or ,( ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ) as direct object • • as indirect object (a preposition + in-ke).

See how the conjunction ke (in the middle of the sentence) changes to in-ke (at the beginning) in the following examples:

Subject:

It was obvious from the) ﺍﺯ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ. beginning that she would not marry him.) That she would not) ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ. → marry him was obvious from the beginning.)

Direct object:

Everybody knew that she) ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ. would not marry him.) That she would) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ. → not marry him [was something that] everybody knew.)

Indirect object:

Nobody liked the) ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ. fact that he laughed loudly.) That he laughed) ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺲ ﺧﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪ. → loudly nobody liked/was not liked by anyone.)

136 Exercises Exercises

Exercise 12.1 Choose the appropriate correlative conjunction (see below) for the blanks, then translate. ﭼﻪ . . . ﭼﻪ . . . (ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . .)/ﻳﺎ . . . ﻳﺎ . . ./ﻧﻪ . . . ﻧﻪ . . ./ﻫﻢ . . . ﻫﻢ . . ./ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ . . . ﺑﻠﻜﻪ . . . ﻫﻢ . . .

Example: ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ، ﻭﻟﻰ ...... ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ ...... ﭘﺲ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ I don’t have time today, but I’ll see you either tomorrow) ﻳﺎ . . . ﻳﺎ . . . → or the day after tomorrow.)

1. ﭼﺮﺍ ﺁﺩﺭﺳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻰ ﭘﺮﺳﻰ؟ ﻣﻦ ...... ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ ...... ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻡ. 2. ﻣﻦ ...... ﺍﺯ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ...... ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺮﻡ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ. 3. ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ...... ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ ...... ﻋﺬﺭﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ. ۴ . ﻣﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ، ...... ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ ...... ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ. ۵ . ﻣﺮﺩﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩﻧﺪ: ’...... ﻣﺮگ ...... ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻯ!‘ ۶ . ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ: ’...... ﺷﺮﻗﻰ، ...... ﻏﺮﺑﻰ، ِﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ!‘ 7. ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﻨﻴﺪ، ...... ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ...... ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ. 8. ﮔﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺎ ...... ﻣﻮﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ...... ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ. 9. ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻔﺮ ...... ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ، ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ...... ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ. 10. ﺍﻣﺸﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ، ...... ﻛﻤﻰ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ...... ﻳﻚ ﻟﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﻴﺮ.

Exercise 12.2 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ. 2. ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮِ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ًﺍﺻﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻼﺱ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻧﺪ. 137 3. ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﺗﻮ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﻫﺴﺘﻰ، ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺕ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﺯﺩﻡ. ۴ . ﺑﺎ ﻋﺠﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ِﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﻢ. 12 Correlative ۵ . ﺯﻭﺩ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞِ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺩ. conjunctions More on ۶ . ﺯﻭﺩ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ. subordinate 7. ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺯﻭﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪ. clauses A review of tA 8. ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮِ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺴﺮﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ، ِﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺻﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻛﺮﺩ. 9. ﺣﺘّﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ. 10. ﺑﻪ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﻨﺮﭘﻴﺸﻪ ﺷﺪ.

Exercise 12.3 In which of the sentences in the previous exercise could you substitute the underlined word(s) (without changing the meaning) ?ﭼﻮﻥ a) with ?ﺯﻳﺮﺍ b) with ?ﭘﺲ c) with

Exercise 12.4 although) or) ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ,(because) ﭼﻮﻥ Connect the two sentences by placing :nevertheless) in the middle, then translate. Example) ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻨﻬﻤﻪ ﺳﺮﺵ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ. ;He had a headache) ﺳﺮﺵ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ، ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﻤﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ → nevertheless, he stayed in class.) 1. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻡ. ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻰ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. 2. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﻭ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ. 3. ﻫﻮﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ۴ . ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺯﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ. ۵ . ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺁﻣﺪ. ﺭﺍﻫﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ. ۶ . ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ. ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ. 7. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. 8. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ. 9. ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. 10. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. 138 Exercise 12.5 Exercises .ﭼﻨﺪ or ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ z,ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ z,ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ z,ﭼﻨﺎﻥ In the following sentences, use 1. ﻋﺬﺭﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻭ ...... ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ. 2. ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻨﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻴﺲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ...... ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ. 3. ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻡ، ...... ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎﻯ ﺳﻔﺮﺵ ﺭﺍ. ۴...... ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ۵ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻠﻮﺍﺭ ...... ﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺵ. ۶ . ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ...... ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﺘﻞ ﻣﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻳﻢ. 7. ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻰ ...... ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺿﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ. 8. ﭼﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ...... ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ؟ 9. ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻢ ﻭ ...... ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﻬﺎﻯ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﺍﺵ. 10. ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﻟﻰ ...... ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ.

Exercise 12.6 Change the following had hardly structures to no sooner. Example:

ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪ → 1. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ. 2. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﻧﻨﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺭﻓﺖ. 3. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺶ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ. ۴ . ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﺵ ﻫﻢ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ. ۵ . ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﺎﺭﻯ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻛﺮﺩ. ۶ . ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺳﻮﺍﺭِ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﺵ ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ. 7. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻧﻨﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻳﻚ ُﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﺪ. 8. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻳﺎﺩِ ﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻡ. 9. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻋﻴﻨﻜﺶ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﻮﺱ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩ. 10. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ.

139 12 Exercise 12.7 Correlative A conjunctions Translate the following sentences, all of which are using t . More on 1. ﺗﺎ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ، ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. subordinate clauses 2. ﺗﺎ ﺳﮓ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻓﺶ ﺩﻭﻳﺪ. A review of tA 3. ﺗﺎ ﺳﮓ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎﺳﺖ، ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ. ۴ . ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﻯ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻣﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ. ۵ . ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﻯ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ. ۶ . ﺗﺎ ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. 7. ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ. 8. ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ. 9. ﺗﺎ ﭘﻮﻟﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﻫﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﻓﺖ. 10. ﺗﺎ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﺸﻮﺋﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﻡ.

ﺁﺷﭙﺰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﺗﺎ ﺷﺪ، ﺁﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻮﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻰ ﻧﻤﻚ When there are two cooks the soup has either too much or too little salt.

(= Too many cooks spoil the broth.)

140 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT THIRTEEN 13 ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ: How to use ﺩﻳﮕﺮ، ﻫﻨﻮﺯ، ,digar, hanuz ﻫﻢ، ﻓﻘﻂ/ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ham, faghat/tanhA

(hanuz) ﻫﻨﻮﺯ digar) and) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ 13.1

Regardless of how they are translated into English, and regardless of af- ﬁrmative/negative, the best way to deﬁne these two words is this: still’) is about continuation: it shows that something – some‘) ﻫﻨﻮﺯ • situation – still continues; other’) is about change: it shows that something – some situation‘) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ • – has become ‘other’ or something different.

Table 13.1: hanuz vs. digar

afﬁrmative negative ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ I still have money. I still don’t have money./I don’t have [‘having money’ continues] money yet. [‘not having money’ continues] ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ Now I have money. I don’t have money any longer. [Whereas I had none until a [Whereas I did have some until while ago.] a while ago.]

. . . .in the temporal idiom had hardly . . . when ﻫﻨﻮﺯ See also 12.4 for the use of is the more problematic of the two and can be used in a variety ﺩﻳﮕﺮ of senses, or just for emphasis, each time requiring a different translation. :ﺩﻳﮕﺮ See the examples below and the different meanings of • another: (.I bought another book) ﻳﻚ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ/ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ Do you also know another language?) 141) ِﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ؟ 13 • other: How to use It’s not so [/‘this way’] in other) ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ,digar, hanuz ham, faghat/ countries.) tanhA same meaning as above; more) ﺩﺭ ِﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ = form.) • else: (?What else do you know) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻰ؟ (?What other thing(s) do you know) ﭼﻪ ِﭼﻴﺰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻰ؟ = (?Who else did you talk to) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩﻯ؟ (?What other person did you talk to) ﺑﺎ ﭼﻪ ِﻛﺲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩﻯ؟ = • more: (.Stay here for a few more days) ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯِ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻤﺎﻥ She has to study for two more) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭ ِﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪ years.) He will come in two hours [/‘after) ﺗﺎ ﺩﻭ ِﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ two more hours’].) • next: My work will be) ﺗﺎ ﻫﻔﺘﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ (/ﺗﺎ ﻫﻔﺘﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ) ﻛﺎﺭﻡ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﬁnished by next week.) When is your) ﻗﺮﺍﺭِ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺕ (/ﺑﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﺕ) ﺑﺎ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﭼﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ next appointment with the doctor?) • any more: ,I forgive you) ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺨﺸﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﻧﮕﻮﺋﻰ provided that you lie no more.) ,After that operation) ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﭽﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ she cannot get pregnant any more.) but sometimes used ,ﺣﺎﻻ now (showing change; in this sense often after • alone): Now he works at his) (ﺣﺎﻻ) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐﺎﺯﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﻳﺶ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ uncle’s store. [He used not to; this is new.]) Now he understands) (ﺣﺎﻻ) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﺪ 142 when we talk in Persian.) (digar) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ :then • ﻫﻨﻮﺯ and (You (hanuz) ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ، ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﭽﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ؟ [who] wanted to separate from each other [= get divorced], why then did you parent a child?) He hated you; why) ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﺑﺪﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪ، ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺘﻚ ﺯﺩ؟ then did he beat me?)

• already:

,If you come at that hour) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻰ، ﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ I will already be asleep.) (.He already knows you./He knows you now) ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ

• ﬁnally (possible change):

(?When will he finally get well) ﻛﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺶ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ؟ (.It’s finally over./It’s finished now) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ

• also or at least (emphasis/reproach):

You shouldn’t have told your) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺕ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻔﺘﻰ father also. [It was already bad enough that you told others!]) (.He could have asked me at least) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﭙﺮﺳﺪ digari) as pronoun) ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ 13.1.1 Here the stress plays an important role:

digári) ( form.) – with unstressed -i – means another [one] or) ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ • someone else: ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ :colloquial version ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ (/ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ) ﺁﻣﺪ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻜﻨﻢ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ (/ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ) ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ. :[digarí) ( form.) – with stressed -í – means the other [one) ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ • ﺁﻥ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ :colloquial version ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺑﺪﺗﺮ. ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ، ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ (/ﺁﻥ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ) ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ. 143 ﻳﻜﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ (/ﺁﻥ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ) ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. (ham-digar) ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ yek-digar) and) ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ 13.1.2 13 How to use digar, hanuz, They both mean each other or one another; both can be used for two or is also ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ is used only in formal/written Persian, while ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ .ham, faghat/ more ham]; see 13.2] ﻫﻢ tanhA used in colloquial Persian (sometimes shortened as just :Examples .(ﻫﻢ under ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ (/ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ/ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ) ﺑﺪﺷﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ. ﭼﺮﺍ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ (/ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ/ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ) ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻨﺪ؟ .degar-gun) see 14.3) ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ digar-gun) or) ﺩﻳﮕﺮﮔﻮﻥ For

(ham) ﻫﻢ 13.2 ham) usually modiﬁes the word before it, which takes the stress, while) ﻫﻢ .(is often pronounced without stress (except sometimes in (d) below ﻫﻢ This word has a variety of usages and meanings; the following are the most important of them:

(each other) ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ can be short for ﻫﻢ a) You just learned that as in: ﻣﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ. :’means ‘together (ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ short for) ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ,b) In the same way ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ. ham-rAh bA) when it) ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ Together with . . . ,’ however, would be‘ :ﺑﺎ means accompanying someone (on a way), or just ﺑﺎ/ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ. in (b) is a hint to one of the most productive functions ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ c) The word namely, a prefix indicating accompaniment or sharing, having – ﻫﻢ of ,ham-kelAsi) ﻫﻤﻜﻼﺳﻰ in common, etc. You already know words like .(ham-kAr, colleague, co-worker) ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭ classmate) and :(means ‘both . . . and . . .’ (see 12.1 ’ﻫﻢ . . . ﻫﻢ . . .‘ d) And you also know that =] .He wants both God and the dates) ﻫﻢ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻫﻢ ُﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ. He wants to have his cake and eat it too.]) – This is the only case is not post-positioned and can even be at the beginning of ﻫﻢ where 144 a sentence. (ham) ﻫﻢ however, is also/too (or either ,ﻫﻢ e) The first and best known meaning of follows the word that it ﻫﻢ ,in the negative); when used in this sense modifies, and that word takes the main stress:

.You too, Brutus?) – with stress on tó) ﺗﻮ ﻫﻢ، ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﺱ؟ .They asked me too.) – with stress on mán) ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ. ﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. f) In the same way, close to our last example about the price, it is used to show some contrast, difference or consequence, like ‘as for the other side’:

She wouldn’t give my) ﻛﻔﺸﻬﺎﻳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺩ، ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ. shoes, so I told her mother.) They were) ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩﻧﺪ، ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻜﻮﺕ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. talking, [and] I was listening in silence.) g) Not quite unrelated to the above meanings, it can mean moreover, additionally (‘what is more’) or but/in contrast:

She didn’t) ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ، ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻜﻨﺪ. like being alone, [but] she didn’t want to marry either.) He is not [/does not) ﺩﺭﺱ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧَﺪ، ﻧﻤﺮﺓ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ. care for] studying, [but] he wants good grades [‘too’].) [,It’s not ugly; [on the contrary) ﺯﺷﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻫﻢ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺳﺖ. it’s very beautiful.) h) While it means also in the idiom ‘not only . . . but also . . .’ (see 12.1), sometimes in the same idiom it can have the meaning of even or in contrast. Our sentences from (g) above can all be seen as such sentences but with ‘not only’ deleted. Compare:

,Not only is it not ugly) ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﺷﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻫﻢ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺳﺖ. but it is also very beautiful.)

ﺣﺘّﻰ i) It can mean even used for emphasis, with or without the word ﺣﺘّﻰ or ﻫﻢ hat.tA, even) itself. In the following examples, you can use) or both, but as you see they have different positions:

He doesn’t understand even as) [ﺣﺘّﻰ] ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺍﻻﻍ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﺪ. much as a donkey.) 145 [ﺣﺘّﻰ] ﻳﻚ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻜﻨﺪ. 13 How to use ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ [ﺣﺘّﻰ] ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ. ,digar, hanuz ham, faghat/ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﻠﺪﻡ. tanhA After hanuz it means even now/still/yet:

(.I haven’t seen him even now) ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ. ,alone can have ﺑﺎﺯ means again/anew/still/more (meanings that ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ (j only with less emphasis):

(still = ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ here) ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩﻡ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﺮﺩ. = ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ here) ﭘﻨﺞ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻜﻼﺕ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ. [some] more)

,(ham-in-towr) ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ ,(ham-chenin) ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ,(ham) ﻫﻢ 13.2.1 (niz) ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻢ see 12.3/C, Note 1) can all be synonyms for) ﻧﻴﺰ and ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ z,ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ meaning also. is always post-positioned (i.e., placed ﻫﻢ :One major difference, though after the word that it modiﬁes), and therefore never at the beginning of a .(both . . . and . . . ]; see 13.2/d] ﻫﻢ . . . ﻫﻢ . . . sentence (except in are formal, used in written Persian only, while ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ and ﻧﻴﺰ ,Of these .(ham-in-jur ,ﻫﻤﻴﻨﺠﻮﺭ :is colloquial (and still more colloquial ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ :(!is not possible ﻫﻢ Examples (in which We [/one] must also know) ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ that we don’t have much time.) Ali was the) ﻋﻠﻰ ِﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ. teacher of my sister and [was] also one of my good friends.)

.means me too as well as me neither ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ

For still more emphasis, sometimes two of these words are used together:

(me too/same with me) ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ

146 (faghat) ﻓﻘﻂ (faghat) and (tanh3) 13.3 and ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ (tanhA) ﺗﻨﻬﺎ in this ﺗﻨﻬﺎ is only, and it is more common than ﻓﻘﻂ The only meaning of .means only, lonely, as well as alone ﺗﻨﻬﺎ sense, while In the conjunction ‘not only . . . but also . . . ,’ both tanhA and faghat can be used in both colloquial and formal Persian. .should be used ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ,(.In the sense of ‘the only’ (or my only, etc is either the only option or the more ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ,In the following examples formal/literary one:

(.I have only one brother) ﺗﻨﻬﺎ (/ﻓﻘﻂ) ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. (.He is my only brother) ﺍﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭِ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.Only, I don’t know where he is) ﺗﻨﻬﺎ (/ﻓﻘﻂ) ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺠﺎﺳﺖ. (.I am alone here) ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻢ. (.I am a lonely person) ﻣﻦ ﺁﺩﻡِ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻢ. (.I have to eat alone) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ (/ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ) ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻡ. (.Loneliness is like torture) ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ِﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻨﺠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. (.Don’t leave me alone) ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ. is used to mean ‘the only’ (or my only, etc.) can ﺗﻨﻬﺎ Careful! The way sometimes leave room for another meaning also, the only difference being the stress and intonation: :means ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ A sentence like a) They arrested my only brother. (TanhA has no stress.) b) They arrested my brother only. (TanhA pronounced with stress, as well as barAdáram.)

Also note that if in the same sentence you want to say ‘They only arrested because man ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭِ ﻣﻦ you should say ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﻡ my brother,’ then instead of can be pronounced with stress whereas sufﬁxes like -am cannot. Note the difference here also:

(.Only three people came) ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ. The only three people who) ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻔﺮﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ. came were my brother’s friends.) All three people who came) ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻔﺮﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ. were my brother’s friends.) 147 13 Exercises How to use digar, hanuz, Exercise 13.1 ham, faghat/ A instead of ﺩﻳﮕﺮ tanh Give negative answers to the following questions, using :Example .ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ؟ ﻧﻪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. → 1. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﭘﺪﺭﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ 2. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪ؟ 3. ﺩﺧﺘﺮﺕ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ؟ ۴ . ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺷﻄﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻰ؟ ۵ . ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ۶ . ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺳﺮﺕ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ؟ 7. ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺎﺯ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺪﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ؟ 8. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ؟ 9. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ؟ 10. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ؟

Exercise 13.2 .ﺩﻳﮕﺮ Translate the following sentences, all of which are using 1. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ. 2. ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻢ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ. 3. ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻧﻜﻦ. ۴ . ﺍﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻴﺪ. ۵ . ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ، ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. ۶ . ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ. 7. ﻫﻴﭻ ِﭼﻴﺰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻧﮕﻔﺖ؟ 8. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺶ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻰ؟ 9. ﺣﺎﻻ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﻫﻰ؟ 10. ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺏ، ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻰ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﻧﺰﺩﻯ؟ 148 Exercise 13.3 Exercises Choose one of the following to fill in the blanks: ﺩﻳﮕﺮ (a [with unstressed final -i] ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ (b [with stressed final -i] ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ (c ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ (d ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ (e Example: ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ...... ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ → 1. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ، ...... ﺑﺪﻩ. 2. ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻡ ﻭ ...... ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻢ. 3. ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩِ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ...... ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﻰ؟ ۴ . ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﻧﺶ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻡ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ...... ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﻢ. ۵ . ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ...... ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺲ. ۶ . ﻳﻚ ﭼﺸﻤﺶ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻰ ...... ًﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. 7. ﺭﻓﺖ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺎﺭ ...... ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻜﻨﺪ. 8. ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺯﻧﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ، ...... ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﻮﺵ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ. 9. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻯ ﺗﺎ ...... ﺑﺪﻫﻢ. 10. ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ...... ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩ؟

Exercise 13.4 Choose one of the following to ﬁll in the blanks, or mention if two are possible: ﻧﻴﺰ (c ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ (b ﻫﻢ (a Example:

ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺘّﻰ ﻣﻦ ...... ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ. → a and c.

1. ﭘﺴﺮﻡ ﻫﻢ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﺵ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ...... ﺍﺩﺑﻴّﺎﺗﺶ. 149 2. ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺲ ﺭﺍ ...... ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻢ. 3. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ، ...... ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ. 13 How to use ۴ . ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ...... ﻧﺒﺴﺖ. ,digar, hanuz ham, faghat/ ۵ . ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ...... ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ. tanhA ۶ . ﻣﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮﺷﻢ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪ، ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﻡ ﻫﻢ ...... 7. ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻡ ...... ﻧﻜﺮﺩ. 8. ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﻢ، ...... ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ. 9. ﺣﺘّﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ...... ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ. 10. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ...... ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻰ؟

Exercise 13.5 ?ﻓﻘﻂ with ﺗﻨﻬﺎ In which of the following sentences can you replace 1. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻛﻼﺱ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. 2. ﺣﺘّﻰ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻯ. 3. ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﺪ؟ ۴ . ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺳﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. ۵ . ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﻤﻰ ﺻﺒﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. ۶ . ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ، ﺷﻨﺒﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ. 7. ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻰ. 8. ﺻﺒﺢ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺐ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﺷﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. 9. ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻰ ِﻇﺮﻑ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﻔﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻰ؟ 10. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ.

ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﺶ ِﺑﻮﻯ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ His mouth still smells of milk.

(= He is too young and inexperienced yet.)

150 ﻓﺼﻞ UNIT FOURTEEN 1۴ ﻳﺎﺩ/ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ Remember/forget ﻗﺮﺍﺭ، ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ، ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ,Arrange, change difference ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ Meaning and ‘to mean’

(y3d) ﻳﺎﺩ 14.1

Beyond a certain level, what remains to be learned in Persian is the wealth of idioms and phrasal verbs, and how to use them. But we do not intend to turn this book into a dictionary of idioms. In this unit we introduce only a few words with some of the phrasal verbs associated with them, starting with .yAd, memory). You already know several of the phrasal verbs using yAd) ﻳﺎﺩ and other words) used for learning/teaching) ﻳﺎﺩ 14.1.1 ﻓﺮﺍﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ Amukhtan) and) ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻦ In the following table, only the verbs ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ Amuzesh) and) ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ farA-gereftan) are formal/literary. The nouns) (ta'lim) mean learning or education and can be combined with the verbs .(usually for learning or teaching arts and crafts) ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ and ﺩﺍﺩﻥ

Table 14.1: Learning and teaching

learning teaching (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ) ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﺪ/ He is teaching (ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ) ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ He is learning ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﺪ Persian/is taking (me) Persian/is Persian lessons giving Persian (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ) ِﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﺪ .(lessons (to me (ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ) ِﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﺩ .(from me) (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ) ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺩ (ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ) ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺩ (form.) (form.) (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ) ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ (ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ) ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻓﺮﺍ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ (form.) (form.) (ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ) ِﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﺎﻧﻮ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﺪ He is giving (ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ) ِﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﺎﻧﻮ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ He is taking piano lessons piano lessons (from me). (to me). 14 More examples for learning: Remember/ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻡ. forget Arrange, A ﺑﭽﻪ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. (’change, (t ze = ‘just ﺯﻧﻢ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻫﻴﭽﻮﻗﺖ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. difference Meaning and ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﺋﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺑﻴﺎﻣﻮﺯﺩ. ’to mean‘ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺩ. ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ِﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺁﻭﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻢ. ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺷﻨﻮﻳﺴﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﺮﻓﺖ.

More examples for teaching:

ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺗﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﺩﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﻫﻰ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﺑﭙﺰﻡ. ﻛﺴﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ِﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﻨﺒﻚ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ؟ ّﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﺪ. ﺁﻣﻮﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ.

/and other words) used for remembering) ﻳﺎﺩ 14.1.2 forgetting Some of the phrasal verbs used here for remembering or forgetting will be using quasi-impersonal structures similar to those mentioned under 7.3. ﺧﺎﻃﺮ Apart from yAd, another word that is frequently used here is ,hAfeze) ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ khAter, mind; cf. its other usages in 12.2.1); the words) .zehn, mind) are also used) ﺫﻫﻦ memory) and In the following table, an asterisk shows where you need the personal/ possessive sufﬁxes in the impersonal structures, and in such cases the verb always has to be conjugated for the third person singular.

Table 14.2: Remembering and forgetting

ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ a) to forget/to be forgotten ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ* ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ] ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ] ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩِ [/ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ] ﻛﺴﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ * * (ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ) (ﺍﺯ) ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ] ﺭﻓﺘﻦ 152 (yAd) ﻳﺎﺩ ( Table 14.2 (cont’d

ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩِ [/ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ] ﻛﺴﻰ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ .b) to cause so. to forget sth (ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺭﺍ) ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ] ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ /.c) to remember sth. or so ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ] ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ . . . to remember that ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ] ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻛﻪ . . . ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩِ ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ/ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ/ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﻛﻪ . . . ﻳﺎﺩ* [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ*] ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺭﺍ (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩِ [/ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ] ﻛﺴﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ d) to bring sth. to someone’s ﻛﺴﻰ ﺭﺍ (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩِ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ mind/to remind so. of [or that . . .] (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩِ [/ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ] ﻛﺴﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻛﻪ . . . (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩِ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﻛﻪ . . . ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ/ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ/ﺫِﻫﻦ] ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻥ ,e) to commit to memory ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ/ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ/ﺫِﻫﻦ] ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ to memorize ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺷﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ (/ﺩﺭ) ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ/ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ/ﺫِﻫﻦ] ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ,f) to stay in memory ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮ [/ﺍﺯ ﺣﻔﻆ] ﺑﻮﺩﻥ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ to have in memory (after memorizing)

Now examples for each of the above: a) to forget/to be forgotten:

ﺍﺳﻢ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻡ. ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻜﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ. ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺷﺸﺎﻥ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﺷﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺒﺮﻡ. ﺳﺨﺘﻰ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﺩ. ﻳﺎﺩﻡ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺑﺨﺮﻡ. ﻳﺎﺩﺕ ﻧﺮﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﭘﻮﻟﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ. ﺗﺎ ﻳﺎﺩﻡ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰﺁﻳﺪ. (. . . Let me say before I forget that) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻛﻨﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﺒﺮﻯ. 153 ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ (ﺍﺯ) ﺧﺎﻃﺮﻡ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. 14 b) to cause someone to forget something: Remember/ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﺎ ِﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ّﻗﺼﻪ، ﺁﻥ ِﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﺑﺒﺮﻡ. forget Arrange, ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ِﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻬﺮ، ِﻣﺮگ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺒﺮﺩ. ,change difference Meaning and c) to remember something or someone to remember that . . . : ‘to mean’ ﻧﻤﻰﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩِ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻡ. ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﻮﺱ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ. ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. ﻳﺎﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺠﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﺪ؟ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﺎﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ. ﻳﺎﺩﺕ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘُﺴﺖ ﻛﻨﻰ. ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ ﭼﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﻡ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻡ. ّﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﺯِ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺶ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. d) to bring something to someone’s mind/to remind someone of [or that . . .]:

ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭِ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ِﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩِ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻡ. ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ. ﻗﻮﻟﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ (ﺑﻪ) ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺵ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭ. (ﺑﻪ) ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺵ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ. ﭼﺸﻤﻬﺎﻯ ﺗﻮ ﻣﺮﺍ (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩِ ﭼﺸﻤﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﻣﻰ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ. (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ.

e) to commit to memory, to memorize: ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ [/ﺧﺎﻃﺮ/ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ/ﺫِﻫﻦ] ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻡ. ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ [/ﻳﺎﺩ/ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ/ﺫِﻫﻦ] ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ. ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺪﻡ. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺣﻔﻈﻢ ﺷﺪ (/ﺣﻔﻈﺶ ﺷﺪﻡ). ِﺍﺳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. 154 (yAd) ﻳﺎﺩ :(f) to stay in memory, to have in memory (after memorizing

ِﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻧﻰ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ ِﺷﻌﺮ ﺯﻳﺒﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ/ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻡ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺭﺍ (ﺍﺯ) ﺣﻔﻆ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ/(ﺍﺯ) ﺣﻔﻈﻢ.

Refresh your memory with two related participles that you learned before (see 10.1):

(memorable) ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﻰ (unforgettable) ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻨﻰ :means to mention so./sth. or point out ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ِﺩﻭﺳﺘﻰ ِﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ. yAd-Avar) ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ Another verb that means to mention is the compound shodan):

ﺍﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰﻭﺩﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ. is also used ﻳﺎﺩِ ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ (ﺭﺍ) ﻛﺮﺩﻥ or the variant ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﻰ/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ when you are reminded of so./sth., especially when you miss them:

ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﻛﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ًﻗﺒﻼ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ، ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ. ﻫﺮﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪ، ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. yAdash) ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻴﺮ! :When you feel nostalgic about something, you say be kheyr). This can also be used for an absent person:

O youth, where are you? I badly miss) ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻰ، ﻛﺠﺎﺋﻰ، ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻴﺮ! you.) I miss) ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻔﺮﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ، ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺧﻮﺵ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ! that trip we had to Shiraz – what a good time we had there!) My father – may) ﭘﺪﺭﻡ، ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻴﺮ، ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻧﺸﺴﺖ. his memory be blessed [/I wish he were here] – always used to sit on that chair.)

155 (ghar3r) ﻗﺮﺍﺭ 14.2 14 Remember/ :are grouped around its two major meanings ﻗﺮﺍﺭ forget The idioms used with Arrange, 1) arrangement, and 2) repose/inertia. Those of the second group belong change, difference to formal language; and some related to the ﬁrst meaning were mentioned Meaning and earlier (see 4.4/5). Here is an overview: ‘to mean’ -means to make an ar ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ means to be supposed to and ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ rangement or plan, both used with subjunctive if a second verb is needed: ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺠﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻯ ﺑﺴﺎﺯﺩ. ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭِ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ؟ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ ﺷﻨﺎ. can each have a different ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ and ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ z,ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ The verbs :mentioned above ﻗﺮﺍﺭ meaning based on the two basic meanings of • Related to the ﬁrst meaning, they mean respectively to have, to give and to get an appointment: ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻡ. • Related to the second meaning, in formal and written language they mean respectively to lie [/be located], to lay [/put] and to be placed – used for things, not for people. These are also the verbs often used with :(in quasi-passive structures (mentioned in 9.3 ِﺗﺤﺖ or ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ The vase is [/lies/is located] beside) ﮔﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭِ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. the window.) There was a store opposite) ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩ ِﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ. that house.) They were under surveillance for) ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻩ ِﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ. a few months.) (.[She placed her hand on her eye[s) ﺩﺳﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻯ ﭼﺸﻤﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ. They [closely] examined) ﺑﺎﺭِ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ. the subject once more.) He fell asleep and) ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺶ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺵ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﻧﺔ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. his head came to rest on that lady’s shoulder.) His proposal met with a lot) ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺵ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ّﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. 156 of attention.) e), these verbs mean to be, Change- + ~) ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭِ dar ekhtiyAr) or) ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ After to have or to put at someone’s disposal:

The document is at the lawyer’s) ﺳﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭِ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. disposal.) (ﺳﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭِ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ or ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ=) Why did you put the document at) ﭼﺮﺍ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭِ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻳﺪ؟ his disposal?) (ﭼﺮﺍ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭِ ﺍﻭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻴﺪ؟=) With your father’s) ﺑﺎ ِﻣﺮگ ﭘﺪﺭﺗﺎﻥ، ﺛﺮﻭﺗﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭِ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ. death, his wealth will come under your control.)

:(bi-gharAr) means restless and impatient (+ -í: restlessness) ﺑﻴﻘﺮﺍﺭ

The sick child was restless until) ّﺑﭽﺔ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺗﺎ ﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﻴﻘﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻛﺮﺩ. morning.)

:bar-gharAr) means to establish/to be established) ﺑَﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺷﺪﻥ

Peace was established between the two) ِﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ُﺻﻠﺢ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪ. countries.)

14.3 Change

,~ tagh.yir) ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ The only tricky thing about change in Persian is that and the transitive version – ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to change) is intransitive – in spite of using .ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ is degar-gun), both formal and literary, are) ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ digar-gun) or) ﺩﻳﮕﺮﮔﻮﻥ for respectively the transitive and the intransitive ﺷﺪﻥ and ﻛﺮﺩﻥ used with and mostly convey a change in form or color. avaz ~) is also common, with some association with) ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺷﺪﻥ exchanging and trading/swapping. ba.dal) are also words) ﺑﺪﻝ mo.bad.dal) and) ّﻣﺒﺪﻝ ,(tab.dil) ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ that are close in meaning and are used with kardan/shodan, sometimes is the only ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ .with some sense of altering, transforming or converting word you can use for changing/converting money, and mobaddal means changed. yAftan, to ﬁnd) can be used as the verbal part) ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ,In formal Persian both intr.). 157) ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ and ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ in the compounds 14 Table 14.3: Changing Remember/ forget transitive intransitive Arrange, change, He changed his room. His room changed. ﺍﺗﺎﻗﺶ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﺗﺎﻗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ. difference Meaning and ﺍﺗﺎﻗﺶ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺷﺪ. ﺍﺗﺎﻗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩ. ’to mean‘ He changed his name to Ali. His name changed to Ali. ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ. He changed his place with Maryam. His place changed with Maryam[’s]. ﺟﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺷﺪ. ﺟﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩ. He changed the room into a kitchen. The room changed into a kitchen. ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ./ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ./ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ. This event changed his life. His life changed. ِﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗّﻔﺎﻕ ِﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ. ِﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺷﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗّﻔﺎﻕ ِﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩ. ِﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ ﺷﺪ. (.form) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗّﻔﺎﻕ ِﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ. (.form) He changed his dollars to rials. His dollars [were] changed to rials. ﺩﻻﺭﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﺩﻻﺭﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ.

More examples:

(.He changed his word) ﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩ/ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ. (.He traded his book with mine) ﺍﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩ. (.He changed clothes very quickly) ﺍﻭ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩ ﻟﺒﺎﺳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩ. With nightfall, the) ﺑﺎ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺷﺐ، ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺷﺪ/ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ. weather suddenly changed.) Why did) ﭼﺮﺍ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ؟ a small topic change into such a big problem?) When he heard the news, his) ﺧﺒﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﻴﺪ، ﺣﺎﻟﺶ ّﺑﻜﻠﻰ ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ ﺷﺪ. mood/condition totally changed.)

14.4 Difference

We seem to know enough about resemblance (see 10.5/D and 11.7); 158 maybe it’s time we learned about difference. One thing we learned about difference was the idiom ‘with the difference that’ when discussing ‘except Difference that’ (see 5.2.1/c). fargh) and the) ﻓﺮﻕ ekhtelAf) and) ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ,(tafAvot) ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ The nouns ,gunAgun) ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ mokhtalef) and) ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ,(motefAvet) ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ adjectives form./lit.) are all used to show difference and dissimilarity. While ekhtelAf can imply some opposition also, tafAvot is a more neutral dissimilarity. As adjectives, it is important to know that mokhtalef or gunAgun cannot be used for just one different thing: use motefAvet if the noun is singular. Note the differences in meaning and usage: (Iran has differences [= disputes] with the US) ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. = (Iran is different from the US) ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ (/ﻓﺮﻕ) ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ (/ﻓﺮﻕ) ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. = These two manuscripts) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ّﺧﻄﻰ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. have/show a lot of differences/discrepancies.) These two films are very) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. different from each other.) ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ or ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ a different language) – Don’t use) ﻳﻚ ِﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ here! I read different books.) = several or many) ِﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻡ. books I read a variety of books.) = books that were) ِﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻡ. different They have different plans.) = several or) ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ِﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. many plans They have different plans.) = different) ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ِﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. from each other or from other people’s plans What difference does it make?) (Here) ﭼﻪ ﻓﺮﻕ (/ﭼﻪ ﻓﺮﻗﻰ) ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ؟ (.is also possible ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ It makes no difference to me.) (Here) ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻓﺮﻗﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. (.is also possible ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ (.He tried different methods) ﺍﻭ َﺭ ِﻭ ِﺷﻬﺎﻯ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﺩ. This) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺵ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ (/ﻓﺮﻕ) ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. carpet is also from Iran, except that [= with the difference that] it is cheaper.) 159 14 14.5 Meaning and ‘to mean’ Remember/ (ya'ni) ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ma'nA) is meaning, while) ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ma'ni) or the more formal) ﻣﻌﻨﻰ forget Arrange, means it means and does not need any verb: change, difference (What does this mean?) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﭼﻪ؟ Meaning and (?What is the meaning of this) ِﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ = ’to mean‘ (.Love means friendship) ﻋﺸﻖ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻰ. (.Love means friendship) ﻋﺸﻖ ﺑﻪ ِﻣﻌﻨﻰ (/ﺑﻪ ِﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯ) ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. = (.The meaning of love is friendship) ِﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﺸﻖ، ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. = When you are talking about what someone means, however – and not what (manzur) ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ something means –, then you would normally use words like :maghsud) in Persian, words that mean purpose, aim, and so on) ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ and (?What do you mean) ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﺕ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ What did he mean by that [/by what) ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺮﻑ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ؟ he said]?) (.Sorry, I didn’t mean it) ﺑﺒﺨﺸﻴﺪ، ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻢ. I’m sure he didn’t mean anything) ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭِ ﺑﺪﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. bad/had no bad intentions.) I meant that the day) ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻡ (/ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻡ) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘَﺲ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. after tomorrow would be late.) :(mowred-e nazar) ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻧﻈﺮ For what is meant/intended you can usually use I didn’t find the intended book/the book) ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻡ I had in mind.) Did you finally buy the house) ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻧﻈﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻳﺪ؟ you wanted/had in mind?) nazar) alone is used in the sense of view or opinion, or as a synonym) ﻧﻈﺮ :(negAh, look, glance) ﻧﮕﺎﻩ for (at a glance) ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺮ (in my opinion) ﺑﻪ ِﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ (from an educational point of view) ﺍﺯ ِﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻰ (.I fully respect your opinion) ِﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ًﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ. .to seem) see 5.4.1) ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ/ﺁﻣﺪﻥ For 160 Exercises Exercises Exercise 14.1 -and then provide the cor ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ or ﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ Decide whether you need rect form of the verb. Example: ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺶ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ...... ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ → 1. ﻫﻴﭻ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺶ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ ...... 2. ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﻮﻗﺖ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ...... 3. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﺯﺷﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺴﺮﻡ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺑﭽﺔ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ...... ۴ . ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ...... ۵ . ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻤﺮﺓ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ...... ۶ . ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﻯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺏ ...... 7. ﺍﺯ ...... ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﭘﺸﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﺷﺪ، ﺣﺘّﻰ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﻭﻯ. 8. ﺍﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ...... ﻛﻪ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﺭِ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﻨﺪ. 9. ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﭘﻴﺎﻧﻮ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ...... 10. ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﻛﻪ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍ ...... Exercise 14.2 .then translate ,(ﻳﺎﺩ* ﺭﻓﺘﻦ) Change to the impersonal form Example: ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ (.I know that they won’t forget) ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﻓﺖ → 1. ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ 2. ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻜﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ. 3. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ، ﺩﺭ ِﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻦ. ۴ . ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﺋﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ، ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻡ. ۵ . ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻜﻨﻰ، ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﻮﻯ ﻛﻴﻔﺖ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭ. ۶ . ِﺍﺳﻢ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﻰ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺣﺘّﻰ ِﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. 7. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ. 8. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻯ ﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻛﺮﺩﻧﻰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. 161 9. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﻢ. 10. ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. 14 Exercise 14.3 Remember/ forget Translate the following sentences into English and pay attention to the A Arrange, different meanings of ghar r: change, 1. ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. difference Meaning and 2. ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ’to mean‘ 3. ﺑﺎ ﺷﻮﻫﺮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺷﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺑﺒﺮﺩ. ۴ . ﭼﻨﺪ ِﺯﻧﺪﺍﻧﻰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻔﻮ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻋﻔﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺖ. ۵ . ﺁﻳﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ۶ . ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻧﺪ، ِﺳﻜﻮﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪ. 7. ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻯ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﺯﻧﮓ ﺑﺰﻥ. 8. ِﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ِﭘﺸﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. 9. ّﺍﻃ ِﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭِ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺴﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺪﻫﻰ. 10. ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮ.

Exercise 14.4 Choose the correct form. 1. ﺗﻮ ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺣﺮﻓﺖ ﺭﺍ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻰ/ﺏ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﻫﻰ/پ: ﻓﺮﻕ ﻛﻨﻰ) 2. ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺋﻰ، ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ/ﺏ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﻫﺪ/پ: ﻓﺮﻗﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ) 3. ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩِ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻯ/ﺏ: ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻰ/پ: ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻰ) ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩِ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. ۴ . ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ِﭼﻴﺰ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻯ/ﺏ: ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻰ/پ: ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻰ) ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩِ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ. ۵ . ﻣﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻰ/ﺏ: ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻰ/پ: ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻰ) ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ. ۶ . ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﻧﮕﺶ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ/ﺏ: ﻋﻮﺽ/پ: ﻓﺮﻕ) ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ. 7. ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻯ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻰ/ﺏ: ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻰ/پ: ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻰ) ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ. 8. ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ/ﺏ: ﻓﺮﻕ/پ: ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ) ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. 162 Exercises 9. ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ/ﺏ: ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ/پ: ﻓﺮﻕ) ِﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ، ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. 10. ﻣﻰﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻗﻠﻤﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ِﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ...... (ﺍﻟﻒ: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ/ﺏ: ﻋﻮﺽ/پ: ﻓﺮﻕ) ﻛﻨﻰ؟

Exercise 14.5 Choose one of the following to ﬁll in the blanks:

ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ (d , ﻧﻈﺮ (c , ﻳﻌﻨﻰ (b , ﻣﻌﻨﻰ (a 1. ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ...... ﻣﻰ ﺁﺋﻴﺪ؟ 2. ﺗﺎ ِﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ِﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ، ...... ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ. 3. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ِﺍﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﺷﺴﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﻰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ ...... ﺑﺪﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ. ۴ . ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ...... ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ۵ . ﺁﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ...... ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ. ۶ . ﻧﺎﺩﺍﻥ ...... ﺍﺣﻤﻖ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﻰ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. 7. ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﻋﺠﻴﺒﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺲ ...... ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻴﻔﻬﻤﻴﺪ. 8. ﺍﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ...... ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ. 9. ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡ ...... ﺍﻭ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ. 10. ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ...... ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟

ِﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻩِ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻩِ َﮔﺮﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ The difference between my moon [= beloved] and heaven’s is from here to the skies.

(Used to show that there is a lot of difference between two things.)

163 ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖAPPENDIX I 1  ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺩﺏ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ Language of politeness and courtesy

?(ta'3rof) ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ What is ta'Xrof, in colloquial Tehrani tXrof) includes the whole) ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ The word range of social behaviors meant to show courtesy and good manners, most importantly through deference, using words and idioms that have become clichés and should not be taken literally or seriously. When shopping in Tehran, don’t be deceived by merchants who verbally sacriﬁce themselves ghorbXn-e shomX) in order to reach deeper , ِﻗﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﺷﻤﺎ for you (by saying into your pocket. The younger generation is observing these formalities less often; but if you want to use them occasionally, make sure that you are using the correct form in order to avoid embarrassing blunders.

I.i Plural means polite

you’ pl.) can be used for a single person also (instead‘) ﺷﻤﺎ We know that thou’ or ‘you’ sg.) to show respect, and we also know that colloquial‘ , ﺗﻮ of with a singular verb ﺷﻤﺎ Persian would sometimes allow using the plural for relationships that are halfway between intimate and formal (see I/4.1):

– (?Are you coming with your friend) ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺁﺋﻴﺪ؟ Grammatically correct; consistent in using plural throughout the sentence. Same meaning as above, but used for a – ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺁﺋﻰ؟ relationship which is halfway between intimate and formal. Note that this inconsistency would be considered bad grammar (as well as impolite) when used mistakenly.

The third person is also treated in the same way in Persian: showing respect to someone in absentia, as when you want to talk politely about your they, normally in formal language) ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ,friend’s parents. In such cases 164 he/she) in both formal and colloquial We instead) ﺍﻭ only) will be used instead of Persian: of I?

– ﺁﻳﺎ ﺁﻗﺎﻯ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ؟ (.Note the plural verb) – ﻧﻪ، ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. – ‘Will Mr. President talk today?’ – ‘No, he will talk tomorrow.’

here also colloquial Persian would allow using ,ﺷﻤﺎ As was the case with :(halfway between intimate and formal) ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ a singular verb for He himself knows that) ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. he has time only until tomorrow.)

I.ii We instead of I?

When speaking polite Persian, sometimes speakers avoid using the pronoun I’) too often, which, they fear, could convey some attitude of arrogance‘) ﻣﻦ and pride. As subject of the sentence, of course, it is easy to drop this pronoun (or any other pronoun), since the conjugational ending leaves no room for ambiguity. Another solution is substituting it by other words or ban.de, [your] servant or slave), used) ﺑﻨﺪﻩ pronouns. One such word is to ﻣﻦ frequently in both written and spoken Persian as a substitute for is also used to avoid ﻣﺎ show respect. In more colloquial Persian, the plural this is especially common in schools when schoolchildren – ﻣﻦ using address their teachers, and using a plural verb is also necessary. Thus, a schoolgirl who has to leave class early would say to the teacher:

Ms, we have to leave ten) ﺧﺎﻧﻢ، ﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻩ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ. minutes earlier today.)

By the way, you don’t usually hear a child using the word bande; children tend to use mX. (And using mX in this way in colloquial Persian is quite different from the way a monarch might use it or even a suﬁ in mystic poetry.) Examples from colloquial Persian:

ﭼﻪ ﻋﺠﺐ ﻳﺎﺩِ ﻣﺎ :A friend saying to another with a touch of humor (!How nice that you remembered [to call/visit] me) ﻛﺮﺩﻯ! Excuse) ﺑﺒﺨﺸﻴﺪ، ﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ :A student to the teacher me, I have a headache today.) 165 Appendix I I.iii (farmudan) ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ Language of politeness A ,ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ) farmudan) is to give a farm n) ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ and courtesy The original meaning of command). In polite language, however, it is used either as (a) an amelior- ating/elevating companion of other verbs or (b) a substitute. In the latter case, the context should tell you what verb has been substituted by farmudan. These verbs are about activities (especially locomotion), not passive states.

