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Abergavenny, lordship of, 17, 183, 238, 261 (d. 1075), king of Ælfgar (d. 1062) son of Leofric the earl of and , 57, 250 (d. 1057), 57 Bohun, Humphrey VI de (d. 1298), third earl of Alan fitz Flaald, lord of , 69–71, 73–74, and eighth earl of Essex, 237 85, 112, 209, 249, 255 Bollers family, 74, 100, 155–57, 241, 252, 253, Alberbury, lordship of, 28, 99, 193, 213, 219 see also Montgomery and English state, 230 seigneurial administration, 46–47 lordship of, see Montgomery , 112, 139, 147 marital alliances, 84–86 Archenfield, 42, 221, see also Ewias; Bollers, Baldwin de (occ. 1121), lord of Herefordshire borders Montgomery, 112, 249 and English state, 243 possible Flemish origin, 70–72 , cantred of, 110, 116, 118, 125, 134, his son Stephen (d. 1152), 76, 119, 251 192, 250 his wife Sybil, 71 Audley family, 16, 82, 130, 131, 256 Braose family, 2, 3, 78, 85, 256, 260 Avranches, Hugh d’ (d. 1101), first earl of Braose, William de (d. 1093 × 1094), lord of , 58, 72, 108–09, 110, 161, 192, Radnor, 73 260 Braose, William III (d. 1211), 87 Axholme, Isle of (Lincolnshire), 196 Braose, William IV (d. 1210), 87 Braose, William V (d. 1230), 131 Bailleul, Rainald de (occ. 1086), lord of , lordship of, 2, 16, 17, 87, 219, 237, 254, Oswestry, 42, 59–62, 60, 69, 191, 209, 261, 262, see also 249 Breteuil, Roger de (fl. 1071–87), earl of , 208 Hereford, 72–73 Norman origins, 63, 64–66 Bridgnorth, 25–27, 229 Beaumais, Richard de (d. 1127), bishop of borough, 39 London, 69, 115–16, 117, 136, 221, 249, castle, 68–69, 76, 118, 120, 161, 248 250 , 25–28 Bellême, Robert de (d. in or after 1130), third Bromfield and Yale, lordship of, 2, 237 earl of , Brycheiniog, Welsh kingdom of, 67, 73, 106, 1102 rebellion against Henry I, 68–69, 113, see also Brecon 114–15, 120, 161–62 Bryn Amlwg Castle, 178, 251, 257, see also Clun, castles, 154, 161–62, 164, 248 castles as horse-breeder, 32 Builth, lordship of, 2, 83, 135, 254, 261 as ‘Marcher’ lord of Normandy, 64–66 Burgh, Hubert de (d. 1243), earl of Kent, Bigod, Roger (d. 1306), fifth earl of Norfolk, justiciar, 79, 128–29, 157–58, 182 238 Bishop’s Castle, 38, 47 Cadwallon ap Madog, ruler of Castle, 16, 81, 124 (d. before 1179), 122

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Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (T8) (d. 1111), ruler in Clun, lordship of, 4, 13, 66, 69, 76, 77, 85, 119, Powys and , 34, 44, 74, 111, 123, 125, 129, 164, 187, 238, 250, 252, 256, 113–16, 117, 118 see also –Powys borders Castle, 155 and English state, 219–21, 223–28, 229, Bychan, lordship of, 2, 207 238–45, 254–55, 256–57 , 14, 18 bloodfeud in, 204–05 Carmarthen Castle, 14, 15, 18, 116, 133, 182 boroughs, 197, 201, 205 ‘honor of Carmarthen’, knights of, 221 castle-guard, 175, 176–81, 183, 184–85, 249, Castle, 112, 121, 123, 125, 126, 154, 251, 257 161, 164–65, 167, 224, 238, 248, 253, castles, 121, 166–69, 170, 207–08, 248, 249, see also Oswestry, castles 255, 257 castle-guard, see Caus; Clun; ; lords, see Fitzalan; Sai; Vere, Geoffrey de Montgomery; Oswestry seigneurial administration, 46–47, 194–208, Caus, lordship of, 4, 30, 69, 119, 186, 187, 250, 219, 252, 255–56, 261 see also Shropshire–Powys borders Welshry, see also Tempseter castle-guard, 175–76, 249 Corbet (occ. 1071–1079 × 1083), ancestor of castles, 75, 80–81, 119, 143, 151–60, 215, 248, Corbet lords of Caus, 60, 66, 107–08, 251, 253, 255, see also Gwyddgrug 138, 151–52, 191–94, 215, 249 and English state, 221, 228–32, 238–45, Norman origins, 62–64, 176 254–55, 256–57 Corbet family (T5), 98–99 lords, see Corbets lordship, see Caus name, 63 marital alliances, 84–86 seigneurial administration, 46–47, 199, Corbet, Peter I (d. 1300), 46, 132, 186, 231–32, 215–17, 219 240, 257 in Welsh bardic poetry, 119 Corbet, Peter II (d. 1322), 220 Welshry, see also Gorddwr Corbet, Robert (d. 1222), 80–81, 125, 129, 156, Cedewain, of, 126–27, 130–33, 159, 199, 215, 217, 228–29 206, 227, 258 Corbet, Robert (occ. 1086), 60, 62, 66, 215–16 granted to Roger Mortimer II, 2 Corbet, Roger (occ. 1086), 60, 62, 74, 215, 216 referred to as a ‘cantred’, 