Examples for (a):

Please [go ahead and] read the next) ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ. sentence also.) – (.Please [come and] sit on this chair) ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﺸﻴﻨﻴﺪ. (to sit) ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ could be just making ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ ,In a sentence like this more polite, or – what is more likely – it could have replaced the .(to come) ﺁﻣﺪﻥ verb

Examples for (b):

(.Please come this way) ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ. tu) means inside in) ﺗﻮ Please come in.) – Here) ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﺗﻮ. colloquial/Tehrani. Say, please, when are you going to come) ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﻛﻰ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﮔﺸﺖ؟ back?) Based on the context and situation, this could) ﻳﻚ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ. mean ‘Please say something’ or – if a guest is being offered something – ‘Please help yourself/have something.’)

can almost always be ﻛﺮﺩﻥ the verb ,ﻛﺮﺩﻥ With compound verbs using to make it sound more polite (only if politeness makes ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ replaced by sense!):

(.[.Open the window [sg./pl) ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﻦ/ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. (.Please open the window. – Always plural) ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ. → (.Note that we do not have much time) ّﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ. Please be aware that we do) ّﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ. → not have much time.)

-that are in ﻛﺮﺩﻥ However, it is obvious that in certain compounds with would ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ with ﻛﺮﺩﻥ glorious in meaning and lack respect, substituting 166 .vs ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ (to run away) ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ instead of ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ not be any help: if you say

ﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ or instead of (to claim), the effect can only be funny (arz kardan) ّﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ّﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ or maliciously ironical.

(arz kardan) ﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ .vs ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ I.iv

It is very important to remember that when you are using polite expressions – like farmudan – you always use them for the addressee, for the other person, not for yourself! Using farmudan for oneself would be as .arz kardan) for the addressee) ﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ embarrassing a blunder as using As we saw above, farmudan can be used as a substitute for verbs like to say) – and when used in this sense, it has a corresponding version) ﮔﻔﺘﻦ :(arz kardan) ﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ :for the speaker also You said that it was not) ﺷﻤﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. needed.) I had said that) (ﺑﻨﺪﻩ) ﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ. the bank is closed today.)

ﺑﻪ ِﻋﺮﺽ to be informed) and its transitive version) ﺑﻪ ِﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ to inform so.) are used respectively for the addressee and) ﻛﺴﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ the speaker:

As it’s been brought to your) ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ . . . attention . . .) (. . . I must let you know that) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ . . .

Some of the words used in polite language are as follows (and you will :(has still more respectful substitutes ﺷﻤﺎ see that even a word like (haghir, lowly) ﺣﻘﻴﺮ ,(bande, servant or slave) ﺑﻨﺪﻩ ζ→ ﻣﻦ jenAb[e]'Ali, your) ﺟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺎﻟﻰ ,(sarkAr, overseer) ﺳﺮﻛﺎﺭ ζ→ ﺗﻮ/ﺷﻤﺎ hazrat[e]'Ali, your eminence) – Don’t take) ﺣﻀﺮﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ,(excellency the last two very seriously; you can use them for any person to show high respect! (ishAn) ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ζ→ ﺍﻭ/ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ meyl ~) or) ﻣﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ζ→ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ (~ meyl) ﻣﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ζ→ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ dar) ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ :to be in the presence of a person you respect khed.mat budan, to be at service) 167 khed.mat residan, to) ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ :Appendix I to go to a person you respect Language of come to service) politeness [az khedmat]) (ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ) ّﻣﺮﺧﺺ ﺷﺪﻥ :and courtesy to leave a person you respect mo.rakh.khas shodan, to take leave from service)

And these are the verbs you use for the addressee:

(tashrif dAshtan) ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ζ→ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ (tashrif Avardan) ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ζ→ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ (tashrif bordan) ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ζ→ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ estehzAr dAshtan) or) ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻀﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ζ→ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ/ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (mostahzar budan) ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ

Examples:

(?Where do you want to go) ﻛﺠﺎ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪ؟ (.Please come and have food) ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻳﺪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﻔﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺪ. Do you want me to bring you that) ﻣﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻡ؟ letter?) ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻀﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ (/ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ) ﻛﻪ ﺁﻗﺎﻯ ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ (.You certainly know that the ambassador will come too) ﺁﻭﺭﺩ. (.I had asked you a question) ﺣﻘﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ. I came) ﺑﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺣﻀﺮﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻴﺪ. yesterday but you were not there.)

(The last two or three examples are using especially outmoded language, though it is still used by the older generation.)

(arze) ﻋﺮﺿﻪ I.v ﻋﺮﺿﻪ arze) means ‘presentation’ (or ‘supply’ in economics), and) ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ is ‘to present/supply’; it does not have the usage limitations of ﻛﺮﺩﻥ and can be used for both the speaker and the addressee:

Will you present a new) ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻯ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ؟ program?) Should there be more) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ. demand, we’ll increase the supply.)

168 ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖAPPENDIX II 2  ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭﻩ/ /Colloquial Persian ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻧﻰ Tehrani

General remarks

Even among the Persian-speaking Iranians, you can ﬁnd different local dialects and accents in all cities and even villages, but when you talk about colloquial Persian what you have in mind is Tehrani, i.e. Persian as spoken in Tehran, the capital. This is the accent understood all over Iran – and beyond – thanks to the media; the accent that threatens to assimilate all local vernaculars in the course of time. Here you will learn some of the common changes (from standard to Tehrani), but keep in mind that these changes only occur if the words are common enough at the colloquial level. Also note that these changes occur in spoken Persian, hardly ever written – except in some modern plays or stories with dialogs, in lyrics of songs, or in more recent times in personal notes of some weblogs on the Internet.

Question: Does one need to learn this Tehrani accent? Answer: If you want to talk (and don’t want to be like the only kid in a US school saying ‘I am going to be late’ when everybody else around you is saying ‘I’m gonna be late’), yes!

II.i From standard to Tehrani – some of the changes in pronunciation

(For changes in verbs see II.ii.)

A. Personal pronouns remain ﻣﻦ/ﺗﻮ/ﻣﺎ/ﺷﻤﺎ) !First and second persons, sg./pl.: no change unchanged.) There are changes in the third person:

;(un, he/she/it/that) ﺍﻭﻥ it/that) both change to) ﺁﻥ he/she) and) ﺍﻭ ;(unA) ﺍﻭﻧﺎ they/those) changes to) ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ishun). 169) ﺍﻳﺸﻮﻥ he/they in polite language) changes to) ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ Appendix II B. ān → un (and occasionally ām → um) Colloquial As some of the changes in (A) show, ān changes to un (in ), ﺁﻥ/ﺁﻧﻬﺎ/ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ /Persian Tehrani something very common in the Tehrani accent, but this change happens only in the most common words.

Examples of words that change:

ﺗﻬﺮﻭﻥ → (tehrAn, Tehran) ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ;(irun) ﺍﻳﺮﻭﻥ → (irAn, Iran) ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ;(khiyAbun) ﺧﻴﺎﺑﻮﻥ → (khiyAbAn, street) ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ;(tehrun) → (tAbestAn, summer) ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ;(khune) ﺧﻮﻧﻪ → (khAne, house) .(tAbestun) ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﻮﻥ

Examples of words that do not change:

,emtehAn) ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ;(dAstAn, story) ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ;(emkAn, possibility) ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ AlmAn, Germany – foreign) ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ;(suzAn, burning) ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻥ ;(test names don’t change!).

The more formal plural sufﬁx -An (which is not common in colloquial Persian) does not usually change to -un; the only exception here might khAnumA-wo-AghAyun), the Tehrani) ﺧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻗﺎﻳﻮﻥ because ﺁﻗﺎﻳﻮﻥ be -ladies and gentlemen), is common at a col) ﺧﺎﻧﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻗﺎﻳﺎﻥ version of loquial level also. In certain words you can see the change from Am to um:

→ (kodAm, which) ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ;(tamum) ﺗﻤﻮﻡ → (tamAm, complete) ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ;(bAdum) ﺑﺎﺩﻭﻡ → (bAdAm, almond) ﺑﺎﺩﺍﻡ ;(kodum) ﻛﺪﻭﻡ .(Arum) ﺁﺭﻭﻡ → (ArAm, quiet) ﺁﺭﺍﻡ

C. -hā → -ā in B) show, the plural sufﬁx -hA is usually) ﺧﺎﻧﻤﻬﺎ in A) and) ﺁﻧﻬﺎ As reduced to just -A, except after the vowels -e and -A (or when some emphasis is needed). Other examples:

→ (ketAb-hA, books) ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ ;(mizA) ﻣﻴﺰﺍ → (miz-hA, tables) ﻣﻴﺰﻫﺎ .(iruniyA) ﺍﻳﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎ → (irAni-hA, Iranians) ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ ;(ketAbA) ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ

.(AghA-hA) ﺁﻗﺎﻫﺎ ;(bach.che-hA) ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ :No change in these, however

170 D. ham → -am From standard to The consonant h is pronounced softly and often tends to disappear in Tehrani – spoken Persian, unless it is in initial position or when more clarity/ some of the ham, also) which is changes in) ﻫﻢ emphasis is needed. One good example is usually pronounced -am when it immediately follows the word it pronunciation modiﬁes:

man-am) (compare with) ﻣﻨﻢ → (man ham, me too) ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ (!’I am‘ = ﻣﻨﻢ

E. Change of -ar to -e in a few common words (age) ﺍﮔﻪ ,(dige) ﺩﻳﮕﻪ magar) change to) ﻣﮕﺮ agar) and) ﺍﮔﺮ ,(digar) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ -ham) ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﻪ ham-digar) also changes to) ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ .(mage) ﻣﮕﻪ and .yek-digar) does not change) ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ dige), but the more formal Akhe), but only when used as a ﬁller) ﺁﺧﻪ Akhar) changes to) ﺁﺧﺮ to justify a situation (as but/because; see 5.2.1/a), not when it means last or lastly.

F. Change of the DDO-marker rā to ro/-o -changes to either -o (attached to the previous word) or to ro (espe ﺭﺍ cially after words ending in -A or -e, where it cannot be attached as ketAb rA) becomes ketAb-o or ketAb-ro, whereas for words) ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ :(o- there is only the ro option. (As you remember, the ّﺑﭽﻪ and ﺁﻗﺎ like va, and] is also pronounced often as -o and attached to] َﻭ conjunction the previous word, so ‘ketAbo’ can be both ‘ketAb rA’ and ‘ketAb va.’)

G. Revival of the old final -a when using enclitics The final -a sound has almost disappeared from contemporary Persian -na, no) and the conjunc) ﻧﻪ and changed to -e – except for the word (va, and). However, when certain enclitics (like personal suffixes) َﻭ tion are added to words ending in -e, the old pronunciation may come back bach.che rA; see F) ﺑﭽﻪ ﺭﺍ to life in the Tehrani accent. If you change above) to its colloquial/Tehrani form, it is not just rA that changes to ﻫﻤﻪ hame rA) changes to) ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ro: you should say bach.cha-ro. Or ﺍﺳﺖ ham, also) as well as) ﻫﻢ hama-ro). The same happens with) ﺭﻭ u) ﺍﻭ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ;(khuná-m) ﺧﻮﻧﻪ ﻡ → (khAne ham) ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻢ :(ast, is) un bach.chas). See H below) ﺍﻭﻥ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺱ → (.bach.che ast, He’s a child for a similar change when adding personal suffixes.

171 Appendix II H. Personal suffixes. Colloquial Table II.i will show you the changes in personal suffixes. Persian/ Tehrani Table II.i: How personal suffixes change from standard to Tehrani

Formal/standard Tehrani

after after vowels after the vowel consonants (except -E) -E (silent HÉ) -am -am -m (-e → -a +) -m ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻡ ﭘﺎﻡ ﺩﺳﺘﻢ ﺩﺳﺘﻢ، ﭘﺎﻳﻢ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻡ (dástam, pFyam, (dástam) (pAm) (gunám) guné'am) -at -et -t (-e → -a +) -t ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺕ ﭘﺎﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﺖ، ﭘﺎﻳﺖ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺕ (dástat, pFyat, guné'at) (dástem) (pAt) (gunát) -ash -esh -sh (-e → -a +) -sh ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺵ ﭘﺎﺵ ﺩﺳﺘﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﺶ، ﭘﺎﻳﺶ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺵ (dástash, pFyash, (dástesh) (pAsh) (gunásh) guné'ash) -emAn -emun -mun (-e → -a +) -mun ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﻣﻮﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺎﻥ، ﭘﺎﻳﻤﺎﻥ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ (dástemAn, pFyemAn, (dástemun) (pAmun) (gunámun) guné['e]mAn) -etAn -etun -tun (-e → -a +) -tun ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺘﺎﻥ، ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺎﻥ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺎﻥ (dástetAn, pFyetAn, (dástetun) (pAtun) (gunátun) guné['e]tAn)

-eshAn -eshun -shun (-e → -a +) -shun ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﺷﻮﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺸﻮﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺸﺎﻥ، ﭘﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻥ (dásteshAn, pFyeshAn, (dásteshun) (pAshun) (gunáshun) guné['e]shAn)

Since this is about spoken Persian and it is usually in less serious texts (as on weblogs) that less careful, ordinary people write in Tehrani style, the spelling rules have not been standardized and you might see different styles; for instance, some might drop the silent hé (in Table II.i, right column) in writing and join the personal sufﬁxes, which can lead to even more confusion in reading. Moreover, there is also a difference in stress that can help in spoken Persian but cannot be rendered in 172 writing; see the examples below: Table II.ii: Note the differences in writing and pronunciation From standard to when -ash is added Tehrani – some of the standard/formal Tehrani changes in pronunciation ﺩﺳﺘﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﺶ ﺩﺳﺖ (dast, hand) (dástash, his hand) (dástesh, his hand) ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺵ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ (dasté, handle) (dasté-ash, its handle) (dastásh, its handle) ﻟﺒﺶ ﻟﺒﺶ ﻟﺐ (lab, lip) (lábash, his lip) (lábesh, his lip) ﻟﺒﻪ ﺵ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺍﺵ ﻟﺒﻪ (labé, edge) (labé-ash, its edge) (labásh, its edge)

As you see here (in the romanization), just a shift in stress can change the formal his lip to the Tehrani its edge, and keeping that silent hé while dropping the alef could be some help in reading.

I. Definite marker -e There is a definite marker in colloquial Tehrani which is not considered very polite when used for people; it is the stressed -e suffix (-he after -A):

(ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺩ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ :.form) ﻣﺮﺩﻩ َﻫﻨﻮﺯﻡ ﺍﻭﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ. (The man is still sitting there.) The) (ﺁﻥ ﺁﻗﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ :.form) ﺁﻗﺎﻫﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ. ﺁﻗﺎﻫﻪ gentleman was very kind.) – Although we translated (AghAhe) as ‘gentleman’ here, you certainly wouldn’t want the ‘gentleman’ himself to overhear you as you refer to him as AghAhe!

This -e also changes to -a when followed by ro (= rA) or -am (= ham), etc.

Did you buy the book?) – here pronounced) ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﻭ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻯ؟ ketAbá-ro, whereas it is normally ketAbé.

173 Appendix II J. Other changes Colloquial Changes are usually made in spoken language to make pronunciation Persian/ Tehrani easier, and that is why some sounds (vowels and consonants alike) disappear or alter. We will see in II.ii below what happens to verbs; here you see some examples of other changes:

shanbe, Saturday) pronounced) ﺷﻨﺒﻪ :(n → m (when before b/m/p shambe. (hich.chi) ّﻫﻴﭽﻰ ζ→ ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰ/ ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ (hish.ki) ﻫﻴﺸﻜﻰ ζ→ ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺲ/ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺴﻰ lA mas.sab, damned) ّﻻﻣﺼﺐ → (lA maz.hab, nonbeliever) ﻻﻣﺬﻫﺐ [used as interjection or adj. to show anger or disappointment])

II.ii Alterations and contractions in verbs

We should ﬁrst see what happens to the conjugational sufﬁxes as a general rule, and Table II.iii shows the changes.

Table II.iii: Changes in present tense conjugational sufﬁxes

standard/formal Tehrani 1sg. -am -am if ending in -Aham or -Ayam -Am 2sg. -i -i if ending in -Ahi or -A'i-Ay

3sg. -ad -e (also ast of ‘to be’, except after silent hé) if ending in -Ahad or -Ayad -Ad 1pl. -im -im if ending in -Ahim or -A'im -Aym 2pl. -id -in if ending in -Ahid or -A'id -Ayn 3pl. -and -an if ending in -Ahand or -Ayand -An

174 The special ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ/ﺧﻮﺍﻩ Here by verbs that end in -Ah- or -Ay- we basically mean A A A A A A case of the z dan/z , to bear a child) present) ﺯﺍﺩﻥ/ ﺯﺍ(ﻯ) ,( /madan ) ﺁﻣﺪﻥ/ﺁ ,(kh stan/kh h) perfect tense ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻦ/ﻛﺎﻩ and maybe a few verbs common in slang Tehrani, but verbs like goshudan/goshA, to open) do) ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻥ/ﮔﺸﺎ kAstan/kAh, to decrease) and) nor ﻣﻰ ﻛﺎﻫﻪ/ﻣﻰ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻪ not belong to the colloquial level: you neither say !you simply don’t use them in spoken Persian – ﻣﻰ ﻛﺎﺩ/ﻣﻰ ﮔﺸﺎﺩ The same is true of all other verbs that do not belong to the colloquial setordan, to eliminate or erase) has no place in) ﺳﺘﺮﺩﻥ level. A verb like spoken Persian/Tehrani, and you know how to conjugate and use it in formal/written language – where it belongs. Apart from changes in conjugational sufﬁxes, there are some changes also in some of the very common verbs that are most frequently used, changes that make them shorter and easier to pronounce. The following are only ﬁve of the verbs that undergo such changes (conjugation in Tehrani given for present and past).

present: miyAm, miyAy, miyAd, miyAym, miyAyn, miyAn ﺁﻣﺪﻥ (neg.: nemiyAm, . . .) past: umadam, umadi, umad, umadim, umadin, umadan (neg.: nayumadam, . . .) present: miram, miri, mire, mirim, mirin, miran ﺭﻓﺘﻦ (neg.: nemiram, . . .) past: raftam, rafti, raf, raftim, raftin, raftan (neg.: naraftam, . . .) present: migam, migi, mige, migim, migin, migan ﮔﻔﺘﻦ (neg.: nemigam, . . .) past: goftam, gofti, gof, goftim, goftin, goftan (neg.: nagoftam, . . .) present: mitunam, mituni, mitune, mitunim, mitunin, mitunan ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ (neg.: nemitunam, . . .) past: tunestam, tunesti, tunes, tunestim, tunestin, tunestan (neg.: natunestam, . . .) ,present: mi[g]zAram, mi[g]zAri, mi[g]zAre, mi[g]zArim ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ mi[g]zArin, mi[g]zAran (neg.: nemi[g]zAram, . . .) past: gozAshtam, gozAshti, gozAsh, gozAshtim, gozAshtin, gozAshtan (neg.: na[g]zAshtam, . . .)

II.iii The special case of the present perfect tense

In the present perfect tense, in its formal version, you have the -e of the past participle followed by the a-/i- of the verb to be. The Tehrani accent tries to get rid of one of the two vowels. To make it easier to understand, we can say that it is the ﬁnal -e which disappears, while its stress is kept and given to the -a-/-i-. 175 Appendix II The result is that this Tehrani present perfect tense sounds very Colloquial much like the simple past tense except for a shift in stress – and except in Persian/ Tehrani the third person singular. Table II.iv compares the two tenses (with Tehrani occupying the two middle columns).

ﺭﻓﺘﻦ Table II.iv: Present perfect vs. simple past – the verb

simple past simple past present perfect present perfect (formal) (Tehrani) (Tehrani) (formal) ráftam ráftam raftám rafté'am ráfti ráfti raftí rafté'i ráft ráf[t] rafté rafté (ast) ráftim ráftim raftím rafté'im ráftid ráftin raftín rafté'id ráftand ráftan raftán rafté'and

II.iv Prepositions

One preposition that you hear a lot in spoken Persian and don’t encoun- :’tu/tuye) meaning ‘inside) ﺗﻮ/ ِﺗﻮﻯ ter as often in written Persian is He walks = ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﺩ = tu khAb rA[h] mire) ﺗﻮ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺮﻩ. in sleep.) ﺗﻮپ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ = tup-o andAkh[t] tu[-ye] Ab) ﺗﻮﭘﻮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺥ ﺗﻮ( ِﻯ) ﺁﺏ. (.He threw the ball in the water = ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺖ

We saw earlier how objective pronouns can be added to some prepositions ﺍﺯ see 2.3.3); the Tehrani dialect makes this possible for the prepositions) also – something not acceptable in formal Persian. (In the ﺑﺎ and ﺑﻪ and (.a consonantal h is added as glide, which is quite unusual ,ﺑﺎ and ﺑﻪ case of See how some of these prepositions are pronounced when joined with objective pronouns:

176 Table II.v: Prepositions + objective pronouns Prepositions

ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ ِﺗﻮﻯ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺗﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻫﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺍﺯﻡ azam/azem behem bAhAm tum barAm ﺑﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺕ ﺑﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺖ ﺍﺯﺕ azat/azet behet bAhAt tut barAt ﺑﺮﺍﺵ ﺗﻮﺵ ﺑﺎﻫﺎﺵ ﺑﻬﺶ ﺍﺯﺵ azash/azesh behesh bAhAsh tush barAsh ﺑﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻫﺎﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻬﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﺯﻣﻮﻥ azamun/azemun behemun bAhAmun tumun barAmun ﺑﺮﺍﺗﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻫﺎﺗﻮﻥ ﺑﻬﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﺯﺗﻮﻥ azatun/azetun behetun bAhAtun tutun barAtun ﺑﺮﺍﺷﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺷﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻫﺎﺷﻮﻥ ﺑﻬﺸﻮﻥ ﺍﺯﺷﻮﻥ azashun/azeshun beheshun bAhAshun tushun barAshun

Examples:

ﺍﮔﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻳﺶ ﺍﺯﺵ ﺑﭙﺮﺱ. = ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺑﭙﺮﺱ. ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﭼﻴﻜﻪ ﺭﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻴﺎﺭﻩ. = ﺁﻥ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ.

177 ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖAPPENDIX III 3  ﺍﺩﺑﻰ، ﺷﺎﻋﺮﺍﻧﻪ، ,Literary, poetical ﺁﺭﻛﺎﺋﻴﻚ archaic

Why does it matter?

You might ask: why should I learn about some usages that are even labeled archaic? Well, because they are not as easily separable from contemporary – even colloquial – Persian as you might think. Iranians like to support or prove their point by citing a line of classical poetry, and certain idioms or proverbs are remnants and carriers of old usages: remember the optative mood we mentioned earlier with such everyday expressions as .(Come what may!, see 6.2) ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺩﺍ ﺑﺎﺩ! If you asked a person to help you with something while he himself has the same problem and knows no solution, he would cite this proverb (which has the form of a couplet):

kal agar tabib budi/sar-e khod) ﻛﻞ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ/ﺳﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﻭﺍ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻯ davA nomudi, If the baldhead had been a physician, he would have cured his own head.)

Despite being a very common proverb, some features of early modern Persian – for which you can’t ﬁnd any explanation in a dictionary – are to be for the third person singular – and not the second ﺑﻮﺩﻯ found here, like using person singular. Here we shall only mention certain archaic features that you might still encounter, just to be familiar with them and not to use them.

III.i The conditional/habitual -i sufﬁx

in the proverb we just mentioned. This -i ﺑﻮﺩﻯ We start with the same suffix had the effect of a mi- prefix when added to the past tense (usually added to 1sg. and 3sg./pl. only), used for counter-factual conditionals (where you would use the past progressive now) and for the habitual past (‘used in that couplet is the ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻯ just as ﻣﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ is the same as ﺑﻮﺩﻯ ,to’). Thus Since this usage was not common for the second .( ﻣﻰﻧﻤﻮﺩ) = ﻣﻰﻧﻤﻮﺩ same as 178 person, the same verb ( ) could also be understood as the second person Verbs and -the mi-/be ﺑﻮﺩﻯ singular (if no subject was mentioned): prefixes . ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ (z 2;ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻮ ﻣﻰ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ (1 = ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ ﻣﻰﺭﻓﺖ/ ﻫﻤﻰﺭﻓﺖ :To simply convey the continuous sense, mi- or hami- was used (he was going/kept going).

III.ii The prohibitive ma- preﬁx

For the prohibitive mood (= negative imperative) early modern Persian used the preﬁx ma- instead of na- (still common in poetical language). A couplet by Hafez:

Why) ِﺳﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺐ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺰﻯ ﻛﻪ: ’ﻣﮕﻮﻯ‘؟/ ِﻟﺐ ﻟﻌﻠﻰ ﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻣﭙﺮﺱ! are you biting the lip at me, [saying] ‘Don’t tell’?/I have bitten [= kissed] ruby lips that . . . – don’t ask!) ma-pors) would) ﻣﭙﺮﺱ! ma-guy) and) ﻣﮕﻮﻯ! ,In today’s standard Persian (’!na-pors, ‘Don’t ask) ﻧﭙﺮﺱ! na-gu, ‘Don’t say/tell!’) and) ﻧﮕﻮ! be Apart from poetical language, you can still ﬁnd this main many idioms and proverbs: (’asrAr-e magú, ‘unspeakable secrets) ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭِ ﻣﮕﻮ asrAr rA nágu, ‘Don’t tell the secrets’ – with) ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻮ Compare this with the normal stress on the negative ná-). (’kesh-ma-kesh, ‘struggle’ or ‘scufﬂe) ﻛﺸﻤﻜﺶ Even the common word .(’here ‘to pull) ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ has this main the middle, added to

III.iii Verbs and the mi-/be- preﬁxes

We are talking now about poetical language, so let’s make things easier by attributing all that seems to be conﬂicting with the rules you have learned to poetic license. You have learned, for instance, where and how to use the mi- and be- preﬁxes with verbs, but these rules do not always apply to past/archaic usage. If you want to tell someone, ‘You are accusing me of this because that’s exactly how you yourself are,’ you would normally cite this proverb (again in meters): A heretic/nonbeliever thinks that all) ﻛﺎﻓﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ِﻛﻴﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺭﺩ. [other people] are of the same faith as he.) 179 ,(mi-pendArad) ﻣﻰﭘﻨﺪﺍﺭﺩ which has neither mi- nor be-) is in fact) ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺭﺩ Appendix III Here Literary, but the mi- is missing. poetical, archaic As for be- (in the imperative and subjunctive), you should likewise know -bA'e zinat, ‘orna) ﺑﺎءِ ﺯﻳﻨﺖ ,that it is sometimes called, very aptly indeed mental be’), treated in the past like some ornament that could have been worn or left out at will. Sometimes you see that it has been used even for he went’), and sometimes it is‘ ,ﺍﻭ ﺭﻓﺖ instead of ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﻓﺖ) the past tense missing where you expect it to be used. Another couplet by Hafez:

If grief moves an army to shed) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻏﻢ ﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﺩ ﻛﻪ ِﺧﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﺰﺩ the blood of lovers,/) the cup-bearer and I will join) ﻣﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻗﻰ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻳﻢ forces and uproot it.)

A paraphrased, contemporary version would read: ﺍﮔﺮ ﻏﻢ ﻟﺸﻜﺮﻯ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﺰﺩ ﻛﻪ ِﺧﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻳﺰﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻗﻰ ﺑﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻳﻢ

As you see here, biyangizad needs be- (because of the conditional agar) and berizad also needs be- (because of the ‘ﬁnal’ ke [= in order to]), both missing in the original couplet. Similarly, mi- is missing in both mi-sAzim and bar-mi-andAzim.

III.iv The fate of r3

In the couplet by Hafez cited above, the DDO-marker rA was missing twice. If you did the same now, it wouldn’t be considered a poetic license, but an obvious mistake. On the other hand, there are cases where you wouldn’t normally expect a rA now, but it is used in poetical/archaic language:

• Some verbs that need prepositions now (for the indirect object), used to take direct objects + rA:

I told him/I said to him) – possible now) ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ ζ→ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ only in poetry.

:to convey possession ﺑﻮﺩﻥ was even used with the verb ﺭﺍ • He has) ﺍﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ζ→ ( ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ζ→) ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ 180 a mother.) ﺑﻮﺩﻥ The verb 3 3 (az n-e) = that of (to be) ﺍﺯ ِﺁﻥ n-e) or ) ِﺁﻥ .III.v mAl-e) in contemporary) ِﻣﺎﻝ As possessive pronoun you would normally use Persian: ﺍﻳﻦ ِﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ ِﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺳﺖ؛ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻜﻰ ِﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﻴﺴﺖ؟ :(ﺍﺯ) ِﺁﻥ In formal/literary language you can still use the older version with ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺘﺮﻳﻦ ِﺍﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ِﺁﻥ ﻛﻴﺴﺖ؟ ِﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ ﺍﺯ ِﺁﻥ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ِﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ.

III.vi Contractions

Contractions of words used to be very common in classical Persian poetry, but they are generally avoided now – even in contemporary poetry, except khAmush [scanned) ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ when written in traditional styles. The word khAmosh) ﺧﺎﻣﺶ long + very long], silent or quenched) could change to ُ + + khamosh) َﺧ ُﻤﺶ khamush [short very long]) or) َﺧﻤﻮﺵ ,([long long] [short + long]), depending on the poet’s need. ar), and it could) ﺍﺭ gar) or just) ﮔﺮ agar, if) could be) ﺍﮔﺮ Contraction of .(’and if‘ =) ﺍﮔﺮζ + َﻭ var) is) َﻭﺭ be combined with other words: thus :(ze, or just z when followed by vowels) ﺯِ az, from) was) ﺍﺯ Contraction of ,(va az) ﻭ ﺍﺯ = (vaz) َﻭﺯ ,(ke az) ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ = (kaz) َﻛﺰ ,(az An) ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ = (zAn) ﺯﺍﻥ .ke az An), and so on) ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ = (kazAn) ﻛﺰﺍﻥ

(to be) ﺑﻮﺩﻥ III.vii The verb

If we put together all the different usages of the verb to be in early Modern Persian, we have to conclude that this verb had four different inﬁnitives: ,hastan, the ‘hastam, hasti) ﻫﺴﺘﻦ ,(astan, the ‘-am, -i, ast . . .’ version) ﺍﺳﺘﻦ -bAshi) ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪﻥ budan, ‘bovam, bovi, bovad . . .’) and) ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ,(hast . . .’ version dan, ‘bAsham, bAshi, bAshad . . .’). Before the Islamic revolution, the motto of Iran’s Ministry of Education, published on the ﬁrst page of all school books, used to be this line by Ferdowsi: A A A A tav n bovad har-ke d n bovad, ‘whoever is) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﺑُ َﻮﺩ ﻫﺮﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺎ ﺑُ َﻮﺩ wise is strong’ or ‘knowledge is power’) 181 which means – ﺑﻮﺩﻥ Appendix III Here bovad is the third person singular of the verb Literary, that the verb to be could be conjugated as bovam, bovi, bovad, etc., although poetical, archaic it is mostly the third person singular which can be seen in classical texts of prose and verse. For the negative also, the shorter or astan version had its own shorter negative as:

= (ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ ni-am) ﻧﻴَﻢ (ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻰ = ne-'i) ﻧِﺌﻰ (ﻧﻴﺴﺖ = nist) ﻧﻴﺴﺖ (ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻴﻢ = ne-'im) ﻧِﺌﻴﻢ (ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻴﺪ = ne-'id) ﻧِﺌﻴﺪ (ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ = ni-and) ﻧﻴﻨﺪ

182 ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖAPPENDIX IV ۴  ِﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺧﻮﺏ، ﺑﺪ Good, bad and ﻭ ﺯﺷﺖ ugly Persian ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ Common mistakes

Do we have good and bad Persian?

Languages are constantly changing, and there can never be a general consensus on what is good or bad usage in a language like Persian – just as in English some would ﬁnd the word general redundant before consensus, and for others it is okay. In the two volumes of this grammar and workbook, however, you have occasionally seen references to bad or careless Persian. Here you will see what exactly was meant by that.

IV.i Administrative/journalistic1 Persian

Careless or bad Persian can be encountered in formal/written Persian only. The way different people speak can differ, based on the social milieu in which they grew up, but you cannot blame anyone for the way he speaks. And don’t forget that here we are only talking about the contemporary standard Persian of Iran, not about Persian as it is used in other countries, nor as it used to be in the past – even the quite recent past! The worst, or ugliest, Persian is what is neither used by ordinary people when they are talking nor by good writers when they are writing. Compare the following:

(.This disease is dangerous) ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ. :Formal you note here the – ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﻰ (/ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯ) ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻛﻪ. :Colloquial/Tehrani change from ast to -e. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. :Awkward

Iranian writers mean bad or careless Persian. 183 (ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰِ ژﻭﺭﻧﺎﻟﻴﺴﺘﻰ) ’By ‘journalistic Persian 1 Appendix IV In the last example, mi-bAshad has replaced ast (/-e) – something that Good, bad writers of ‘good Persian’ avoid. Conjugating the verb to be as ‘mi-bAsham, and ugly A Persian mi-b shi, etc.’ is something you will never hear in spoken Persian, and all writers known for their ‘good’ Persian will avoid it as well, but in the press Common mistakes or in administrative language you will ﬁnd this on every page by the dozen.

Table IV.i: Substitutes that you had better avoid

used in spoken + ‘good’ Persian substitutes often used in written administrative/journalistic Persian ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ/ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ/ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ (ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪﻥ) ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﮔﺸﺘﻦ/ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺷﺪﻥ

on the right column) are especially) ﺷﺪﻥ and ﻛﺮﺩﻥ The substitutes for common with compound verbs. You can find these ‘awkward substitutes’ in written Persian almost everywhere – except in the writings of those known to be the models of ‘good Persian.’ Example: ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ [. . .] ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ [. . .] From Iran’s Constitution, §84: ‘Every representative) ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. shall be entitled to express his views on all internal and external .ﻛﻨﺪ has replaced ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ matters of the country.’) Here Careless, journalistic Persian is marked by the bad influence of translations from other languages, using the passive where Persian would normally seek other alternatives (see I/20.1), using the DDO-marker when it is not needed or placing it at the end of a relative clause (see I/19.3), or deleting a verb without justification (see 6.4), etc. An example for deleting a verb: She) ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺣﺒﺲ، ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺖ. was arrested in Tehran and passed away in prison after 14 days.) – .and the verb cannot be omitted ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ Here you should say

IV.ii Persian purists and what they hate most

There has been a Persian purism movement among Iranian intellectuals, writers and linguists since the early twentieth century with ups and downs at different stages – a movement with very little effect on the ordinary people and the way they use the language, no matter to what extent they 184 share the nationalistic sentiments fueling this movement. Here we won’t discuss the more extremist views of those who want to Common mistakes cleanse Persian of all foreign words (which would be like cleansing English among of all words of French/Latin origin) and will just mention a few of the learners of objections of the more moderate scholars/linguists. The main point of this Persian group is: if we cannot get rid of all foreign words, we should at least not allow certain grammatical features of foreign languages (read: Arabic) to be used in Persian. Some examples of their recommendations:

• Don’t use Arabic broken plurals when you can use Persian plurals, but especially don’t use Arabic plurals for Persian words – some of which ,(proposals = ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ = pishnahAdAt ) ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ are rather common, like ,reports); and some seem unavoidable = ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎ = gozAreshAt) ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺕ .(’sabzijAt, the collective noun for ‘vegetables) ﺳﺒﺰﻳﺠﺎﺕ like • Don’t use the Arabic tanvin for Persian words to make adverbs, like be] nAchAr, inevitably or]) ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ/ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ nAchAr-an) instead of) ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭﺍً .(gAhi, sometimes) ﮔﺎﻫﻰ gAh-an) instead of) ًﮔﺎﻫﺎ perforce) or -fAregh ) ﻓﺎﺭﻍﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ Don’t use or even make new Arabic compounds like • ,ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ot-tahsil, graduate) and use Persian words instead (like .(ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯ or ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮ modeled on

IV.iii Common mistakes among learners of Persian

You cannot expect more than a few examples here, but you will certainly ﬁnd these very helpful. These are some of the most common ones.

when you want to say ‘I don’t know ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ Don’t say • if he knows or not.’ – yes, agar means if, but only in conditionals, not in indirect questions! (see 1.4) ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ (ﻛﻪ/ﺁﻳﺎ/ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ) . . . :Say instead Note that you can still say: I don’t know what he’s going to do) ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ if he finds out.) This is the conditional if! when you want to say ‘This is a ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻏﻤﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ Don’t say • sad story.’ In Persian, only a person can be sad, happy, wise, clever, and so on – you need a different word for things (see 10.4). ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻏﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ :Say instead when you want to say ‘I find that ﻣﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ Don’t say • to lose). The verb) ﮔﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ is only the opposite of ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ’.interesting can be used in both of these senses, but then it is a verb used in ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ formal/literary language only. (.It seems interesting to me) ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻡ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ (/ ﻣﻰﺁﻳﺪ) :(.Say instead (col I find that interesting.) 185) ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻰ ﻳﺎﺑﻢ :(.Or ( form./lit when you want to say ‘I believe ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ Appendix IV • Don’t say Good, bad that they know [it].’ Use only to show that you believe some- ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ and ugly .ﺣﺮﻓﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ Persian one’s words (that he is not lying) – as in Common Say instead: ﻓﻜﺮ (/ ّﺗﺼﻮﺭ/ﮔﻤﺎﻥ) ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻰﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ mistakes when you want to say ‘I believe ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻢ Similarly, don’t say • in God.’ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ :(.Say instead (col ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ :(.Or ( form./lit

When an English word has different meanings or usages, you can be sure that you will need a different word in Persian for each of those meanings/usages. Just take the verb to take:

Table IV.ii: The verb to take

to take Persian equivalent opposite in Persian ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ’as the opposite of ‘to give ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ ’as the opposite of ‘to bring ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺑَﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ’as the opposite of ‘to put

Examples:

(.He gave the book and I took it) ﺍﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻢ. I brought her food and she) ﻏﺬﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺎﻗﺶ ﺑُﺮﺩ. took it to her room.) He put the) ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﻴﺰ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ. letter on the table and I took it [/picked it up] from the table.)

And ﬁnally, to have some fun, compare the verbs used in these short sentences:

1. ﮔﻞ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﻳﺪ. 2. ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﻳﺪ. 3. ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ. ۴. ﻣﺎ ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ. ۵. ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺮﻡ. ۶. ﭘﻨﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺮﻡ. 7. ﺷﻤﺎ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ؟ 8. ﺍﻭ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ؟ 9. ﺷﻤﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻗﺼﻴﺪ؟ 10. ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺭﻗﺼﻴﺪ.

186 ﻓﺎﺭﺱ – ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ– ﻓﺎﺭﺱ – ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ – ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ – ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ IV.iv ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ – ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ

ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍُﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ّﻣﻬﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻯ ﺍﺵ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ِﻣﺎﺩﺭﻯ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺣﺘّﻰ ﺩﺭ ِﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﺎﺭﺑُﺮﺩِ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻫﺎ:

ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﻛﺸﻮﺭِ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ِﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ِﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺍُ ﺳﻄﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﻣﺮﺩﻡِ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ِﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﺮﺩﻡِ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡِ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ِﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ِﺷﻌﺮ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻗﻮﻡِ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﺓ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ِﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ِﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ

187 KEY TO EXERCISES

Unit 1

Exercise 1.1 1. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﺖ. 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ. 3. ﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﻭ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﺪ. we ,ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩﻥ Notes: 1) To show that Hasan is not the subject of the verb -see 1.8]; 2) to avoid a confusion of third person pro] ﺍﻭ have to mention nouns, we mention Hasan’s name. ۴ . ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺳﻬﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ. to show the change of subject; 2) we are much ﺍﻭ Notes: 1) Again we use s because they are[ ﻛﻪ] more likely here to drop at least one of these ke so close to each other. ۵ . ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) (ﻛﻪ) ﻇﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺸﻮﻳﺪ. ۶ . ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ (ﻛﻪ) ﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺯﺩﺩ. 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. 8. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). /dropped in colloquial Persian [see I/13.3]; often in written ﺍﺳﺖ :Note formal Persian too. If you want to keep one of them, keep the one at the end of the sentence. 9. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﻭ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). 10. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ/ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺯ (ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ. 188 Exercise 1.2 Key to exercises 1. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ/ﺭﻭﺯِ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺭﻓﺖ/ . . . . ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻤﺎﻥ . . . ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ . . . ;could be a real plural or plural used for respect ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺘﺎﻥ Note: Your in hence the two versions here. 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ)/ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ/ . . . . ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ if you are included in that you; also note that the ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ Note: Use ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ .could be just for respect (hence the sg ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻳﺪ mother’s use of pl. in .(as one option ﺍﺳﺖ 3. ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺁﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺯﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻴﻢ./ . . . . ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻨﺪ. .if you are included in that we used by Hasan ﻣﺎ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻴﻢ Note: Use ۴ . ﭘﺪﺭ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻐﺎﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻔﺸﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). ۵ . ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ((ﺍﺳﺖ)) ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). ۶ . ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻳﻢ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻗﺎﺗﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ. 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺁﻳﺎﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﺸﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ). 8. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺹ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻏﺬﺍ. 9. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ. Note: There are two shifts of subjects here: the teacher asks, Parviz knows, ,(also ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ twice (once for the verb ﺍﻭ the teacher wants. . . . If we repeat it will be still more confusing. (One solution would be repeating the names, which would not make a beautiful sentence.) 10. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ.

Exercise 1.3

1. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩ (ﻛﻪ) ﺁﻥ ﻟﺒﺎﺳﻬﺎﻯ ﺯﺷﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﭙﻮﺷﻢ. 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﻮﺳﺪ. 3. ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﺯﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻛﻤﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻮﺍﻯ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ/ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ. ۴. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻫﻴﭽﻮﻗﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﻢ 189 ﺭﺍ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﻡ. ۵. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﮔﻔﺖ/ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻰ Key to ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻗﺸﻨﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ. ۶. ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ exercises ﻣﻰ ﻛﺸﺪ. 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺎ (/ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺠﺎ) ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ. 8. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺻﻬﺎﻯ ﺗﻠﺦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﭽﻪ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ. 9. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﺯِ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ. 10. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ.

Exercise 1.4 1. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ، ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻜﻨﺪ. 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻛﺎﺵ (ﺍﻭ) ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ. 3. ﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺁﻫﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ، ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻰﻓﻬﻤﺪ. ۴ . ﭘﺪﺭ ﺁﺫﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺫﺭ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ، ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ. ۵ . ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻛﺎﺵ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. ۶ . ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﺠﻠﻪ ﻧﻜﻨﻨﺪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ. 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ، ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ. To reduce ambiguity and risk of confusion, you could also say: ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ، ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ. 8. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﺎﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. 9. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﭼﺮﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪ. 10. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﺎﺵ ﺍﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺟﺮﺋﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ.

Exercise 1.5 1. ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻏﺬﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻳﻢ، ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ./ . . . . (ﻛﻪ) ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻳﻢ، ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ. 2. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺁﺫﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ)، ﻗﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﺵ ﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). 3. ﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻢ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ، ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ. ۴. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﻤﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻳﺶ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ)، ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺎﻗﺶ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ). ۵. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﺗﻨﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﺴﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻛﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). ۶. ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ (ﻛﻪ) ﻣﺮﺩﻯ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ ﻛﻤﻰ ّﻗﺪﺵ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). 7. ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺁﻳﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻪ 190 Key to exercises (ﺍﺳﺖ)، ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺖ. 8. ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﭼﺸﻤﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﭼﺸﻢ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻧﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭼﭙﺶ. 9. ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﺪ، ﺑﭙﺮﺳﺪ. 10. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ)، ﻫﺮﻭﻗﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ).

Exercise 1.6 1. ‘Work only six days in the week, because I created the world in six days.’ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﺶ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺶ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. 2. ‘The entire day I cried in the mirror.’ ﻓﺮﻭﻍ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺋﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). 3. ‘God’s benevolence is more than our misdeeds.’ if you ﻣﺎ use) ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ِﻟﻄﻒ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ُﺟﺮﻡِ ﻣﺎ (/ﺁﻧﻬﺎ) ﺍﺳﺖ. consider yourself included.) 4. ‘You can listen to/hear this program again at 6:30.’ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪﺓ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺷﺶ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺸﻨﻮﻳﻢ. 5. ‘Was I awake in your belly or asleep?’ ﺑﭽﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻯ ﺷﻜﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ؟ 6. ‘I think you had eaten some bad food yesterday.’ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ/ ﺭﻭﺯِ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺑﺪﻯ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻡ. 7. ‘Admit (/accept) that you have not understood the meaning of this poem.’ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻴﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ). 8. ‘If you know its meaning (/what it means), tell me!’ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ. 9. ‘Leave your car here and come with me.’ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ (ﻛﻪ) ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ. (Note here the change from ‘come’ to ‘go.’) 10. ‘How would you have carried these alone if I hadn’t helped you?’ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ (ﻛﻪ) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ، (ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ) ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺮﺩ؟ can help avoid confusion.) 191 ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ Note that repeating) Key to Unit 2 exercises Exercise 2.1 1. gush-e, ‘I heard with my own ears that he said he wouldn’t come.’ 2. [no ezAfe], ‘First I went to the bath (= shower) and washed myself.’ 3. khod-e, ‘I saw his father but did not see Naser himself.’ 4. nazdik-e, ‘Naser himself had gone to a city near Tehran.’ 5. barAye, ‘In that city, Naser bought himself a house.’ 6. khod-e, ‘The windows were small, but the house itself was large.’ He always cooked in his own home and‘ ,[ﺧﺎﻧﺔ a) khAne-ye [written as .7 took [it] to the factory.’ b) [no ezAfe], ‘At home, he himself always cooked and. . . .’ 8. [no ezAfe], ‘If you see yourself in the mirror, you’ll die from laughing.’ 9. khod-e, ‘I’ve only seen her picture, but you’ve seen Mina herself.’ 10. khod-e, ‘Babak’s mother herself was born in 1320 [= 1941].

Exercise 2.2 1. ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. 2. ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ. 3. ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ (/ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ) ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ِﻣﺮﺩﻫﺎﻯ (/ ِﻣﺮﺩﺍﻥ) ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﻫﻴﺪ. ۴ . ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ (/ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ) ِﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ِﻣﻴﺰ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻢ. ۵ . ﺳﮕﻬﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ِﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ (/ ِﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺧﻮﺩ) ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ۶ . ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ِﺑﻨﺪ ﻛﻔﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ، ﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻛﻔﺶ ﺭﺍ. 7. ﻣﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ (/ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﺮﺩ/ﻣﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ. (No ezXfe for mard here.) 8. ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ (/ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ) ﻟﺒﺎﺳﻬﺎﻳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ (/ﺧﻮﺩ) ﻣﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ./ . . . ﺧﻮﺩﻡ (/ﺧﻮﺩ) ﻟﺒﺎﺳﻬﺎﻳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻡ. 9. ﺍﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ (/ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ) ِﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ (/ﺧﻮﺩ) ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ. 10. ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ِﺧﻮﺩﻛﺸﻰ ﭘﺴﺮﺵ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ (/ﺧﻮﺩ) ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﺖ.

Exercise 2.3 1. ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ (/ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻢ. 2. ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﺎ (/ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺎﻥ/ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ) ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻴﻢ. 3. ﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ 192 Key to exercises ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻴﻢ. ۴. ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ (/ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭِ ِﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻦ/ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ) ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ. ۵. ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ِﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﻦ (ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ِﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ) ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ. ۶. ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ. 7. ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻋﻠﻰ (/ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ/ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ) ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. 8. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﻦ (/ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ) ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. 9. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭِ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ (/ﭘﺪﺭِ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺍﻭ) ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. 10. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.

Exercise 2.4 (’?Why didn’t you bring it for me‘) ﭼﺮﺍ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻧﻴﺎﻭﺭﺩﻯ؟ .1 The movie was long and I couldn’t‘) ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻤﺶ .2 watch it.’) After two weeks‘) ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﺴﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ/ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺩﻣﺶ .3 I returned it to this same library.’) (’.Don’t eat it if you’re not hungry‘) ﺍﮔﺮ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻰ، ﻧﺨﻮﺭﺵ .4 (’.You found us very fast‘) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳِﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻯ/ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻯ ﻣﺎﻥ .5 They killed him before he told the‘) ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﺸﺘﻨﺪﺵ .6 police.’) He dances from joy as soon as‘) ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻰ ِﺑﻴﻨﺪﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻗﺼﺪ .7 he sees you.’) If you repair it, they’ll‘) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﺵ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ (/ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪﺵ)، ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻰﺧﺮﻧﺪﺵ .8 buy it better.’) You‘) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻨﻰ (/ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻰ ﺍﺵ)، ﻭﻟﻰ ﺩﺳﺘﺶ ﻧﺰﻥ (/ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﺰﻧﺶ) .9 can see/look at it, but don’t touch it.’) I wish‘) ﻛﺎﺵ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ (/ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻣﺶ) ﻭ ﻣﻰ ِﮔﻔﺘﻤﺘﺎﻥ .10 I hadn’t forgotten it and could have told it to you.’)

Exercise 2.5 1. ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻜﻦ، ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. 2. ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﻰ، ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻦ. 3. ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﺪ. ۴. ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻢ. ۵. ﺑﻪ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﺪ. ۶. ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. 7. ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻴﻢ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ 193 ﺗﻠﻔﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ. 8. ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﺕ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ Key to ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻡ. 9. ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺠﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ. 10. ﻣﻤﻜﻦ exercises ﺍﺳﺖ ِﻣﺎﻝ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻧﻜﻦ.

Exercise 2.6 1. Don’t tear up the letter, I need it. 2. Turn off the light before you [go to] sleep. 3. He doesn’t like me and he’s lying. 4. I didn’t see my friends in the library and went back home. 5. I fed the child and waited until it fell asleep. 6. Help us ﬁnish this job faster. 7. We wanted to invite you but didn’t have your phone number. 8. I saw you that day at your brother’s home but didn’t see you again after that. 9. I put/left the key right there so that Ali would ﬁnd it more easily. 10. It could be the neighbor’s; don’t open the package.

Unit 3

Exercise 3.1 ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻰ (ﺭﺍ) .1 2. If it is ‘the snow,’ then rA is necessary, and if it is ‘snow shovelling’ in general, then you had better use no rA at all. 3. Both ‘rA’s are necessary. ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﺋﻰ (ﺭﺍ) .4 5. You are not a writer and your professor is not a journal, so rA is necessary. 6. RA is necessary: intense intellectual involvement with some specific point. ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﺋﻰ (ﺭﺍ) .7 8. Both ‘rA’s are necessary; reason for the first one similar to #6. ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ Both ‘rA’s are necessary; reason for the second one: object of .9 is usually treated as definite. ,is usually treated as definite ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ Both ‘rA’s are necessary; object of .10 especially when human.

Exercise 3.2 1. After a short while, I picked some appropriate dress [/suit/clothes] and purchased it. 2. Put on some warmer clothes today because you have to shovel the snow. 3. Is it possible for a person to kill another person and forget it? 4. The professor picked a student for that job/for doing that. 5. I wrote my professor a letter and sent him the article. 6. I didn’t under- 194 stand some point and asked him/her later. 7. By reading that book I understood/realized certain things that I didn’t know before. 8. I didn’t Key to know the meaning of a word and did not understand that sentence. exercises 9. I didn’t know the girls but I recognized a boy and went to him. (For the see 8.3.3.) 10. The police released ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ role of mi- in the past tense of the women immediately but kept a man in prison until the next day.

Exercise 3.3 .[pastes of tooth] ﺧﻤﻴﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ (toothpastes], b] ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎ (a .1 .[the balls of the game] ﺗﻮﭘﻬﺎﻯ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ (ball games], b] ﺗﻮپ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﻫﺎ (a .2 .[the cooks of the house] ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ (kitchens], b] ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ (a .3 .[the teeth of the physician] ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎﻯ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ (dentists], b] ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﭙﺰﺷﻚﻫﺎ (a .4 the ﬁrst] ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﻫﺎﻯ ّﺍﻭﻝ (best pupils (of classes)], b] ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﺎ (a .5 students]. .[big fathers] ﭘﺪﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﺰﺭگ (grandfathers], b] ﭘﺪﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻬﺎ (a .6 .[apples of the ground] ﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎﻯ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻰ (potatoes], b] ﺳﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻰ ﻫﺎ (a .7 .[sisters of the brother] ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ (siblings], b] ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﻫﺎ (a .8 .[the days of the letter] ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ (newspapers], b] ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ (a .9 .[doctors of the game] ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ (doctor games], b] ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﻫﺎ (a .10

Exercise 3.4 1. ﻧﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻰ. 2. -. 3. ﺳﻔﺮﻯ. ۴. -. ۵. ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻰ. ۶. ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻯ. 7. -. 8. ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﺋﻰ، ﺻﺤﺒﺘﻰ. 9. ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ. 10. -.

Exercise 3.5 1. It was a beautiful sunset and we watched the sunset at the beach/sea- shore for about half an hour. 2. Don’t tell anybody else the rubbish that he has said. 3. We must take some trip to that city before it is [too] late. 4. I wish he had given a brief explanation before the test so we knew what he wanted from us. 5. [Mr.] Doctor explained about that drug but I’ve forgotten his words [/what he said]. 6. He shed a few tears and begged us to forgive him. 7. She made it up with her friend and invited him to the party. 8. We see a few students each day in class A talk a little bit. 9. I haven’t been to Iran but I’ve read a few books about this country. 10. A Muslim man was asking an American lady about the address of the nearest library. 195 Key to Exercise 3.6 exercises 1. ﻳﻚ ﺳﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ. 2. ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺷﺶ ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺘﻰ [!here with -i]. 3. ﻳﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻪ. ۴. ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ. ۵. ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻜﺔ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺳﺒﻪ. ۶. ﻳﻚ ﺧﺪﺍﺣﺎﻓﻈﻰ ﺩﻩ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﻯ. 7. ﻳﻚ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺳﻪ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ. 8. ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺍﺗﺎﻗﻪ. 9. ﻳﻚ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ. 10. ﻳﻚ ﺟﺸﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﻩ.

Unit 4

Exercise 4.1 [I suggested yesterday that he [should) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﺪ .1 ﬁnish the letter.) 2. This can have different answers: Yesterday he) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (/ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ) may have gone to the library with his friend.). maybe‘) ﺭﻓﺖ maybe he was going’) or‘) ﻣﻰ ﺭﻓﺖ The verb can also be .(’maybe he had gone‘) ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ he went’) or Yesterday we tried to) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .3 cook a more delicious meal.) 4. This has two answers, the ﬁrst of them with two translations: Yesterday she) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ had to translate/she should have translated four more pages of that book.), or: Yesterday) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ she must have translated four more pages of that book.) Yesterday I preferred) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻢ .5 to stay at home and study.) Yesterday I wished) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﻯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ .6 to walk outside [‘in free air’] for a few hours.) 7. Two answers: /Yesterday you needed) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﺕ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺮﺻﻬﺎ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻛﻨﻰ had to ask your doctor about the pills.), or: Yesterday you) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﺕ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺮﺻﻬﺎ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻯ should have asked . . .) Yesterday I was [supposed] to) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺒﺮﻡ .8 196 take my friend to the airport.) 9. (Yesterday Key to exercises ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺪﻡ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ I feared that my father would say he wouldn’t pay my college fees.) Yesterday) ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻢ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﺪ .10 my boss wanted/intended to send us home two hours earlier.)

Exercise 4.2 I can’t be in another city) ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﺔ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ .1 in the first week.) Haven’t they) ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ؟ .2 asked you to just bring the letter and not read it?) Don’t you know how) ﺁﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .3 my daughter has learned Persian?) I don’t think they’ll return from) ﻓﻜﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺭﻭﺯِ ﺷﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ .4 Iran on Saturday.) He didn’t think I’d still be) ﻓﻜﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺎ ِﺯﻥ ّﺍﻭﻟﻢ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ .5 living with my first wife.) We had no doubt that) ﺷﻚ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ .6 they intended to stay for only two days.) Don’t you agree that what) ﺁﻳﺎ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .7 you did was wrong?) We didn’t try much) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻊ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻜﺸﺪ .8 to convince him not to kill himself.) I have no doubt that he is still in) ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .9 that city.) Her father wouldn’t allow) ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ .10 her at first to see that friend of hers.)

Exercise 4.3 (.No, and I hope she will never have one) ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .1 (.pl) ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻳﻢ No, but I’m supposed to eat with Mina.) – Here) ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻡ .2 is also possible. (.Not yet, but I’ll read it next week) ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻢ/ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ .3 (.Not yet, but I plan to see him tomorrow) ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ .4 (.Not today, but I was talking to him yesterday) ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰﺯﺩﻡ .5 No, but perhaps Mina buys it.) 197) ﺑﺨﺮﺩ .6 Key to 7. (No, he’s certainly home today.) ﺍﺳﺖ exercises (.Not always; in the morning I must take another bus) ﺑﺮﻭﻡ .8 ,(.No, but I’m afraid that my mother will ﬁnd out) ﺑﻔﻬﻤﺪ :Two answers .9 .(.may have found out . . .) ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ or (.No, but I must encourage him to learn) ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ .10

Exercise 4.4 1. ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ 2. ﻣﻰﺁﻣﺪ 3. ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﻰ ۴. ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻰ ۵. ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩﻯ ۶. ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻯ 7. ﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ 8. ﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ 9. ﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ 10. ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﻨﻰ 11. ﺻﺒﺮ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩﻯ 12. ﺻﺒﺮ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩﻯ 13. ﺻﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻰ 1۴. ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ 1۵. ﻣﻰﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻯ.

Exercise 4.5 1. He is smart enough to ﬁnd a good wife. 2. The weather is cold enough for you to wear a coat [/an overcoat]. 3. They are close enough to hear what we are saying. 4. I am hungry enough to eat. 5. You are stupid enough to repeat this mistake again. 6. She is so weak that she cannot walk [/‘weak enough not to be able to walk’]. 7. The child is tired enough to sleep. 8. I have enough money to buy my daughter a car. 9. He talked enough for us to understand what he meant. 10. I like this house enough not to sell it. 11. She loves her child enough to buy him new clothes. 12. He is selﬁsh enough to believe that.

Exercise 4.6 He is too smart not to) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺯﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ِﺯﻥ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ. .1 ﬁnd a good wife.) The weather is too cold for) ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﺘﻮ ﻧﭙﻮﺷﻰ. .2 you not to wear a coat [/an overcoat].) They are too close to not) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻯ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﻨﻮﻧﺪ. .3 hear what we are saying.) (.I am too hungry not to eat) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﺍﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﻡ. .4 You are too stupid) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺣﻤﻘﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻜﻨﻰ. .5 to not repeat this mistake again.) She is too weak to be able) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ. .6 to walk.) (.The child is too tired not to sleep) ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﺑﺪ. .7 198 8. (I have too much Key to exercises ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻧﺨﺮﻡ. money to not buy my daughter a car.) He talked too much for us) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻴﻢ. .9 to not understand what he meant.) I like this house) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻔﺮﻭﺷﻢ. .10 too much to sell it.) She loves her) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﭽﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﻧﻮ ﻧﺨﺮﺩ. .11 child too much to not buy him new clothes.) He is too selﬁsh not to) ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ. .12 believe that.)

Unit 5

Exercise 5.1 -He’ll come back tomor) ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ .1 row, unless his mother doesn’t let him.) ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻯ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻮﺳﻢ .2 (Grandmother said, ‘I won’t tell you unless you let me kiss you.’) ,He will be elected) ﺍﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .3 unless people have good judgment.) I won’t eat this food) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ .4 unless I’m very hungry.) I won’t work for him) ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ .5 unless he himself asks [me to].) Today) ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﻮﻫﺮﻡ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .6 I’ll eat in the restaurant, unless my husband has cooked.) She) ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﻨﻰ .7 wouldn’t like you, unless you agree with whatever she says.) We won’t live in) ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ .8 that house unless we have to.) I won’t talk) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺯﺩ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺬﺭﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ .9 with her anymore unless she apologizes.) They will) ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻐﻠﺖ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ .10 respect you, unless they know what your job is.) 199 Key to Exercise 5.2 exercises 1. I trust you; otherwise I wouldn’t have told you this. 2. My kids are small; otherwise I would have been able to work. 3. He didn’t know yesterday; otherwise he wouldn’t have laughed so much. 4. You must leave the window open; otherwise the room becomes too warm. 5. You must eat more fruits and vegetables; otherwise your condition won’t improve. 6. Iranians are lazy people; otherwise they wouldn’t have had so many poets. 7. I want to go to Iran; otherwise I wouldn’t have learned Persian. 8. Read that interview; otherwise you won’t know him well. 9. He has lied to us; otherwise he would have come himself. 10. People like him; otherwise they wouldn’t have voted for him.

Exercise 5.3 If I hadn’t trusted you, I) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻢ، ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ .1 wouldn’t have told you this.) If my kids hadn’t been) ﺍﮔﺮ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ، ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻢ .2 small, I would have been able to work.) If he had known yesterday, he) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ، ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ .3 wouldn’t have laughed so much.) If you don’t leave the) ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﻯ، ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ .4 window open, the room becomes too warm.) If you don’t eat more) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺰﻯ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺨﻮﺭﻯ، ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ .5 fruits and vegetables, your condition won’t improve.) If Iranians had not) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﺁﺩﻣﻬﺎﻯ ﺗﻨﺒﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ، ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ .6 been lazy people, they wouldn’t have had so many poets.) If I hadn’t wanted to) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ، ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻢ .7 go to Iran, I wouldn’t have learned Persian.) If you don’t read) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ، ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ .8 that interview, you won’t know him well.) If he hadn’t lied to us, he) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻣﺪ .9 would have come himself.) If people hadn’t liked) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ .10 him, they wouldn’t have voted for him.)

200 Exercise 5.4 Key to exercises (.I’ll say/I’ll tell you if you have time) ﺍﮔﺮ .1 (.My car was broken down; otherwise I would have come) ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ .2 (.He was very angry; it looked like he had found out) ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ .3 (.I will see him too, unless he doesn’t come at all) ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ .4 (.I wanted to say; only, I didn’t dare) ﻓﻘﻂ .5 (?If he didn’t know, why did he say he did) ﺍﮔﺮ .6 7. Two answers: :I too said the same thing as you; only I didn’t insult.), or) ﻓﻘﻂ (.with the difference that I didn’t insult . . .) ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ (.I’ll come today also; only, a little later) ﻓﻘﻂ .8 (.I have to help him; otherwise, he won’t ﬁnish) ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ .9 (?You probably didn’t know that she had married) ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ .10

Exercise 5.5 If you haven’t read that book, you had better not go to class) ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩﺍﻯ .1 today.) I hope she calls him; otherwise her brother would never) ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ .2 know.) I can smoke in the yard, unless you don’t mind [/unless it makes) ﻧﻜﻨﺪ .3 no difference to you].) This doesn’t look like a party at all, unless you make the music) ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .4 louder.) If she didn’t want to buy the book, she should have borrowed) ﻧﻤﻰﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ .5 it from a [/the] public library.) If I hadn’t seen you, I would have thought something bad) ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ .6 had happened.) If the house had caught ﬁre, would you have known how) ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﺪ .7 to put out the ﬁre?) (.If you intend/plan to marry her, do it in this same year) ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ .8 (.I’ll not marry him unless he really insists) ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ .9 If you divorce tomorrow, won’t the child be deprived of having) ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ .10 a mother or father?) 201 Key to Exercise 5.6 exercises 1. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺕ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻧﮓ ﻧﺰﻥ. 2. ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻛﻨﺪ. 3. ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺋﺖ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﻢ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﻓّﻖ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺵ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ (/ . . . ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﻓّﻖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ِﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺵ ﺑﺸﻮﻳﺪ). ۴ . ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ًﻗﺒﻼ ﻧﺠﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ، ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﺷﻨﺪ. ۵ . ﺍﻭ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺩ. ۶ . ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ِﺭﻧﮓ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﺎ ِﺭﻧﮓ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﺮﻕ (/ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ) ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ 7. ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ (/ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ)، ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺘﺮﻧﺪ. 8. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻰ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻰ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ؟ 9. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﻥ ﻧﮕﻮ. 10. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺩ.

Unit 6

Exercise 6.1 I didn’t want to return, but he made me return against my) ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ .1 will.) (.She fed the child with the same food that she was eating) ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪ .2 (.I’m not usually scared of dogs, but this dog scared me a lot) ﺗﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ .3 (.Before she went to bed herself, she put all the children to bed) ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﺪ .4 They arrived very late, and they ﬁnally delivered that letter) ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ .5 to me.) (.This dog must run a lot in order to make you also run a little) ﺑﺪﻭﺍﻧﺪ .6 (.Put on something warm, and also cover yourself well at night) ﺑﭙﻮﺷﺎﻥ .7 (.My father sat down and sat my little brother on his knee) ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪ .8 The ﬁrst week was very hard, but we had it easier the second) ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﺪﻳﻢ .9 week [/spent the second week more comfortably].) (.He laughed a lot and made everybody laugh) ﻣﻰ ﺧﻨﺪﺍﻧﺪ .10

202 Exercise 6.2 Key to exercises 1. Yesterday he was reading a book [/books]. (-And, not causative) 2. Tomorrow she will sing a song in that program. (-Anad, not causative) 3. Why did he lay the child on the table? (-And, causative) 4. He may scare everybody with his loud voice. (-Anad, causative) 5. Did she stay longer than 5 hours? (-And, not causative) 6. He drove very fast in order to arrive early. (-And, not causative) 7. Should she be the teacher, she will make the students understand the lesson well. (-Anad, causative) 8. He says he will be able to, but he can’t. (-Anad, not causative) 9. I’m glad that he came and delivered the message to you. (-And, causative) 10. Did my words really scare you? (-And, causative)

Exercise 6.3 I picked up the plate and took it) ﺑﺸﻘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﻡ .1 to the kitchen.) I opened the book and) ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺻﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻔﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻡ .2 read as far as p. 117.) Who is that lady) ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻛﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﻮﻳﺪ؟ .3 who is sitting there and says nothing?) Her parents) ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ .4 have gone to school and have talked to the teacher.) We will no more) ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺯﺩ .5 see him nor talk to him.) -Sell that car and buy a bet) ﺁﻥ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻔﺮﻭﺷﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﺨﺮﻳﺪ .6 ter one.) He wants to learn) ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ .7 Persian and travel to Iran.) He has) ﺍﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) ﻭ ﺣﺘّﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﻤﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﺪ .8 never gone to school and can’t even write his own name.) She had previously) ًﻗﺒﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ .9 come to our house and talked to my brother.) You must boil the water and) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺠﻮﺷﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﻭ ﭼﺎﻯ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .10 make tea.)

203 Key to Exercise 6.4 exercises 1. They got out of the car and went to the hospital. 2. You shouldn’t sit in front of the TV without having washed the dishes. 3. She had lost her cat a number of times and found it again. 4. He has finished his food but has not slept yet. 5. In the past days I have met him several times and gone to the movies with him. 6. We passed a few streets and reached that large building. 7. Our car broke down before reaching [/not having yet reached] Tehran. 8. This apple is not quite ripe; give [me] another apple. 9. I got in the taxi and returned home. 10. That bird finally flew off the branch and [flew] away from us.

Exercise 6.5 .(ﭘﺮﻳﺪﻩ) and 10 (ﺷﺪﻩ) z9 ,( ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ) z6 ,(ﺩﻳﺪﻩ) z5 ,(ﻛﺮﺩﻩ) z3 ,(ﺷﺪﻩ) In numbers 1

Unit 7

Exercise 7.1 (.Cats don’t feel pity for mice) ﮔﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﻟﺸﺎﻥ ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ (/ﺑﻪ ِﺣﺎﻝ) ﻣﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻰﺳﻮﺯﺩ .1 You’ll sleep late if you drink) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺐ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻯ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺮﺩ .2 coffee at night.) (.We’ll be late if we don’t take a taxi) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻰ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﺩﻳﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ .3 Do you) ﺁﻳﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﺗﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﮓ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ (/ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ)؟ .4 could be ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ miss your previous university?) – The version with preferable in this case, treating the verb as a ‘state verb’ (see Unit 8). Why do you hate Persian) ﭼﺮﺍ ﺗﻮ ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﺑﺪﺕ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ؟ .5 cuisine so much?) Whenever I drink wine, I feel) ﻫﺮ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ ﮔﺮﻣﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ .6 warm.) Turn off the light, I want to sleep) ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻢ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ .7 (/I feel sleepy).) One feels pity for) ﺁﺩﻡ ﺩﻟﺶ ﺑﻪ ِﺣﺎﻝ (/ ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ) ﺍﻳﻦ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎﻯ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺳﻮﺯﺩ .8 these hungry children.) ,When we saw her dress) ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ﻟﺒﺎﺳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺧﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .9 we all had to laugh.) I’ll cry again if I see) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻡ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ .10 204 this ﬁlm a thousand times.) Exercise 7.2 Key to exercises 1. You [= one] can’t drink wine in Iran, can you? 2. You [= one] can’t talk to a lady in this way. 3. One must write another letter to the university. 4. You [= one] cannot make [so] much noise here. 5. Until last year one could go there without a visa. 6. You [= one] cannot see this ﬁlm and not laugh. 7. You [= one] shouldn’t send the child each year to a new school. 8. I wish one could become young again. 9. In this country you [= one] can marry a ten-year-old girl. 10. Can one like a frog as much as a cat?

Exercise 7.3 People cannot drink) ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻧﺪ، ﻣﮕﺮ ﻧﻪ؟ .1 wine in Iran, can they?) You can’t talk to a lady in) ﺗﻮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﻰ .2 this way.) We must write another letter to) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ .3 the university.) (.You cannot make [so] much noise here) ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻤﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .4 Until last year) ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ (/ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻰ) ِﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﻯ .5 you could go there without a visa.) One [/you] cannot see this ﬁlm) ﺁﺩﻡ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺨﻨﺪﺩ .6 and not laugh.) We shouldn’t send the) ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﻴﻢ .7 child each year to a new school.) (.I wish I could become young again) ﻛﺎﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﻮﻡ .8 In this) ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ِﺩﺧﺘﺮ َﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .9 country men can marry a ten-year-old girl.) ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺁﺩﻡ (/ﺁﻳﺎ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ) ﻳﻚ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ .10 (?Can one like a frog as much as a cat) ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟

Exercise 7.4 .One cannot see from here (ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﻳﺪ) .1 .One must ﬁrst look into their family (ﺑﺎﻳﺪ . . . ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻛﺮﺩ) .2 ?Does one [certainly] have to learn this language (ﺑﺎﻳﺪ . . . ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ) .3 .One shouldn’t feel too worried about her new job (ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ . . . ﺑﻮﺩ) .4 It’s probably not necessary to see her husband, but one (ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﺪ) .5 should certainly see her herself. 205 Key to 6. ( ) We can ask him himself why he had been following us. ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ . . . ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ exercises The police have told our neighbor that one should (ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ . . . ﺩﺳﺖ ﺯﺩ) .7 not touch anything. (Doctor, I must know whether there is (/one can have ( ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ . . . ﺩﺍﺷﺖ) .8 hope or not. 9. (No impersonal structure.) Couldn’t you tell me the truth from the beginning? I wish one could understand one day the meaning of (ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ . . . ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ) .10 these words! The city of Chicago had to burn once in ﬁre in order (ﺑﺎﻳﺪ . . . ﻣﻰﺳﻮﺧﺖ) .11 to be rebuilt. One must know that in the past one (ﻣﻰ ﺷﺪ . . . ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪ) z+ (ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ) .12 could burn scientists in Europe as heretics.

Exercise 7.5 All of them except 2, 6 and 9. By the way, 4 is impersonal only if you read .(as past stem (bar-gardAnd) and not as subjunctive (bar-gardAnad ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ

Unit 8

Exercise 8.1 He was standing here for an hour, but now he has gone to sit) ﺑﻨﺸﻴﻨﺪ .1 on that bench.) (?Who’s the girl sitting beside you in this photo) ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ (ﺍﺳﺖ) .2 The mother held the baby in her arms and tried to) ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﻮﺵ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .3 calm him down.) (.He was very tired and immediately lay on the bed) ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ .4 (?Why are you squatting there and doing nothing) ﭼﻤﺒﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ .5 A tall man is standing in the ﬁrst row and I can’t see) ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ) .6 the singer well.) Your shirt has become dirty because you) ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻯ/ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ .7 are/you were leaning against that wall.) (.I’m afraid of this woman who is staring at us) ﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ (ﺍﺳﺖ) .8 (?Do you know that boy who is about to sit beside Parviz) ﻣﻰ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﺪ .9 Don’t make noise, the child/baby must sleep/is about to fall) ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺪ .10 206 asleep.) Exercise 8.2 Key to exercises In Iran when you enter a house/home) ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻯ (.col) ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﻯ/(.form ) .1 you must take off your shoes.) (.He closed the book and took off his glasses) ﭼﺸﻤﺶ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ .2 If you don’t see well, why don’t you put on your) ﻧﻤﻰ ﺯﻧﻰ/ﻧﻤﻰ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ .3 glasses?) Please take off your pants/trousers so that) ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭ (.col) ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭ/(.form ) .4 the doctor can see your knee.) (.My socks were soaked and I had to take them off) ﺩﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻡ .5 (.I like what you are wearing right now) ﺗﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻯ .6 (?Do you know why I was wearing black yesterday) ﺗﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻢ .7 (.I really like the hats you wear) ﺳﺮﺕ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ .8 (.You can’t wear these old shoes at a party) ﺑﭙﻮﺷﻰ/ﭘﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻰ/ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎ ﻛﻨﻰ .9 I don’t know why men should decide what) ﺑﭙﻮﺷﻨﺪ/ﺗﻨﺸﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ/ﺑﻪ ﺗﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .10 women should wear.)

Exercise 8.3 Yesterday we were waiting for you and wanted to watch) ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻴﻢ .1 a movie with you.) Last week you should have asked Naser to ﬁnd you a) ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻴﺪ .2 house.) Why do you close your eyes every time that you want to) ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ .3 talk to me?) -I’m taking this for now, but I’ll bring it for you when) ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻰ/ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻰ .4 ever you want.) A number of times I was about to answer him, but) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ/ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻢ .5 I changed my mind/decided not to.) My ex-husband always wanted to teach me swimming, but) ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ .6 he was drowned himself in the lake.) As soon as the child saw her mother, she wanted to run) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ .7 towards her, but she fell down.) You could have been the best singer, if you had really) ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻰ .8 wanted it.) (.If you ask him to, it’s unlikely that he will refuse) ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ .9 One can ask someone like him to talk to the president.) 207) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ .10 Key to Exercise 8.4 exercises (.After waiting for a few weeks I was able to see her yesterday) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ .1 (?Can one tell the differences from afar) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ .2 If you see her you can suggest that she should make her) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ .3 article shorter.) (.Finally we were able to talk to him last Monday at his home) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ .4 (.In old times only the rich could travel in coaches) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ .5 (?Can one hope that that law will be passed) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ .6 (?Do you know how Edison was able to invent electricity) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ .7 (.Yes, you can climb the tree, but you’ll feel giddy) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ .8 (?Who can/could have spilled that milk on the table) ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ/ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ .9 (.It’s impossible he could have done this yesterday) ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .10

Exercise 8.5 1. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ./ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮ ﺧﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ. 2. ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻯ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻤﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ/ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ. 3. ﺁﻥ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﺩ. ۴ . ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻰ؟ ۵ . ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ. ۶ . ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺠﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﺩ. 7. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﮕﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. 8. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. 9. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻡ. 10. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ِﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺳﺨﺘﻰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.

Exercise 8.6 1. Do you know how to take a picture? 2. I recognized him at once. 3. I saw his car, and I knew that he was coming back. 4. Let him know/tell him that we are waiting for him. 5. Do you know what has happened? 6. We haven’t known how he is for a long time. 7. I don’t know who has bought that house. 8. We should let him know that his friend’s father has died. 208 9. It’s not good to keep him in ignorance. 10. He showed me the picture, and I recognized his father. Unit 9 Key to exercises Exercise 9.1 No compound verb in this .2 No compound verb in this sentence. .1 .sentence 3. ﺁﺭﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ. ۴. ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ. ۵. ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ. ۶. ﺳﻌﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ. 7. ﭘﺲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻥ. 8. ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ. 9. ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ. 10. ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ.

Exercise 9.2 1. I stayed one day longer in Isfahan to help my mother. 2. After talking to his new boss he did not know what to do. 3. This new drug has made the child much quieter than before. 4. This is part of the aid furnished [‘done’] by the Red Cross to the people. 5. Why do you want to take it back so quickly? 6. I must make some more effort to edit that article. 7. They said it was [already] too late and sent us back. 8. This weather will make her still more sick. 9. All my insistence is because of the affection I have for you. 10. His coming was a result of my insistence.

Exercise 9.3 1. ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻜﻨﺠﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ؟ 2. ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻜﻨﺠﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ، ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﺪ. 3. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﺠﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ۴ . ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ. ۵ . ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ. ۶ . ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ِﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻰ ﻋﻔﻮ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ. 7. ﺍﻭ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺩﻣﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ. 8. ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ (ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ) ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. 9. ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻛﻼﺱ ّﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. 10. ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻳﻢ.

Exercise 9.4 1. Do you know why they had tortured her? 2. In those three days during which they were torturing her, she was not allowed to sleep. 3. They pressed her to say where she had been. 4. The subject they were studying [/considering] required a lot of care. 5. I know that you too are interested in 209 [/like] this subject. 6. Under no circumstances will they pardon him. 7. He Key to is one of the people that I trust. 8. Regarding the contract I should say exercises that they are still reviewing it. 9. Second-graders were applauded/praised. 10. We did not agree with his suggestion.

Exercise 9.5 1. ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻢ؛ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻯ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ؟ 2. ﻧﻪ، ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ. 3. ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﭼﻴﺰﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻳﺪ. ۴ . ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ (/ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷﺘﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ)، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﺪ. ۵ . ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻭﺩ، ﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ. ۶ . ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻯ (/ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻯ) ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻰ ﻧﻤﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻯ. 7. ﺁﺩﻡ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺶ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ. ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻏﺬﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺶ ﻧﺸﺪ. :Or 8. ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺷﻖ ﻭ ﭼﻨﮕﺎﻝ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪ. 9. ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻰ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﻛﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻰ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﺩ. :Or 10. ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ِﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ؟

Unit 10

Exercise 10.1

(.A porter is someone who carries loads) ﺑﺎﺭﺑَﺮ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻰ ﺑَ َﺮﺩ .1 (.A driver is someone who drives) ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺭﺍﻧَﺪ .2 A stone carver is someone who) ﺳﻨﮕﺘﺮﺍﺵ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﺪ .3 carves stones.) A mailperson is someone who) ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ .4 delivers the mail [‘letters’].) A commander is someone who gives) ِﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻫﺪ .5 210 commands.) 6. (A receiver is someone who Key to exercises ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻛﺴﻰ (/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ) ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ [/something that] receives.) A sender [/transmitter] is) ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺴﻰ (/ﭼﻴﺰﻯ) ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ .7 someone who [/something that] sends [/transmits].) (.A loser is someone who loses) ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﺯﺩ .8 A black-clad person is someone) ﺳﻴﺎﻫﭙﻮﺵ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻰ ﭘﻮﺷﺪ .9 who is wearing black.) (.A ﬁsherman is someone who ﬁshes) ﻣﺎﻫﻴﮕﻴﺮ ﻛﺴﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻰ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﺩ .10

Exercise 10.2 1. ﺩﺭﻭﻏﮕﻮ (ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ)، ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ (ﺁﻣﺪﻥ) 2. ﺭﺃﻯ ﮔﻴﺮﻯ (ﺭﺃﻯ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ)، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ (ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻥ) 3. ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯ (ﺳﺮ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻦ)، ﺷﻮﺭﺵ/ﺷﻮﺭﺷﻰ (ﺷﻮﺭﻳﺪﻥ) ۴ . ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ (ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ)، ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ (ﻛﺎﺭ [ﺭﺍ] ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ) ۵ . ﺑﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ (ﺑﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ = ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ) ۶ . ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻯ (ﺩﺳﺖ [ﺭﺍ] ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ)، ﺧﺒﺮﺳﺎﺯ (ﺧﺒﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ) 7. ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻥ (ﺳﺨﻦ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ) 8. ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ (ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﺪﻥ) 9. ﺧﻮﻧﺨﻮﺍﺭ (ﺧﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ) 10. ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﻮﺍﻥ (ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ)، ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺵ (ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻦ)

Exercise 10.3 The neighbor’s child) ﺑﭽﺔ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺖ .1 instead of) ﻣﻰ ﮔﺮﻳﺴﺖ went to their house while he was crying.) Here is possible, but sounds literary. Also note the position of (ﮔﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ which we do not place at the beginning of the sentence to ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ .ﺭﻓﺖ avoid a possible confusion about the subject of ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺍﺷﻚ ﻣﻰ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻓﺮﻳﺎﺩِ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﻴﺪ .2 (He went away from there in tears and he still heard the screams of the women.) ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﻓﺮﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﺯﺩﻧﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ِﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺩﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﻨﺪ .3 (They entered the house while they were shouting and searched for the menfolk in the house.) 211 Key to 4. (He ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻟﻨﮕﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻡ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ exercises approached limping and asked about my mother’s well-being.) The children attacked) ﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺷﺎﺩﻯ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ .5 the presents with good cheer.) We went) ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﺎﺭِ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﺔ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺭﻓﺘﻴﻢ .6 roaming as far as that small lake.) A few) ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ .7 people approached and kissed her while congratulating her.) Swimming, he came) ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻛﺮﺩ .8 close to the boat.) ,Smiling) ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﻟﺒﺨﻨﺪ ﻣﻰﺯﺩ ﮔﻔﺖ: ’ﺩﺭ ﻋﻔﻮ ﻟﺬﺗﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.‘ .9 she said, ‘There’s a satisfaction in forgiving which is not there in revenge.’) Running, I went) ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺩﻭﻳﺪﻡ ﺗﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻳﻢ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺘﻢ .10 to my uncle’s home and told the news.)

Exercise 10.4 Your bag will certainly be found; don’t lose hope [‘don’t be very) ﻧﺎﺍﻣﻴﺪ .1 hopeless’].) (.She is still very young, but she plays the piano very masterfully) ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﺍﻧﻪ .2 With these daring words she showed that she was not afraid) ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺎﻧﻪ .3 of anyone.) (?How can a respectable man say such an ugly thing) ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ .4 (.This brave dog did not let that man kidnap my daughter) ﺷﺠﺎﻉ .5 (.I’m ashamed of [/embarrassed by] my own foolish acts) ﺍﺣﻤﻘﺎﻧﺔ .6 (.I got angry because he did not talk to me respectfully) ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ .7 He is a master [/expert] in his own ﬁeld [/work] and is very) ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ .8 famous in this city.) I guessed he must not be Naser, but still I asked his name) ﻧﺎﺍﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻪ .9 hopelessly.) (.He may not know everything, but he’s not stupid) ﺍﺣﻤﻖ .10

Exercise 10.5 1. Endless. 2. Anti-American. 3. Incorrect. 4. Without an answer; respon- seless. 5. Having no bath. 6. Thoughtless. 7. Unnecessary. 8. Joyful; full of 212 pleasure. 9. Unkind. 10. Incapable; powerless. Exercise 10.6 Key to exercises (.[One who has no job is jobless [/unemployed) ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭ .1 (.A job that involves a lot of dangers is very dangerous) ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮ .2 (.Something [‘a work’] that has a lot of trouble is troublesome) ﭘﺮ ﺩﺭﺩِ ﺳﺮ .3 A book that does not have many mistakes is a book with few) ﻛﻢ ﻏﻠﻂ .4 mistakes.) Something [‘a work’] that has no result [/bears no fruit] is) ﺑﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ .5 pointless/futile.) (.Someone who is not literate enough is only barely literate) ﻛﻢ ﺳﻮﺍﺩ .6 (.Someone who works a lot is hardworking) ﭘﺮﻛﺎﺭ .7 (.Something [‘a work’] that is not timely is untimely) ﺑﻴﻤﻮﻗﻊ .8 (.A person who talks a lot is talkative) ﭘﺮﺣﺮﻑ .9 (.One who does not have much wisdom is unintelligent) ﻛﻢ ﻋﻘﻞ .10

Unit 11

Exercise 11.1 We shall ultimately see her, whether at her own home in Tehran) ﭼﻪ .1 or in Isfahan.) (.I used to think he had said this, but I could be wrong) ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ .2 It was only a short stroll [we had], but you can’t imagine how) ﭼﻪ .3 good the weather was!) (.This zoo doesn’t even have a bear, let alone an elephant) ﭼﻪ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ .4 (.We have to go back home for dinner as soon as possible) ﻫﺮﭼﻪ .5 (.Don’t hurry now; you will have plenty of time for this in Iran) ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ .6 (.I don’t know further [than this] and told you whatever I knew) ﻫﺮﭼﻪ .7 I don’t want to hear his name again, let alone borrow) ﭼﻪ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ .8 a book from him.) (.I may not have studied well, but that’s none of your business) ﭼﻪ .9 (.All these years I have bought her whatever she [has] wanted) ﻫﺮﭼﻪ .10

Exercise 11.2

1. ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻰ. 2. ًﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ. 3. َﻛﺎﺭﺕ. ۴. ﺳﺮﻳﻊ. ۵. ﻭﺣﺸﻰ. ۶. ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻯ. 7. ًﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ. 213 8. ﺁﺭﺍﻡ. 9. ﺑﺪ. 10. ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ. Key to Exercise 11.3 exercises 1. ﻛﻤﻰ. 2. ﻛﻢ. 3. ﻛﻤﺘﺮ. ۴. ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ. ۵. ِﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ. ۶. ﻛﻤﺘﺮ. 7. ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ. 8. ﺯﻳﺎﺩ. 9. ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ. 10. ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ.

Exercise 11.4 1. ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺷﻄﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻦ. 2. ﺩﺭﺱ ّﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺭﺍ. 3. ﺧﺮﺑﺰﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﺮﺑﺰﻩ ﻫﺎﻯ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ. ۴ . ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ. ۵ . ﺍﻭ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻦ. ۶ . ﺗﻮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮﺕ. 7. ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭ. 8. ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ّﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻬﺎ. 9. ﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ. 10. ﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺟﺎﻟﺒﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ.

Exercise 11.5 1. Look, she laughs exactly like her mother! 2. The circumstances of the country are as bad as before. 3. The speaker referred to the magnitude of the country’s problems. 4. You [/One] can ﬁnd few poets as great as Hafez. 5. I don’t like traditional music as much as you do. 6. You must spend as much time on this child of yours as you did on the previous one. 7. Had you seen hair as red as this before now? 8. Was she crazy to marry such a bad man? 9. My days have become as dark as your nights. 10. I’m not as pessimistic as you, but not very optimistic either.

Exercise 11.6 1. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﮓ ﺑﻪ ِﺑﺰﺭﮔﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ. (/ . . . ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺐ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺍﺳﺖ.) 2. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﻃﻰ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ِﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻰ ﺯﻧﺪ. 3. ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻦ، ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺗﻮ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻡ (/ . . . ﺑﻪ ِﺧﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺗﻮ ﻫﺴﺘﻢ). ۴ . ﺁﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ِﺩﺭﺍﺯﻯ ﺷﺒﻬﺎﻯ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟ (/ . . . ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ . . . ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻧﺪ؟) 214 Key to ِ exercises ۵. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ. ۶ . ﺍﮔﺮ ِﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮ ﺗُﻨﺪ (/ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗُ ِﻨﺪﻯ ﺗﻮ) َﺑﺪ َﻭﻡ ﻣﻰ ﻣﻴﺮﻡ. 7. ﭘﻴﺎﺯ ًﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ (/ . . . ﺑﻪ ِﻣﻔﻴﺪﻯ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ). 8. ﺁﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺪﺑﻮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ؟ (/ . . . ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﻮﻯ ﺑﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ؟) 9. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ِﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ. 10. ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﺶ (/ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺵ) ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺣﻤﻘﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ.

Unit 12

Exercise 12.1 Why are you asking me about his address? I neither know) ﻧﻪ . . . ﻧﻪ . . . .1 him nor have I ever been to his home.) (.I’m not only afraid of my father, but also of my son) ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ . . . ﺑﻠﻜﻪ .2 (.He can very easily both insult and apologize) ﻫﻢ . . . ﻫﻢ . . . .3 I won’t buy that house, whether I have) ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . or ﭼﻪ . . . ﭼﻪ . . . .4 money or not.) :The people who made the revolution shouted on the streets) ﻳﺎ . . . ﻳﺎ . . . .5 ‘[Either] death or freedom!’) ,[One of the slogans of the Iranian revolution: ‘Neither East[ern) ﻧﻪ . . . ﻧﻪ . . . .6 nor West[ern] – the Islamic Republic!’) ,She will eventually hear the news) ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . or ﭼﻪ . . . ﭼﻪ . . . .7 whether she is here or in Iran.) (.Our cat eats not only mice but also small birds) ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ . . . ﺑﻠﻜﻪ . . . .8 In that trip we not only went to Isfahan, but to Shiraz) ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ . . . ﻫﻢ . . . .9 and Mashhad as well.) I don’t have much appetite tonight; I’ll either have some) ﻳﺎ . . . ﻳﺎ . . . .10 fruit or a glass of milk.)

Exercise 12.2 1. We heard that she was sick, therefore (/for this reason) we went to her house. 2. They had certainly heard that the professor was sick, because they did not come to class at all. 3. Since I had heard that you were sick, I called your home several times. 4. I went in a hurry in order to talk to Naser before the session started. 5. He returned soon, because his father had said he was not to return late. 6. She returned soon (/early/fast) to tell her father that she had found a good job. 7. He was not able to ﬁnish his work quickly; as a result, that night he slept in the ofﬁce. 8. Since he 215 Key to did not want to wake up his wife, he left home without breakfast. 9. Not exercises even once had he visited a museum, because he had no money. 10. She went to the US with the goal of studying there, but later she became an actress.

Exercise 12.3 a) 2, 3, 5, 8, 9; b) 2, 5, 9; c) 1, 7.

Exercise 12.4 He) ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻡ، ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻨﻬﻤﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻰ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. .1 knows that I’m sick; nevertheless, he has asked me to help as driver.) ,I’ll help her) ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ، ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ . .2 although she didn’t help me yesterday.) The weather is) ﻫﻮﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ . .3 very cold, although autumn has not started yet.) She did) ﻧﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﭼﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ، ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺯﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ . .4 not know how to go there, because her car had been stolen [‘they had stolen her car’].) He came earlier than) ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺁﻣﺪ، ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ. .5 everybody else, although his way was farther than all of theirs.) Her house) ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺵ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻨﻬﻤﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ . .6 was very far from there; nevertheless, she arrived earlier than everybody else.) ,He insisted a lot) ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ، ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. .7 although he knew that it was useless.) He knew that it was) ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻨﻬﻤﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ . .8 useless; nevertheless, he insisted a lot.) ,He did not insist much) ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ، ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ . .9 because he knew that it was useless.) I) ﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. .10 know that he’s not the best man for me, although he likes me a lot.)

Exercise 12.5 1. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ. 2. ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ. 3. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ. ۴. ﭼﻨﺎﻥ. ۵. ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ. ۶. ﭼﻨﺪ. 7. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ. 8. ﭼﻨﺎﻥ. 9. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ. 10. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ. 216 Exercise 12.6 Key to exercises 1. ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ. 2. ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺭﻓﺖ. 3. ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺭﺳﺶ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ. ۴ . ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﭘﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﺵ ﻫﻢ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ. ۵ . ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﺎﺭﻯ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻛﺮﺩ. ۶ . ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺳﻮﺍﺭِ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﺵ ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ. 7. ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻳﻚ ُﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﺪ. 8. ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻳﺎﺩِ ﺑﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻡ. 9. ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻋﻴﻨﻜﺶ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﻮﺱ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩ. 10. ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻡ.

Exercise 12.7 1. By the time it is our turn, the bank is closed. 2. As soon as it saw the neighbor’s dog, it ran towards it. 3. So long as the neighbor’s dog is here, we can’t [‘one cannot’] leave the cat alone. 4. Two of the birds came as far as inside our room. 5. Close the door, so that they don’t come in our room. 6. I won’t let him go until he tells his name. (= So long as he doesn’t tell his name, I . . .) 7. I’ll keep him here until he tells his name. 8. I turned on the light so that the room wouldn’t be dark. 9. He won’t leave here until you give him his money. (= So long as you don’t give him his money, he won’t leave here.) 10. While you’re taking care of the check [= paying for dinner], I’ll quickly go use the bathroom.

Unit 13

Exercise 13.1 1. ﻧﻪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. 2. ﻧﻪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪ. (!.Note the omission of dXrand in neg) 3. ﻧﻪ، ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ. ۴ . ﻧﻪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﻄﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﻢ. ۵ . ﻧﻪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. 217 ۶ . ﻧﻪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ. Key to 7. ﻧﻪ، ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺪﺵ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺁﻳﺪ. exercises 8. ﻧﻪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ. 9. ﻧﻪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻢ. 10. ﻧﻪ، ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ.

Exercise 13.2 1. You haven’t yet shown your other house to me. 2. We must slowly pre- pare to leave. 3. Don’t ask him any more. 4. He is not in the ofﬁce today, come some other day. 5. Let’s go ﬁnally, waiting is useless. 6. She doesn’t know you yet, but she knows me already. 7. Didn’t she tell you anything else? 8. If the doctor says he’s okay, why then are you crying? 9. Don’t you now answer me (any more)? 10. Okay, you had no time to come, why then didn’t you call?

Exercise 13.3 1. d; 2. a; 3. a; 4. e; 5. d; 6. c [form.] or d [col.]; 7. b; 8. e; 9. d; 10. b.

Exercise 13.4 1. a; 2. a and c [form.]; 3. b and c [form.]; 4. a and c [form.]; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. b and c [form.]; 9. a and c [form.]; 10. a.

Exercise 13.5 In 1, 4, 7, 8, 9.

Unit 14

Exercise 14.1 1. ﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩ. 2. ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ. 3. ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ۴. ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ۵. ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻯ. ۶. ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ. 7. ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ. 8. ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. 9. ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻢ. 10. ﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ.

Exercise 14.2 -Had you forgotten that the profes) ﻳﺎﺩﺕ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ .1 sor was sick?) Don’t forget that we have no) ﻳﺎﺩﺕ ﻧﺮﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ًﺍﺻﻼ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ. .2 218 fruit at all at home.) If you have forgot- Key to) ِ .3 exercises ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺵ ﻳﺎﺩﺕ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺩﺭ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻦ. ten his number, check the phone book.) I remembered everything) ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﺋﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﻡ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻡ . .4 that I had forgotten.) To make sure that) ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﺕ ﻧﺮﻭﺩ، ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﻮﻯ ﻛﻴﻔﺖ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭ. .5 you don’t forget, put it in your bag right now.) He said) ِﺍﺳﻢ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﻰ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺣﺘّﻰ ِﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. .6 everybody’s names without having forgotten even one person’s name.) We can’t go if you have) ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻳﺎﺩﺕ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﻳﻢ. .7 forgotten the address.) That he has) ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻯ ﺍﺵ ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻛﺮﺩﻧﻰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. .8 forgotten his mother tongue is unbelievable.) (.I’ll give him a prize if he doesn’t forget) ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﻧﺮﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻢ . .9 It’s not possible that he) ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﺩﺵ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. .10 has forgotten all those words.)

Exercise 14.3 1. Today I have three appointments in three different ofﬁces. 2. Isfahan lies to the south of Tehran. 3. I’ve arranged it with my husband that he takes the children to school on Wednesdays. 4. They pardoned a few other prisoners, but he was not pardoned. 5. Wasn’t your mother also supposed to accompany you on this trip? 6. After the kids went to bed, complete silence dominated the house. 7. Call Babak before you make arrangements with Nima. 8. The next speaker rose from his place and stood behind the podium. 9. You shouldn’t give personal information to anyone. 10. Ask your doctor for an appointment for me also.

Exercise 14.4 1. ﺏ. 2. پ. 3. ﺏ. ۴. پ. ۵. ﺍﻟﻒ. ۶. ﺏ. 7. پ. 8. ﺏ. 9. پ. 10. ﺏ.

Exercise 14.5 1. c; 2. b; 3. d; 4. c; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. c; 9. d; 10. c.

219 PERSIAN–ENGLISH GLOSSARY Including all Persian simple verbs

Though basically a glossary of all the words used in this series in examples and exercises, you will also find here all of the Persian simple verbs (and their present stems), whether mentioned in the series or not. To make it easier for you to find these verbs, we have used bold type for them. Causative forms of verbs (all regular) do not usually have separate entries. When two pronunciations are given for the present stem, the first one is the official one, needed for the [singular] imperative, and the second one is what you need for present-tense conjugation. For compound verbs that use kardan or shodan as their respectively transitive and intransitive versions, often the transitive version with kardan is the only one mentioned here. Most of the compound verbs are to be found under the entry for the non-verbal part. Parts of speech and similar information (like transitive/intransitive) are given only when found necessary. Arabic broken plurals have been given only if common in Persian, and they appear separately on the list, except for the plurals formed by simply adding -At. A few proper nouns are also included, for the sake of spelling and pronunciation. The hyphens used before ezAfes [-e] should be disregarded in syllabifi- cation, but those used to separate different parts of compound words serve at the same time as markers of syllabic divisions. An asterisk in impersonal compound verbs shows where you should add the pronoun. A tilde indicates the omission of the entry word (or part of a compound). For the abbreviations used, see the Introduction. The order of letters in the Persian alphabet (from the right) is:

ﺁ ﺍ ﺏ پ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ چ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ژ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ گ ﻝ ﻡ ﻥ ﻭ ﻩ ﻯ

220 [A] → [A.re.zu] wish Persian– English ﺁﺭﺯﻭ َﺁﻣ َﺪﻥ ﺁ glossary [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [A.re.zu dAsh.tan] ﺁﺭﺯﻭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ Ab] water] ﺁﺏ to to have (the) wish (no mi- in [~ ﺷﻮ →] [sho.dan ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ melt, turn to water pres. and progressive tenses) A [re.zu kar.dan. ] ﺁﺭﺯﻭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ A.bes.tan] pregnant] ﺁﺑﺴﺘﻦ to wish [~ ُﻛﻦ →] A.bi] blue] ﺁﺑﻰ Ar.kA.'ik] archaic] ﺁﺭﻛﺎﺋﻴﻚ A.pAr.te.mAn] apartment] ﺁﭘﺎﺭﺗﻤﺎﻥ A.rAm] to ,ﺁﺭﺍﻡ →] [A.ra.mi.dan] ﺁﺭﻣﻴﺪﻥ [A.tash] fire (.rest (lit ﺁﺗﺶ ~ [~ za.dan] [→ ~] to set (.A.re] yes (col] ﺁﺭﻩ ﺯﻥ ﺯﺩﻥ on fire (.A.ri] yes [stress on á-] ( poet] ﺁﺭﻯ ~ [~ ge.ref.tan] [→ ~] to A A ﮔﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ z d] free; liberated. ] ﺁﺯﺍﺩ catch fire ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] to ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ bas] ceasefire; truce ~] ~ ﺑﺲ free; to release from prison ,su.zi] fire accident- ~] ~ ﺳﻮﺯﻯ [A.zA.di] freedom ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻯ incineration [A.zAr] → ﺁﺯﺭﺩﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺭ ,A.khar] last (adj.); lastly] ﺁﺧﺮ A.zAr] to ,ﺁﺯﺍﺭ →] [A.zor.dan] ﺁﺯﺭﺩﻥ (.finally (adv torment ( form.) A.kha.rin] last] ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ [A.ze.mA] → ﺁﺯﻣﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﺯﻣﺎ Ad.res] address] ﺁﺩﺭﺱ [A.ze.mu.dan] [→ , A.ze.mA] ﺁﺯﻣﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﺩﻥ ,(A.dam] man (impersonal] (.to try, to test ( form ﺁﺩﻡ person, human being; ﺁﺳﻮﺩﻥ → [A.sA] ﺁﺳﺎ Adam A.sAn] easy] ﺁﺳﺎﻥ A.dam bo.zorg] grown-up] ﺁﺩﻡ ﺑﺰﺭگ A.se.mAn] sky] ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ person ;A.se.mA.ni] from sky; heavenly] ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻧﻰ A.dam-kosh] murderer] ﺁﺩﻣﻜﺶ A.da.mi] (impersonal; poet.) man, holy] ﺁﺩﻣﻰ A.sA] to rest ,ﺁﺳﺎ →] [A.su.dan] ﺁﺳﻮﺩﻥ human being (.A.zar] Azar (girl’s name) (lit] ﺁﺫﺭ A sh] varieties of Persian thick soup ] ﺁﺵ ﺁﺭﺍﺳﺘﻦ → [A.rA] ﺁﺭﺍ A A → ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻥ [sh m. ] ﺁﺷﺎﻡ ﺭﺃﻯ A.rA'] pl. of] ﺁﺭﺍء A A → ,ﺁﺷﺎﻡ ] [sh .mi.dan. ] ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻥ A.rAs.tan] [ , A.rA] to] A A ﺁﺭﺍ ﺁﺭﺍﺳﺘﻦ decorate (lit.) .sh m] to drink ( form.) A A A [b-e .sh .mi.da.ni ] ِﺁﺏ ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻰ ;calm; quiet [ﺁﺭﻣﻴﺪﻥ →] [A.rAm] ﺁﺭﺍﻡ slow drinking water A → ﭘُﺨﺘﻦ paz ﭘَﺰ] sh.paz] cook ] ﺁﺷﭙﺰ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ pacify; to soothe, to calm pokh.tan] Ash.paz-khA.ne] kitchen 221] ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ down Persian– [Ash.pa.zi] cooking [A.lu.dan] [→ , A.lA] to pollute, ﺁﻻ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻯ English to dirty [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ glossary A.lu.de kar.dan] to make] ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (.to cook (intr → [ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻦ] Ash.ti] reconciliation dirty, to pollute] ﺁﺷﺘﻰ A → A to come [ ,ﺁ ] [ma.dan. ] ﺁﻣﺪﻥ [(dA.dan (bA ~] ﺁﺷﺘﻰ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﺎ) .ﻧﻈﺮ see under ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ to reconcile (to or For [~ ﺩﻩ →] ﺁﻣﺮﺯﻳﺪﻥ → [A.morz] ﺁﻣﺮﺯ (.with) (tr A , →] [kar.dan (b )] [A.mor.zi.dan ~] ﺁﺷﺘﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﺎ) ﺁﻣﺮﺯ ﺁﻣﺮﺯﻳﺪﻥ → to reconcile (to or A.morz] to absolve [~ ﻛﻦ ] with) (intr.) Am.ri.kA] America; the United] ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ A → A (em.ri.kA ,ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ shub] States (also. ,ﺁﺷﻮﺏ ] [shof.tan. ] ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻦ to make chaotic ( form.) Am.ri.kA.'i] American (also] ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﺋﻰ (em.ri.kA.'i ,ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﺋﻰ ;A.she.nA] acquaintance] ﺁﺷﻨﺎ acquainted; familiar [A.muz ,ﺁﻣﻮﺯ →] [A.mukh.tan] ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻦ to teach ;[ ﺍﺯ :sho.dan (bA)] to learn [sth. from ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ (ﺑﺎ) [ﺑﻪ :to become acquainted (with); [sth. to to get to know ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻦ → [A.muz] ﺁﻣﻮﺯ [A.shub] → ;A.mu.zesh] education] ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻦ ﺁﺷﻮﺏ beginning teaching; learning [ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﺪﻥ →] [A.ghAz] ﺁﻏﺎﺯ to [~ ﺩﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ to begin [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ A.ghAz] educate; to teach ,ﺁﻏﺎﺯ →] [A.ghA.zi.dan] ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﺪﻥ A.mu.zesh.gAh] educational] ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﮕﺎﻩ (.to begin (lit A.ghush] embrace institute] ﺁﻏﻮﺵ [A.muz.gAr or A.mu.ze.gAr] ﺁﻣﻮﺯﮔﺎﺭ [dar ~ ge.ref.tan] ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﻮﺵ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ to embrace; to hold in teacher of elementary school [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] A.miz] to mix ,ﺁﻣﻴﺰ →] [A.mikh.tan] ﺁﻣﻴﺨﺘﻦ the arms ﺁﻣﻴﺨﺘﻦ → [A.miz] ﺁﻣﻴﺰ Af.tAb] sunshine] ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺏ (.An] it; that (adj. and pr] ﺁﻥ Af.tA.bi] sunny] ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﻰ az A.n-e] that of; belonging] ﺍﺯ ِﺁﻥ [A.fa.rin ,ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ →] [A.fa.ri.dan] ﺁﻓﺮﻳﺪﻥ to create to ( poet.) A.nAn] they, those ( pr.; form.; for] ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ,ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ Af.ri.ghA] Africa (also] ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ef.ri.ghA) people only) An.jA] there] ﺁﻧﺠﺎ !bravo [ﺁﻓﺮﻳﺪﻥ →] [A.fa.rin] ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ az ~ ke] since, because] ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ !well done A A An.ghadr] so [much]; as] ﺁﻥﻗﺪﺭ/ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ gh ] Mr.; gentleman. ] ﺁﻗﺎ (much; to the extent (that ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻥ → [A.lA] ﺁﻻ (.An.hA] they; those ( pr] ﺁﻧﻬﺎ Al.mAn] Germany] ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ A.vAz] traditional singing] ﺁﻭﺍﺯ Al.mA.ni] German] ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﻰ 222 [A.var] → [e.jA.ze] permission; permit Persian– English ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺁﻭﺭ to give glossary [~ ﺩﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ [A.var ,ﺁﻭﺭ→] [A.var.dan] ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ to bring permission; to allow ej.bAr] obligation] ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ [A.viz ,ﺁﻭﻳﺰ →] [A.vikh.tan] ﺁﻭﻳﺨﺘﻦ [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ to hang to be obliged or to have an ﺁﻭﻳﺨﺘﻦ → [A.viz] ﺁﻭﻳﺰ Ah] O!; oh (interj.); sigh obligation; to have to] ﺁﻩ A ej.b .ri] obligatory] ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻯ A.hes.te] slow/slowly; quiet/quietly] ﺁﻫﺴﺘﻪ A eh.te.r m] respect] ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ A.han] iron] ﺁﻫﻦ A [(go.z sh.tan (be ~] ~ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) A.han-gar] ironsmith] ﺁﻫﻨﮕﺮ to respect A.hu] gazelle] ﺁﻫﻮ [eh.te.mAl] likelihood, probability ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ,A.yan.de] future; coming] (pl. ِ , eh.te.mA.lAt ) ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ approaching, next ~ [~ dAsh.tan] [→ ~] to ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ :A.ye.ne] mirror (also, more formal] be likely (no mi- in pres. and ﺁﻳﻨﻪ , A.'i.ne) (progressive tenses ﺁﺋﻴﻨﻪ/ ﺁﻳﻴﻨﻪ [abr] cloud , ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ .eh.ti.yAj] need ( pl] ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﺑﺮ (ab.ru] eyebrow ( pl. with both -hA eh.ti.yA.jAt] ﺍَﺑﺮﻭ and -An) [(dAsh.tan (be ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) ,(to have need (of [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] ab.ri] cloudy] ﺍﺑﺮﻯ o.tAgh] room to need (no mi- in pres. and] ﺍﺗﺎﻕ progressive tenses) ;et.te.fAgh] happening; incident] ﺍﺗّﻔﺎﻕ (ah.mad] Ahmad (boy’s name] ﺍﺣﻤﺪ (et.te.fA.ghAt ,ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ .event ( pl ah.magh] stupid (adj.); stupid] ﺍﺣﻤﻖ [~ ﺍﻓﺖ →] [of.tA.dan ~] ~ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ to happen person (n.) ;ah.ma.ghA.ne] foolish] ﺍﺣﻤﻘﺎﻧﻪ et.te.fA.ghan] incidentally, by] ﺍﺗّ ًﻔﺎﻗﺎ chance foolishly ,ﺧﺒﺮ akh.bAr] news ( pl. of] ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ o.to.bus] bus] ﺍﺗﻮﺑﻮﺱ kha.bar) .a.sar] 1) effect or influence ( pl] ﺍﺛﺮ .ekh.te.rA'] invention ( pl] ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ a.sa.rAt); 2) a work of art ,ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ (ekh.te.rA.'At ,ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ;(A.sAr ,ﺁﺛﺎﺭ .or literature ( pl kar.dan] to invent ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ impression; trace; mark (3 [ ﻛﻦ ζ→ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ] (ﺁﺛﺎﺭ or ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ pl. either ) ;ekh.te.lAf ] difference] ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ a.sar go.zAsh.tan] ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﺮ/ ِﺭﻭﻯ) .to affect discrepancy; dispute ( pl [~ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ →] [(bar/ru.ye) (ekh.te.lA.fAt ,ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ or influence; to impress [(dAsh.tan (bA ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﺎ) [(a.sar ge.ref.tan (az] ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ (ﺍﺯ) ;(to be different (from [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] ,to be affected [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] influenced or impressed (by) to have a difference (with) 223 [kar.dan/sho.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ ﺷﺪﻥ .ekh.ti.yAr] choice; control ( pl] ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ –Persian English A A → to memorize [~ ﻛﻦ/ﺷﻮ ] (ekh.ti.y .r t ,ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ glossary oz.ba.kes.tAn] Uzbekistan] ﺍﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ dar ~ -e] at the disposal] ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭِ ez.de.vAj] marriage] ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ of; under the control of A A A [(kar.dan (bA ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﺎ) (e.d .r t , ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ .e.d .re] office ( pl] ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ;to marry (with [~ ُﻛﻦ →] e.dA.me] continuation] ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ (dA.dan (be)] no direct object ~] ~ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) az now] anew; again] ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮ to continue (tr.) (often [~ ﺩﻩ →] ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺭﻩ a.sA.tir] pl. of] ﺍﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ (ﺑﻪ with ﺍِﺳﻢ a.sA.mi] pl. of] ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻰ a.dab] manners; politeness] ﺍﺩﺏ asb] horse] ﺍَﺳﺐ a.da.bi] literary] ﺍﺩﺑﻰ A os.tAd] professor; master of a craft] ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ a.da.biy.y t] literature] ﺍﺩﺑﻴّﺎﺕ A ;os.tA.dA.ne] masterful] ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﺍﻧﻪ (.ed.de.' ] claim (n] ّﺍﺩﻋﺎ kar.dan] to claim masterfully ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ →ζ os.tAn] province] ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ [ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ] ;.ad.vi.ye] spice[s] (originally pl. [es.teh.zAr] knowledge ( form] ﺍﺩﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻀﺎﺭ A (da.v ) polite language , ﺩﻭﺍ of A es.tekh.dAm] hiring] ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻳﻦ ad.y n] pl. of] ﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ A to [~ ُﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺫﻫﻦ az.h n] pl. of] ﺍﺫﻫﺎﻥ a.rA.jif ] balderdash, baloney; employ, to hire] ﺍﺭﺍﺟﻴﻒ es.takhr] pool, pond] ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ nonsense (originally pl. of an obsolete word) e she.nA] swimming- ~] ِ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﺷﻨﺎ A ar.b b] boss, master, feudal pool] ﺍﺭﺑﺎﺏ landowner (originally pl. of es.te.rA.hat] rest] ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ (rabb, Lord , ﺭﺏ [~ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ َ ّ ُﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ → [arz] (.to rest (intr ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺪﻥ ﺍﺭﺯ ar.zAn] cheap] ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ es.te'.dAd] talent] ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ar.zesh] worth; value] ﺍﺭﺯﺵ es.te.fA.de] use; benefit] ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ [ar.zesh.mand] valuable [ →] [(kar.dan (az ~] ~ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) → arz] to be to use; to make use of; to employ ,ﺍﺭﺯ ] [ar.zi.dan] ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺪﻥ worth; to cost [es.tem.rA.ri] progressive ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻯ A o.ru.p ] Europe (gr.); continuous] ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ [serr] ِﺳﺮ as.rAr] pl. of] ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ o.ru.miy.ye] Lake Urmia in] ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴّﻪ ّ northwestern Iran as.ra'] Arabic comparative form] ﺍﺳﺮﻉ sa.ri', fast used mainly ,ﺳﺮﻳﻊ az] than; from; of of] ﺍﺯ az bar] by heart; by memory in expressions like] ﺍﺯ ﺑَﺮ dar as.ra.'e vaght] as] ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺮﻉ ﻭﻗﺖ [bu.dan/dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ/ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ to know by heart soon as possible [~ ﺑﺎﺵ/ ﺩﺍﺭ →] 224 [os.tu.re] myth ( pl. a.sA.tir) [at.rAf ] around; surroundings Persian– English ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺭﻩ ( pl. of , ta.raf ) glossary ﻃﺮﻑ es.lAm] Islam] ﺍﺳﻼﻡ A .et.te.l '] information ( pl] ّﺍﻃﻼﻉ es.lA.mi] Islamic] ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ , et.te.lA.'At) ّﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ , .esm] name; noun (gr.) ( pl] ِ → A ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ [~ ﺩﻩ ] [(d .dan (be ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) (a.sA.mi to inform; to let know es.m-e maf.'ul] past] ِﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ~ [~ dAsh.tan (az)] ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺍﺯ) (.participle (gr [→ ~] to have information ﺩﺍﺭ A (e.sh .re kar.dan (be)] (about); to know (of] ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) [→ ~] to point (out/at), to et.mi.nAn] certainty; trust] ﻛﻦ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ (refer (to ~ [~ dA.dan (be)] [→ ~] ﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) as.nAd] pl. of] to assure; to reassure ﺳﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ [esh.te.bAh] mistake (n.); wrong [(dAsh.tan (be ~] ~ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) (adj.) ( pl. , esh.te.bA.hAt) -to have trust (in) (no mi [~ →] ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺭ → (to in pres. and progressive tenses [~ ُﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ make a mistake; to be mistaken ~ [~ kar.dan (be)] ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) A to trust [~ ﻛﻦ →] esh.te.h ] appetite] ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ A [~ ﻛﻦ →] [ez.hAr kar.dan] ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ash.kh s] persons, people] ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ to state; to express (ﺷﺨﺺ pl. of ) A .e'.te.rAz] protest ( pl] ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ (.esh.gh l] occupation (of land, etc] ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ (e'.te.rA.zAt ,ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ashk] tears] ﺍﺷﻚ kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ/ ِﻋﻠﻴﻪ) to [~ ﺭﻳﺰ →] [rikh.tan ~] ~ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [(shed tears (be/a.ley.he (protest (against ﺷﻜﻞ ash.kAl] pl. of] ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ A ,ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ .e'.te.gh d] belief (pl] ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ es.rAr] insistence; urging] ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ e'.te.ghA.dAt) ~ or ~ A ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺩﺭ) ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) [(d sh.tan (be ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) [(kar.dan (be)/dAsh.tan (dar ~] → ;(to believe (in [~ ﺩﺍﺭ ] to insist or urge [~ ﺩﺍﺭ ζ→/~ ﻛﻦ →] ( ﻛﻪ :to be of the opinion (that (es.fa.hAn] Isfahan (city in Iran] ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ e'.te.mAd] trust, confidence] ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ as.lan] (not) at all] ًﺍﺻﻼ ~ [~ dAsh.tan (be)] [→ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) ;es.lAh] correction] (to trust; to have trust (in [~ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺩﺍﺭ .improvement; a haircut ( pl A e'.te.m d kar.dan] ~ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) (es.lA.hAt = reforms , ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ (be)] [→ ~] to trust ﻛﻦ es.lA.hAt] reforms ( pl. of] A ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ a'.d d] pl. of] ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ (es.lAh correction ,ﺍﺻﻼﺡ A ﻋﺮﺏ a'.r b] pl. of] ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺏ e.zA.fe] addition; the connector] ﺍِﺿﺎﻓِﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ agh.zi.ye] pl. of] ﺍﻏﺬﻳﻪ (.e’ (gr-‘ ﻏﻠﻂ agh.lAt] pl. of] ﺍﻏﻼﻁ ez.te.rAb] anxiety] ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ A → 225 ﺍُﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ [oft] ﺍﻓﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ a.teb.b '] pl. of] ﺍﻃﺒّﺎء Persian– [of.tA.dan] [→ , oft] to fall ًّ [a.ghal.lan] at least ﺍﻗﻼ ﺍُﻓﺖ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ English A A a.ghal.liy.yat] minority] ّﺍﻗﻠﻴّﺖ oft n-o-khiz n] falling and] ﺍﻓﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻴﺰﺍﻥ glossary ﻗﻮﻡ agh.vAm] pl. of] ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ .rising; walking with difficulty (pres participles of and ) ak.bar] Akbar; boy’s name] ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﻦ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ [af.rAd] persons; individuals a.gar] if (in conditional; not for] ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﮔﺮ ( pl. of ) (indirect questions ﻓﺮﺩ [af.rAz] → a.gar-che] although] ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺯ [af.rAsh.tan] [→ , af.rAz] ,a.gar-ná] if not; if not so] ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻪ to hoist otherwise [af.rukh.tan] [→ , af.ruz] él.lA] except; other than [stress on] ّ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﻻ (.to kindle (lit é-] [af.ruz] → va el.lA] otherwise [stress on] ﻭ ّﺍﻻ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ [A- ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ → [af.zA] ﺍﻓﺰﺍ al.'An] now] ﺍﻵﻥ af.zA.yesh] increase] ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ o.lAgh] donkey] ﺍﻻﻍ to [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (.only form) ﻟﺒﺎﺱ al.ba.se] pl. of] ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻪ (.increase (tr A A (.el.te.zA.mi] subjunctive (gr] ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻰ y f.tan/pey.d ~] ~ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ/ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [~ ﻳﺎﺏ/ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan [el.te.mAs] begging earnestly ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ (.to increase (intr ~ [~ kar.dan (be)] [→ ~] ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) af.zu.dan] [→ , af.zA] to] to plead with, to beg earnestly ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ increase ( form.) [el.zAm] obligation ( pl. , ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ → [af.sor] (el.zA.mAt ﺍﻓﺴﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻓﺴﺮ [af.sor.dan] [→ , af.sor] to a.lef.bA] alphabet] ﺍﻓﺴﺮ ﺍﻓﺴﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺒﺎ freeze; to extinguish (lit.); also .em.te.hAn] exam, test ( pl] ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻓﺴﺮﺩﻥ , em.te.hA.nAt) ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ af.sor.de] depressed] ﺍﻓﺴﺮﺩﻩ dA.dan] [→ ِ ~] to take ~] ~ ﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ → [af.shAn] a test ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ [af.shAn.dan] [→ , ,amr] imperative (gr.); order] ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﻣﺮ af.shAn] to scatter; to sprinkle (a.vA.mer , ﺍﻭﺍﻣﺮ .command ( pl [af.shor.dan] [→ , af.shor] em.ruz] today] ﺍﻓﺸﺮ ﺍﻓﺸﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻥ see [em.ri.kA] → [Am.ri.kA] ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ af.'Al] pl. of] ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ [em.ri.kA.'i] → ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﺋﻰ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﺋﻰ af.ghA.nes.tAn] Afghanistan] [Am.ri.kA.'i] ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ [af.ghA.ni] Afghan; Afghani , .em.kAn] possibility ( pl] ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ A (em.kA.nAt ﻓﻜﺮ af.k r] pl. of] ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ → to [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻓﻜﻨﺪﻥ [af.kan] ﺍﻓﻜﻦ af.kan] to be possible or likely (no mi- in ,ﺍﻓﻜﻦ →] [af.kan.dan] ﺍﻓﻜﻨﺪﻥ (pres. and progressive tenses ﻓﻜﻨﺪﻥ throw (lit.); see also 226 [am.vAl] pl. of [an.du.dan] [→ , an.dA] to Persian– English ﺍﻧﺪﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺩﻥ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ o.mid] hope plaster (lit.) glossary] ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺧﺘﻦ → [an.duz] ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺯ be o.mi.d-e] in the hope of] ﺑﻪ ﺍُ ِﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﺪﻥ → [an.dish] ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺶ [be o.mi.d-e An.ke] ﺑﻪ ﺍُ ِﻣﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ,ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺶ →] [an.di.shi.dan] ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﺪﻥ (hoping (that (.o.mid.vAr] hopeful an.dish] to think ( form] ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭ (.en.sAn] human being; one ( pr] ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ to [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] [bu.dan ~] ~ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ en.sA.ni] human; humane] ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ (’hope (lit. ‘to be hopeful en.'e.kAs] reflection] ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻦ → [an.bAr] ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ en.'e.kA.si] reflexive] ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻰ an.bAr] to store ,ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ] [an.bAsh.tan] ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻦ .en.ghe.lAb] revolution (pl] ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ en.te.khAb] selection; choice] ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ (en.ghe.lA.bAt ,ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ = en.te.khA.bAt , ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ .pl ) ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻦ → [en.gAr] ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ (elections → ke)] as if, as though) ~] ~ (ﻛﻪ) to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ choose, to pick (col.) [en.te.khA.bAt] elections ( pl. of [en.gAr ,ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭ →] [en.gAsh.tan] ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ , en.te.khAb, selecting) to assume; to suppose ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ [en.te.zAr] waiting; expectation an.gosht] finger ( pl. with both] ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ (to -hA and -An [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ expect; to anticipate en.ge.les.tAn] England] ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ [an.jAm] [→ ] conclusion; en.ge.li.si] English] ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ performance [an.gikh.tan] [→ , an.giz] ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻦ dA.dan] [→ ~] to do ~] ~ to stir, to provoke ﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (an assignment) ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻦ → [an.giz] ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ [(an.jA.mi.dan (be] ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪﻥ (ﺑﻪ) u] he or she] ﺍﻭ ;an.jAm] to lead to ,ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ →] ﺍﻣﺮ a.vA.mer] pl. of] ﺍﻭﺍﻣﺮ to result in; to end up ;ow.zA'] circumstances] ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺩﻥ → [an.dA] ﺍﻧﺪﺍ (ﻭﺿﻊ an.dAz] conditions ( pl. of ,ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ →] [an.dAkh.tan] ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﻭﻗﺖ ow.ghAt] pl. of] ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ to throw av.val] first] ّﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ → [an.dAz] ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ av.va.lan] firstly] ّﺍﻭﻻً ;an.dA.ze] size; extent; amount] ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ow.lAd] children [in relation to] ﺍﻭﻻﺩ scope .be ~ -ye] as much as; parents]; offspring (originally pl] ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯۀ (va.lad], son] ﻭﻟﺪ to the extent of of the Arabic av.va.lin] first] ّﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ bish az ~] too much] ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ a.hA.li] residents or inhabitants] ﺍﻫﺎﻟﻰ ,ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺯ →] [an.dukh.tan] ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺧﺘﻦ 227 (ﺍﻫﻞ an.duz] to save; to accumulate ( pl. of Persian– [ah.dAf ] pl. of [bAr] ‘time’ as counting word ﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ English bAr-hA] many times] ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ , ﺍﻫﺎﻟﻰ .ahl] native [of a place] ( pl] ﺍﻫﻞ glossary A ;bAz] to lose ,ﺑﺎﺯ →] [bAkh.tan] ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻦ (ah li, residents or inhabitants ah.l-e . . . bu.dan] to play or gamble] ِﺍﻫﻞ . . . ﺑﻮﺩﻥ bAd] wind] ﺑﺎﺩ to be from [a city [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] A.var.de] easily gained ~] ﺑﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ or country]; to be of [a certain trait]; to be interested in (‘brought with the wind’) [~ ﺭﻭ →] [bar ~ raftan] ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ !ey] oh; O] ﺍﻯ i.tA.li.yA] Italy to be lost; to go with the wind] ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ bA.dAm] almond] ﺑﺎﺩﺍﻡ i.rAn] Iran] ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ;[bAr] 1) time [counting word] ﺑﺎﺭ (.i.rA.ni] Iranian (n.; adj] ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ load (2 ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻥ → [ist] ﺍﻳﺴﺖ to carry [~ ﺑَﺮ →] [bor.dan ~] ~ ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ ist] to ,ﺍﻳﺴﺖ →] [is.tA.dan] ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻥ stand; to stop/pause (causative: loads ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺪﻥ → [bAr] ﺑﺎﺭ (ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﻥ bA.rAn] rain] ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ist.gAh] station] ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ to rain [~ ﺁ →] [A.ma.dan ~] ~ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ;i.shAn] they (for people only] ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ bA.rA.ni] rainy (adj.); raincoat] ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻧﻰ (ﺁﻧﻬﺎ more polite than (.i.meyl] email (n] ﺍﻳﻤﻴﻞ bAr] to rain ,ﺑﺎﺭ →] [bA.ri.dan] ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺪﻥ (.in] this (adj. and pr] ﺍﻳﻦ z 2) again; 3) open;ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻦ → (bAz] 1] ﺑﺎﺯ ;.i.nAn] these ( pr.; form] ﺍﻳﻨﺎﻥ for people only) to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (.in.ter.net] Internet open; to unfasten or untie (tr] ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ bA.zAr] market, bazaar] ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ in.jA] here] ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ (.bAz.pa.sin] last (lit./poet] ﺑﺎﺯﭘﺴﻴﻦ ;in.towr] in this way] ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ/ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ like this ;bAz-ju.'i] investigation] ﺑﺎﺯﺟﻮﺋﻰ in.towr ke] the way interrogation] ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ/ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ that; as to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ in-ghadr] so, so much investigate; to interrogate] ﺍﻳﻨﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺘﻦ → [bAz-gard] ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩ (.in.hA] these ( pr] ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ (.bAz-gasht] return (n] ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ;in ha.me] so much] ﺍﻳﻦﻫﻤﻪ/ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﻤﻪ so many; so ,ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩ] [bAz-gash.tan] ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺘﻦ A b ] with ( prep.); also used as prefix bAz-gard] to return (bAz- is a] ﺑﺎ (ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻦ bA An-ke] even though prefix) (lit.; see] ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ bA.zan.de] loser] ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ (.form./wrt ) A ;bAz ham] again, anew; still] ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ b in-ke] even though] ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ bA.bak] Babak (boy’s name) nonetheless] ﺑﺎﺑﻚ 228 [bA.zi] play; game [bA.yad] must; should (modal Persian– English ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ to verb; same form for all persons). glossary [~ ﻛﻦ →] [bA.zi kar.dan] ﺑﺎﺯﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ play Other variants sometimes used as synonyms: [mi-bAyad], ﻣﻰﺑﺎﻳﺪ [bA.zi.kon] player [in sports] ,[bAyest] ﺑﺎﺯﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ → A mi-bAyest] or the rather] ﺑﻮﺩﻥ [b sh] ﺑﺎﺵ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻰ/ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻰ bA.'es sho.dan/ archaic] ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪﻥ/ ِﺑﺎﻋﺚ . . . ﺷﺪﻥ [to [bAyesti/mi-bAyesti [~ ﺷﻮ →] [bA.'e.s-e . . . sho.dan bAyest/bAyesti] (both] ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ/ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻰ cause ﺑﺎﻳﺪ → (-bAgh] garden (usually large) used also with mi] ﺑﺎﻍ bA yek-di.gar] with each] ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ bAgh.che] small garden] ﺑﺎﻏﭽﻪ other, with one another bA.gh-e vahsh] zoo] ِﺑﺎﻍ ﻭﺣﺶ ( form./wrt.) ;bAf ] to knit ,ﺑﺎﻑ →] [bAf.tan] ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻦ be.bakh.shid] (I beg] ﺑﺒﺨﺸﻴﺪ! to weave; to braid your) pardon!; excuse me! [bAf.ta.ni] product of hand-knitting [ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ →] ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻨﻰ [bA.ghi] remaining be-tA.ze.gi] recently] ﺑﺘﺎﺯﮔﻰ/ ﺑﻪﺗﺎﺯﮔﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ A → (ﺗﺎﺯﻩ see) ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪﻥ [b l] ﺑﺎﻝ A A ;be.jA.ye] in place of] ِﺑﺠﺎﻯ/(ﺑﻪ) ِﺟﺎﻯ b .l ] (adj./adv.) high, up, above] ﺑﺎﻻ bA.lA-ye] ( prep.) over, instead of] ِﺑﺎﻻﻯ (ﺟﺰ be-joz] except (see] ﺑﺠﺰ above, on A A ,b .l raf.tan (az)] [bach.che.gA.ne] childish] ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ (ﺍﺯ) ّﺑﭽﮕﺎﻧﻪ → to climb childlike, of children or [~ ﺭﻭ ] bel.'a.kha.re] finally children’s] ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ A → A ;bach.che.gi] childhood] ّﺑﭽﮕﻰ ;b l] to grow ,ﺑﺎﻝ ] [b .li.dan] ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪﻥ to boast childishness A bach.che] child ( pl. usually] ﺑَ ّﭽﻪ b m] roof] ﺑﺎﻡ (bAnk] bank with -hA] ﺑﺎﻧﻚ /bach.che.dAr] having child] ﺑَ ّﭽ ﻪﺩﺍﺭ [~ ﻛﻦ →] [bA.var kar.dan] ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to believe children; pregnant bahs] argument; dispute] ﺑﺤﺚ kar.da.ni] believable ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﻰ bahs-an.giz] controversial] ﺑﺤﺚﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ [na-kar.da.ni ~] ~ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻧﻰ bakht] fortune; luck] ﺑﺨﺖ unbelievable ;section [ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ →] [bakhsh] ﺑﺨﺶ bA ham] together] ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ part [~ ﺳﺎﺯ →] [sAkh.tan ~] ~ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ,ﺑﺨﺶ →] [bakh.shi.dan] ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ to conspire; to join forces ;bA ham-di.gar] with each bakhsh] to forgive] ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ other, with one another to pardon be] to bestow upon 229 ~] ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ bA-hush] intelligent] ﺑﺎﻫﻮﺵ Persian– [bad] bad * [bar khor.dan (be*)] ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ ) ﺑَﺪ English [→ ~] to be offended ﺧﻮﺭ [(A.ma.dan (az *~] ﺑﺪ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) glossary ;(to dislike; to hate (impersonal in this sense only [~ ﺁ →] to encounter, to come across * [~ go.zash.tan (be*)] → A ﺑﺪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ ) ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ [bar.d r] ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ to have a bad time [~ ﮔﺬﺭ →] A → ,ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ] [bar-d sh.tan] ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ;bad bakht] unfortunate] + A ﺑﺪﺑﺨﺖ ill-fated; unlucky bar.d r] to pick up ( mi- in pres. and progressive tenses) [bad.bakh.tA.ne] unfortunately, → ﺑﺪﺑﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ bar] to take ,ﺑَﺮ ] [bor.dan] ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ unluckily (away), to carry; to win (a prize [bad bakh.ti] misery; (or match ﺑﺪﺑﺨﺘﻰ misfortune; bad luck ;bar.ra.si] consideration] ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ bad.bu] malodorous; smelly deliberation; examination] ﺑﺪﺑﻮ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ bad.bin] pessimist (from] ﺑﺪﺑﻴﻦ consider; to deliberate; to (ﺑﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ba.dal kar.dan (be)] examine] ﺑﺪﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) → be ragh.m-e] despite] ِﺑﺮﻏﻢ/ ﺑﻪ ِﺭﻏﻢ (to change (to [~ ﻛﻦ ] (ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ be.du.n-e] without ( form.) (see] ِﺑﺪﻭﻥ → barf ] snow] ﺑﺮﻑ (.on, over, above (lit [ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ ] [bar] ﺑَﺮ A [~ ﺁ →] [barf A.ma.dan] ﺑﺮﻑ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ba.r .bar] equal; facing; against] ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ dar ~ -e] in front of; to snow] ﺩﺭ ِﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ bargh] lightning; electricity] ﺑﺮﻕ against A [bar-gha.rAr kar.dan] ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ba.r .dar] brother] ﺑَﺮﺍﺩﺭ to set up; to establish [~ ﻛﻦ →] ;ba.rA.da.ri] brotherhood] ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭﻯ barg] leaf] ﺑﺮگ brotherliness ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻦ → [bar-gard] ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩ ,ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ →] [bar-an.dAkh.tan] ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ bar-an.dAz – ‘bar-’ here is a [bar.gar.dAn] → ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ prefix] to overthrow ,ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ→] [bar.gar.dAn.dan] ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ [ba.rA-ye] for ( prep.) .bar.gar.dAn] to return sth. or so ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ (.ba.rA.ye in] for this; for this (tr] ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ,ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩ →] [bar-gash.tan] ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻦ reason ba.rA.ye in-ke] because, bar-gard] to return (bar- is a] ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ for (conj.) prefix) bar.nA.me] program] ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ,ﺑﺮﺧﻴﺰ →] [bar-khAs.tan] ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻦ ,ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ba.ran.de] winner (see] ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ bar-khiz] to rise; to stand up (bar- is a prefix) bor.dan) → bo.zorg] big; great; large] ﺑُ ُﺰﺭگ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ [bar khor] ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭ be-zu.di] soon; before long] ﺑﺰﻭﺩﻯ ;bar-khord] encounter] ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ (ﺯﻭﺩ approach; clash (see 230 –bas] enough َ [ba.lad sho.dan] [→ ~] Persian] English ﺷﻮ ﺑَﻠﺪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑَﺲ to learn (how to do sth.) glossary [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] [bas* bu.dan] ﺑَﺲ* ﺑﻮﺩﻥ bal.ke] but rather] ﺑﻠﻜﻪ to have enough of; to be enough bo.land] high, tall; loud] ﺑﻠﻨﺪ for A [-ba.le] yes [stress on bá] ﺑﻠﻪ ba.s ] (how) many or (how) much] ﺑﺴﺎ ( poet.; exclamative) (.ba.li] yes [stress on bá-] (wrt] ﺑﻠﻰ ;che ~] many a . . . ; maybe] ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ / [be.lit] ticket [from the ﺑﻠﻴﻂ ﺑﻠﻴﺖ it could be that French billet] ,be-sA.n-e] similar to] ِﺑﺴﺎﻥ/ﺑﻪ ِﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ be-mow.ghe'] see] ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ (.like (lit A ba.n -bar-in] therefore (‘based] ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ,band] to close ,ﺑﻨﺪ →] [bas.tan] ﺑﺴﺘﻦ to shut; to tie, to fasten; to on this’) rope [ﺑﺴﺘﻦ →] [band] ﺑَﻨﺪ attach e kafsh] shoelace- ~] ِﺑﻨﺪ ﻛﻔﺶ bas.ta.ni] ice-cream] ﺑﺴﺘﻨﻰ ban.d-o-bast] collusion or] ﺑَﻨﺪﻭﺑَﺴﺖ bas.te] package] ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ba.shar] human being, mankind a secret deal] ﺑﺸﺮ ban.de] slave; servant; bondman] ﺑﻨﺪﻩ (.ba.si] a lot of ( poet] ﺑﺴﻰ bon.yAd] foundation] ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ bes.yAr] very; a lot] ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ and ﺧﻮﺷﺒﻮ bu] smell, scent (see] ﺑﻮ bes.yA.ri az] a lot of] ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﺯ ) ﺑﺪﺑﻮ bot.ri] bottle] ﺑﻄﺮﻯ A → to stink [~ ﺩﻩ ] [bu d .dan] ﺑﻮ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ;(’ba'd] next (adj., as in ‘next week] ﺑﻌﺪ afterwards, later, then (conj.) (intr.) → A b sh] to be ,ﺑﺎﺵ ] [bu.dan] ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ba'.dan] afterwards, later, then] ﺑﻌﺪﺍً ﺑﻮﺳﻴﺪﻥ → [bus] ﺑﻮﺱ (.adv) bu.se] kiss] ﺑﻮﺳﻪ (.ba'd az] after ( prep] ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ :bu.si.dan] to kiss (pres. stem] ﺑﻮﺳﻴﺪﻥ ba'd az zohr] afternoon] ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻇﻬﺮ ([bus] ﺑﻮﺱ ba'.di] next] ﺑﻌﺪﻯ → to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [bu kar.dan] ﺑﻮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (bá'.zi] some (for countables] ﺑﻌﻀﻰ (ends in unstressed indefinite -i) smell; to sniff be] to; also ‘in’ for languages] ﺑﻪ ba.'id] unlikely; distant] ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ( prep.) ﻏﻴﺮ be-gheyr] see] ﺑﻐﻴﺮ [ba.hAr] (season of) spring ﺑﻬﺎﺭ bagh.ghAl] grocer] ّﺑﻘﺎﻝ be.hesht] paradise] ﺑﻬﺸﺖ ,be-gu.ne.ye] similar to] ﺑﮕﻮﻧﺔ/ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ,(.be mod.da.t-e] for (temp] ﺑﻪ ّﻣﺪ ِﺕ (.like (lit bol.bol] nightingale for the duration of] ﺑﻠﺒﻞ be va.si.le-ye] by, by means of] ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ → to [~ ﺑﺎﺵ ] [ba.lad bu.dan] ﺑَ َﻠﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ be hich-vajh] no way; not] ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﻭﺟﻪ know (how to do sth.); to have learned sth. at all 231 Persian– [beh.tar] better [bi-kAr] jobless; having free ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ English time be on.vA.n-e] as] ﺑﻪ ِﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ glossary A ,bi.m r] sick (adj.); sick person] ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ bi] without] ﺑﻰ patient (n.) ba.yAn] statement, expression] ﺑﻴﺎﻥ [bi.mA.res.tAn] hospital ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ kar.dan] [→ ~] to ~] ~ → ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ [bin] ﺑﻴﻦ state, to express A bi.n ] capable of seeing; not blind] ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ bi-how.se.le] see] ﺑﻴﺤﻮﺻﻠﻪ (ﺩﻳﺪﻥ →) ;[ﺍﺯ = bi-kha.bar] unaware [of] ﺑﻰﺧﺒﺮ bi.nesh] insight] ﺑﻴﻨﺶ ignorant; not knowing or not bi.ni] nose] ﺑﻴﻨﻰ (having heard (of/about z2) foot ; ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺪﻥ → (pA] 1] ﭘﺎ biz] to sift ,ﺑﻴﺰ →] [bikh.tan] ﺑﻴﺨﺘﻦ (pAr.ti] party (for amusement] ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻰ bi.khod] in vain; for no reason] ﺑﻴﺨﻮﺩ pAr.sAl] last year] ﭘﺎﺭﺳﺎﻝ (.col) pArk] park] ﭘﺎﺭﻙ bi.dAr] awake] ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭ pA.ru] oar, paddle; snow shovel] ﭘﺎﺭﻭ to [~ ﺷﻮ →] [sho.dan ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ wake up (intr.) to row [~ ﺯﻥ →] [za.dan ~] ~ ﺯﺩﻥ to or paddle [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ wake up (tr.) to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ bi.run] outside (adv.) shovel the snow] ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ pA.ru-za.ni] rowing] ﭘﺎﺭﻭﺯﻧﻰ [bi.ru.n-e/bi.run az] ِﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ/ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ pA.re] torn] ﭘﺎﺭﻩ (.outside ( prep A → to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to [~ ﺁﻭﺭ ] [var.dan. ~] ~ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ take off (clothes); to take out tear (up) → (.pA.sokh] answer ( form] ﭘﺎﺳﺦ [~ ﺭﻭ ] [(raf.tan (az ~] ~ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ (ﺍﺯ) to go out; to leave (a place) [~ ِ →] [(dA.dan (be ~] ~ ﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) → to answer; to give an answer ﺑﻴﺨﺘﻦ [biz] ﺑﻴﺰ (.bist] twenty (to) ( form] ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪﻥ → [pAsh] ﭘﺎﺵ (.bish] more (lit./wrt] ﺑﻴﺶ pAsh] to ,ﭘﺎﺵ →] [pA.shi.dan] ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪﻥ bish az] more] ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ than ( form.) strew; to sprinkle (causative: (ﭘﺎﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ bish.tar] more; mostly] ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ A A p .kes.t n] Pakistan] ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ e] most of- ~] ِﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ A A p .kes.t .ni] Pakistani] ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻰ bi-sab.rA.ne] impatiently] ﺑﻰﺻﺒﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﭘﺎﻟﻮﺩﻥ → [pA.lA] ﭘﺎﻻ (ﺻﺒﺮ see) [pA.lA ,ﭘﺎﻻ →] [pA.lu.dan] ﭘﺎﻟﻮﺩﻥ bi-gha.rAr] restless; impatient] ﺑﻴﻘﺮﺍﺭ i] restlessness; to refine- ~] ﺑﻴﻘﺮﺍﺭﻯ pAnz.dah] fifteen] ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻩ impatience 232 [pAn.sad] five hundred [pa.rast] → Persian– English ﭘﺮﺳﺘﻴﺪﻥ ﭘﺮﺳﺖ ﭘﺎﻧﺼﺪ glossary ,ﭘﺮﺳﺖ →] [pa.ras.ti.dan] ﭘﺮﺳﺘﻴﺪﻥ pA.yAn] end] ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ be ~ A.ma.dan] pa.rast] to worship] (ﺑﻪ) ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ (.por.sesh] question ( form] ﭘﺮﺳﺶ (.to end (intr [~ ﺁ →] por.se.shi] interrogative] ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻰ bi- ~] endless] ﺑﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ por.s-o-ju] inquiry] ﭘﺮﺱ ﻭ ﺟﻮ ;pA] to last ,ﭘﺎ →] [pA.'i.dan] ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺪﻥ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to watch or guard pA.'iz] autumn make a search or inquiry] ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ/ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ [(por.si.dan (az] ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) paz] to cook ,ﭘَﺰ →] [pokh.tan] ﭘُﺨﺘﻦ pors] to ask a ,ﭘُﺮﺱ →] (.tr./intr) question (from) pokht-o-paz] cooking] ﭘﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺰ ِ ُ َ pa.ran.de] bird] ﭘَ َﺮﻧﺪﻩ na.pokh.te] uncooked] ﻧﭙﺨﺘﻪ [par.vAz] flight ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ pe.dar] father] ﭘِ َﺪﺭ to fly [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ pe.dar-bo.zorg] grandfather] ﭘﺪﺭﺑﺰﺭگ [par.vA.ne] butterfly; also girl’s ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ pe.da.r-o mA.dar] parents] (name (Parvaneh ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ → [pa.zir] ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺩﻥ → [par.var] ﭘﺮﻭﺭ [pa.zi.resh] acceptance; [par.var.dan] [→ , par.var] ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﭘﺮﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺩﻥ ;consent; admission to cherish; to rear reception [par.viz] Parviz (boy’s name) ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ [pa.zir ,ﭘﺬﻳﺮ →] [pa.zi.rof.tan] ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ (par.vin] Parvin (girl’s name] ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ to accept, to agree; to consent par.hiz] avoidance] ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ (.form./wrt ) [(kar.dan (az ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) pa.zi.rof.ta.ni] acceptable] ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻨﻰ → to avoid [~ ﻛﻦ ] ﭘﺮﻳﺪﻥ → [par] ﭘَﺮ (pa.ri] fairy; Pari (girl’s name] ﭘﺮﻯ por (az)] full (of); filled] ﭘُﺮ (ﺍﺯ) par] to fly ,ﭘﺮ →] [pa.ri.dan] ﭘﺮﻳﺪﻥ (with) not used for planes); to jump or) ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻥ → [pa.rA.kan] ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻦ (ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺪﻥ :leap (causative ,ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻦ →] [pa.rA.kan.dan] ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻥ pa.ri.ruz] the day before] ﭘﺮﻳﺮﻭﺯ (.pa.rA.kan] to scatter (lit par.dAkht] payment yesterday] ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ → ﭘُﺨﺘﻦ [paz] ﭘَﺰ [par.dAz ,ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ →] [par.dAkht] ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ pe.zeshk] doctor] ﭘﺰﺷﻚ to pay pe.zesh.ki] medicine] ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ → [par.dAz] ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﻥ → [pazh.mor] ﭘﮋﻣﺮ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ → [pors] ﭘﺮﺱ → ,ﭘﮋﻣﺮ ] [pazh.mor.dan] ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﻥ (por.sAn-por.sAn]: (while] ﭘُﺮﺳﺎﻥ ﭘُﺮﺳﺎﻥ asking many times (for pazh.mor] to wither (causative: 233 (ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺍﻧﺪﻥ (directions Persian– [pas] then (in conditional sentences); [pu] → ﭘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻥ ﭘﻮ ﭘﺲ English therefore; back or behind pust] skin] ﭘﻮﺳﺖ glossary A ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ → [push] ﭘﻮﺵ [(pas d .dan (be] ﭘَﺲ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) [→ ~] to give back (to), pu.shi.dan] [→ , push] to] ﺩﻩ ﭘﻮﺵ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ (.to return (tr (ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ :wear; to cover (causative [pas fe.res.tA.dan] ﭘﺲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻥ [pul] money ﭘﻮﻝ to send back [~ ﻓﺮﺳﺖ →] [pul.dAr] wealthy ﭘﻮﻟﺪﺍﺭ [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] [pas ge.ref.tan] ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ pu.yAn] Puyan; boy’s name] ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻥ to take back pu] to run in ,ﭘﻮ →] [pu.'i.dan] ﭘﻮﺋﻴﺪﻥ (.pas az] after ( prep] ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ (.pas-far.dA] the day after search of (lit] ﭘﺲ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ pi.yA.de] on foot] ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ tomorrow [~ ﺷﻮ →] [(sho.dan (az ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) post] post] ﭘﺴﺖ (.to mail to get off (a vehicle, a horse, etc [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [pi.yAz] onion ﭘﻴﺎﺯ post.chi] mailperson] ﭘُﺴﺘﭽﻰ A pi.y .no] piano] ﭘﻴﺎﻧﻮ pe.sar] boy; son] ﭘﺴﺮ turn; screw [ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻥ →] [pich] ﭘﻴﭻ pe.sa.rA.ne] boys’, of boys] ﭘﺴﺮﺍﻧﻪ [pich ,ﭘﻴﭻ →] [pi.chi.dan] ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻥ posht-e] behind ( prep.); at the] ِﭘﺸﺖ back of to turn or twist (causative: ) ﭘﻴﭽﺎﻧﺪﻥ pa.she] mosquito] ﭘﺸﻪ A → [~ ﻛﻦ ] [pey.d kar.dan] ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ pa.shi.mAn] regretful] ﭘﺸﻴﻤﺎﻥ to find [pa.shi.mAn sho.dan] ﭘﺸﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻥ (pir] old (for animates only] ﭘﻴﺮ to regret; to change [~ ﺷﻮ →] pir-zan] old woman] ﭘﻴﺮﺯﻥ one’s mind pir-mard] old man] ﭘﻴﺮﻣﺮﺩ [pa.shi.mAn kar.dan] ﭘﺸﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ → ;(.pi.rA.han] shirt ( form] ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻫﻦ to make so. regret or [~ ﻛﻦ ] ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ change his mind see pey.row] follower] ﭘﻴﺮﻭ po.lis] police] ﭘﻠﻴﺲ :.pir.han] shirt (more form] ﭘﻴﺮﻫﻦ panj] five] ﭘﻨﺞ (ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻫﻦ pan.jAh] fifty] ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ pish] past, last (as in ‘last] ﭘﻴﺶ panj-sham.be] Thursday] ﭘﻨﺠﺸﻨﺒﻪ (.week’) (adj ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ → [pen.dAr] ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺭ pi.sh-e] to or with a] ِﭘﻴﺶ .pen ,ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺭ →] [pen.dAsh.tan] ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ dAr] to assume; to think ( form.) person (similar to chez in (pen.hAn] hidden French] ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ (.pish az] before ( prep] ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ [pen.hAn kar.dan] ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (.pish az An-ke] before (conj] ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ to hide [~ ﻛﻦ →] pish-bi.ni] foresight] ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻰ pa.nir] cheese] ﭘﻨﻴﺮ 234 –pish.raft] progress ِ / ~ [~ go.zAsh.tan Persian] English ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻯ) ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ (bar/ru.ye)] [→ ~] to affect glossary ﮔﺬﺍﺭ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ make progress or influence; to impress [(ge.ref.tan (az ~] ~ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ (ﺍﺯ) to go [~ ﺭﻭ →] [pish raf.tan] ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ → ,to be affected [~ ﮔﻴﺮ ] forward, to advance influenced or impressed (by) ,pish-row] forerunner, pioneer] ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭ A (t .jik] Tajiki (of people] ﺗﺎﺟﻴﻚ progressive tA.ji.ki] Tajiki (of people or] ﺗﺎﺟﻴﻜﻰ pish.ra.vi] advance, moving] ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭﻯ forward (specially of troops) language) tA.ji.kes.tAn] Tajikistan] ﺗﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ;tAz] to assault ,ﺗﺎﺯ →] [tAkh.tan] ﺗﺎﺧﺘﻦ (advance (as troops (.pish.na.hAd] suggestion to rush (lit] ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ tAr] thread; string; a musical] ﺗﺎﺭ [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to suggest, to propose instrument tAr-zan] tar-player] ﺗﺎﺭﺯﻥ pey.ghAm] message] ﭘﻴﻐﺎﻡ tA.rikh] history; date] ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ pif ] Eew! (interj.; used] ﭘﻴﻒ! (ta.vA.rikh ,ﺗﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ .for bad smell) ( pl tA.ri.khi] historical] ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻰ ﭘﻴﻤﻮﺩﻥ → [pey.mA] ﭘﻴﻤﺎ tA.rik] dark] ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ [pey.mA ,ﭘﻴﻤﺎ →] [pey.mu.dan] ﭘﻴﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﺎﺧﺘﻦ → [tAz] ﺗﺎﺯ to traverse; to measure (.tA.ze] fresh (adj.); just (adv] ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ;pey.vast] appendix] ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ attachment [be-tA.ze.gi] ﺑﺘﺎﺯﮔﻰ/ ﺑﻪﺗﺎﺯﮔﻰ recently ,ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ →] [(pey.vas.tan (be] ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) pey.vand] to join tAb] to shine ,ﺗﺎﺏ →] [tAf.tan] ﺗﺎﻓﺘﻦ (ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪﻥ :pey.vas.te] connected; joined (lit.) (causative] ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ to fold [~ ﻛﻦ →] [tA kar.dan] ﺗﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ → [pey.vand] ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ tA-show] foldable, folding] ﺗﺎﺷﻮ tA] until; as soon as; so long as] ﺗﺎ tAk.si] taxi] ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻰ tA] ‘item’ as counting word] ﺗﺎ (preferably for non-humans) ,ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﺍﺕ .ta'.kid] emphasis ( pl] ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ (ta'.ki.dAt ﺗﺎﻓﺘﻦ → [tAb] ﺗﺎﺏ [tA be hAl] until now, so far [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ( ِﺭﻭﻯ/ ﺑَﺮ) ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ A A A to emphasize [~ ﻛﻦ →] t h .l ] until now, so far] ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ A A ta'.ki.di] emphatic] ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻯ t .bes.t n] summer] ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ A A [(tab.dil kar.dan (be] ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) t .bes.t .ní] summer’s; of] ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﻰ to change (to) (tr.); to [~ ﻛﻦ →] summer; summerly – (ta'.sir] effect or influence; alter; to convert (currencies] ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ or ﺷﺪﻥ for intr. use ,ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ .impression ( pl 235 ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ta'.si.rAt) ( form.) instead of ta.rA.ne] song; also girl’s name] ﺗﺮﺍﻧﻪ tab.rik] congratulation] ﺗﺒﺮﻳﻚ –Persian English A (tab.ri.k t) (Taraneh ,ﺗﺒﺮﻳﻜﺎﺕ .glossary ( pl ﺗﺮﺍﻭﻳﺪﻥ → [ta.rAv] ﺗﺮﺍﻭ [(gof.tan (be ~] ~ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) → [ta.rAv ,ﺗﺮﺍﻭ →] [ta.rA.vi.dan] ﺗﺮﺍﻭﻳﺪﻥ to congratulate [~ ﮔﻮ ] (.ta.ba.'i] subordinate (gr.) to trickle; to ooze (lit] ﺗﺒﻌﻰ tar.tib] order; arrangement] ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﭙﻴﺪﻥ → [tap] ﺗﭗ [tar.ti.bi dA.dan] ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻰ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ tap.pe] hill] ﺗﭙّﻪ to make an [~ ﺩﻩ →] ;tap] to beat ,ﺗﭗ →] [ta.pi.dan] ﺗﭙﻴﺪﻥ to pulsate arrangement; to arrange tar.jo.me] translation] ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ (.tah.t-e] under; beneath ( prep] ِﺗﺤﺖ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ e . . . gha.rAr- ~] ِﺗﺤﺖ . . . ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ to undergo; translate [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] [ge.ref.tan tar.jih] preference] ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ to become the object of; to be subjected to [(dA.dan (be/bar ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ/ ﺑﺮ) in ﺑﺮ) (to prefer (to [~ ﺩﻩ →] ;tah.sin] praise; admiration] ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ applause form./wrt.) → tar.did] doubt] ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ admire; to praise; to applaud [(dAsh.tan (be ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺩﺭ) tah.sil] education ( pl. always [→ ~] to doubt; to have] ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭ A (tah.si.l t) doubts (in ,ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼﺕ fear [ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ →] [tars] ﺗﺮﺱ tah.ghigh] research; investigation] ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ (tah.ghi.ghAt , ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ .pl ) tar.sAn] fearing] ﺗﺮﺳﺎﻥ ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] to tars.nAk] frightening] ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺮﺳﻨﺎﻙ investigate [tar.si.dan (az)] ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) takht] bed] ﺗﺨﺖ ;(tars] to be afraid (of ,ﺗﺮﺱ →] (ﺗﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ :takh.te] board, plank, piece of to fear (causative] ﺗﺨﺘﻪ flat wood sour [ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪﻥ →] [torsh] ﺗﺮﺵ takh.te si.yAh] blackboard] ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ torsh] to ,ﺗﺮﺵ →] [tor.shi.dan] ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪﻥ [takh.fif ] discount become sour ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ [tokh.m-e morgh] egg ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﻥ → [tark] ﺗﺮﻙ ِﺗﺨﻢ ُﻣﺮﻍ [tad.ris] teaching to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [tark kar.dan] ﺗﺮﻙ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ to leave a place (object always [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ teach (a subject) ( form.) definite) [tark ,ﺗﺮﻙ →] [tar.ki.dan] ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﻥ tar] wet (adj.); also: comparative suffix] ﺗﺮ :to explode (causative ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻴﺪﻥ → [ta.rAsh] ﺗﺮﺍﺵ (ﺗﺮﻛﺎﻧﺪﻥ ta.rA.shan.de] carver] ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻨﺪﻩ ِ term] term, semester] ﺗﺮﻡ ,ﺗﺮﺍﺵ →] [ta.rA.shi.dan] ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻴﺪﻥ te.ri.bun] podium; lectern] ﺗﺮﻳﺒﻮﻥ ta.rAsh] to carve, to whittle 236 –ta'.til] closed (a store or office); Persian] ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ;tash.khis] recognition] ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ A = English ta'.ti.l t glossary ,ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻼﺕ .distinction; diagnosis a holiday ( pl (to vacations [~ ﺩﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ta'.lim] instruction; education] ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ distinguish; to discern A (ta'.li.m t ,ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ .tash.rif ] honor; honoring ( pl. ( pl] ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ta'.mir] repair, fixing] ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ (tash.ri.fAt = formalities ,ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ for its usage in polite language) see Appendix I) repair, to fix ,ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ .tagh.yir] change ( pl] ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ tesh.ne] thirsty] ﺗﺸﻨﻪ (tash.vigh] encouragement tagh.yi.rAt] ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ to change [~ ﺩﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ encourage; to applaud (tr.) [kar.dan/yAf.tan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ tas.fi.ye] purification] ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ → (.to change (intr [~ ﻛﻦ/ ﻳﺎﺏ ] to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (.more form ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ) purify; to refine; to purge A ta.f .vot] difference] ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ .tas.mim] decision ( pl] ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ [(dAsh.tan (bA ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﺎ) (tas.mi.mAt ,ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ → (to be different (from [~ ﺩﺍﺭ ] to [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ta.ghA.zA] demand; request] ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ intend; to have the intention to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (. . . to) to demand; to request [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] [ge.ref.tan ~] ~ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ;tagh.ri.ban] almost] ًﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ decide; to make up one’s mind ta.sav.vor] assumption; approximately] ّﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ta.kA.lif ] pl. of] ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ,ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ .imagination ( pl ّ A ;shake; jolt [ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺪﻥ →] [ta.kAn] ﺗﻜﺎﻥ (ta.sav.vo.r t to budging [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to [~ ﺧﻮﺭ→] [khor.dan ~] ~ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ assume or imagine (.tas.vib] approval; ratification shake, budge or move (intr] ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ to [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ratify; to approve shake, move or rock (tr.) ta.kAn] to ,ﺗﻜﺎﻥ →] [ta.kAn.dan] ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺪﻥ [ ta.'A.rof, in col. also tA.rof] ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ pleasantries exchanged to cause to shake tek.rAr] repetition] ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ,ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻓﺎﺕ .show politeness ( pl ta.'A.ro.fAt) [tek.rAr kar.dan] ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to repeat [~ ﻛﻦ →] ta.'aj.job] astonishment] ّﺗﻌﺠﺐ → tak.lif ] homework, assignment] ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ to be [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ( ta.kA.lif ,ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ .surprised ( pl A ;tak.mil] making complete] ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ te'.d d] number] ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ te'.dA.di az] a number of supplementing; finishing 237] ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ Persian– [tek.ye] stress; emphasis; leaning * [tan* kar.dan] to wear or ﺗﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ English put on (col.) [→ ~] ﻛﻦ dA.dan/kar.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ/ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) glossary [be/bar tan dAsh.tan] ﺑﻪ/ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ to lean [~ ﺩﻩ ζ→/~ ﻛﻦ →] [(be) to be wearing [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] (against) (.kar.dan (clothes) ( form ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﺮ/ ِﺭﻭﻯ) [be/bar tan kar.dan] ﺑﻪ/ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to put [~ ﻛﻦ →] [(bar/ru.ye) (to put on (clothes [~ ﻛﻦ →] emphasis (on); to emphasize (.ta.lAsh] effort ( form] ﺗﻼﺵ ton.bak (col.: tom-)] a small] ﺗﻨﺒﻚ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ make an effort; to attempt; to drum common in Iran; also [zarb] ﺿﺮﺏ called [ﻛﻦ ζ→ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ] try tan.bal] lazy] ﺗﻨﺒﻞ talkh] bitter] ﺗﻠﺦ tond] fast (adj./adv.); abrupt; spicy] ﺗﻨﺪ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [ta.laf kar.dan] ﺗﻠﻒ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ waste (tr.) and hot (taste) tang] tight] ﺗﻨﮓ te.le.fon] telephone] ﺗﻠﻔﻦ A tan.h ] only; alone] ﺗﻨﻬﺎ [te.le.fon za.dan/kar.dan] ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﺯﺩﻥ/ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [. . . na ~ . . . bal.ke] ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ . . . ﺑﻠﻜﻪ . . . ,to telephone [~ ﺯﻥ/ζ~ ﻛﻦ →] to call not only . . . but also . . . tan.hA.'i] solitude] ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ te.le.fo.ni] per phone] ﺗﻠﻔﻨﻰ (.to] you (sg] ﺗﻮ te.le.vi.zi.yon] television] ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ta.vA.rikh] pl. of] ﺗﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ [ta.mA.shA kar.dan] ﺗﻤﺎﺷﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ → [ta.vAn] ﺗﻮﺍﻥ to watch [~ ﻛﻦ →] ta.vA.nA] capable; mighty] ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎ ;ta.mAm] whole, complete; full] ﺗﻤﺎﻡ [ta.vAn ,ﺗﻮﺍﻥ →] [ta.vA.nes.tan] ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ finished e] all of can, to be able to- ~] ﺗﻤﺎﻡِ tup] ball] ﺗﻮپ [~ ﺷﻮ →] [sho.dan ~] ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ tup-bA.zi] children’s play] ﺗﻮپﺑﺎﺯﻯ to get finished with a ball [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to finish (tr.) ta.vaj.joh] attention] ّﺗﻮﺟﻪ [(kar.dan (be ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) tam.rin] exercise] ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ to notice; to pay [~ ﻛﻦ →] ta.miz] clean] ﺗﻤﻴﺰ (to attention (to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ tu.rist] tourist] ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺴﺖ clean ,(ta.vas.sot-e] by (means of] ّﺗﻮﺳ ِﻂ tan] counting word for people] ﺗﻦ ( form. in this sense) through (the mediation of) tow.si.ye] recommendation] ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ tan] body] ﺗﻦ [(kar.dan (be ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) tan* bu.dan] to be] ﺗﻦ* ﺑﻮﺩﻥ to recommend [~ ﻛﻦ →] [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] (.wearing (col 238 [tow.zih] explanation [jAn] life (as opposed to death) Persian– English ﺟﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ jA.neb] side, direction ( pl. glossary] ﺟﺎﻧﺐ [tow.zih dA.dan] ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ja.vA.neb ,ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ to explain [~ ﺩِﻩ →] az ~ -e] by, through, from] ﺍﺯ ِﺟﺎﻧﺐ tow.figh] success] ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ (javAyez ,ﺟﻮﺍﻳﺰ .jA.ye.ze] award ( pl] ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ [yAf.tan/dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ jo.dA] separate] ﺟﺪﺍ to find/have [~ ﻳﺎﺏ/ﺩﺍﺭ→] success, to succeed; to be lucky sho.dan (az)] to be ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) enough to separated (from); to be divorced [ta.vagh.gho'] expectation ja.did] new] ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﻗّﻊ A → jor.'at] courage (often written] ﺟﺮﺃﺕ [~ ﺩﺍﺭ ] [d sh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (same pronunciation , ﺟﺮﺋﺖ to expect as [kar.dan/dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ta.vagh.ghof ] stop, halt] ﺗﻮﻗّﻒ to dare; to have the [~ ﻛﻦ/ﺩﺍﺭ →] to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [ﺩﺍﺭ ζ→ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦz/ﻛﻦ ζ→ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ] stop (intr.), to make a stop courage form] crime; misdeed] ُﺟﺮﻡ ta.val.lod] birth] ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺟﺮﺃﺕ jor.'at] see] ﺟﺮﺋﺖ tu.mAn] tuman or toman, a] ﺗﻮﻣﺎﻥ = be) joz] except; other than)] (ﺑﻪ/ ﺑـ) ﺟﺰ (currency unit ( 10 Iranian rials (.tow.hin] insult ( prep] ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻦ in ke] except that ~] (ﺑﻪ/ ﺑـ) ﺟﺰ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ [(kar.dan (be ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) (.to insult (conj [~ ﻛﻦ →] jos.to.ju] search] ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ (.tu-ye] in; inside (col] ِﺗﻮﻯ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ sA.le.san] thirdly] ًﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ sA.ni.yan] secondly search or look for] ًﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ → jah] to leap; to ,ﺟﻪ ] [jas.tan] ﺟﺴﺘﻦ (sA.ni.ye] second (1/60th of a minute] ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ jump ser.vat] wealth] ﺛﺮﻭﺕ jos.tan] [→ , ju] to seek; to] َ ﺟﻮ ﺟﺴﺘﻦ ser.vat.mand] wealthy] (.search for sth. and] find ( form] َﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪ [sols] one-third (used especially above ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ jos.t-o-ju] see ] ﺟﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺟﻮ ﺛﻠﺚ for quarters/terms in academic [jashn] celebration ﺟﺸﻦ (year – excluding summer ~ [~ ge.ref.tan] [→ ~] to ﮔﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ jA] place] celebrate ﺟﺎ be) jA.ye] in place)] ِﺟﺎﻯ/ (ﺑﻪ) ِﺟﺎﻯ e ta.val.lod] birthday- ~] ِﺟﺸﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ of; instead of party (lit. ‘celebration of (’[jA.leb] financial birth[day] ﺟﺎﻟﺐ joft] pair] ُﺟﻔﺖ jA.me.'e] society] ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ yek ~] a pair of] ﻳﻚ ُﺟﻔﺖ jA.me.'e-she.nAs] sociologist] ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺱ jeld] volume (counting word for] ِﺟﻠﺪ [jA.me.'e –she.nA.si] ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ sociology books) 239 Persian– [ja.la.se] session; meeting [jah] → َﺟﺴﺘﻦ َﺟﻪ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ English ( pl. , ja.la.sAt) ja.hAn] world] ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ glossary ;ja.hA.ni] of the world] ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻰ je.low] front; ahead] ﺟﻠﻮ je.lo.w-e] in front of international] ِﺟﻠﻮ ja.hat] reason; direction] ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ja.mA.hir] pl. of] ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ be ~ -e] because of] ﺑﻪ ِﺟﻬﺖ (.jam'] plural (gr] َﺟﻤﻊ dar ~ -e] in direction of] ﺩﺭ ِﺟﻬﺖ jom.'e] Friday] ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ja.han.nam] hell] ﺟﻬﻨّﻢ .jom.le] sentence (gr.) ( pl] ﺟﻤﻠﻪ A A jib] pocket] ﺟﻴﺐ (jo.me.l t/jo.ma.l t , ﺟﻤﻼﺕ z;ﭼﺎﭘﻴﺪﻥ → (chAp] 1] ﭼﺎپ [jom.le-ye mow.su.li] ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻰ relative clause (gr.) 2) publication jom.hu.ri] republic ( pl. ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] to] ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ A ja.m .hir) publish ,ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ → chAp] to ,ﭼﺎپ →] [chA.pi.dan] ﭼﺎﭘﻴﺪﻥ ﺟﻨﺒﻴﺪﻥ [jonb] ﺟﻨﺐ jonb] to plunder ,ﺟﻨﺐ →] [jon.bi.dan] ﺟﻨﺒﻴﺪﻥ ;chA.re] remedy; cure; solution] ﭼﺎﺭﻩ move; to wiggle; to hurry resort; alternative; choice (ﺟﻨﺒﺎﻧﺪﻥ :causative) → pa.zir] remediable ~] ~ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ war [ﺟﻨﮕﻴﺪﻥ ] [jang] ﺟﻨﮓ A ِ ,ﭼﺎﻳﻰ or ﭼﺎﺋﻰ chAy] tea (also] ﭼﺎﻯ jan.g-e ja.h .ni] World] ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻰ War chA'i) [jan.gal] forest; woods; jungle z 2) left;ﭼﭙﻴﺪﻥ → (chap] 1] ﭼﭗ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ [jan.gi.dan] [→ , jang] to chap] to ,ﭼﭗ →] [cha.pi.dan] ﭼﭙﻴﺪﻥ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻨﮕﻴﺪﻥ fight (ﭼﭙﺎﻧﺪﻥ :crowd into (causative [jo.nub] south ﭼﺮﻳﺪﻥ → [char] ﭼﺮ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ [ju] → che.rA] yes (use only to contradict] ﭼﺮﺍ ﺟﺴﺘﻦ ﺟﻮ ;ja.vAb] answer negative statements/questions] ﺟﻮﺍﺏ (-ja.vAb dA.dan (be)] stress on ché] ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) (-ché.rA] why? (stress on ché] ﭼﺮﺍ؟ to answer; to give an [~ ﺩِﻩ →] answer (to) ché.rA ke] because] ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ [ja.vAn] young che.rAgh] light, lamp] ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ [ja.vA.neb] pl. of wheel [ﭼﺮﺧﻴﺪﻥ →] [charkh] ﭼﺮﺥ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ [ja.vA.ni] youth ,ﭼﺮﺥ →] [char.khi.dan] ﭼﺮﺧﻴﺪﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻰ A charkh] to turn (around); to ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ ja.v .yez] pl. of] ﺟﻮﺍﻳﺰ (ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪﻥ :ju.je] chicken revolve (causative] ﺟﻮﺟﻪ char] to ,ﭼﺮ →] [cha.ri.dan] ﭼﺮﻳﺪﻥ ﺟﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ → [jush] ﺟﻮﺵ (ﭼﺮﺍﻧﺪﻥ :jush] to graze (causative ,ﺟﻮﺵ →] [ju.shi.dan] ﺟﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ glue [ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪﻥ →] [chasb] ﭼﺴﺐ (ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ :boil (intr.) (causative 240 [chas.bi.dan] [→ , chasb] [chand] 1) several; 2) how many? Persian– English ﭼﻨﺪ ﭼﺴﺐ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪﻥ chand bAr] 1) several glossary] ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ :to stick; to adhere (causative ?times; 2) how many times (ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪﻥ ?chand sA.le] how old] ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﭼﺸﻴﺪﻥ → [chesh] ﭼﺶ chand vaght] 1) for some] ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﺖ cheshm] eye ( pl. with both -hA] ِﭼﺸﻢ and -An) time; 2) for how long? chan.dom] (question about] ﭼﻨﺪﻡ؟ chesh] to ,ﭼﺶ→] [che.shi.dan] ﭼﺸﻴﺪﻥ (ordinal numbers (ﭼﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ :taste (causative chan.dAn] so, so much, so many] ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ che-towr] how] ﭼﻄﻮﺭ (.che-ghadr] how much (stress ( poet.); that much (col] ﭼﻘﺪﺭ chan.din] several; more than] ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ (-on ché just a few ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻥ → [chek] ﭼﻚ [che.nin] such ﭼﻨﻴﻦ che-kAr] used to] ( ﭼﻪﻛﺎﺭ or) ﭼﻜﺎﺭ (.chon] because (conj] ﭼﻮﻥ ask what someone is doing (.chon] similar to, like (lit] ﭼﻮﻥ (ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ see) che] what] ﭼﻪ (.chek.ke] drop (n] ّﭼﻜﻪ [. . . che . . . che] ﭼﻪ . . . ﭼﻪ . . . [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to fall in drops, to trickle, whether . . . or . . . [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] [che* bu.dan] ﭼﻪ* ﺑﻮﺩﻥ to leak (.chek] to What’s wrong with . . . ? (col ,ﭼﻚ →] [che.ki.dan] ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻥ ﭼﻜﺎﺭ che-kAr] see] ﭼﻪﻛﺎﺭ (ﭼﻜﺎﻧﺪﻥ :trickle (causative ?che vaght] what time? when] ﭼﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ (.che-gu.ne] how ( form./wrt] ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ cha.hAr] four] ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﭼﻼﻧﺪﻥ → [che.lAn] ﭼﻼﻥ cha.hAr.dah] fourteen] ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻩ [che.lAn ,ﭼﻼﻥ →] [che.lAn.dan] ﭼﻼﻧﺪﻥ cha.hAr-sham.be] Wednesday] ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺷﻨﺒﻪ to squeeze; to wring cha.hAr.sad] four hundred] ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺻﺪ che.low] cooked rice] ﭼﻠﻮ che.hel] forty] ﭼﻬﻞ che.low-ka.bAb] a Persian] ﭼﻠﻮﻛﺒﺎﺏ (ﭼﻪ chi] what (col. of] ﭼﻰ dish: rice and kabab chiz] thing] ﭼﻴﺰ ﭼﻤﻴﺪﻥ → [cham] ﭼﻢ hA.zer] ready] ﺣﺎﺿﺮ /-.cham] ﭼﻤﺒﺎﺗﻤﻪ (/ﭼﻨﺒﺎﺗﻤﻪ) ﺯﺩﻥ A → .hA.fez] Hafez or Hafiz (poet, ca] ﺣﺎﻓﻆ [~ ﺯﻥ ] [chan.b t.me za.dan to squat 1326–89) hAfeze] memory] ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ cha.me.dAn] suitcase] ﭼﻤﺪﺍﻥ ;hAl] state (of being); presently] ﺣﺎﻝ [cham ,ﭼﻢ →] [cha.mi.dan] ﭼﻤﻴﺪﻥ ( ِﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ to strut ( poet.) present (see also dar hA.l-e] during ( prep.); while] ﺩﺭ ِﺣﺎﻝ che.nAn] so; such; in such a way] ﭼﻨﺎﻥ dar hA.li-ke] while] ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ke] as; the way ~] ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ/ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ that (conj.), as; whereas 241 Persian– [hA.lA] now [haghgh] right (n.) ( pl. , ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ّﺣﻖ ﺣﺎﻻ English ho.ghugh) ,ﺣﺎﻻﺕ .hA.lat] state; mood ( pl] ﺣﺎﻟﺖ glossary to [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (hA.lAt habs] imprisonment have the right; to be right] ﺣﺒﺲ .ho.ghugh] salary; rights ( pl] ﺣﻘﻮﻕ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ( ّﺣﻖ imprison of [ho.ghu.gh-e ba.shar] ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺣﺘّﻰ hat.tA] see] ﺣﺘّﺎ human rights hat.man] certainly] ًﺣﺘﻤﺎ [ha.ghir] lowly; humble; petty ﺣﻘﻴﺮ hat.tA] even (adv.) (sometimes] ﺣﺘﻰ A A ّ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ he.k .y t] pl. of] ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺎﺕ (ﺣﺘّﺎ spelled he.kA.yat] story; tale] ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ hadd] limit; extent] ّﺣﺪ A A (hek y t ,ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺎﺕ .zi.yA.de az ~] too much ( pl] ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ A hal.v ] halva; kind of sweet] ﺣﻠﻮﺍ hads] guess] ﺣﺪﺱ Persian confection to guess [~ ﺯﻥ →] [za.dan ~] ~ ﺯﺩﻥ ham.mAm] bath] ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ّ hazf ] deletion] ﺣﺬﻑ ham.le] attack] ﺣﻤﻠﻪ to delete [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) harf ] talk; words (= what] 1 to attack َﺣﺮﻑ someone says) [how.se.le] patience; ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ [~ →] [(za.dan (bA ~] ~ forbearance ﺯﻥ ﺯﺩﻥ (ﺑﺎ) to talk (to/with) [bi ~] impatient; in a bad ﺑﻰﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ por-~] gabby; talkative] mood ﭘُ َﺮﺣﺮﻑ ;.harf ] letter of alphabet (gr] ﺣﺮﻑ 2 (.ha.yAt] life ( form] ﺣﻴﺎﺕ َ ( horuf ُﺣﺮﻭﻑ .pl [ha.yA.ti] vital ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻰ har.f-e e.zA.fe] preposition] ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ha.yAt] yard] ﺣﻴﺎﻁ (.gr) hey.rat] surprise] ﺣﻴﺮﺕ (. [har.f-e rabt] conjunction (grﺣﺮﻑ ﺭﺑﻂ → to be [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ َﺣﺮﻑ ho.ruf ] pl. of] ُﺣﺮﻭﻑ amazed ha.san] Hasan (also written] ﺣﺴﻦ [hey.rat-an.giz] ﺣﻴﺮﺕﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ Hassan); boy’s name hefz] preservation; protection; astonishing] ِﺣﻔﻆ ,ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ .hey.vAn] animal ( pl] ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ memorization A A (to hey.v .n t [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ thorn [ﺧﺎﺭﻳﺪﻥ →] [khAr] ﺧﺎﺭ preserve; to protect khA.re.ji] external; foreign] ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ /az ~ kar.dan] (ﺍﺯ) ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ ﺷﺪﻥ (.to memorize (adj.); foreigner (n [~ ﻛﻦ/ ﺷﻮ →] [sho.dan khAr] to ,ﺧﺎﺭ →] [khA.ri.dan] ﺧﺎﺭﻳﺪﻥ /az) ~ bu.dan)] (ﺍﺯ) ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ/ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ :to have in itch; to scratch (causative [~ ﺑﺎﺵ/ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan (ﺧﺎﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ (memory (what you memorized 242 [khAs.tan] [→ , khiz] to rise [kha.bar.sAz] newsmaking Persian– English ﺧﺒﺮﺳﺎﺯ ﺧﻴﺰ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﻦ khe.jA.lat] embarrassment; glossary] ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺖ (bar ,ﺑﺮ usually with prefix) khA.ter] mind humiliation; shame] ﺧﺎﻃﺮ [(ke.shi.dan (az ~] ~ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) be- ~ -e] for the sake of] ﺑﻪ ِﺧﺎﻃﺮ/ ِﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ [→ ~] to be embarrassed ﻛﺶ [be ~ A.var.dan] (about) or feel ashamed (of) ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ َﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ to remember [~ ﺁﻭﺭ →] [khe.jA.lat-A.var] ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺖﺁﻭﺭ [az ~ bor.dan] embarrassing ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ to forget [~ ﺑَﺮ →] [khe.jA.la.ti] shy, bashful, coy ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺘﻰ [~ ﺭﻭ →] [az ~ raf.tan] ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ kho.dA] god] ﺧﺪﺍ to be forgotten ;kho.dA hA.fez] good-bye] ﺧﺪﺍ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ [be) ~* A.ma.dan)] (ﺑﻪ) ﺧﺎﻃﺮ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ to remember adieu (lit., ‘may God protect [~ ﺁ →] you’) [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] [bu.dan *~] ﺧﺎﻃﺮ* ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ;kho.dA hA.fe.zi] farewell] ﺧﺪﺍﺣﺎﻓﻈﻰ to remember goodbye; leave-taking [az) ~* raf.tan)] (ﺍﺯ) ﺧﺎﻃﺮ* ﺭﻓﺘﻦ [~ ﻛﻦ →] [(kar.dan (bA ~] ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﺎ) to forget [~ ﺭﻭ →] (khA.me.san] fifthly to say goodbye (to] ًﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ F A !kho.d .y ] O God] ﺧﺪﺍﻳﺎ khA.mush] extinguished; off] ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ,ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ .khed.mat] service ( pl] ﺧﺪﻣﺖ on’); silent‘ ≠) A to turn off; kha.da.m t) (for its usage in [~ ﻛﻦ ζ→] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to extinguish; to silence polite language see Appendix I) → ζ ;donkey (2 ;ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻥ (khar] 1] ﺧﺮ khA.nom] Mrs. or Miss, lady] ﺧﺎﻧُﻢ ( pl. only with -hA) a stupid person; stupid A kha.r b] broken [down]; not] ﺧﺮﺍﺏ khA.ne.vA.de] family] ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ functioning; in ruins khA.ne] house] ﺧﺎﻧﻪ scratch [ﺧﺮﺍﺷﻴﺪﻥ →] [kha.rAsh] ﺧﺮﺍﺵ khA.ne.dAr] housewife] ﺧﺎﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭ [kha.rA.shi.dan] [→ , ﺧﺮﺍﺵ ﺧﺮﺍﺷﻴﺪﻥ kha.bar] news (countable in] :kha.rAsh] to scratch (causative ﺧﺒﺮ Persian; pl. also , akh.bAr) (ﺧﺮﺍﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ [bA ~ bu.dan (az)] → [kh.rAm] ﺑﺎ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) ﺧﺮﺍﻣﻴﺪﻥ ﺧﺮﺍﻡ /to know (about/of [~ →] → A ﺑﺎﺵ ,ﺧﺮﺍﻡ ] [kha.r .mi.dan] ﺧﺮﺍﻣﻴﺪﻥ (from kh.rAm] to strut ( poet.) [(dA.dan (be ~] ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) khar.bo.ze] melon] ﺧﺮﺑﺰﻩ to let know, to inform [~ ﺩِﻩ →] → to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kharj kar.dan] ﺧﺮﺝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [(dAsh.tan (az ~] ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺍﺯ) (to know (about) (no spend (money [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] khers] bear] ﺧﺮﺱ (mi- in pres. and progressive tenses khor.mA] date (fruit of date] ُﺧﺮﻣﺎ [bA) ~ kar.dan)] (ﺑﺎ) ﺧﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to let know, to inform palm) 243 [~ ﻛﻦ →] Persian– [kho.rush] [→ ] cry; [kha.mir] paste; dough ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﺧﺮﻭﺷﻴﺪﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺵ English uproar kha.mir dan.dAn] toothpaste] ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ glossary → ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪﻥ → [khand] ﺧﻨﺪ ,ﺧﺮﻭﺵ ] [kho.ru.shi.dan] ﺧﺮﻭﺷﻴﺪﻥ kho.ru.sh] to clamour (lit.) (ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪﻥ khan.dAn] laughing (from] ﺧﻨﺪﺍﻥ [kha.rid] shopping; purchase [khan.di.dan] [→ , khand] ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻨﺪ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪﻥ → (ﺧﻨﺪﺍﻧﺪﻥ :to to laugh (causative [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ shop, to do shopping khan.de] laughter] ﺧﻨﺪﻩ kha.ri.dAr] purchaser] ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭ kar.dan] to laugh ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ kha.ri.dA.ri] purchase] ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻯ ko.nAn] (while) laughing ~] ~ ﻛﻨﺎﻥ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [ge.ref.tan *~] ﺧﻨﺪﻩ* ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ purchase [→ ~] to have to laugh ﮔﻴﺮ kha.ri.dan] [→ , khar] to] → A ﺧﺮ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻥ [ﺧﻔﺘﻦ or ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻥ ] [kh b] ﺧﻮﺍﺏ buy sleep (n.); asleep (adj.) ﺧﺰﻳﺪﻥ → [khaz] ﺧﺰ *~ [~* A.ma.dan] [→ ~] to ﺁ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ kha.zi.dan] [→ , khaz] to] feel/get sleepy ﺧﺰ ﺧﺰﻳﺪﻥ (ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺪﻥ :crawl (causative *~ [~* bor.dan] [→ ~] to ﺑَﺮ ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ khas.tan] [only past tense] to] fall asleep ﺧﺴﺘﻦ wound (obsolete) [khAb-A.var] sedative ﺧﻮﺍﺏﺁﻭﺭ khas.te] tired; bored] ﺧﺴﺘﻪ [khA.bi.dan] [→ , khAb] ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻥ ko.nan.de] tiring; boring- ~] ~ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ to sleep; to go to bed (causative: [khoshk] dry (ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﺪﻥ/ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﻴﺪﻥ ﺧﺸﻚ [khatt] handwriting; line (on a khAst] wish] ّﺧﻂ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ (page or in geometry [khAs.tAr] one who wants; ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ khat.ti] handwritten] desirous ّﺧﻄﻰ kha.tar] danger] ﺧﻄﺮ khAst.gAr or khAs.te.gAr] suitor] ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﮕﺎﺭ [kha.tar.nAk] dangerous khAs.tan] [→ , khAh] to] ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ A → kh b] to want ,ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ] [khof.tan] ﺧﻔﺘﻦ (ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻴﺪﻥ sleep (lit.; see (to ask (so. to (ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﻰ) ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ (ﻛﻪ) khalgh] creation] ﺧﻠﻖ khAstani] desirable] ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻨﻰ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [khAn] → ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻥ create [khA.nA] legible ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺎ kha.lij] gulf] ﺧﻠﻴﺞ A → A kh n] to ,ﺧﻮﺍﻥ ] [kh n.dan] ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ;kham] bent ,ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻥ →] [kham] ﺧﻢ bend read; to study (tr.); to sing; to call A kh n.da.ni] readable; worth] ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻧﻰ khoms] one-fifth; religious tax] ﺧﻤﺲ in Islam reading A kh .nan.de] reader, singer] ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ kham] to ,ﺧﻢ →] [kha.mi.dan] ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ → [khAh] ﺧﻮﺍﻩ (ﺧﻤﺎﻧﺪﻥ :bend (causative 244 [khAh . . . khAh . . .] [khor.da.ni] edible; fit to eat; Persian– English ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻧﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . ﺧﻮﺍﻩ . . . whether . . . or . . . food glossary khosh] happy, good, nice] ﺧﻮﺵ ;khA.hAn] one who wants] ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺎﻥ [(A.ma.dan (az *~] ﺧﻮﺵ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) desirous to like [~ ﺁ →] khA.har] sister] َﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮ go.zash.tan ~] ﺧﻮﺵ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ*) khA.har] ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ or ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ to have a good [~ ﮔﺬﺭ →] [(*ba.rA.dar or khA.ha.r-o ba.rA.dar] (be siblings time ;khosh.bakht] fortunate] ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺖ (.khA.hesh] request (n] ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ to happy (in life); lucky [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [khosh.bakh.tA.ne] ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ request fortunately; luckily ;khAh nA-khAh] willy-nilly] ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﻩ khosh.bakh.ti] happiness] ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﻰ no matter what (in life) [khA.hi na.khA.hi] ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻰ ;khosh.bu] fragrant] ﺧﻮﺷﺒﻮ willy-nilly sweet-smelling khub] good] ﺧﻮﺏ [khosh.bin] optimist (from ﺧﻮﺷﺒﻴﻦ khod] self; one’s own] ﺧﻮﺩ (ﺧﻮﺵ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ [kho.dat] yourself; your khosh.bi.ni] optimism] ﺧﻮﺩﺕ ﺧﻮﺷﺒﻴﻨﻰ (.own (sg [khosh.hAl] happy, glad ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ;kho.de.tAn] yourselves] → ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ to [~ ﺷﻮ ] [sho.dan ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ (.your own (pl become happy [kho.dash] himself/herself/ → ﺧﻮﺩﺵ to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ itself; his/her/its own make happy [kho.de.shAn] themselves; A ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ;khosh.h .li] delight] ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻟﻰ their own cheerfulness kho.dam] myself; my own] ﺧﻮﺩﻡ khosh.gel] pretty; cute] ﺧﻮﺷﮕﻞ ;kho.de.mAn] ourselves] ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺎﻥ khosh-ma.ze] delicious, tasty] ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ our own [khosh-ne.vi.si] calligraphy ﺧﻮﺷﻨﻮﻳﺴﻰ ;khod-khAh] selfish] ﺧﻮﺩﺧﻮﺍﻩ khun] blood] ﺧﻮﻥ egocentric ;khun-khAr] bloodthirsty] ﺧﻮﻧﺨﻮﺍﺭ khod.ko.shi] suicide] ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺸﻰ bloodsucker to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ /.khish] self; one’s own [ form] ﺧﻮﻳﺶ commit suicide lit.] ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ → [khor] ﺧﻮﺭ [khish.tan] self; one’s own ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺘﻦ [khor.dan] [→ , khor] [.form./lit ] ﺧﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ to eat (also ‘to drink’ in A A khi.y .b n] street] ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ :colloquial Persian) (causative A khay.y t] tailor 245] ﺧﻴّﺎﻁ (ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ/ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﺪﻥ Persian– [khay.yA.ti] sewing; the tailor’s ِ [dA.nesh-A.muz] student of ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯ ﺧﻴّﺎﻃﻰ English to sew elementary or high school [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ glossary dA.nesh.ju] a college/university] ﺩﺍﻧِﺸﺠﻮ khi.yAl] imagination, fancy] ﺧﻴﺎﻝ to student [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ dA.nesh.ka.de] faculty] ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ intend dA.nesh.gAh] university] ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ dA.nesh.mand] scientist] ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪ imagine, to suppose dA.ne] ‘item’ as counting word for] ﺩﺍﻧﻪ (.kheyr] no (polite/form] ﺧﻴﺮ khi.re sho.dan (be)] inanimates] ﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ (ﺑﻪ) da.bes.tAn] elementary school] ﺩﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ (to stare (at [~ ﺷﻮ →] da.bi.res.tAn] high school] ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﻦ → [khiz] ﺧﻴﺰ dokh.tar] girl; daughter] ُﺩﺧﺘَﺮ khis] wet] ﺧﻴﺲ dokh.ta.rA.ne] girls’, of girls] ﺩﺧﺘﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺧﻴﺴﺎﻧﺪﻥ → [khi.sAn] ﺧﻴﺴﺎﻥ (.z2) door; 3) in ( prep ;ﺩﺭﻳﺪﻥ → (dar] 1] ﺩﺭ [khis ,ﺧﻴﺲ →] [khi.sAn.dan] ﺧﻴﺴﺎﻧﺪﻥ to soak de.rAz] long] ﺩﺭﺍﺯ [khey.li] (stress on khéy-) very; [~ ﻛﺶ →] [ke-shi.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ a lot (of, ) to lie down ﺍﺯ [dA.khe.l-e] in; inside ( form.) to [~ ﺁﻭﺭ →] [dar-A.var.dan] ﺩﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ِﺩﺍﺧﻞ (dA.khe.li] internal take off (clothes] ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ (.dar.bA.re-ye] about ( prep] ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ dah] to give , َﺩﻩ/deh , ﺩِﻩ →] [dA.dan] ﺩﺍﺩﻥ A → ;da.re.je/da.ra.je] degree, grade] َﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ [d r] ﺩﺍﺭ dA.rA] 1) wealthy; 2) Dara; boy’s rank; thermometer] ﺩﺍﺭﺍ de.rakht] tree ( pl. with both] ﺩِ َﺭﺧﺖ name (dA.rA.ye] having; outfitted with -hA and -An] ِﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻴﺪﻥ → [de.rakhsh] ﺩﺭﺧﺶ dA.ru] medication; drug] ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ,ﺩﺭﺧﺶ →] [de.rakh.shi.dan] ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻴﺪﻥ dAs.tAn] story] ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ de.rakhsh] to shine dAr] to have , ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan] ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ dar.khor] suitable; appropriate] ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺭ no mi- in pres. and progressive) e] befitting; worthy of- ~] ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺭِ (tenses (.dard] pain (n] ﺩﺭﺩ (dAgh] hot (≠ cold] ﺩﺍﻍ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ → [dAn] ﺩﺍﻥ dA.man] skirt ache, to feel pain] ﺩﺍﻣﻦ [sar* ~ kar.dan] ﺳﺮ* ﺩﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ dA.nA] wise] ﺩﺍﻧﺎ [→ ~] to have a headache ﻛﻦ dAn] to , ﺩﺍﻥ →] [dA.nes.tan] ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ِ dar.d-e sar] trouble] ﺩﺭﺩ َﺳﺮ :know (something, not someone dar.d-A.var] causing pain] ﺩﺭﺩﺁﻭﺭ (ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ see dard.nAk] painful] ﺩﺭﺩﻧﺎﻙ dA.nesh] knowledge] ﺩﺍﻧﺶ 246 [dars] lesson [dast.shu.'i] lavatory; toilet Persian– English ﺩﺳﺘﺸﻮﺋﻰ ﺩﺭﺱ glossary (ﺩﺳﺖ ﺷﺴﺘﻦ from) [~ ﺧﻮﺍﻥ →] [khAn.dan ~] ~ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ dast.gAh] apparatus; machine] ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ (.to study (intr [dast.gir kar.dan] ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [(dA.dan (be ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) to arrest [~ ﻛﻦ →] (.to teach (sth. to so dast.gi.ri] arrest] ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻯ do.rost] right, correct; fixed] ﺩﺭﺳﺖ (.das.tur] order (n] ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ correct; to fix; to do or make (as to order [~ ﺩﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ doing hair, cooking food) das.te] handle; haft; bunch, bundle] ﺩﺳﺘﻪ َ mes.l-e] exactly like ~] ~ ِﻣﺜﻞ dosh.man] enemy] ﺩﺷﻤﻦ do.ros.ti] correctness; accuracy] ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻰ [do.'A] prayer ُﺩﻋﺎ [~ →] [dar-go.zash.tan] → ﮔﺬﺭ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ to pray [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to pass away A ;do.' .'i] related to prayers] ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻰ do.rugh] lie] ﺩﺭﻭﻍ optative (gr.) (also written ) ﺩﻋﺎﻳﻰ to tell [~ ﮔﻮ →] [gof.tan ~] ~ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ da'.vat] invitation] َﺩ َﻋﻮﺕ a lie; to lie [da'.vat kar.dan] َﺩ َﻋﻮﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) do.rugh.gu] liar] ﺩﺭﻭﻏﮕﻮ [→ ~] to invite (so.) ﻛﻦ (.da.ru.n-e] in; inside ( poet] ِﺩﺭﻭﻥ [da.fA.ter] pl. of ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ dar.yA] sea] ﺩﺭﻳﺎ [daf.tar] notebook (pl. , ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ َﺩﻓﺘَﺮ dar.yA.che] lake] ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪ da.fA.ter) ;dar yAft] receiving, receipt] ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ [daf.ta.r-e te.le.fon] ِﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ perception (a private) phone book to receive [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [daf.'e] ‘time’ as counting word ﺩﻓﻌﻪ dar yAf.tan] [dar is a prefix] (pl. , da.fa.'At ) ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ;here; →ζ ] to find out A ﻳﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ da.gh .yegh] pl. of] ﺩﻗﺎﻳﻖ to realize degh.ghat] care; precision; attention] ﺩﻗّﺖ dar] to tear ,ﺩﺭ →] [da.ri.dan] ﺩﺭﻳﺪﻥ ,da.ghigh] precise, accurate, exact] ﺩﻗﻴﻖ (.apart) (lit) dozd] thief careful] ﺩﺯﺩ , ﺩﻗﺎﻳﻖ .da.ghi.ghe] minute ( pl] ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺩﺯﺩﻳﺪﻥ → [dozd] ﺩﺯﺩ da.ghA.yegh) dozd] to , ﺩﺯﺩ →] [doz.di.dan] ﺩﺯﺩﻳﺪﻥ dok.tor] doctor] ُﺩﻛﺘُﺮ steal A b .zi] playing doctor (no-~] ~ ﺑﺎﺯﻯ dast] hand ( pl. with both -hA] َﺩﺳﺖ and -An) bad associations in Persian) [de.gar.gun/di.gar.gun] ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ/ﺩﻳﮕﺮﮔﻮﻥ [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [(dA.dan (bA ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﺎ) to shake hands (with) different; transformed to [ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [~ ﺯﻥ →] [(za.dan (be ~] ~ ﺯﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) to touch; to undertake change or transform 247 Persian– ِ [del] heart; figuratively ‘inside’; also 1 [dukh.tan] [→ , duz] to sew ﺩﻭﺯ ﺩﻭﺧﺘﻦ ﺩﻝ English stomach (col.) ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺧﺘﻦ/ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﻭﺧﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) glossary [(del* tang sho. [ne.gAh rA ~/cheshm ~ (be] ﺩﻝ* ﺗﻨﮓ ﺷﺪﻥ ( ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ) ;(to fix the eyes (on [~ ﺩﻭﺯ →] to miss [~ ﺷﻮ →] [(dan (ba.rA.ye (del* khAs.tan] gaze (at] ﺩﻝ* ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ dush] to ,ﺩﻭﺵ →] [dukh.tan] ﺩﻭﺧﺘﻦ to wish, to want 2 [~ ﺧﻮﺍﻩ →] :del* milk (more common form] ﺩﻝ* ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ( ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ/ﺑﻪ ِﺣﺎﻝ) (ﺩﻭﺷﻴﺪﻥ [(such.tan (ba.rA.ye/be hA.l-e dow.r-e] around] ُﺩﻭﺭِ to feel pity for or [~ ﺳﻮﺯ →] dur] far, faraway; remote, distant] ﺩﻭﺭ take pity on A to [~ ﺍﻓﺖ →] [of.tA.dan ~] ~ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ do.l r] dollar] ﺩﻻﺭ be thrown away, to be discarded ﺩﻟﻴﻞ da.lA.yel] pl. of] ﺩﻻﻳﻞ (.del-su.zi] pity (intr] ﺩﻟﺴﻮﺯﻯ [~ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ →] [an.dAkh.tan ~] ~ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ (da.lA.yel , ﺩﻻﻳﻞ .da.lil] reason (pl] ﺩﻟﻴﻞ (.breath to throw away, to discard (tr [ﺩﻣﻴﺪﻥ →] [dam] ﺩﻡ → to [~ ﺭﻳﺰ ] [rikh.tan ~] ~ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ (.da.mA] temperature ( form] ﺩﻣﺎ (pour out (tr. only َ dam] to ,ﺩﻡ →] [da.mi.dan] ﺩﻣﻴﺪﻥ → 1 ﺩﻭﺧﺘﻦ [duz] ﺩﻭﺯ (blow; to grow (of plants dust] friend] ﺩﻭﺳﺖ don.bAl] behind; after] ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ [dus.tA.ne] friendly ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ [don.bA.l-e . . . gash.tan] ِﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ . . . ﮔﺸﺘﻦ [dust dAsh.tan] [→ ~] ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ [ to search for . . . [ →ζ to like (no mi- in pres. and ﮔﺮﺩ ﮔﺸﺘﻦ A (dan.d n] tooth progressive tenses] ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ [dan.dAn-pe.zeshk] dentist [dust-dAsh.ta.ni] ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﻰ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﭙﺰﺷﻚ don.yA] world adorable, lovely] ﺩﻧﻴﺎ [ﺩﻭﺷﻴﺪﻥ or ﺩﻭﺧﺘﻦdush] [→ 2] ﺩﻭﺵ [~ ﺁ →] [be ~ A.ma.dan] ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ to be born shower A be ~ .var.dan] ~ [~ ge.ref.tan] [→ ~] to] ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﮔﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ → to bear, to give take a shower [~ ﺁﻭﺭ ] birth to do-sham.be] Monday] ﺩﻭﺷﻨﺒﻪ do] two] ﺩﻭ dush] to ,ﺩﻭﺵ →] [du.shi.dan] ﺩﻭﺷﻴﺪﻥ (ﺩﻭﺧﺘﻦhar do] both milk (see also: 2] ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ → do-gho.lu] twin] ﺩﻭ ﻗﻠﻮ ﺩﻭﻳﺪﻥ [dow/dav] ُﺩﻭ [da.vA] medicine, medication ﺩﻭﻟﺖ do.val] pl. of] ﺩﻭﻝ ﺩﻭﺍ [da.vAz.dah] twelve , ﺩﻭﻝ .dow.lat] government ( pl] ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻩ (da.vAn da.vAn] running fast doval] ﺩﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﻥ A dow.la.ti] of government or] ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻰ do-b .re] again] ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ do char.khe] bicycle state; governmental] ﺩﻭﭼﺮﺧﻪ 248 [dov.vom] second (2nd) [rA] ‘definite direct object’ marker Persian– English ﺭﺍ ّﺩﻭﻡ [rA.be.'an] fourthly glossary ًﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ dov.vo.man] secondly] ّﺩﻭ ًﻣﺎ A r .je'be] about; concerning] ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ (dov.vo.min] second (2nd] ّﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ A r .hat] comfortable; easy] ﺭﺍﺣﺖ dow → dav] to , ُﺩﻭ →] [da.vi.dan] ﺩﻭﻳﺪﻥ be rA.ha.ti] easily] ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻰ/ ﺑﻪﺭﺍﺣﺘﻰ (da.vAn.dan ,ﺩﻭﺍﻧﺪﻥ :run (causative rA.di.yo] radio] ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ de.vist] two hundred] ﺩﻭﻳﺴﺖ rAst] right] ﺭﺍﺳﺖ dah] ten] َﺩﻩ rAs.tash] the truth of it; to] ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺶ deh] village] ﺩِﻩ (.be honest (col ﺩﺍﺩﻥ → [deh/dah] ﺩِﻩ/ َﺩﻩ ,rA.zi] content; contented; happy] ﺭﺍﺿﻰ (.da.hAn] mouth ( form./wrt] َﺩﻫﺎﻥ da.han] mouth satisfied, pleased] َﺩ َﻫﻦ → to [ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ did] view; opinion] ﺩﻳﺪ satisfy; to cause to agree di.dAr] visit] ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ [az khod ~] self- ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﺿﻰ to visit [ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ satisfied; self-important; smug bin] to see , ﺑﻴﻦ →] [di.dan] ﺩﻳﺪﻥ [rAn] → ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺭﺍﻥ ;di.da.ni] sight; worth seeing] → A ﺩﻳﺪﻧﻰ to drive [~ ﺭﺍﻥ ] [r n.dan] ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ spectacular A r .nan.de.gi] driving] ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻰ dir] late] ﺩﻳﺮ → to drive [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [~ ﺷﻮ →] [dir sho.dan] ﺩﻳﺮ* ﺷﺪﻥ rA.nan.de] driver] ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ to be late rAh] way, road; method] ﺭﺍﻩ di.ruz] yesterday] ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ /to walk [~ ﺭﻭ →] [rAh raf.tan] ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ dik.te] dictation, spelling] ﺩﻳﻜﺘﻪ (di.gar] other (adj.); else; any stroll (at or in some place, not to] ﺩﻳﮕﺮ rAh.row] corridor] ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭ longer (adv., in negative ra'y] vote; verdict; opinion] ﺭﺃﻯ sentences); already ('ArA ,ﺁﺭﺍء .daf.'e-ye di.gar] next ( pl] ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ to [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [ra'y dA.dan] ﺭﺃﻯ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ [’time [lit. ‘other time yek sA.'a.t-e di.gar] vote] ﻳﻚ ِﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ra'y.gi.ri] voting] ﺭﺃﻯﮔﻴﺮﻯ within or after (an hour) [lit. ‘in another hour’] ﺭﺑﻮﺩﻥ → [ro.bA] ﺭﺑﺎ ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ di.gar.gun] see] ﺩﻳﮕﺮﮔﻮﻥ rabt] relation; connection] ﺭﺑﻂ (ad.yAn ,ﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ .din] religion ( pl] ﺩﻳﻦ rob'] a quarter] ﺭﺑﻊ [din.dAr] believer ro.bu.dan] [→ , ro.bA] to] ﺩﻳﻨﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺑﺎ ﺭﺑﻮﺩﻥ A (.di.v r] wall steal ( form] ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ A [(rad sho.dan (dar/az] ﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ (ﺩﺭ/ ﺍﺯ) di.v .ne] crazy; insane] ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻧﻪ to fail (in [a test]), to [~ ﺷﻮ →] (az.hAn ,ﺍﺫﻫﺎﻥ .zehn] mind ( pl] ﺫﻫﻦ be ~ se.por.dan] to be rejected; also to pass] ﺑﻪ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻥ commit to memory (locational, as on the street) 249 Persian– [ra.dif ] row [raf.tAr] behavior; conduct; ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ English manners battle [ﺭﺯﻣﻴﺪﻥ →] [razm] ﺭﺯﻡ glossary → to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [razm ,ﺭﺯﻡ →] [raz.mi.dan] ﺭﺯﻣﻴﺪﻥ to combat (lit.) behave or act → row/rav] to go , ﺭﻭ ] [raf.tan] ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ → [res] ﺭﺱ → ,ﺭﻭﺏ ] [rof.tan/ruf.tan] ُﺭﻓﺘﻦ / ﺭﻭﻓﺘﻦ re.sA/ra.sA] far reaching and loud] ﺭﺳﺎ rub] to sweep ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ → [re.sAn] ﺭﺳﺎﻥ [raf.t-o-A.mad] coming and ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺪ /re.sAn.dan] going; traffic ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ / ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻥ re.sA.ni.dan] [→ , re.sAn] → ﺭﺳﺎﻥ dance [ﺭﻗﺼﻴﺪﻥ ] [raghs] ﺭﻗﺺ to cause to reach; to deliver ragh.sAn] dancing] ﺭﻗﺼﺎﻥ → rah] to escape or ,ﺭﻩ ] [ras.tan] َﺭﺳﺘﻦ [raghs , ﺭﻗﺺ →] [ragh.si.dan] ﺭﻗﺼﻴﺪﻥ be saved (ﺭﻗﺼﺎﻧﺪﻥ :to dance (causative → ru] to grow (of ,ﺭﻭ ] [ros.tan] ُﺭﺳﺘﻦ ﺭﻣﻴﺪﻥ → [ram] ﺭﻡ (ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﺪﻥ :plants) (causative ro.mAn] novel] ُﺭﻣﺎﻥ res.to.rAn] restaurant] ﺭﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻥ ram] to ,ﺭﻡ →] [ra.mi.dan] ﺭﻣﻴﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) ras.mi] formal] ﺭﺳﻤﻰ :re.sid] receipt (of purchase, shy (away from) (causative] ﺭﺳﻴﺪ (ﺭﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ (.etc → pain; torment [ﺭﻧﺠﻴﺪﻥ ] [ranj] ﺭﻧﺞ res] to , ﺭﺱ →] [re.si.dan] ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ [ranj ,ﺭﻧﺞ →] [ran.ji.dan] ﺭﻧﺠﻴﺪﻥ (ﺍﺯ) reach, arrive to take offence (at) .ﻧﻈﺮ see under ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ For (ﺭﻧﺠﺎﻧﺪﻥ :causative) [che re.sad be] ﭼﻪ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ rang] color] ﺭﻧﮓ (re.si.de] ripe (used for fruits] ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ → [row/rav] ﺭﻭ [resh.tan] [→ , ris] to spin → ﺭﻳﺲ ﺭﺷﺘﻦ ;z2) face ; ُﺭﺳﺘﻦ or ﺭﻭﺋﻴﺪﻥ (ru] 1] ﺭﻭ reshte] field (of knowledge or 3) on] ﺭﺷﺘﻪ study); major (in education); [ra.vAn] going; flowing; running; َﺭﻭﺍﻥ line, thread fluent; soul [resh.te-ye tah.si.li] major ru-be-ru-ye] in front of; facing] ﺭﺷﺘﺔ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻰ ِﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭﻯ (in education) [rud.khA.ne] river ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ resh.ve] bribe] ﺭﺷﻮﻩ [ruz] day ﺭﻭﺯ ;re.zA.yat] satisfaction] ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ A ru.z .ne] daily] ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ agreement ru.z-e ta.val.lod] birthday] ﺭﻭﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ to [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ra.vesh] method] ﺭﻭﺵ approve; to give consent row.shan] bright (also ‘on’ as] ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ;re.'A.yat] consideration] ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ observance light or fire or a device) to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ 250 observe; to follow turn on; to fire up [row.sha.ni] light; brightness [za.dan] [→ , zan] to hit, to Persian– English ﺯﻥ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻰ strike; to play an instrument rof.tan] glossary] ُﺭﻓﺘﻦ ruf.tan] see] ﺭﻭﻓﺘﻦ zo.dA] to , ﺯﺩﺍ →] [zo.du.dan] ﺯﺩﻭﺩﻥ (.ru-ye] on ( prep] ِﺭﻭﻯ clean; to rub off ru] to grow , ﺭﻭ→] [ru.'i.dan] ﺭﻭﺋﻴﺪﻥ ze.rang] clever] ﺯﺭﻧﮓ (ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﺪﻥ :of plants) (causative) → [ze.ran.gi] cleverness ﺯﺭﻧﮕﻰ َﺭﺳﺘﻦ or َﺭﻫﻴﺪﻥ [rah] ﺭﻩ zesht] ugly] ﺯﺷﺖ ra.hA] free] ﺭﻫﺎ zesh.ti] ugliness] ﺯﺷﺘﻰ to be [~ ﺷﻮ →] [sho.dan ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ za.mAn] tense (gr.); time] ﺯﻣﺎﻥ freed or rescued (.e hAl] present tense (gr- ~] ِﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ rah] to escape ,ﺭﻩ →] [ra.hi.dan] ﺭﻫﻴﺪﻥ ze.mes.tAn] winter] ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ (.or be saved ( form./lit A za.min] earth; ground; field (in] ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ;(.ri.y .zi] mathematical (adj] ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻰ sports); floor ,ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴّﺎﺕ .mathematics (n.) ( pl ri.yA.ziy.yAt); be) za.min)] (ﺑﻪ) ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ [rikh.tan] [→ , riz] to pour; to to fall [~ ﺧﻮﺭ →] [khor.dan ﺭﻳﺰ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ spill (tr./intr.) down; to fall on the ground [rikh.t-o-pAsh] spillage; za.min-she.nAs] geologist] ﺯﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺵ squandering za.min-she.nA.si] geology] ﺯﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ → [riz] ﺭﻳﺰ z 2) woman; wife;ﺯﺩﻥ → (zan] 1] َﺯﻥ ﺭﺷﺘﻦ → [ris] ﺭﻳﺲ za.nA.ne] womanly, feminine, of] ﺯﻧﺎﻧﻪ [ri.she] root; stem (gr.) women or women’s ﺭﻳﺸﻪ [ra.'is] chief; boss; head or zan.bil] basket] ﺯﻧﺒﻴﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ (ro.'a.sA ,ﺭﺅﺳﺎ .director ( pl [zen.dAn] prison ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ [ra.'is[-e] jom.hur] A ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ zen.d .ni] prisoner] ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻧﻰ president of the republic (ezAfe zen.de.gi] life (= the period] ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ usually dropped in colloquial Persian) from birth to death) to live [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺯﺍﺋﻴﺪﻥ and ﺯﺍﺩﻥ → [zA] ﺯﺍ zen.de] alive] ﺯﻧﺪﻩ zA] to bear a child ,ﺯﺍ →] [zA.dan] ﺯﺍﺩﻥ zen.de bAd] well] ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺩ ( . . . )! (ﺯﺍﺋﻴﺪﻥ form.; see ) ! . . . zA.nu] knee (no -y- glide needed done!; long live] ﺯﺍﻧﻮ A zang] [sound of] ring; bell] ﺯﻧﮓ (for pl. with - n A → A [(zang za.dan (be] ﺯﻧﮓ ﺯﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) z ] to bear a ,ﺯﺍ ] [z .'i.dan] ﺯﺍﺋﻴﺪﻥ ;(to call (per phone [~ ﺯﻥ →] child za.bAn] tongue; language to give [so.] a ring] َﺯﺑﺎﻥ zud] early; fast] ﺯﻭﺩ za.bA.n-e mA.da.ri] mother] ِﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﻯ ;be-zu.di] soon] ﺑﺰﻭﺩﻯ/ ﺑﻪﺯﻭﺩﻯ tongue before long 251 ﺯﺩﻭﺩﻥ → [zo.dA] ﺯﺩﺍ Persian– [zur] force [sA.ken] resident (n.; pl. , ﺳﻜﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺯﻭﺭ English be-zur] forcibly; by sa.ka.ne); settled (adj.); not] ﺑﻪ ﺯﻭﺭ/ ﺑﺰﻭﺭ glossary force; against your will; with moving sAl] year] ﺳﺎﻝ too much persistence or sA.lA.ne] yearly; annual (also] ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ begging (sA.li.yA.ne ,ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻦ → [zi] ﺯﻯ sA.lem] healthy; healthful] ﺳﺎﻟﻢ zi.yAd] much, a lot] ﺯﻳﺎﺩ sAn.ti.ge.rAd] centigrade] ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ zi.yA.dí] too much] ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ sA.ye] shadow] ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ﺯﻳﺒﻴﺪﻥ → [zib] ﺯﻳﺐ ;sA] to grind ,ﺳﺎ →] [sA.'i.dan] ﺳﺎﺋﻴﺪﻥ zi.bA] beautiful] ﺯﻳﺒﺎ :zi.bA.'i] beauty to abrade ( form.; less formal] ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺋﻰ ) ﺳﺎﺑﻴﺪﻥ zib] to ,ﺯﻳﺐ →] [zi.bi.dan] ﺯﻳﺒﻴﺪﻥ sa.bab] cause; reason] ﺳﺒﺐ befit, to become be ~ -e] because of] ﺑﻪ ِﺳﺒﺐ zip] zip, zip fastener, zipper] ﺯﻳﭗ /sho.dan ~] ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪﻥ/ ِﺳﺒﺐ . . . ﺷﺪﻥ zi.rA] because] ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ~ -e . . . sho.dan] [→ ~] to ﺷﻮ zi.rak] smart] ﺯﻳﺮﻙ cause zi.ra.kA.ne] smart; smartly] ﺯﻳﺮﻛﺎﻧﻪ (.sa.ba.bi] causative, factitive (gr] ﺳﺒﺒﻰ zi] to live ,ﺯﻯ →] [zis.tan] ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻦ sa.bad] basket] ﺳﺒﺪ (.form ) sabz] green] ﺳﺒﺰ zi.nat] ornament] ﺯﻳﻨﺖ sab.zi] vegetable ( pl. sometimes] ﺳﺒﺰﻯ ﺳﺎﺋﻴﺪﻥ → [sA] ﺳﺎ (sab.zi.jAt ,ﺳﺒﺰﻳﺠﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻴﺪﻥ → [sAb] ﺳﺎﺏ [sabk] style ﺳﺒﻚ sA.bi.dan] [→ , sAb] to] → A ﺳﺎﺏ ﺳﺎﺑﻴﺪﻥ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻥ [se.p r/se.por] ﺳﭙﺎﺭ/ ﺳﭙﺮ grind; to abrade (see also se.por, or ,ﺳﭙﺮ →] [se.por.dan] ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻥ (ﺳﺎﺋﻴﺪﻥ A se.p r] to entrust ,ﺳﭙﺎﺭ sA.hel] shore; beach] ﺳﺎﺣﻞ A ِ se.t .re] star] ﺳﺘﺎﺭِﻩ sAkh.te.mAn] building] ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ A → ُﺳﺘﻮﺩﻥ [ se.t] ﺳﺘﺎ sAz] to build ,ﺳﺎﺯ →] [sAkh.tan] ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﻥ → [se.tAn] ﺳﺘﺎﻥ in formal Persian used as a) [se.tAn ,ﺳﺘﺎﻥ →] [se.tAn.dan] ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﻥ but not ,ﻛﺮﺩﻥ substitute for recommended) to take (lit.) A se.tA.yesh] praise] ِﺳﺘﺎﻳﺶ s .de] simple] ﺳﺎﺩﻩ A → [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.don ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ [s z] ﺳﺎﺯ to praise, to admire ﺳﺎﻋﺖ sA.'At] pl. of] ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺘﺮﺩﻥ → [se.tor] ﺳﺘﺮ sA.'at] hour; watch; clock] ﺳﺎﻋﺖ A A [se.tor ,ﺳﺘﺮ →] [se.tor.dan] ﺳﺘﺮﺩﻥ (s .' t , ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ .pl ) sA.ghi] saki; cup-bearer to eliminate or erase] ﺳﺎﻗﻰ 252 [so.tu.dan] [→ , se.tA] [sar-za.nesh] blaming Persian– English ﺳﺮﺯﻧﺶ ﺳﺘﺎ ُﺳﺘﻮﺩﻥ to glossary [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to praise, to admire so.tu.da.ni] admirable, blame] ُﺳﺘﻮﺩﻧﻰ praiseworthy sor.'at] speed] ُﺳ َﺮﻋﺖ ;be ~] speedily] ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺖ/ ﺑﻪﺳﺮﻋﺖ sa.har] dawn] ﺳﺤﺮ sa.har-khiz] early riser (from fast] ﺳﺤﺮﺧﻴﺰ (.sor.fe] cough (n] ﺳﺮﻓﻪ (sleep to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ sakht] hard] ﺳﺨﺖ cough [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] [ge.ref.tan ~] ~ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ [sar-garm kar.dan] ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to be strict and harsh to amuse; to entertain [~ ﻛﻦ →] ,sakht-gir] unyielding] ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮ inflexible, serious [sar-garm ko.nan.de] ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ sakht-gi.ri] severity; harsh amusing] ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮﻯ treatment so.rud] song; hymn] ﺳﺮﻭﺩ ُ kar.dan] [→ ~] to be ~] ~ so.ru.dan] [→ , so.rA] to] ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ُﺳﺮﺍ ُﺳﺮﻭﺩﻥ strict and harsh compose a poem [sakh.ti] difficulty; hardship; sar-o-se.dA] noise] ﺳﺨﺘﻰ ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ hardness ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] to ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ be- ~] with] / make noise ﺑﺴﺨﺘﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻰ difficulty; hard (adv.) [so.ri.dan] [→ , sor] to slip ُﺳﺮ ُﺳﺮﻳﺪﻥ (.so.khan] speech, talk ( form] ﺳﺨﻦ [sa.ri'] fast (adj./adv.) ﺳﺮﻳﻊ [(gof.tan (bA ~] ~ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ (ﺑﺎ) sa.ri.'an] fast (adv.); speedily] ًﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ (.to speak (to) ( form [~ ﮔﻮ →] se.zA.vAr] deserving; worthy] ﺳﺰﺍﻭﺍﺭ so.khan.rAn] speaker (at a] ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻥ to [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] [bu.dan ~] ~ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ (ﺳﺨﻦ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ podium) (from so.khan.gu] speaker (n., as a deserve; to be worthy of] ﺳﺨﻨﮕﻮ sa'.di] Saadi (poet, 13th] ﺳﻌﺪﻯ position); talking (adj.) (from (century (ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ [sa'y; y here is a consonant] ﺳﻌﻰ sar] head] َﺳﺮ → (masA'i , ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻰ .effort ( pl ُﺳﺮﻳﺪﻥ [sor] ُﺳﺮ → A ِ to try [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (as.r r ,ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ .serr] secret ( pl] ﺳ ّﺮ → -se.fA.rat/se.fA.rat] ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ/ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ُﺳﺮﻭﺩﻥ [so.rA] ُﺳﺮﺍ sar.bAz] soldier khA.ne] embassy] ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯ sa.far] travel] ﺳﻔﺮ sorkh] red] ﺳﺮﺥ [(kar.dan (be ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) sard] cold] ﺳﺮﺩ → (to travel (to [~ ﻛﻦ ] to [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] [bu.dan *~] ~ *ﺑﻮﺩﻥ se.fid] white] ﺳﻔﻴﺪ feel cold se.fid-pust] of white] ﺳﻔﻴﺪﭘﻮﺳﺖ [sar* ~ kar.dan] ﺳﺮ* ﺩﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to have a headache skin/race 253 [~ ﻛﻦ →] Persian– [saghf ] ceiling [su.zAn] ablaze; burning; hot; ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺳﻘﻒ English scorching (from ) ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ sa.ka.ne] pl. of] ﺳﻜﻨﻪ glossary su.zesh] burning sensation or] ﺳﻮﺯﺵ so.kut] silence] ﺳﻜﻮﺕ twinge sag] dog] ﺳﮓ (sev.vom] third (3rd] ﺳﻮﻡ ّ sa.lAm] hello, hi] ﺳﻼﻡ sev.vo.man] thirdly] ّﺳﻮ ًﻣﺎ to say [~ ﻛﻦ/ﮔﻮ →] z~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﮔﻔﺘﻦ (sev.vo.min] third (3rd] ّﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ hello se] three] ﺳﻪ to give [~ ﺭﺳﺎﻥ →] z~ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ (ﺑﻪ) se-sham.be] Tuesday] ﺳﻪﺷﻨﺒﻪ (greetings (to si] thirty] ﺳﻰ sa.li.ghe] taste; style] ﺳﻠﻴﻘﻪ si.yA.sat] politics] ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ bi- ~] lacking good taste] ﺑﻰﺳﻠﻴﻘﻪ si.yA.sat-ma.dAr] politician] ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻤﺪﺍﺭ bi-sa.li.ghe.gi] lack good] ﺑﻰﺳﻠﻴﻘﮕﻰ taste si.yAh] black] ﺳﻴﺎﻩ (senn] age (i.e., years lived] ﺳﻦ si.yAh-pust] of black skin/race] ﺳﻴﺎﻫﭙﻮﺳﺖ ّ son.nat] tradition] ﺳﻨﺖ sib] apple] ﺳﻴﺐ ّ son.na.ti] traditional] ﺳﻨﺘﻰ sib za.mi.ni] potato] ﺳﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻰ ّ (’pomme de terre‘) ,ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ .sa.nad] document ( pl] ﺳﻨﺪ as.nAd) sir] full, no more hungry; garlic] ﺳﻴﺮ sang] stone] ﺳﻨﮓ siz.dah] thirteen] ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻩ san.gin] heavy] ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ si.sad] three hundred] ﺳﻴﺼﺪ (.su] side; direction ( form] ﺳﻮ si.gAr] cigarette] ﺳﻴﮕﺎﺭ az su-ye] by, through, from] ﺍﺯ ِﺳﻮﻯ [~ ﻛﺶ →] [ke.shi.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ be) su-ye] towards to smoke cigarettes)] (ﺑﻪ) ِﺳﻮﻯ A si.ne.mA/si.na.mA] cinema] ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ sa.v d] literacy] ﺳﻮﺍﺩ A si.ne] chest; breast] ﺳﻴﻨﻪ b - ~] literate] ﺑﺎﺳﻮﺍﺩ ,si.ne-za.ni] chest-beating] ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﺯﻧﻰ bi- ~] illiterate] ﺑﻴﺴﻮﺍﺩ/ ﺑﻰﺳﻮﺍﺩ sa.vA.r-e . . . sho.dan] to a Shiite ritual] ﺳﻮﺍﺭِ . . . ﺷﺪﻥ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻦ → [shA] ﺷﺎ /get on or ride in/on (a vehicle [ﺷﻮ ζ→ ﺷﺪﻥ] (horse shAkh] horn] ﺷﺎﺥ [so.'Al] question ( pl. , shA.khe] branch] ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ (so.'A.lAt [shAd] happy, glad ﺷﺎﺩ →] [(kar.dan (az ~] ~ A ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) sh .di] happiness, gladness] ﺷﺎﺩﻯ (to ask (a question from [~ → to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ suz] to ,ﺳﻮﺯ →] [sukh.tan] ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ burn (tr./intr.) (causative: rejoice; to cheer (sho.'a.rA ,ﺷﻌﺮﺍ .shA.'er] poet ( pl] ِﺷﺎﻋﺮ (ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻥ shA.'e.rA.ne] poetical] ِﺷﺎﻋﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ → [suz] ﺳﻮﺯ 254 –shA.'e.re] poetess [shakh.si] personal Persian] ِ ِ English ﺷﺨﺼﻰ ﺷﺎﻋﺮﻩ show/shav] glossary , ﺷﻮ →] [sho.dan] ﺷﺪﻥ shA.gerd] pupil] ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩ to become av.val] best student in ~] ~ ّﺍﻭﻝ sho.da.ni] doable; possible] ﺷﺪﻧﻰ the class; class winner sha.rAb] wine] ﺷﺮﺍﺏ shAm] supper; dinner] ﺷﺎﻡ sha.rA.yet] treated as pl. of] ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ shAnz.dah] sixteen] ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻩ = ;circumstances ﺷﺮﻁ shA.ne] shoulder; comb] ﺷﺎﻧﻪ conditions; situation shA.yAn] deserving; worthy] ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ [shart] condition (pl. , ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺷﺮﻁ shA.yad] maybe, perhaps; may] (sho.rut ﺷﺎﻳﺪ (modal verb; same form for all be] ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻰ ﻛﻪ/ﺑﻪ ِﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ/ﺁﻧﻜﻪ (-persons) (stress on shA A [shA.yes.te.gi] merit; worthiness shar.ti ke/be shar.t-e in ke/ n ke] ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﻰ provided that to [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (.shar.ti] conditional (gr] ﺷﺮﻃﻰ deserve; to be worthy of shargh] East] ﺷﺮﻕ shA] to ,ﺷﺎ →] [shA.yes.tan] ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻦ shar.ghi] Eastern] ﺷﺮﻗﻰ deserve; to be appropriate sharm] shame] ﺷﺮﻡ (.poet ) A sharm.nAk] ashamed] ﺷﺮﻣﻨﺎﻙ sh .yes.te] deserving; worthy] ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ → sho.ru'] beginning] ﺷﺮﻭﻉ to [~ ﺑﺎﺵ ] [bu.dan ~] ~ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ deserve; to be worthy of to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ shab] night begin (often with] َﺷﺐ A shast] thumb; toe] ﺷﺴﺖ she.b .hat] similarity] ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ A shos.to.shu] washing] ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ [(d sh.tan (be ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) [→ ~] to be similar (to) shos.tan] [→ , shu; in] ﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﻮ ﺷﺴﺘﻦ A shur] to wash , ﺷﻮﺭ shab-k r] night shift worker colloquial] ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺭ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ shos.t-o-shu] see] ﺷﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻮ sha.bih] similar] ﺷﺒﻴﻪ e/~ be] similar to above- ~] ِﺷﺒﻴﻪ/ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ shesh] six] ﺷﺶ hurry [ﺷﺘﺎﻓﺘﻦ →] [she.tAb] ﺷﺘﺎﺏ shesh.sad] six hundred] ﺷﺸﺼﺪ to hurry [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ shast] sixty] ﺷﺼﺖ [she.tAb ,ﺷﺘﺎﺏ →] [she.tAf.tan] ﺷﺘﺎﻓﺘﻦ shat.ranj] chess] ﺷﻄﺮﻧﺞ (.to hurry (lit sho.'Ar] slogan; motto] ﺷﻌﺎﺭ sho.tor] camel] ﺷﺘﺮ ,ﺍﺷﻌﺎﺭ .she'r] poem; poetry (pl] ﺷﻌﺮ sho.tor-morgh] ostrich] ﺷﺘﺮﻣﺮﻍ (sho.jA'] brave ash'Ar] ﺷﺠﺎﻉ ِﺷﺎﻋﺮ sho.'a.rA] pl. of] ﺷﻌﺮﺍ sho.jA.'A.ne] brave; bravely] ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺎﻧﻪ .shoghl] occupation; job ( pl] ﺷﻐﻞ , ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ .shakhs] person ( pl] ﺷﺨﺺ ma.shA.ghel) 255 ,ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ (ash.khAs, persons, people [Persian– [shak] doubt ِ [sho.mA.l-e ghar.bi ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺷﻚ English dAsh.tan (be/ Northwest; northwestern ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ/ ﺩﺭ) glossary → ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻥ → [-.she.mor; also sho] ﺷﻤﺮ to have doubts [~ ﺩﺍﺭ ] [(dar (in/about) (no mi- in pres. and [she.mor.dan; also sho.-] ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻥ (progressive tenses (.she.mor – or ( form ,ﺷﻤﺮ →] sho.mAr] to count ,ﺷﻤﺎﺭ [(kar.dan (be/dar ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ/ﺩﺭ) to doubt [~ ﻛﻦ →] she.nA] swimming] ﺷﻨﺎ she.kAr] hunt] ﺷﻜﺎﺭ to swim [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] to hunt ;she.nAkht] knowledge] ِ ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ A she.k r.chi] hunter understanding] ﺷﻜﺎﺭﭼﻰ ,ﺷﻨﺎﺱ →] [she.nAkh.tan] ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ she.kar] sugar] ﺷﻜﺮ she.kast] defeat (n.) [short shenAs] to know (a person), to] ﺷﻜﺴﺖ infinitive or past stem of the be familiar with; to recognize (ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ :she.kas.tan] (causative , ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ verb ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ → [she.nAs] ﺷﻨﺎﺱ [(khor.dan (az ~] ~ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) → shan.be/sham.be] Saturday] ﺷﻨﺒﻪ ;(to be defeated (by [~ ﺧﻮﺭ ] to lose ﺷﻨﻔﺘﻦ → [ she.nof] ﺷﻨﻒ ~ [~ dA.dan] [→ ~] to defeat ,she.nof.tan] [→ , she.nof] ﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺷﻨﻒ ﺷﻨﻔﺘﻦ A she.now → she.nav] to ,ﺷﻨﻮ n -pa.zir] invincible or- ~] ~ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ (ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻥ she.kan] hear (see ,ﺷﻜﻦ →] [she.kas.tan] ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻥ → [she.now → she.nav] ﺷﻨﻮ (.to break (tr. and intr (ﺷﻜﺎﻧﺪﻥ :causative) ,she.na.vA] capable of hearing] ﺷﻨﻮﺍ not deaf ,ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ .shekl] shape; form ( pl] ﺷﻜﻞ ash.kAl) [sho.nu.dan] [→ , she.now ﺷﻨﻮ ﺷﻨﻮﺩﻥ A ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻥ sho.ko.l t] chocolate → she.nav] ( poet.) see] ﺷﻜﻼﺕ → she.now ,ﺷﻨﻮ] [she.ni.dan] ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻥ she.kam] belly] ﺷﻜﻢ she.nav] to hear ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ → [she.kan] ﺷﻜﻦ she.ni.da.ni] worth listening] ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻧﻰ she.kan.je] torture] ﺷﻜﻨﺠﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ → [show/shav] ﺷﻮ to torture [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﺴﺘﻦ → [shu] ﺷﻮ she.ka.nan.de] fragile] ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﻩ ;ﺷﺴﺘﻦ → (z 2;ﺷﻮﺭﻳﺪﻥ → (shur] 1] ﺷﻮﺭ (.sho.mA] you ( pl] ﺷﻤﺎ salty; having too much salt (3 ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻥ → (.sho.mAr] ( form] ﺷﻤﺎﺭ shu.resh] rebellion] ﺷﻮﺭﺵ [be ~ A.ma.dan] (ﺑﻪ) ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ shu.re.shi] rebel] ﺷﻮﺭﺷﻰ to be counted or [~ ﺁ →] shur] to ,ﺷﻮﺭ →] [shu.ri.dan] ﺷﻮﺭﻳﺪﻥ considered (ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ :sho.mA.resh] counting rebel (causative] ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ show.har] husband] ﺷﻮﻫﺮ sho.mA.re] number] ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ shahr] city] َﺷﻬﺮ sho.mAl] North] ﺷﻤﺎﻝ 256 [shahr.dAr] mayor [se.fa.t-e e.shA.re] Persian– English ﺻﻔﺖ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ demonstrative adjective (gr.) shah.ri] urban glossary] ﺷﻬﺮﻯ [se.fa.t-e taf.zi.li] ِﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻰ (shah.nAz] Shahnaz (girl’s name] ﺷﻬﻨﺎﺯ comparative adjective ﺷﻴﻄﺎﻥ sha.yA.tin] pl. of] ﺷﻴﺎﻃﻴﻦ se.fa.t-e A.li] superlative] ِﺻﻔﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ shir] milk; lion; faucet] ﺷﻴﺮ adjective (shi.rAz] Shiraz (city in Iran] ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ' ِ [se.fa.t-e maf. u.li] ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻰ ,shir-zan] courageous woman] ﺷﻴﺮﺯﻥ heroine (lit. ‘lion-woman’ or ‘participial adjective’ or past ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ = lioness) participle (sa.fa.hAt ,ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ .saf.he] page ( pl] ﺻﻔﺤﻪ shi.rin] sweet] ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ sefr] zero] ﺻﻔﺮ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ solh] peace] ﺻﻠﺢ sweeten; to make or change into sweet sa.lib] cross] ﺻﻠﻴﺐ [shey.tAn] Satan (n.); naughty e sorkh] red cross- ~] ِ ﺷﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺻﻠﻴﺐ ﺳﺮﺥ (sha.yA.tin ,ﺷﻴﺎﻃﻴﻦ .adj.) ( pl) [san.da.li] chair ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻰ shi.kA.go] Chicago] ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ [so.var] shapes ( pl. of ) َﺻﻮﺭﺕ ُﺻ َﻮﺭ sA.heb] owner] ﺻﺎﺣﺐ [su.rat] face; case; shape ( pl. in َﺻﻮﺭﺕ sA.degh he.dA.yat] Sadegh] ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ this sense , so.var) ُﺻ َﻮﺭ (Hedayat (writer, 1903–51 [be su.ra.ti ke] in such ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ sobh] morning] ﺻﺒﺢ a way that sabr] patience] ﺻﺒﺮ [dar su.ra.ti ke] in ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ [~ →] [sabr dAsh.tan] case, in the event that; whereas ﺩﺍﺭ ﺻﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ [ﺩﺍﺭ ζ→ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ] to have patience dar ghey.r-e in] ﺩﺭ ِﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ no mi- in pres. and progressive) tenses) su.rat] if not so; otherwise zed.de] used as prefix meaning] ِﺿ ّﺪ ِ to wait [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ﻛﺮﺩﻥ bi-sab.rA.ne] impatiently anti- or counter-; also used after] ﺑﻰﺻﺒﺮﺍﻧﻪ or to mean against ﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ soh.bat] conversation] ﺻﺤﺒﺖ [zed-de-en.ghe.lA.bi] ّﺿﺪِ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﻰ to speak [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ counter-revolutionary sad] hundred] ﺻﺪ [za.ru.rat] necessity; need ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ se.dA] sound; voice] ﺻﺪﺍ ~ [~ dAsh.tan] [→ ~] to ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ [kar.dan/za.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ ﺯﺩﻥ to call so. be necessary [~ ﻛﻦ/ ﺯﻥ →] .za.ru.ri] necessary ( pl] ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ sarf kar.dan] [→ ~] to] A ﻛﻦ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ,za.ru.riy.y t ,ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳّﺎﺕ spend, to consume, to have; also to conjugate (gr.) necessities) A ﺿﻌﻴﻒ zo.'a.f ] pl. of] ﺿﻌﻔﺎ ,ﺻﻔﺎﺕ .se.fat] adjective (gr.) ( pl] ِﺻ َﻔﺖ zo.'a.fA) 257 ,ﺿﻌﻔﺎ .za.'if ] weak ( pl] ﺿﻌﻴﻒ (se.fAt Persian– / [za.mA.'er/za.mA.yer] pl. [zohr] noon ﻇﻬﺮ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ English of (A.dAt , ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ .A.dat] habit ( pl] ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ glossary [~ ﺩﻩ →] [(dA.dan (be ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) (.za.mir] pronoun (gr] ﺿﻤﻴﺮ za.mA.'er) to make accustomed to, to cause ,ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ .pl ) (.za.mi.r-e e.shA.re] to get used to (tr] ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) (.demonstrative pronoun (gr (ta.bib] physician (old-fashioned) to be accustomed (to] ﻃﺒﻴﺐ A [(kar.dan (be ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) (' a.teb.b ,ﺍﻃﺒّﺎء .pl ) ,to get accustomed to [~ ﻛﻦ →] ta.bi.'at] nature] ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ (.tarh] plan; scheme; design to get used to (intr] ﻃﺮﺡ A , ّﻋﺸﺎﻕ .shegh] lover ( pl. ] ِﻋﺎﺷﻖ ta.raf ] direction; side; party] A ﻃﺮﻑ (at.rAf = osh.sh gh , ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ .involved] ( pl] [e bu.dan- ~] ِﻋﺎﺷ ِﻖ . . . ﺑﻮﺩﻥ (around or surroundings to love [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] az ~ -e] by, through, from] ﺍﺯ ِﻃﺮﻑ ,A.she.ghA.ne] romantic] ِﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎﻧﻪ be ~ -e] towards; in] ﺑﻪ ِﻃﺮﻑ direction of amorous; amorously A.ghe.bat] conclusion; finally] ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ to.rogh] pl. of] ﻃﺮﻕ (a.vA.gheb ,ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ .pl ) ,ﻃﺮﻕ ,.ta.righ] way, road ( pl] ﻃﺮﻳﻖ (A.ghel] wise (used for humans] ﻋﺎﻗﻞ (to.rogh A.ghe.lA.ne] wise; wisely] ﻋﺎﻗﻼﻧﻪ [az ~ -e] by [way of] ﺍﺯ ِﻃﺮﻳﻖ A.li] excellent] ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ta'm] taste (of food); flavor] ﻃﻌﻢ je.nA.b-e 'A.li] your] ﺟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺎﻟﻰ ta.lAgh] divorce] ﻃﻼﻕ desire excellency [ﻃﻠﺒﻴﺪﻥ →] [ta.lab] ﻃﻠﺐ haz.ra.t-e 'A.li] your] ﺣﻀﺮﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ [ta.lab ,ﻃﻠﺐ →] [ta.la.bi.dan] ﻃﻠﺒﻴﺪﻥ to desire eminence a.jab] (how) strange] ﻋﺠﺐ towr] manner, method] ﻃﻮﺭ a.ja.le] hurry; haste; rush] ﻋﺠﻠﻪ [(be ~ -i (ke] ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻯ/ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻯ (ﻛﻪ) [kar.dan/dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (in such a way (that to hurry; to [~ ﻛﻦ/ ﺩﺍﺭ →] tu.ti] parrot] ﻃﻮﻃﻰ tul] length hasten] ﻃﻮﻝ a.jib] strange] ﻋﺠﻴﺐ [~ ﻛﺶ →] [ke.shi.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ (a'.dAd ,ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ .a.dad] number ( pl] ﻋﺪﺩ to continue in time, to go on, to require or take (time) (gr.) ozr.khA.hi] apology] ﻋﺬﺭﺧﻮﺍﻫﻰ tu.lA.ni] long] ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻰ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ zA.he.ran] apparently] ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً zoruf ) apologize , ﻇﺮﻭﻑ .zarf ] dish ( pl] ﻇﺮﻑ (a'.rAb , ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺏ .a.rab] Arab ( pl] ﻋﺮﺏ (.zar.f-e] within (temp] ِﻇﺮﻑ (a.ra.bi] Arabic (language] ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﻇﺮﻑ zo.ruf ] pl. of] ﻇﺮﻭﻑ 258 [arz kar.dan] [→ ~] to [a.mu] uncle (father’s side) Persian– English ﻋﻤﻮ ﻛﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ say (for use in polite language o.mu.mi] public glossary] ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ see Appendix I) ﻋﻨﺼﺮ a.nA.ser] pl. of] ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ [ar.ze] presentation; supply , .on.sor] element (pl] ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ → (to a.nA.ser [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ present; to supply (a.nA.vin ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ .on.vAn] title ( pl] ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ a.ru.sak] doll] ﻋﺮﻭﺳﻚ be on.vA.n-e] as; in the] ﺑﻪ ِﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ a.ziz] dear position of] َﻋﺰﻳﺰ A a.vA.gheb] consequences] ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﻋﺎﺷﻖ osh.sh gh] pl. of] ُﻋ ّﺸﺎﻕ (A.ghe.bat ,ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ oshr] one-tenth ( pl. of] ُﻋﺸﺮ a.vaz] exchange; substitute] ﻋﻮﺽ eshgh] love] ِﻋﺸﻖ dar ~ -e] in exchange] (ﺩﺭ) ِﻋﻮﺽ a.sA] walking stick, cane] ﻋﺼﺎ a.sa.bA.ni] angry for; instead of] ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻰ → to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ﻋﻮﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ a.sa.bA.niy.yat] anger] ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻴﺖ change; to exchange ّ afv] pardon] ﻋﻔﻮ ahd] promise; oath] ﻋﻬﺪ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ahd-she.kan] promise] ﻋﻬﺪ ﺷﻜﻦ pardon breaker; disloyal ;aghl] wisdom; intellect; reason] ﻋﻘﻞ , ﻋﻴﻮﺏ .eyb] fault, deficiency ( pl] ﻋﻴﺐ common sense (ma.'A.yeb , ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ o.yub or aghl-ge.rA] rationalist] ﻋﻘﻞﮔﺮﺍ (.ey.n-e] exactly like (col] ِﻋﻴﻦ aghl-ge.rA.'i] rationalism] ﻋﻘﻞﮔﺮﺍﺋﻰ (.ey.nak] eyeglasses (in Persian sg] ﻋﻴﻨﻚ aks] picture; photo] ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻴﺐ o.yub] pl. of] ﻋﻴﻮﺏ [(ge.ref.tan (az ~] ~ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ (ﺍﺯ) A gh .le.ban] often] ًﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ (to take photos (of [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] A (agh.zi.ye ,ﺍﻏﺬﻳﻪ .gha.z ] food ( pl] ﻏﺬﺍ [a.lA.ghe.mand] ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ/ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪ (ﺑﻪ) to [~ ﭘَﺰ →] [pokh.tan ~] ~ ﭘﺨﺘﻦ (interested (in); fond (of (.a.lA.ghe] interest; liking; attachment cook (intr] ﻋﻼﻗﻪ → [~ ﺧﻮﺭ ] [khor.dan ~] ~ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ dAsh.tan (be)] to be ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) interested in; to like; to be fond to eat (intr.) ,gha.zA.'i] (of) food; nutritional] ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻰ [ﺩﺍﺭ ζ→ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ] of a.li] Ali; boy’s name dietary] ﻋﻠﻰ → ّﻏﺮﻳﺪﻥ [ghorr] ّﻏﺮ a.lA ragh.m-e] in spite] ِﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ/ ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺭﻏﻢ gharb] West] ﻏﺮﺏ ( ِﺑﺮﻏﻢ/ ﺑﻪ ِﺭﻏﻢ :.of (more form ghar.bi] Western] ﻏﺮﺑﻰ [a.mal] act; action; practice; [surgical] ﻋﻤﻞ [~ ﺷﻮ →] [ghargh sho.dan] ﻏﺮﻕ ﺷﺪﻥ (a'.mAl ,ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ .operation ( pl (.to act; to drown (intr [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ gho.rub] sunset; dusk; nightfall 259] ﻏﺮﻭﺏ to perform surgery ;ghey.r-e en.sA.ni] inhuman] ِﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ Persian– [ghor.ri.dan] [→ , ghorr] to ّﻏﺮ ّﻏﺮﻳﺪﻥ English glossary growl; to rumble inhumane [ghey.r-e shakh.si] ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻰ gha.zal] ghazal; a genre in poetry] ﻏﺰﻝ A gha.za.liy.y t) impersonal (gr.); non-personal , ﻏﺰﻟﻴّﺎﺕ .pl ) A ghey.r-e l .zem] unnecessary] ِﻏﻴﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ghos.se] grief] ّﻏﺼﻪ ghey.r-e mos.ta.ghim] indirect] ِﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ghos.se khor.dan] ّﻏﺼﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ( ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ) (ba.rA.ye)] [→ ~] to grieve, ghey.r-e mom.ken] impossible] ﺧﻮﺭ ِﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ (to be sad (about ghey.r-e vA.ghe.'i] unreal] ِ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ ﻏﻠﺘﻴﺪﻥ → [ghalt] ﻏﻠﺖ [fArs] 1) Fars: a province in Iran; ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ghal.ti.dan] [→ , ghalt] to] -member of the Persian (2 ﻏﻠﺖ ﻏﻠﺘﻴﺪﻥ roll (causative: ) speaking ethnicity in Iran ﻏﻠﺘﺎﻧﺪﻥ .gha.lat] wrong; mistake ( pl] ﻏﻠﻂ (fAr.si] Persian (language] ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰ (agh.lAt ,ﺍﻏﻼﻁ [fA.re.gh-ot-tah.sil] a ﻓﺎﺭﻍ ﺍﻟﺘّﺤﺼﻴﻞ [ghal.ti.dan] [→ , ghalt] graduate student [lit., ‘free ﻏﻠﻂ ﻏﻠﻄﻴﺪﻥ see [’from studies ﻏﻠﺘﻴﺪﻥ gham] grief, sadness] ﻏﻢ .fA.re.ghot.tah.sil sho] ﻓﺎﺭﻍﺍﻟﺘّﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ to graduate [~ ﺷﻮ →] [dan [~ ﺧﻮﺭ →] [khor.dan ~] ~ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ to grieve, to be sad (from a college) fA.ghe.d-e] lacking] ِﻓﺎﻗﺪ gham-an.giz] sad (used for] ﻏﻢﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ , ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ .fA.ye.de] use, benefit ( pl] ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ inanimates); causing sadness (fa.vA.yed , ﻓﻮﺍﻳﺪ gha.m-e . . . dAsh.tan] fa.vA.'ed or] ِﻏﻢ . . . ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ bi- ~] in vain; useless] ﺑﻰﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ to be sad about, to [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] fet or ,ﻓﺖ →] [-.fe.tA.dan or fo] ﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ worry about (no mi- in pres. and progressive tenses) fot] shortened poetical version ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ gham.gin] sad (used for people) of] ﻏﻤﮕﻴﻦ fa.rAr] escape; running away] ﻓﺮﺍﺭ [gham.gin sho.dan] ﻏﻤﮕﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻥ → to run [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to become sad [~ ﺷﻮ ] gham.gin kar.dan] away] ﻏﻤﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ fa.rA-ge.ref.tan] [ farA- is a] ﻓﺮﺍﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ to make sad [~ ﻛﻦ →] (.to learn ( form [~ ﮔﻴﺮ → ;prefix ﻏﻨﻮﺩﻥ → [ghe.now → ghe.nav] ﻏﻨﻮ [fa.rA.mush sho.dan] ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﺷﺪﻥ → ghe.now ,ﻏﻨﻮ →] [gho.nu.dan] ﻏﻨﻮﺩﻥ to be forgotten [~ ﺷﻮ →] (.ghe.nav] to repose or sleep ( poet to forget [~] ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ* ﺷﺪﻥ gheyr] other; also used as] ﻏﻴﺮ [fa.rA.mush kar.dan] ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ negating prefix to forget [~ ﻛﻦ →] ;be) ~ az] except)] (ﺑﻪ/ ﺑـ) ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ fa.rAn.se] France; French] ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ (.other than ( prep be) ~ az in ke] language)] (ﺑﻪ/ ﺑـ) ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ fa.rA.vAn] a lot of] ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ (.except that (conj 260 [fard] individual ( pl. , af.rAd, [far.yAd] shout; cry; yelling Persian– English ﻓﺮﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﺩ individuals, people) to shout; glossary [~ ﺯﻥ →] [za.dan ~] ~ ﺯﺩﻥ far.dA] tomorrow to cry; to exclaim] ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ;deception [ﻓﺮﻳﻔﺘﻦ →] [fa.rib] ﻓﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﺮﺳﻮﺩﻥ/ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﺋﻴﺪﻥ → [far.sA] ﻓﺮﺳﺎ far.sA] deceit ,ﻓﺮﺳﺎ →] [far.sA.'i.dan] ﻓﺮﺳﺎﺋﻴﺪﻥ [~ ﺧﻮﺭ →] [khor.dan ~] ~ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﺮﺳﻮﺩﻥ see to be deceived ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻥ → [fe.rest] ﻓﺮﺳﺖ ِ → A to deceive [~ ﺩﻩ ] [d .dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ , ﻓﺮﺳﺖ →] [fe.res.tA.dan] ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻥ fa.ri.bA] charming] ﻓﺮﻳﺒﺎ fe.rest] to send fa.rib] to ,ﻓﺮﻳﺐ →] [fa.rif.tan] ﻓﺮﻳﻔﺘﻦ fe.res.tan.de] sender] ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ deceive; to spellbind ( form.) far.sA] to ,ﻓﺮﺳﺎ →] [far.su.dan] ﻓﺮﺳﻮﺩﻥ → [fe.sor ,ﻓﺴﺮ ] [fe.sor.dan] ﻓﺴﺮﺩﻥ erode see ﺍﻓﺴﺮﺩﻥ farsh] carpet] ﻓﺮﺵ [fe.shAr] pressure ﻓﺸﺎﺭ fe.resh.te] angel; girl’s name] ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ [(A.var.dan (be ~] ~ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) fargh] difference] ﻓﺮﻕ (to put pressure (on [~ ﺁﻭﺭ →] ~ [~ dAsh.tan (bA)] pressure [ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻥ →] [fe.shAr] ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺑﺎ) (to be different (from [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] ~ [~ A.var.dan (be)] ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) kar.dan] [→ ~] to be ~] ~ to put pressure on [~ →] ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻭﺭ or become different ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻥ → [fe.shor] ﻓﺸﺮ [(kar.dan (ba.rA.ye ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ( ِﺑﺮﺍﻯ) [fe.shor.dan] [→ / , ﻓﺸﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻥ (to make a difference (to [~ →] fe.shor/fe.shAr] to press; to ﻛﻦ (af.shor.dan ,ﺍﻓﺸﺮﺩﻥ far.ghi ne.mi.ko.nad] squeeze (also] ﻓﺮﻗﻰ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﺪ It makes no difference; it doesn’t [fasl] chapter, unit; season َﻓﺼﻞ .matter (fo.sul , ﻓﺼﻮﻝ .pl ) ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ → [far.mA] ﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ fo.sul] pl. of] ﻓﺼﻮﻝ far.mAn] command] ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ fo.zul] meddler; nosy person] ﻓﻀﻮﻝ [far.mAn.deh] commander (af.'Al , ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ .fe'l] verb (gr.) ( pl] ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ [far.mu.dan] [→ , far.mA] to fe'.lan] for now, for the time] ً ﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻥ ﻓﻌﻼ give a command; for its usage in being; presently polite language see Appendix I faghr] poverty] ﻓﻘﺮ [fo.rukh.tan] [→ , fa.ghat] only] ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ fo.rush] to sell [na ~ . . . bal.ke . . .] ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ . . . ﺑﻠﻜﻪ . . . fo.rud.gAh] airport] . . . not only . . . but also ﻓﺮﻭﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻦ → [fo.rush] ﻓﺮﻭﺵ (afkAr , ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ .fekr] thought ( pl] ﻓﻜﺮ fo.rush.gAh] store, shop] ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ﻓﻜﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ fo.ru.shan.de] seller; cashier think] ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﻩ A ;bi- ~] thoughtless] ﺑﻰ ﻓﻜﺮ fo.rugh far.rokh.z d] Forugh ] ﻓﺮﻭﻍ ﻓﺮﺧﺰﺍﺩ Farrokhzad (poet, 1934–67) inconsiderate 261 Persian– [fe.kan] → [ghabl] past, last (as in ‘last week’) ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻜﻨﺪﻥ ﻓﻜﻦ English (adj.) [fe.kan ,ﻓﻜﻦ →] [fe.kan.dan] ﻓﻜﻨﺪﻥ glossary (.az] before ( prep ~] ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻜﻨﺪﻥ to throw ( poet.); see also (.az An-ke] before (conj ~] ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ fal.sa.fe] philosophy] ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ (.ghab.lan] previously (adv] ًﻗﺒﻼ .fa.vA.'ed/fa.vA.yed] pl] ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ/ ﻓﻮﺍﻳﺪ -ghab.li] former; previous; ex] ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ of gha.bul] acceptance; consent] ﻗﺒﻮﻝ fowt] passing away; death] ﻓﻮﺕ ( form.) / ~ [~ sho.dan] [→ ~] ﺷﻮ ﺷﺪﻥ (ﺩﺭ ﺍﺯ) → (to to be accepted (in); to pass (a test [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ﻓﻮﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ pass away to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ fow.ran] immediately accept or admit] ﻓﻮﺭﺍً → ,ﻗﺒﻮﻻﻥ →] [gha.bu.lAn.dan] ﻗﺒﻮﻻﻧﺪﻥ [ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻥ ] [fahm] ﻓﻬﻢ understanding gha.bu.lAn] to cause to accept; fahm] to to convince , ﻓﻬﻢ →] [fah.mi.dan] ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻥ ghatl] murder] ﻗﺘﻞ :understand; to realize (causative ) ghat.l-e Am] massacre] ِﻗﺘﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻬﻤﺎﻧﺪﻥ fil] elephant] ﻓﻴﻞ ghadd] (often a person’s) height] ّﻗﺪ fil.suf ] philosopher or stature] ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ (bo.land] tall (person ~] ~ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ film] film] ﻓﻴﻠﻢ [ghAbel] capable; qualified; fit [neutral in usage] ﻗﺎﺑﻞ derAz] tall (person) [not ~] ~ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ e] fit for; worthy of- ~] ِﻗﺎﺑﻞ very flattering!] ;ghey.r-e ~ -e] unfit for] ِﻏﻴﺮ ِﻗﺎﺑﻞ [ghadr] amount; quantity; extent; ﻗﺪﺭ incapable of value; worth [ghAb.la.me] [cooking] pot /gha.dim] old (used with ‘years] ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻤﻪ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ A (’gh .tel] killer, murderer times/ages] ﻗﺎﺗﻞ A in the past = ﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ gh .der] capable; able] ﻗﺎﺩﺭ → (gha.di.mi] old (for inanimates] ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰ [~ ﺷﻮ ] [sho.dan ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ to become capable (of doing); [gha.rAr] arrangement; agreement; ﻗﺮﺍﺭ (to manage (to do appointment ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] to bu.dan] [→ ~] to be ~] ~ ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﺵ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ enable supposed to [ghA.ne'] contented; satisfied ,dA.dan] [→ ~] to place ~] ~ ﻗﺎﻧﻊ ﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ → as ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ to to lay (see also [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ persuade; to convince separate entry) A dAsh.tan] [→ ~z] 1) to ~] ~ , ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ .gh .nun] law ( pl] ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ A gha.v .nin) lie, to be located; 2) to have an ghA.yegh] boat appointment] ﻗﺎﻳﻖ 262 ~ [~ go.zAsh.tan] [→ ~] [ghah.ve] coffee Persian– English ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ to make an arrangement or ghah.ve.'i] brown glossary] ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺍﻯ appointment [ghi.yA.fe] features (mostly the ﻗﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﯿﺮ → ge.ref.tan] [ ~] to face); appearance or looks ~] ~ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ repose, to settle ghi.mat/ghey.mat] price] ﻗﻴﻤﺖ gha.rAr.dad] contract] ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ z 2) work, job;ﻛﺎﺷﺘﻦ → (kAr] 1] ﻛﺎﺭ [ghor.bAn] sacrifice kar.dan] [→ ~] to ~] ~ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ A ghor.b .ni] victim work (intr.); ‘to do’ in questions] ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻰ (ﭼﻜﺎﺭ see) ﭼﻪ ghors] pill with] ﻗﺮﺹ (.kAr.bord] usage, function (gr] ﻛﺎﺭﺑُﺮﺩ (gho.ruz ,ﻗﺮﻭﺽ .gharz] debt ( pl] ﻗﺮﺽ kA.r-e khA.ne] household] ﻛﺎﺭِ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ to [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ( ِﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ .borrow; to take as loan chores ( pl .kAr-khA.ne] factory ( pl] ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ to [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] [ge.ref.tan ~] ~ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ( ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ borrow; to take as loan kArd] knife] ﻛﺎﺭﺩ gher.mez] red] ﻗﺮﻣﺰ kAr-gar] worker; labourer] ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ (gho.run ,ﻗﺮﻭﻥ .gharn] century ( pl] ﻗﺮﻥ kAr-gar.dAn] director (in] ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺽ gho.ruz] pl. of] ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ( ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ cinema and theater) (see ﻗﺮﻥ gho.run] pl. of] ﻗﺮﻭﻥ kAr-gar.dA.ni] directing] ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻰ gha.sam] oath; pledge; swear] ﻗﺴﻢ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ [~ ﺧﻮﺭ →] [khor.dan ~] ~ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) to swear; to take an oath direct (in cinema and theater) kAr-go.zi.ni] recruitment office] ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺰﻳﻨﻰ gha.shang] pretty, beautiful] ﻗﺸﻨﮓ kAh] to decrease ,ﻛﺎﻩ →] [kAs.tan] ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻦ ghasd] intention] ﻗﺼﺪ kAsh/kAsh.ki] ‘if only’ or] ﻛﺎﺵ/ﻛﺎﺷﻜﻰ ;dAsh.tan] to intend ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ to have the intention to ‘I wish’ kAr] to plant ,ﻛﺎﺭ →] [kAsh.tan] ﻛﺎﺷﺘﻦ ghes.se] story; tale] ّﻗﺼﻪ ﻛﺎﺵ kAsh.ki] see] ﻛﺎﺷﻜﻰ gha.tAr] train] ﻗﻄﺎﺭ kA.ghaz] paper] ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ghotb] pole] ﻗﻄﺐ [(kA.far (originally kAfer] ﻛﺎﻓﺮ gha.lam] pen] َﻗ َﻠﻢ .ghom] Qom or Ghom (city in Iran) unbeliever; infidel; pagan ( pl] ﻗﻢ A (kof.f r , ُﻛ ّﻔﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ gha.vA.nin] pl. of] ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ A (.k .fi] enough; sufficient (adj] ﻛﺎﻓﻰ ghur.bA.ghe] frog; toad] ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ A A (k m-ra.v ] happy (in life] ﻛﺎﻣﺮﻭﺍ ghu.ri] teapot] ﻗﻮﺭﻯ A k .les.ke] carriage; coach] ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻜﻪ ghowl] promise] ﻗﻮﻝ A k .mel] perfect (gr.); complete] ﻛﺎﻣﻞ to promise [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ A k .me.lan] completely] ًﻛﺎﻣﻼ ;ghowm] folk; ethnic group] ﻗﻮﻡ 263 ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺪﻥ → [kAv] ﻛﺎﻭ (agh.vAm ,ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ .relative ( pl Persian– [kA.vi.dan] [→ , kAv] to ُ [kor.di] Kurdish ﻛﺮﺩﻯ ﻛﺎﻭ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺪﻥ English kas] person] ﻛﺲ (.glossary excavate; to dig; to search ( form A → ka.si] someone] ﻛﺴﻰ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻦ [k h] ﻛﺎﻩ A kas.re] the -e vowel (gr.); its] ﻛﺴﺮﻩ k .hesh] decrease] ﻛﺎﻫﺶ to symbol [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ → [kesh] ﻛِﺶ (.decrease (tr A A ﻛﺸﺘﻦ → [kosh] ُﻛﺶ y f.tan/pey.d ~] ~ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ/ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ kar.dan] [→ / ~] to ;kosh.tAr] slaughter; butchery] ﻳﺎﺏ ﻛﻦ ﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭ (.decrease (intr massacre [ka.bAb] kabab or kebab, kosh.tan] [→ , kosh] to kill] ﻛﺒﺎﺏ ُﻛﺶ ُﻛﺸﺘﻦ a grilled meat dish [kesh.ti] ship ﻛﺸﺘﻰ keb.rit] matches] ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺖ [kesh-ma-kesh] struggle or ﻛﺸﻤﻜﺶ ka.bu.tar] dove; pigeon] scuffle ﻛﺒﻮﺗﺮ kot] jacket] ﻛﺖ ko.shan.de] fatal, lethal] ﻛﺸﻨﺪﻩ – ko.tob , ﻛﺘﺐ .ke.tAb] book ( pl] ﻛِﺘﺎﺏ [ke.show] drawer ﻛﺸﻮ (.not used in col ِ kesh.var] country] ﻛ َﺸﻮﺭ ke.tAb-khA.ne] library] ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ِ → ِ kesh] to , ﻛﺶ ] [ke.shi.dan] ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ ,ke.tAb-khAn] a bookworm] ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﻮﺍﻥ one who loves reading draw; to pull; to drag (causative: (ﻛﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ ke.tAb-fo.rush] book-seller] ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺵ kafsh] shoe] ﻛﻔﺶ [ke.tAb-fo.ru.shi] ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺷﻰ ﻛﭽﻞ kal] see] ﻛﻞ bookstore; 2) selling books (1 ke.lAs] class; classroom] ﻛﻼﺱ .not used in col – ﻛِﺘﺎﺏ ko.tob] pl. of] ﻛﺘﺐ ko.lAh] hat] ﻛﻼﻩ ko.tak] beating, thrashing] ﻛﺘﻚ ,ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ .ka.la.me] word ( pl] ﻛﻠﻤﻪ [~ ﺧﻮﺭ →] [khor.dan ~] ~ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ to be beaten or thrashed (intr.) ka.la.mAt) kam] little; few] ﻛﻢ to beat [~ ﺯﻥ →] [za.dan ~] ~ ﺯﺩﻥ ka.mAl] perfection] ﻛﻤﺎﻝ (.or thrash (tr ;dar/bA ~ -e] with utmost] ﺩﺭ/ ﺑﺎ ِﻛﻤﺎﻝ ka.sif ] dirty] ﻛﺜﻴﻒ kaj] slanted or crooked, not straight at the height of; extremely] ﻛﺞ kam.tar] less; fewer; less often] ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ko.jA] where] ﻛﺠﺎ ko.mak] help] ﻛﻤﻚ kaj-ra.vi] deviation, aberration] َﻛﺠﺮﻭﻯ [(kar.dan (be ~] ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) ka.chal/kal] baldhead] ﻛﭽﻞ/ﻛﻞ to help (sometimes [~ ﻛﻦ →] ?ko.dAm] which] ﻛﺪﺍﻡ (ﺑﻪ ke.rA.ye] rent with direct object and no] ﻛﺮﺍﻳﻪ ká.mi] a little; a few] ﻛﻤﻰ kord] Kurd] ُﻛﺮﺩ kam.mi] quantitative] ّﻛﻤﻰ ;kon] to do , ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan] ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﻥ → [kan] ﻛﻦ to make 264 [kon] → [ke] who? ( form./wrt.) (see , ki) Persian– English ﻛﻰ ﻛﻪ؟ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻦ koh.ne] worn out, used, old glossary] ﻛﻬﻨﻪ ke.nA.r-e] beside, at the side of] ﻛﻨﺎﺭِ ( prep.) (inanimates) ?key] when] ﻛِﻰ ;kan] to dig ,ﻛﻦ →] [kan.dan] ﻛﻨﺪﻥ (.ki] who? (col] ﻛﻰ to pull off → kish] faith, religion] ﻛﻴﺶ ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺪﻥ or ﻛﻮﻓﺘﻦ [kub] ﻛﻮﺏ [ku.bi.dan] [→ , kub] to kif ] bag] ﻛﻴﻒ ﻛﻮﺏ ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺪﻥ ِ pound or hammer, to mash ki.f-e pul] purse or wallet] ﻛﻴﻒ ﭘﻮﻝ (ﻛﻮﺑﺎﻧﺪﻥ :causative) ki.lu] kilo] ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ku.bi.de] kubideh (skewer of] ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺪﻩ gAv] cow] ﮔﺎﻭ (ground meat kebab gA.hi] sometimes] ﮔﺎﻫﻰ ku.bism] Cubism] ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺴﻢ [godAz , ﮔﺪﺍﺯ →] [go.dAkh.tan] ﮔﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ ku.tAh] short] ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ (.ku.chek] small to melt (lit] ِﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﮔﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ → [go.dAz] ﮔﺪﺍﺯ (.ku.dak] child ( form] ﻛﻮﺩﻙ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ → [go.zAr] ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ku.da.kA.ne] childish, childlike] ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻧﻪ [go.zAr , ﮔﺬﺍﺭ →] [go.zAsh.tan] ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ (.form ) ku.da.kes.tAn] kindergarten to put; to leave behind; to let] ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ → [go.zar] ﮔﺬﺭ kur] blind] ﻛﻮﺭ go.za.rA] fleeting; transient] ﮔﺬﺭﺍ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ → [kush] ﻛﻮﺵ ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ → [go.za.rAn] ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻥ ku.shesh] effort] ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ,ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻥ →] [go.za.rAn.dan] ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ make an effort; to try go.za.rAn] to spend (time) go.zar] to ,ﮔﺬﺭ →] [go.zash.tan] ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ [kush ,ﻛﻮﺵ →] [ku.shi.dan] ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ (ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ :to try, to make an effort pass (causative (.go.zash.te] past (adj.; n.; gr] ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ kub] to ,ﻛﻮﺏ →] [kuf.tan] ﻛﻮﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻳﺪﻥ or ﮔﺮﺍﺋﻴﺪﻥ → [ge.rA] ﮔﺮﺍ (.pound, to hammer (lit (ﻛﻮﺑﺎﻧﺪﻥ :causative) ge.rA.mer] grammar] ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ kuf.te] kufta, kofta or köfte (ball] ﻛﻮﻓﺘﻪ [ge.rAn] expensive ﮔﺮﺍﻥ of ground meat mixed with ge.rA.yesh] inclination] ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ (other ingredients /dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ/ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) kuh] mountain] ﻛﻮﻩ A → to be [~ ﺩﺍﺭ/ﻳﺎﺏ ] [(az posh.t-e ~ y f.tan (be] ﺍﺯ ﭘ ِﺸﺖ ﻛﻮﻩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ (inclined (to ُ A.ma.dan] [→ ~] to be a churl A → A ﺁ ge.r ] to ,ﮔﺮﺍ ] [ge.r .'i.dan] ﮔﺮﺍﺋﻴﺪﻥ or simpleton (lit., ‘to come from behind the mountains’) incline gor.be] cat] ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ka.vir] desert] ﻛﻮﻳﺮ → ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻥ or ﮔﺸﺘﻦ [gard] ﮔﺮﺩ ke] that, which (used in noun] ﻛﻪ 265 ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ → [gar.dAn] ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ (clauses ger.ye] crying] ﮔﺮﻳﻪ .gar.dAn.dan/gar] ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ/ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪﻥ –Persian English A → A ,to cry [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ gar.d n] to ,ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ] [glossary d .ni.dan cause to turn; to manage and to weep run an enterprise ko.nAn] (while) crying ~] ~ ﻛﻨﺎﻥ [gar.desh] a stroll; a leisurely [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] [ge.ref.tan *~] ~* ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ walk to have to cry → [ga.zi.dan] ﮔﺰﻳﺪﻥ → [gaz] ﮔﺰ to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ stroll ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺩﻥ → [go.zAr] ﮔﺰﺍﺭ [gar.dun] firmament; heaven go.zAr.dan] [→ , gozAr] to] ﮔﺮﺩﻭﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺩﻥ → (.gard] to perform; to carry out ( form ,ﮔﺮﺩ ] [gar.di.dan] ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻥ :causative) (ﮔﺸﺘﻦ =) turn go.zA.resh] report] ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ (ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ [ga.zi.dan] [→ , gaz] to bite; ﮔﺰ ﮔﺰﻳﺪﻥ go.res.ne.gi] hunger] (.to sting ( form./lit ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﻰ [go.res.ne] hungry go.zin] to , ﮔﺰﻳﻦ →] [go.zi.dan] ﮔﺰﻳﺪﻥ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ge.ref.tAr] captive, occupied, choose, to select] ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭ busy ﮔﺰﻳﺪﻥ → [go.zin] ﮔﺰﻳﻦ ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] to go.zi.nesh] selection; choice] ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ catch or arrest, to entangle, to [go.sas.tan] [→ , go.sal] to ﮔﺴﻞ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻦ preoccupy sever; to disconnect (lit.) A (ﮔﺴﻼﻧﺪﻥ :ge.ref.t .ri] captivity, (causative] ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭﻯ entanglement, trouble ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﻦ and ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻦ → [go.sal] ﮔﺴﻞ [ge.ref.tan] [→ , gir] to take [go.sikh.tan] [→ , go.sal] ﮔﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﺴﻞ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﻦ (’give‘ ≠) to sever; to rupture (lit.) (ﮔﺴﻼﻧﺪﻥ :garm] warm (causative] ﮔﺮﻡ → ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻥ → [go.shA] ﮔﺸﺎ to [~ ﺑﺎﺵ ] [bu.dan *~] ~ *ﺑﻮﺩﻥ feel warm ;gard] to turn , ﮔﺮﺩ →] [gash.tan] ﮔﺸﺘﻦ → A ge.r ] to to stroll ,ﮔﺮﺍ ] [ge.ra.vi.dan] ﮔﺮﻭﻳﺪﻥ incline [~ . . . don.bA.l-e] ِﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ . . . ﮔﺸﺘﻦ :ge.reh] knot, tie (n.) to search (for) (causative] ﮔﺮﻩ (ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﮔﺮﻳﺴﺘﻦ → [ge.ri] ﮔﺮﻯ [go.shA ,ﮔﺸﺎ →] [go.shu.dan] ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻥ ger.yAn] crying, weeping] ﮔﺮﻳﺎﻥ to open ( form.) [go.riz ,ﮔﺮﻳﺰ →] [go.rikh.tan] ﮔﺮﻳﺨﺘﻦ gof.tAr] saying; speech] ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ :to flee (lit.) (causative gof.to.gu] conversation] ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ (ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺍﻧﺪﻥ ( ﮔﻔﺖﻭﮔﻮ originally) ﮔﺮﻳﺨﺘﻦ → [go.riz] ﮔﺮﻳﺰ → to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ge.ri] to ,ﮔﺮﻯ →] [ge.ris.tan] ﮔﺮﻳﺴﺘﻦ ۀ (ﺑﺎ/ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ :cry, to weep (lit.) (causative: talk (with/about (ﺑﻪ = gu] to say (to , ﮔﻮ →] [gof.tan] ﮔﻔﺘﻦ (ger.yAn.dan ,ﮔﺮﻳﺎﻧﺪﻥ 266 [gof.ta.ni] worth saying or [gu.shi] receiver (of a phone) Persian– English ﮔﻮﺷﻰ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﻰ mentioning gu.nA.gun] diverse; different glossary] ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ (.above ( form ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ gof.t-o-gu] see] ﮔﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﻮ gu.ne] kind, type ( form.); cheek] ﮔﻮﻧﻪ gol] flower] ﮔﻞ gu.yan.de] announcer; speaker] ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪﻩ gol.dAn] vase] ﮔﻠﺪﺍﻥ .gol.zAr] rose garden or sayer of sth] ﮔﻠﺰﺍﺭ gu.'i (ke)] as if, as] ﮔﻮﺋﻰ/ ﮔﻮﻳﻰ (ﻛﻪ) go.l-e sorkh] red rose] ِﮔﻞ ﺳﺮﺥ though ( form.) gol.gun] rosy; rose-like] ﮔﻠﮕﻮﻥ gij] giddy or dizzy; confused; silly] ﮔﻴﺞ gom] lost] ﮔﻢ * [sar* gij raf.tan] ﺳﺮ ﮔﻴﺞ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ sho.dan] [→ ~] to be ~] to feel dizzy or giddy [~ →] ﺷﻮ ﮔﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﻭ lost [gir] → ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﻴﺮ kar.dan] [→ ~] to ~] A ﻛﻦ ﮔﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ gi.r ] attractive; catching] ﮔﻴﺮﺍ (.lose (sth gi.ran.de] receiver] ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﮔﻤﺎﺭﺩﻥ/ﮔﻤﺎﺷﺘﻦ → [go.mAr] ﮔﻤﺎﺭ (.lA.zem] necessary; intransitive (gr] ﻻﺯﻡ [go.mAr.dan/go.mAsh.tan] ﮔﻤﺎﺭﺩﻥ/ﮔﻤﺎﺷﺘﻦ to need [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ go.mAr] to appoint , ﮔﻤﺎﺭ →] lA.ghar] thin, slim] ﻻﻏﺮ (.form) A A [~ ﺷﻮ →] [lA.ghar sho.dan] ﻻﻏﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ [(ga.m n ( form.: go.m n] ﮔﻤﺎﻥ assumption to lose weight ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] to lA.yegh] deserving; worthy; capable] ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻻﻳﻖ assume; to suppose; to guess ~ [~ bu.dan] [→ ~] to ﺑﺎﺵ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ → [gonj] deserve; to be worthy of ﮔﻨﺠﻴﺪﻥ ﮔﻨﺞ [gon.ji.dan] [→ , gonj] to (lab] lip ( pl. with both -hA and -An] ﮔﻨﺞ ﮔﻨﺠﻴﺪﻥ ﻟﺐ :fit in; to be contained (causative A le.b s] clothes (in general); dress] ﻟﺒﺎﺱ (.form ) (ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪﻥ (.al.ba.se; only form ,ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻪ .pl ) ﮔﻨﺪﻳﺪﻥ → [gand] ﮔﻨﺪ e she.nA] swimsuit- ~] ِ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﺷﻨﺎ gand] to rot ,ﮔﻨﺪ →] [gan.di.dan] ﮔﻨﺪﻳﺪﻥ [lab.khand] smile ﻟﺒﺨﻨﺪ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ → [gu] ﮔﻮ ~ [~ za.dan] [→ ~] to smile ﺯﻥ ﺯﺩﻥ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺩﻥ/ﮔﻮﺍﺭﻳﺪﻥ → [go.vAr] ﮔﻮﺍﺭ [la.be] edge ﻟﺒﻪ /go.vAr.dan] ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺩﻥ/ﮔﻮﺍﺭﻳﺪﻥ ,lez.zat/laz.zat] enjoyment] ّﻟﺬﺕ [go.vAr , ﮔﻮﺍﺭ →] [go.vA.ri.dan (laz.zAt , ّﻟﺬﺍﺕ .to digest pleasure ( pl [~ ,ﺑَﺮ →] [(bor.dan (az ~] ~ ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) gus.fand] sheep] ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ [’gush] ear to enjoy [‘get pleasure from] ﮔﻮﺵ → ﻟﺮﺯﻳﺪﻥ [larz] ﻟﺮﺯ [(kar.dan (be ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) lar.zAn] trembling] ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ to listen to (used with [~ ﻛﻦ →] larz] to ,ﻟﺮﺯ →] [lar.zi.dan] ﻟﺮﺯﻳﺪﻥ (direct or indirect object 267 (ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻥ :gusht] meat tremble (causative] ﮔﻮﺷﺖ Persian– [lo.zum] necessity [mAl] → ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ English ,ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ .mAl] property, wealth ( pl] ﻣﺎﻝ lash.kar] army] ﻟﺸﻜﺮ glossary A (lotf ] benevolence am.v l] ﻟﻄﻒ e] property of, belonging to- ~] ِﻣﺎﻝ lot.fan] please (adv., used with] ًﻟﻄﻔﺎ ?mA.l-e ki] whose] ِﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﻰ؟ (imperative mA.li] financial] ﻣﺎﻟﻰ la'l] ruby] ﻟﻌﻞ mAl] to rub ,ﻣﺎﻝ →] [mA.li.dan] ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺪﻥ ﻟﻐﺰﻳﺪﻥ → [laghz] ﻟﻐﺰ (ﻣﺎﻻﻧﺪﻥ :laghz] to (causative ,ﻟﻐﺰ →] [lagh.zi.dan] ﻟﻐﺰﻳﺪﻥ ma'.mu.r-e po.lis] policeman] ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭِ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ (ﻟﻐﺰﺍﻧﺪﻥ :slip or slide (causative ﻣﺎﻧﺴﺘﻦ → also ; ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ → [mAn] ﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﻴﺪﻥ → [lam] ﻟﻢ ,mAn] to stay , ﻣﺎﻥ →] [mAn.dan] ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ lam] to recline ,ﻟﻢ →] [la.mi.dan] ﻟﻤﻴﺪﻥ lan.dan] London to remain] ﻟﻨﺪﻥ A m n.da.ni] lasting] ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﻰ lame [ﻟﻨﮕﻴﺪﻥ →] [lang] ﻟﻨﮓ A → ,ﻣﺎﻥ ] [(m .nes.tan (be] ﻣﺎﻧﺴﺘﻦ (ﺑﻪ) langAn] limping] ﻟﻨﮕﺎﻥ mAn] to be similar to; to resemble lang-langAn] or] ﻟﻨﮓ ﻟﻨﮕﺎﻥ also) A ِ (.m .nan.d-e] like; similar to ( form] ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ (ﻟﻨﮕﺎﻥ ﻟﻨﮕﺎﻥ A m h] month; moon] ﻣﺎﻩ lang] to limp ,ﻟﻨﮓ →] [lan.gi.dan] ﻟﻨﮕﻴﺪﻥ A A ,ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻧﻪ m .h .ne] monthly (also] ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ lah.je] accent, dialect] ﻟﻬﺠﻪ mA.hi.yA.ne) [li.yA.ghat] merit; worthiness; A ﻟﻴﺎﻗﺖ m .her] skilled] ﻣﺎﻫﺮ capability A m .hi] fish] ﻣﺎﻫﻰ to [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ mA.hi.gir] fisher] ﻣﺎﻫﻴﮕﻴﺮ deserve; to be worthy of mo.bad.dal] changed] ّﻣﺒﺪﻝ li.vAn] glass (for drinks); mug] ﻟﻴﻮﺍﻥ A mo.te.'as.sef ] sorry, regretful] ّﻣﺘﺄﺳﻒ m ] we] ﻣﺎ ,mo.te.'as.se.fA.ne] regrettably] ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ mA.dar] mother] َﻣﺎﺩﺭ mA.dar-bo.zorg] unfortunately] ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺑﺰﺭگ metr] meter] ﻣﺘﺮ grandmother (.mo.te.'ad.di] transitive (gr] ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻯ mAr] snake] ﻣﺎﺭ mo.te.fA.vet] different] ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ mAst] yoghurt] ﻣﺎﺳﺖ [mo.te.vaj.jeh sho.dan] ّﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ mA.shin] car; machine] ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ → to notice [~ ﺷﻮ ] (.mA.zi] past (gr] ﻣﺎﺿﻰ A me.s l] example] ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ye ba.'id] past perfect- ~] ِﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ mes.l-e] like, similar to] ِﻣﺜﻞ (’tense (‘remote past mes.l-e ham] alike; in the] ِﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻢ ye mot.lagh] simple- ~] ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ past tense (‘absolute past’) same way do.rost mes.l-e] exactly] ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ِﻣﺜﻞ ye nagh.li] present- ~] ِﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﻧﻘﻠﻰ 268 perfect tense (‘narrative past’) like [mo.jAz] permissible; officially [mar.but] related Persian– English ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ُﻣﺠﺎﺯ authorized mar.te.be/mar.ta.be] ‘time’ as glossary] ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ,ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ .to counting word ( pl [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ authorize [officially]; to legalize ma.rA.teb) mo.rakh.khas] released (for] ّﻣﺮﺧﺺ maj.bur] compelled; forced] ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ to be its usage in polite language see [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] [bu.dan ~] ~ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ compelled to; to have to Appendix I) mard] man] َﻣﺮﺩ to be [~ ﺷﻮ →] [sho.dan ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ mar.dA.ne] manly, masculine, of] َﻣﺮﺩﺍﻧﻪ compelled or forced men or men’s [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ mar.dom] people] ﻣﺮﺩﻡ to force; to compel mir] to die , ﻣﻴﺮ →] [mor.dan] ﻣﺮﺩﻥ ,ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ .maj.les] parliament ( pl] ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ma.jA.les) mor.da.ni] feeble, weak; about] ﻣﺮﺩﻧﻰ maj.hul] passive (gr.); to die] ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ unknown mor.de] dead] ﻣﺮﺩﻩ [mo.hA.ve.re] conversation mar.sum] custom or customary] ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭﻩ = ma.rA.sem , ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻢ .moh.ta.ram] respected; respectful (adj.) ( pl] ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ (moh.ta.ra.mA.ne] respectfully ceremony] ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ;(morgh] hen; chicken (as food] ﻣﺮﻍ mah.rum] deprived] ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ kar.dan (be)] bird ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) mor.ghA.bi] duck] ﻣﺮﻏﺎﺑﻰ to deprive [~ ﻛﻦ →] ;(.mo.rak.kab] complex (gr] ّﻣﺮﻛﺐ .ma.hal.le] neighborhood ( pl] ﻣﺤﻠﻪ ma.hal.lAt) compound, multipart; ink , ﻣﺤﻼﺕ marg] death] ﻣﺮگ ;mo.ham.mad] prophet of Islam] ّﻣﺤﻤﺪ mo.rur] review] ﻣﺮﻭﺭ boy’s name to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ mokh.ta.lef ] different] ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ makh.su.san] especially review] ًﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ,ma.riz] sick (adj.); sick person] ﻣﺮﻳﺾ me.dAd] pencil] ﻣِﺪﺍﺩ (.me.dAd ta.rAsh] patient (n] ﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﺵ ,mar.yam] Maryam (= Miriam] ﻣﺮﻳﻢ pencil sharpener (Mary ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ma.dA.res] pl. of] ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ma.sA.'el] pl. of] ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ mo.dA.fe'] defending; defensive] ﻣﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺳﻌﻰ ma.sA.'i] pl. of] ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻰ mod.dat] duration; period] ّﻣﺪﺕ (.mo.sA.fe.rat] travel, journey (n] ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ mad.re.se] school (below a] ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ A [be ~ raf.tan] ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ (ma.d .res , ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ .college) ( pl to go on a trip [~ ﺭﻭ →] ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ma.rA.teb] pl. of] ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ [(kar.dan (be ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) ma.rA.sem] ceremony] ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻢ to travel (to) 269 [~ ﻛﻦ →] (marsum ,ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ originally pl. of) Persian– [mos.tah.zar] aware; informed [mesr] Egypt ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ English ( form., polite language) (.mo.zA.re'] present tense (gr] ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ glossary mo.zA.'af ] double] ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ mos.ta.ghim] direct, straight] ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ;mo.tA.le.'e] studying] ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ mo.sal.mAn] Muslim, Moslem] ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ .mes.vAk] toothbrush consideration; reading ( pl] ﻣﺴﻮﺍﻙ A A (mo.t .le.' t ,ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ [mes.vAk za.dan] ﻣﺴﻮﺍﻙ ﺯﺩﻥ mat.bu'] pleasant (an obsolete] ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ (to brush (the teeth [~ ﺯﻥ →] meaning is ‘printed matter’) , ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ .mas.'a.le] problem ( pl] ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ mat.bu.'At] the press ( pl. of] ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ (ma.sA.'el , mat.bu') ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ mas.'ul] responsible; in charge] ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ [mot.ta.le'] well-informed; ّﻣﻄﻠﻊ ,mas'ulAne] responsible] knowledgeable; up-to-date ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ responsibly ~ [~ bu.dan (az)] ﺑﻮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) [~ -gheyr-e] (to know (about/of [~ →] ِﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺵ irresponsible, irresponsibly ~ [~ kar.dan] [→ ~] to ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ mas.'u.liy.yat] responsibility] inform; to let know ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴّﺖ [mo.shA.beh] alike; similar (add mot.ma.'en] sure, certain] ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ (’ezAfe for ‘similar to mo.'A.del] equivalent] ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ mo.shA.be.hat] similarity] ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ mo.'A.ser] contemporary] ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﻐﻞ ma.shA.ghel] pl. of] ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ;mo.'A.le.je] cure; treatment] ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ [ma.shA.hir] pl. of (mo.'A.le.jAt , ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ .healing ( pl ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﻴﺮ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ mash.rut] conditioned] ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ be An ke/bar An cure; to treat; to heal ~] ~ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ/ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ma.'A.ni] pl. of] ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ ;ke] on the condition that provided that ﻋﻴﺐ ma.'A.yeb] pl. of] ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ [mosh.kel] difficult (adj.); ma'.dan-kAr] miner, mine] ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻜﺎﺭ , .problem (n., pl worker ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ mosh.ke.lAt) [ma.'a.zA.lek] nonetheless ﻣﻌﺬﻟﻚ [mosh.kel-A.fa.rin] A A ﻣﺸﻜﻞﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ ma.'a.h .z ] nonetheless] ﻣﻌﻬﺬﺍ problematic; creating problems (.ma'.re.fe] definite (gr] ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ mash.had] Mashhad (city in] ﻣﺸﻬﺪ mo.'ar.re.fi] introducing] ّﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ (Iran [(kar.dan (be ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) , ﻣﺸﺎﻫﻴﺮ .mash.hur] famous ( pl] ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ (to introduce (to [~ ﻛﻦ →] (ma.shA.hir ma'.ruf ] famous] ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ mo.sA.he.be] interview] ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ [ma'.shugh] beloved (masc.) ﻣﻌﺸﻮﻕ (.mas.dar] infinitive (gr] َﻣ َﺼﺪﺭ ma'.shu.ghe] mistress; beloved] ﻣﻌﺸﻮﻗﻪ (mo.sad.degh] (Mohammad] ّﻣﺼﺪﻕ Mosaddegh, PM of Iran ( fem.) mo.'al.lem] teacher] ّﻣﻌﻠﻢ (53–1951) 270 [ma'.lum] obvious, clear, known [man] I ( pr., 1sg.) Persian– English ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ A mo.n .seb] appropriate, suitable glossary] ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ma'.mu.lan] usually] ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً mon.ta.zer] waiting] ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ma'.ni] meaning; also] ﻣﻌﻨﻰ e] waiting for- ~] ِﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ (ma.'A.ni ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ .ma'.nA] ( pl] [(mon.jar sho.dan (be] ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ (ﺑﻪ) (.maf.'ul] object (gr] ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ [→ ~] to lead to; to result in ﺷﻮ (.maf.'u.li] objective (gr] ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻰ [man.zur] purpose; aim ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ma.ghA.ze] shop, store] ﻣﻐﺎﺯﻩ man'] prohibition] ﻣﻨﻊ (.mof.rad] singular (gr] ُﻣﻔﺮﺩ [(kar.dan (az ~] ~ َ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) (.maf.'ul] object (gr] ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ to prohibit; to bar [~ ﻛﻦ →] mo.fid] useful] ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ma.vA.red] pl. of] ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ mo.ghA.be.l-e] in front of; opposite] ِﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ mo.vA.zeb] watchful, alert] ﻣﻮﺍﻇﺐ [ma.ghA.dir] pl. of bu.dan] [→ ~] to be ~] ~ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺵ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ A (.careful (intr , ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ .ma.gh .le] article ( pl] ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ma.ghA.lAt) [e . . . bu.dan- ~] ِﻣﻮﺍﻇﺐ . . . ﺑﻮﺩﻥ A to watch over, to [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] ma.gh m] status; position] ﻣﻘﺎﻡ dar ~ -e] as; in the position of look after; keep an eye on] ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡِ mo.vA.fegh] in agreement; of] ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ mo.ghA.ye.se] comparison] ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ one mind; in accord , ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ .megh.dAr] amount ( pl] ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ;mo.vA.fe.ghat] agreement] ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ (ma.ghA.dir megh.dA.ri] some amount of consent] ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻯ → to [~ ﻛﻦ ] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ magh.sud] purpose; intention] ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ agree; to consent ﻣﻜﻴﺪﻥ → [mek or mak] ﻣﻚ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ma.vA.ghe'] pl. of] ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ [me.ki.dan ( form.: ma.-)] mo.tor] engine; motor] ﻣﻜﻴﺪﻥ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ mek or mak] to suck ,ﻣﻚ →] [mow.jeb] causing, necessitating ﻣﻮﺟﺐ má.gar] unless; except that] ﻣﮕﺮ (e-) ~] ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪﻥ/ ِﻣﻮﺟﺐ . . . ﺷﺪﻥ (.conj.); except ( prep) → to cause [~ ﺷﻮ ] [mol.lA] mullah sho.dan] ّﻣﻼ .mow.red] case; instance ( pl] ﻣﻮﺭﺩ mo.lA.ghAt] visit; meeting] ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕ , ma.vA.red) ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ [(kar.dan (bA ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺑﺎ) ِ ;dar ~ -e] about] ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ to visit; to meet [~ ﻛﻦ →] concerning; in the case of melk] property] ﻣِﻠﻚ e] object of; subjected to- ~] ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ mel.ki] possessive] ﻣِﻠﻜﻰ . . . e- ~] ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ . . . ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ/ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻥ [mom.ken] possible; likely [gha.rAr ge.ref.tan/vA.ghe' sho.dan ﻣﻤﻜﻦ to undergo; to [~ ﮔﻴﺮ/ﺷﻮ →] mam.nu'] forbidden] ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ become the object of; to be [~ ﻛﻦ →] [(kar.dan (be ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to forbid subjected to 271 Persian– [mu.ze] museum [nA.bud kar.dan] [→ ~] ﻛﻦ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ English to annihilate, to destroy; to cause mu.sA] Moses] ﻣﻮﺳﻰ glossary to become extinct or nonexistent mu.si.ghi] music] ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ nA.ta.vAn] incapable] ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻥ mush] mouse] ﻣﻮﺵ nA.chAr] inevitable; unavoidable] ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ [mow.zu'] subject; issue; nA.chiz] insignificant, worthless] ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ,ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ .matter; topic ( pl A A n -d n] ignorant; stupid] ﻧﺎﺩﺍﻥ (mow.zu.'At A n .do.rost] incorrect] ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ mo.vaf.fagh] successful] ﻣﻮﻓّﻖ A A ;n .r .hat] uncomfortable] ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺖ to [~ ﺷﻮ →] [sho.dan ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ succeed; to manage to upset; sad [nA-sA.lem] unhealthy; harmful ﻧﺎﺳﺎﻟﻢ ,ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ .mow.ghe'] time ( pl] ﻣﻮﻗﻊ nA.ser] Naser; boy’s name] ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ('ma.vA.ghe A ;n .ghes] incomplete; not whole] ﻧﺎﻗﺺ be-mow.ghe'] on time] ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ/ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ deficient or defective [mow.ghe.'i ke] when A A ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻰ ﻛﻪ n .ga.h n] suddenly] ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻥ :conj.); also written joined) ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺪﻥ → [nAl] ﻧﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﻜﻪ ;nAl] to moan ,ﻧﺎﻝ →] [nA.li.dan] ﻧﺎﻟﻴﺪﻥ (mow.la.vi] Rumi (poet, 1207–73] ﻣﻮﻟﻮﻯ to lament (.meh.ra.bAn] kind (adj] ﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻥ [nAm] [→ ] name (more ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ meh.ra.bA.ni] kindness] ﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻧﻰ (esm ,ﺍﺳﻢ formal than [mo.hemm] important nA-ma'.lum] unclear, unknown] ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ّﻣﻬﻢ A (ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ meh.m n] guest (see] ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ (.nA-mom.ken] impossible ( form] ﻧﺎﻣﻤﻜﻦ meh.mA.ni] party] ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﻰ nA.me] letter] ﻧﺎﻣﻪ mi.yA.n-e] in the middle of; inside] ِﻣﻴﺎﻥ nA.me-re.sAn] mailperson] ﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﺳﺎﻥ /mi-bAyad] ﻣﻰﺑﺎﻳﺪ/ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ/ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻰ A A nA.meh.ra.bAn] unkind] ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻥ [mi-b yest/mi-b yesti → nAm] to name ,ﻧﺎﻡ →] [nA.mi.dan] ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ [mir] → ﭘﺨﺘﻦ → [na.pokh.te] ﻧﭙﺨﺘﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ na.tA.yej] pl. of] ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ miz] table] ﻣﻴﺰ (na.tA.yej ,ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ .na.ti.je] result ( pl] ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ meyl] wish; inclination (for its] ﻣﻴﻞ usage in polite language see [dar ~] as a result ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ (Appendix I (ﺗﺮﺱ na-tars] fearless (see] ﻧﺘﺮﺱ mil.yon] million] ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ne.jAt] rescue] ﻧﺠﺎﺕ (mi.nA] Mina (girl’s name] ﻣﻴﻨﺎ to [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ mi.ve] fruit rescue; to save] ﻣﻴﻮﻩ A /pey.dA kar.dan ~] ~ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ/ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ n -o.mid] hopeless] ﻧﺎﺍﻣﻴﺪ to be [~ ﻛﻦ/ﻳﺎﺏ →] [nA-o.mi.dA.ne] hopeless; yAf.tan] ﻧﺎﺍﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻪ 272 hopelessly rescued –Persian ,ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ .na.zar] view, opinion ( pl] ﻧﻈﺮ no.jum] astrology (originally] ﻧﺠﻮﻡ A English najm], na.za.r t) glossary] ﻧﺠﻢ pl. of the Arabic ~ be] ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ/ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ (star [~ ﺁ/ ﺭﺱ→] [na.jib] noble; gentle; honest A.ma.dan/re.si.dan] ﻧﺠﻴﺐ no.khost] first (1st) to look, to appear, to seem] ﻧﺨﺴﺖ A [dar na.zar d sh.tan] ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (no.khos.tin] first (1st] ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ [→ ~] to be set to; to have it ﺩﺍﺭ no.khod] chickpea] in mind; to intend ﻧﺨﻮﺩ [na.kheyr] no ( polite) tah.t-e ~] under surveillance] ِﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺨﻴﺮ [ne.dA] call mow.re.d-e ~] intended] ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺪﺍ [ne.dA.'i] vocative (gr.) (also [ez.hA.r-e ~ kar.dan] ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭِ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺋﻰ (ﻧﺪﺍﻳﻰ written to express one’s view [~ ﻛﻦ →] (.naz.dik] near (adj] ﻧَﺰﺩﻳﻚ [na.far] person (only as counting ﻧﻔﺮ (.e] near ( prep- ~] ِ (na.fa.rAt ,ﻧﻔﺮﺍﺕ .word) ( pl ﻧَﺰﺩﻳﻚ ~ [~ bu.dan ke] [→ ~] nef.rat] hatred] ﻧﻔﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﺵ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻛﻪ to be about to [(dAsh.tan (az ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ (ﺍﺯ) ~ [~ sho.dan] [→ ~] to to hate [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] ﺷﻮ ﺷﺪﻥ approach, to come near ;nef.rat-an.giz] hateful] ﻧﻔﺮﺕﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ [nes.ba.tan] relatively revolting ًﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ [nos.khe] copy; manuscript; na.fas] breath] ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ a doctor’s prescription ~ [~ ke.shi.dan] [→ ~] ﻛﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ → A to breathe ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ [ne.sh n] ﻧﺸﺎﻥ A A ,ne.sh n d .dan (be)] [na-fahm] stupid] ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) ﻧﻔﻬﻢ → (ﻓﻬﻢ to show (sth. to so.) uncomprehending (see [~ ﺩﻩ ] A → A [nafy; y here is a consonant] ﻧﻔﻰ [ne.sh n ,ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ] [ne.sh n.dan] ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ to cause to sit negation A ;naghl] conveying; transfer] ﻧﻘﻞ ne.sh .ne] sign] ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ne.shast] session narrating; quotation] ﻧﺸﺴﺖ naghl-e ghowl] indirect (or] ِﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ [ne.shin , ﻧﺸﻴﻦ →] [ne.shas.tan] ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ ,reported) speech (gr.); citation (ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ :to sit (causative quotation ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ → [ne.shin] ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ;(’nok.te] point (as ‘a point made] ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺖ na.sA.yeh] pl. of] ﻧﺼﺎﻳﺢ epigram ( pl. , no.kAt/ne.kAt) ﻧﻜﺎﺕ nesf ] half] ﻧﺼﻒ [na.ka.re] indefinite (gr.) ﻧﻜﺮﻩ ,ﻧﺼﺎﻳﺢ .na.si.hat] advice ( pl] ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺖ → ﻧﻜﻮﻫﻴﺪﻥ [ne.kuh] ﻧﻜﻮﻩ (na.sA.yeh ne.ku.hesh] blame; reproach] ﻧﻜﻮﻫﺶ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ advise (with direct object or blame; to reproach 273 (ﺑﻪ with Persian– [ne.ku.hi.dan] [→ , [na.vad] ninety ﻧﻮﺩ ﻧﻜﻮﻩ ﻧﻜﻮﻫﻴﺪﻥ English nuz.dah] nineteen] ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻩ glossary ne.kuh] to blame; to reproach ( form.) ﻧﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ → [nush] ﻧﻮﺵ [ne.gAr] → [nevis , ﻧﻮﻳﺲ →] [ne.vesh.tan] ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺭ ne.gAr] to write , ﻧﮕﺎﺭ →] [ne.gAsh.tan] ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻦ to paint; to write (lit.) [nush ,ﻧﻮﺵ →] [nu.shi.dan] ﻧﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ ne.gAh] look; gaze to drink] ﻧﮕﺎﻩ nu.shi.da.ni] drink] ﻧﻮﺷﻴﺪﻧﻰ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ watch na.ve] grandchild] ﻧﻮﻩ ~ [~ kar.dan be] [→ ~] → [ne.vis] ﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻮﻳﺲ to look at ne.vi.san.de] writer] ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ ,ne.ga.rAn] worried, concerned] ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ (noh] nine (9] ﻧﻪ anxious na] no] ﻧﻪ to [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] [bu.dan ~] ~ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ . . . na . . . na . . .] neither . . . nor] ﻧﻪ . . . ﻧﻪ . . . worry ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻥ → [nah] ﻧﻪ [ne.gar ,ﻧﮕﺮ →] [ne.ga.ris.tan] ﻧﮕﺮﻳﺴﺘﻦ ;nah] to lay ,ﻧﻪ →] [na.hA.dan] ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻥ to look (.to put ( form [~ ﺩﺍﺭ →] [ne.gah dAsh.tan] ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ nahAyat] end; extremity] ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ to keep (+ mi- in pres. and dar/bA ~ -e] with] ﺩﺭ/ﺑﺎ ِﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ (progressive tenses utmost; at the height of ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ → [no.mA] ﻧﻤﺎ noh.sad] nine hundred] ﻧﻬﺼﺪ ;na.mA.yesh/no.-] a play] ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ [.na.hof.tan] [only past tense; lit] ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻦ showing or presenting to show; to hide [~ ﺩِﻩ →] [dA.dan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (.na.hof.te] hidden (lit] ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ to present A ney] reed; traditional Iranian flute] ﻧِﻰ [-.na.m .yan.de/no] ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ representative niy.yat] desire; objective] ﻧﻴﺖ ّ ;(nom.re] grade (at school] ni.ru] power] ﻧﻤﺮﻩ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ number [ni.ru.mand] powerful ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻣﻨﺪ no.mA] to ,ﻧﻤﺎ →] [no.mu.dan] ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ (.niz] also ( form] ﻧﻴﺰ show; to appear; used also as a to [~ ﻧﻴﺶ →] [nish za.dan] ﻧﻴﺶ ﺯﺩﻥ .in wrt ﻛﺮﺩﻥ weak substitute for (not recommended) sting or bite (used for insects or (now] new snakes] ﻧﻮ (.nik] good ( form] ﻧﻴﻚ az now] anew; again] ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮ nim] half (used especially for] ﻧﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﻦ → [na.vAz] ﻧﻮﺍﺯ half-hours) [na.vAkh.tan] [→ , na.vAz] A ﻧﻮﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﻦ ni.m ] Nima; boy’s name] ﻧﻴﻤﺎ to play an instrument; to strike nim.kat] bench] ﻧﻴﻤﻜﺖ (.form ) 274 [ni.me] half [va.si.le] means; instrument Persian– English ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ( pl. , va.sA.'el, or , glossary ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ni.yo.york] New York] ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ va.sA.yel) va/-o] and] ﻭ ye nagh.liy.ye] means- ~] َ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﻘﻠﻴّﻪ (.vA.pa.sin] last (adj.; lit] of transport; vehicle ﻭﺍﭘﺴﻴﻦ [vA.red sho.dan] [→ ~] ('vaz'] situation ( pl. , ow.zA] ﺷﻮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻭﺿﻊ to enter va.tan] homeland] ﻭﻃﻦ vA.ghe'] real; reality (seldom] ﻭﺍﻗﻊ va.tan-fo.rush] traitor [to] ﻭﻃﻦﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ and ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ ;used alone are more common) one’s country] A (ow.gh t ,ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ .vaght] time ( pl] ﻭﻗﺖ dar ~] in fact; as a matter of fact] ﺩﺭ ~ [vagh.ti (ke)] when (conj.); ﻭﻗﺘﻰ (ﻛﻪ) bu.dan] [→ ~] to be ~] ~ :also written joined ﺑﺎﺵ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ (.located ( form ﻭﻛﻴﻞ vo.ka.lA] pl. of] ﻭﻛﻼ to [~ ﺷﻮ →] [sho.dan ~] ~ ﺷﺪﻥ va.kil] lawyer, attorney; deputy] ﻭﻛﻴﻞ (.happen; to be subjected to ( form (vo.ka.lA , ﻭﻛﻼ .pl ) vA.ghe.'an] really] ً e maj.les] member- ~] ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ A A v .ghe'-ge.r ] realist of parliament] ﻭﺍﻗﻌﮕﺮﺍ A A ,mo.dA.fe'] lawyer ~] ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﻓﻊ v .ghe'-ge.r .'i] realism] ﻭﺍﻗﻌﮕﺮﺍﺋﻰ vA.ghe.'i] real defending attorney] ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻰ va gar ná] otherwise, if not so] ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ vA.ghe.'iy.yat] reality] ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ A A ّ (.va.li] but (conj] ﻭﻟﻰ (v .ghe.'iy.y t ,ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴّﺎﺕ .pl ) vi.rA.yesh] editing] ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ vA.le.deyn] parents] ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ to edit [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ vo.jud] existence] ﻭﺟﻮﺩ [~ ﮔﻴﺮ →] [vi.zA ge.ref.tan] ﻭﻳﺰﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ to exist [~ ,ﺩﺍﺭ →] [dAsh.tan ~] ~ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ to get a visa bA ~ -e] in spite of] ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩِ hAr.vArd] Harvard] ﻫﺎﺭﻭﺍﺭﺩ (.vajh] mode (gr] ﻭﺟﻪ [hA.y-o-hu] fuss; hubbub; ﻫﺎﻯ ﻭ ﻫﻮ vah.shi] wild; barbarous] ranting; ado ﻭﺣﺸﻰ A ho.tel] hotel] ﻫﺘﻞ ;vah.shi.y .ne] savagely] ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺎﻧﻪ brutally; wildly hej.dah] eighteen] ﻫﺠﺪﻩ [varz] → ;ha.daf ] goal; target; objective] ﻫﺪﻑ ﻭﺭﺯﻳﺪﻥ ﻭﺭﺯ ( ah.dAf ,ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ .var.zesh] sport, exercise cause ( pl] ﻭﺭﺯﺵ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ ha.dA.yA] pl. of] ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺎ to [~ ﻛﻦ →] [kar.dan ~] ~ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ,ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺎ .hed.ye] gift, present ( pl] ﻫﺪﻳﻪ (.exercise [sports] (intr (varz] to ha.dA.yA ,ﻭﺭﺯ →] [var.zi.dan] ﻭﺭﺯﻳﺪﻥ har] every] ﻫﺮ (.exercise; to cherish ( form fear [ﻫﺮﺍﺳﻴﺪﻥ →] [ha.rAs] ﻫﺮﺍﺱ vo.rud] arrival] ﻭﺭﻭﺩ [ha.rAs ,ﻫﺮﺍﺱ →] [ha.rA.si.dan] ﻫﺮﺍﺳﻴﺪﻥ va.sA.'el/va.sA.yel] pl. of] ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ/ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ 275 (ﻫﺮﺍﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ :to fear (causative ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ Persian– [har che.ghadr] however much [ham-di.gar] each other ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ English ham.rAh bA] together with] ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ har-che] whatever; however much] ﻫﺮﭼﻪ glossary A A A ham.sAn] alike; similar] ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ [har.che b .d b d] ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺩﺍ ﺑﺎﺩ! Come what may! Whatever will ( form./lit.) be, will be! ham.sA.ye] neighbor] ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ zud.tar] as soon as ~] ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ [ham.sar] spouse; wife or ﻫﻤﺴﺮ possible husband [polite language] har do] both] ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ham.kAr] colleague; co-worker] ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭ har ruz] everyday] ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ham-ke.lA.si] classmate] ﻫﻤﻜﻼﺳﻰ har ghadr] however much] ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪﺭ (.ha.me.gAn] everybody ( poet] ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻥ (.har.gez] never ( form] ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ha.me] all; everybody] ﻫﻤﻪ he.zAr] thousand] ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ha.me jA] everywhere] ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ he.zA.rAn] thousands of] ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ha.me chiz] everything] ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ (hasht] eight (8] ﻫﺸﺖ [ha.me kas] everyone ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﺲ hash.tAd] eighty] ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩ [ha.mi.she] always ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ hasht.sad] eight hundred] ﻫﺸﺘﺼﺪ [ha.min] this same ﻫﻤﻴﻦ (haft] seven (7] ﻫﻔﺖ [~ ke] as soon as ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ haf.tAd] seventy] ﻫﻔﺘﺎﺩ / [ha.min towr] in the ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦﻃﻮﺭ haft.sad] seven hundred] ﻫﻔﺘﺼﺪ same way; also haf.te] week] ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ke] as; while ~] ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ hef.dah] seventeen] ﻫﻔﺪﻩ ha.min.jA] right here] ﻫﻤﻴﻨﺠﺎ ham] too; also] ﻫﻢ ha.min-ke] as soon as] ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ [. . . ham . . . ham] ﻫﻢ . . . ﻫﻢ . . . , ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ hend] India (also] ﻫﻨﺪ . . . both . . . and hendustAn) ha.mAn] the same; that same] ﻫﻤﺎﻥ [hen.de.vA.ne] watermelon ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺍﻧﻪ ha.mAn.jA] right there] ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺠﺎ [hendustAn] → ﻫﻨﺪ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ha.mAn towr] in the] ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ/ ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ hen.di] Indian] ﻫﻨﺪﻯ same way ho.nar] art; craft; skill] ﻫﻨﺮ ke] as; while ~] ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ho.nar-pi.she] actor or actress] ﻫﻨﺮﭘﻴﺸﻪ ha.mA.nand] alike; the same] ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ (.hen.gAm/han.gAm] time (lit] ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ (.form./lit ) [hen.gA.mi/han.gA.mi ke] ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ e] like; similar to- ~] ِﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ham.che.nAn] still (lit.) (lit.) when (conj.); also written] ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻴﻜﻪ :ke] as; while joined ~] ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ/ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ (.ha.nuz] still [adv.]; yet (in neg] ﻫﻨﻮﺯ (.form ) ha.vA] weather; air] ﻫﻮﺍ (.ham.che.nin] also ( form] ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ha.vA-pey.mA] airplane] ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ (.ham-chon] similar to, like (lit] ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ 276 –hush] intelligence . . . ِ [(be) yA.d-e . . . Persian] English (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﻫﻮﺵ to glossary [~ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ →] [bA- ~] intelligent an.dAkh.tan] ﺑﺎﻫﻮﺵ (hich] none; nothing; at all remind (of] ﻫﻴﭻ A → [~ ﺑَﺮ ] [az y d bor.dan] (ﺍﺯ) ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑُﺮﺩﻥ hich-chiz] nothing] ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰ to forget hich-jA] nowhere] ﻫﻴﭻﺟﺎ [be) yAd* bu.dan)] (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩ* ﺑﻮﺩﻥ hich-ko.jA] nowhere] ﻫﻴﭻﻛﺠﺎ to remember [~ ﺑﺎﺵ →] [hich-ko.dAm] none (of)/ [~ →] [(yAd dA.dan (be] ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻩ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ (ﺑﻪ) (neither (of to teach (sth. to so.) [hich-kas] no one, nobody [~ →] [az yAd raf.tan] ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺲ ﺭﻭ (ﺍﺯ) ﻳﺎﺩ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ A hich-g h] never ( form./lit.) to be forgotten] ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎﻩ to forget [~] (ﺍﺯ) ﻳﺎﺩ* ﺭﻓﺘﻦ hich-gu.ne] not of any sort/at] ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ all ( form./lit.) [az yAd na-raf.ta.ni] ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻨﻰ hich-vaght] never unforgettable] ﻫﻴﭽﻮﻗﺖ [be yAd se.por.dan] (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻥ (hich-yek] none (of)/neither (of] ﻫﻴﭽﻴﻚ to commit to [~ ﺳﭙﺮ/ﺳﭙﺎﺭ →] (.yA] or (conj] ﻳﺎ yA . . . yA . . .] either . . . or . . . memory] ﻳﺎ . . . ﻳﺎ . . . A [(y d kar.dan (az] ﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (ﺍﺯ) ’ ‘ yA.'e nes.bat] attributive] → ﻯ ﻳﺎء ﻧﺴﺒﺖ to mention [~ ﻛﻦ ] or stressed -i suffix A [(y d ge.ref.tan (az] ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ (ﺍﺯ) ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ → [yAb] ﻳﺎﺏ [→ ~] to learn (sth. from ﮔﻴﺮ yAd] memory] (.so ﻳﺎﺩ [be yAd mAn.da.ni] yAz.dah] eleven] ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﻰ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻩ memorable yAb] to find ,ﻳﺎﺏ →] [yAf.tan] ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ [be) yAd* A.ma.dan)] (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩ* ﺁﻣﺪﻥ yakh] ice] ﻳﺦ to occur to, to come to [~ ﺁ →] yakh.chAl] refrigerator, fridge] ﻳﺨﭽﺎﻝ mind, to remember .ya'.ni] meaning; it means; i.e] ﻳﻌﻨﻰ [be yAd A.var.dan] (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ → (yek] one (1] ﻳﻚ to remember, to [~ ﺁﻭﺭ ] bring (back) to mind ye.ki] someone; one] ﻳﻜﻰ [yAd-A.var sho.dan] ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ye.ki az] one of] ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ to mention [~ ﺷﻮ →] [yek-di.gar] one another; ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ [be) yA.d-e . . . of.tA.dan)] ِ . . . each other (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ (to be reminded (of [~ ﺍﻓﺖ →] (.yek.sAn] alike; similar ( form] ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ [be) yAd* of.tA.dan)] (ﺑﻪ) ﻳﺎﺩ* ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ yek-sham.be] Sunday] ﻳﻜﺸﻨﺒﻪ to occur to, to come [~ ﺍﻓﺖ →] to mind

277 INDEX

[Numbers in square brackets refer to the volume Basic Persian]

adjectives [22]; abstractions with -i suffix conditionals [172–5]; 53–7; poetical/archaic [73]; as nouns [92]; before nouns 121; 178–9 see also entries for demonstrative, conjunctions [187–8]; and subjunctive [154]; comparative, superlative, -āne 48–9; in time clauses [192–9]; 132–5; adjectival clauses 47 correlative conjunctions 126–7; adverbs 111–14; with -āne 101–2 in subordinate clauses 128–36; age [97–8]; 32–3 see also va, tā and ke alphabet [1–14]; shapes [1–2]; vowels and connector ezāfe (see ezāfe) diphthongs [2–4]; consonants [4–9]; consonants [4–9] all letters [5–7]; the four letters with contractions 181 different functions [alef, vāv, hé, yé] count words (or measure words) [30–2]; [11–3] 134 (tā) -āne with adjectives 101; with adverbs 101–2 days of the week [97] archaic/old 181–2 DDO → rā arz kardan 167–8 definite [66–8]; DDO-marker [DDO = arz vs. arze 168 definite direct object] [80–1, 207]; as . . . as . . . 118–19 25–8; not used with objective as if 56 pronouns 18; definite and as soon as 134 indefinite determiners used attributive -i suffix [73–4] together [81] demonstrative adjectives [32–3] be- prefix: for imperative [104–9]; for demonstrative pronouns [32–3] subjunctive [149–53] difference 158–9 digar 141–4 causative form of verbs 61–2 digari as pronoun 143 change 157–8 ham-digar/yek-digar 144 che (exclamative and in idioms) 109–11 diphthongs [3] [as question word [93]; direct and indirect objects [80 :(ﭼﺮﺍ) cherā affirmative answer to negative distributives [98–100] question [49] double negative [98–100] clothes (putting on, taking off) 80 (see state verbs also) -e as definite marker in Tehrāni 173 colloquial → Tehrāni -e/-i with quantifiers 32–3 common mistakes, examples 185–6 enough to . . . 48 comparative [89–91]; 116–18; with tā 117 exclamative form 109–10 comparison of adjectives [89–91]; equal ezāfe: connecting nouns and adjectives comparison 118–20 [22–3]; with ordinal numbers [29–30]; compound verbs [81–3]; with dāshtan (‘to possessive [38, 40, 41]; with khod have’) [83] (also treated separately 15–7; with superlative 118; with each tense); separability 86–7 dropped 121 278 farmudan 166–7 numbers [26–30]; cardinal [26–8]; ordinal Index Fārs/Fārsi 187 [29–30]; 32; with nouns [28]; fractions forget → remember [29–30]; 32; as pronouns [30–2] future (see tenses and moods) old/archaic 181–2 gharār 156–7 optative 62–3 glide: for pl. -ān [21]; for ezāfe [22–3]; for the suffixed to be [44–6]; participial formations 92–101 for present tense [56–7]; for past passive [214–18]; 87–9 tense (neg.) [130]; for imperative past and present stems (see tenses and [105–6]; for subjunctive [150–1] moods) glottal stop [10–1] past participle [138]; as verb 63–4 past perfect tense (see tenses and ham 144–6; in Tehrāni 171 moods) hamin-ke [197–8]; 134 past progressive tense (see tenses and hamze [10–1]; and [silent] hé [11] moods) hanuz 133; 141 perfect tenses (see tenses and moods) as final vowel (see silent hé) personal pronouns [37]; as possessive (ﻩ) hé adjective [38] suffix: used as conjugational suffix plural-(ﻯ) i- [43, 45–6, 48, 56–7, 129–30; see Table for politeness 164–5 on p. 129]; used as indefinite with -ān [20–1] determiner [69–72]; 24–9; in relative with -hā [20–1]; 170 (in Tehrāni) clauses [205–6]; attributive suffix in compound nouns 29–30 (stressed) [73–4]; difference in stress broken plural 30–1 [73–4] possessive adjectives [38–40]; imperative (see tenses and moods) possessive suffixes [38–40]; negative with ma- (archaic) 179 comparison of the two possessive impersonals 69–73 types [40, 47]; in relative indefinite and indefinite determiners clauses [207–8] [66–73]; 24–9; definite and indefinite possessive pronouns determiners used together [81]; 27–8 ān-e 181 (lit.) indirect speech 1–8 māl-e [41–2] infinitive [114–17] prefixes and suffixes 101–5; see also interrogative [42]; affirmative and negative participial formations answers to questions [49] prepositions [183–6]; in relative clauses intransitive [79] [207–8]; in Tehrāni 176–7 Iran/Irāni 187 present perfect and present perfect progressive (see tenses and (in relative clauses [204–8]; as moods :( ﻛﻪ) ke emphasizing particle 54; replacing present progressive (see tenses and (in time clauses [193–9]; moods ﻭﻗﺘﻴﻜﻪ ;z136; present tense (see tenses and moods (ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ .vs ﻛﻪ) noun clauses (used to make see also to be and to have ﺁﻧﻜﻪ and ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ conjunctions [187–8] pronouns [37]; objective pronouns 18–20; in Tehrāni 169, 172 magar 54–5 meaning and to mean 160 quantifiers [98–100]; 113–15 modals 37–42 question words [92–4] the DDO-marker [DDO = definite ,(ﺭﺍ) negative [42]; double negative rā [98–100]; of compound verbs [82] (see direct object] [80–1, 207]; 25–8; not also the verbs to be and to have and used with objective pronouns 18; in each of the tenses) Tehrāni 171; archaic 180 no and yes [49] relative clauses [204–8] nouns [19]; plural of [19–22]; in its remember/forget 151–5 absolute form [66–8] (see also reported speech → indirect speech definite/indefinite) resemblance 104–5, 120–1 279 Index ‘self’ 14–7 present perfect [139–42]; in indirect silent hé [3, 8, 11, 12]; and plural suffixes speech 2–3 [20–1]; and ezāfe [23]; and possessive present perfect progressive [142] suffixes [39]; and the verb to be present progressive with dāshtan [58–60] (copula) [45]; as suffix with quantities subjunctive (simple or present) [149–58]; and time expressions 32–3; as Arabic 42–9 feminine ending [19] subjunctive (perfect or past) [163–5] simple past tense (see tenses and moods) table of all tenses [166, 216] simple present tense (see tenses and tenses in indirect speech 1–8 moods) tenses in time clauses [192–5, 197–8] sokun (or jazm) [14] wishes [175–7] state verbs → verbs time and age: telling the time [94–6]; times subject-verb agreement [43] of day [96–7]; days of week [97]; age subjunctive (see tenses and moods) [97–8] subordinate clauses time clauses [192–9] ;[present tense [43–7 :(ﺑﻮﺩﻥ) of contrast/concession 129–30 to be of purpose/cause/effect 128–9 differences of the two present tense of result/consequence 130–1 versions [46–7]; imperative form substitutes for to be, to do (not [108]; subjunctive form [153]; other recommended) 184 variants (not recommended) 184 suffixes and prefixes 101–5; see also to be able to 81 present tense [47–9]; used :(ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ) participial formations to have superlative [90–1]; with ezāfe 118 as auxiliary for progressive [58–60]; in compound verbs [83]; imperative form [as count word [30–1]; as preposition [108–9]; subjunctive form [153, 164–5 :(ﺗﺎ) tā [184]; as conjunction [199]; review of to know 81–2 all functions 134–5 too . . . to . . . 47 ta′ārof 164–8 to take 186 tanvin [13] to want 79, 81 tashdid [13] to wear 80 Tehrāni (colloquial) 169–77 transitive and intransitive [79] tenses and moods: [conj.) [28) (ﻭ) conditionals [172–5]; 56–7 va future tense [121–4] va-gar-na (otherwise) 56 imperative [104–10]; 5 verbs in Persian [42–3]; person and number modals 37–42 agreement in verbs [42–3, 47]; state optative 62–3 verbs [140–2], 78–80; position 77; past (simple) [129–31]; 79–82; in indirect verbs that need subjunctive 42–6; speech 2–3 deleting a verb 64–5; causative form past perfect [142–3]; in indirect speech 61–2; change from irregular to regular 2–3 65; changes in Tehrāni 174–6; see also past progressive [131–3]; 79–82; in the entry for tenses and moods indirect speech 2–3 vocative 34 past progressive with dāshtan [133]; in vowels [2–4] indirect speech 2–3 present [55–8]; of to be [43–7]; wishes [175–7] of to have [47–9]; of compound verbs [81–3] yād → remember/forget present and past stems [55, 105, 115–16] ‘yes’ and ‘no’ [49]

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