236 and 1102 rebellion, 68–69 Ceredigion (west Wales), 2, 17, 34, 108, 116, Corbet, Thomas (d. 1274), 51, 82–83, 86, 99, 129, 118, 186 158, 183, 185, 186, 215–16, 229–31, 239, castles, 110, 248, see also Cardigan 241, 256 Ceri, commote of, 123, 127–33, 154, 158, 182, Cumbria, 191 206, 227, 236, 255, 258 Cydweli, lordship of, 15 granted to Roger Mortimer II, 2 Cymaron Castle, 81, 119, 124, 170–71, 251 Chepstow, lordship of, 14, 16 Cynllaith, castles, 109, 144, 170, 260 commote, 133, 161 Cheshire, 58, 190, 251, see also Chester deanery, 9 borders, 16, 23–25, 104 Domesday finis, 42, 192 Chester, 25–28, 71, 82, 107, 129, 133, 187, 227, see also Cheshire Dafydd ap Gruffudd (d. 1283), prince of barons of, 72 Gwynedd, 1, 135 earldom of, 57–59, 72, 107, see also Avranches (d. 1246), prince of Hugh d’; Ranulf I; Ranulf II; Gwynedd, 82, 129 escheats to the Crown (after 1237), 129, 132, Dafydd ap Owain Gwynedd (d. 1203), ruler in 250, 257 Gwynedd, 123 men of, resist , 57 Denbigh, lordship of, 2, 33, 51 Chirk, lordship of, 2, 224, 227, 238, 258 , 133, 158–59 Cinque Ports, 83, 241, 255 Domesday Book, 4, 52, 59, 138–39, 221, 261 Clare family, 2–4, 77, 206, 218, 238, 262 boroughs, 39, 107 Clifford castles, 38, 138, 153–54 castle, 73, 260 and concept of the March, 5–8, 11, 17, 235, family, 73, 87, 256 247 lordship of, 87, 238 hundreds, 194, 210, 216 Clitheroe (Lancashire), 195–96 and population density, 28–30 286

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possible Welsh renders in, 207 marital alliances, 84–86, 250 ‘waste’, 153–54 Fitzalan, Edmund (d. 1326), second earl of Welsh districts in, 191–92 Arundel, 197, 203, 220, 227, 244 Welshmen in, 42–51 Fitzalan, John I (d. 1240), 81–83, 86, 131, 132, Dorset, hundreds, 200 201, 205, 225–26, 234, 240, 255 (south-west Wales), 108, 112, 114, 115, Fitzalan, John II (d. 1267), 196, 205–06, 226, see also Pembroke 229, 240, 256 castles, 248 Fitzalan, John III (d. 1272), 86, 133, 205, 213, 227 Flemings in, 34, 72 Fitzalan, Richard I (d. 1302), first earl of Dyffryn Clwyd, lordship of, 2, 203 Arundel, 84, 196–97, 207, 227, 232, 237, 244 Eadric the Wild (fl. 1067–72), 56–58, 107, 108, Fitzalan, William I (d. 1160), 46, 74, 76, 77, 80, 247 85, 123, 209, 213, 251, 252–53 , commote of, 47, 121, 126 Fitzalan, William II (d. c. 1210), 44, 78–80, 120, castles, 161 123, 164, 201, 206, 210, 213, 214, 224–25, Domesday finis, 42, 192 239, 242, 243, 252, 253, 254 men of, 32 Fitzwarin (d. 1296), first earl of Fulk II (d. 1197), 181, 213 Lancaster and first earl of Leicester, Fulk III (d. 1258), 79, 123, 229, 239, 253 238 pledges, 87–98, 100 Edward I (d. 1307), king of , 1, 2, 18, 27, Fulk IV (d. 1264), 226, 230 34, 45, 83, 130–35, 137, 153, 186–87, 205, FulkV (d. 1314), 186 207, 242–44, 257–58 Fitzwarin family (T6), 98–99 and Marcher liberties, 197, 212, 219, 227–28, lordships, see Alberbury; Whittington 231–32, 234–35, 240, 242, 262 marital alliances, 84–86 his tax on Wales and the March, 223, 235–38 Flintshire, 33 Edward II (d. 1327), king of England, 16, 197, Fouke le Fitz Waryn, romance of, 28, 79, 83, 98, 220, 244 99–100,136,256 Edward III (d. 1377), king of England, 17, frontiers, see also March of Wales; Shropshire- 219–21 Powys borders; Offa’s Dyke Edwin (d. 1071), earl of Mercia, 56–58 Carolingian and other Marken, 11–12, 19 Eleanor of Provence (d. 1291), queen of Roman limes,19 England, 83 and terrain, 23 , commote of, 2, 115, 119, 124, 125, 127, 132, 178, 208, 251, 254, 261 Gelling, Margaret, 35–37 Welsh royal seneschal in (1252), 130, 206 (d. 1223), historian, 74, 115 Elise ap Madog (northern Powys), 164 ancestry, 114 Ellesmere, 131, 166, 187 on English conquests in Ireland, 77 castle, 134, 163 and English state, 226, 228, on Glamorgan, 262 244 on Gwenwynwyn of Powys, 125 granted laws of Breteuil, 41 on Henry II’s Welsh campaigns, 120 granted to Dafydd ap Owain Gwynedd, and concept of the March, 10, 13, 102–03 122–23 on Marcher warfare, 173–74, 178 granted to Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, 126 at Oswestry in 1188, 48, 78, 123, 252 granted to Roger Lestrange, 45 on Robert de Bellême, 32 hundred of, 210 embassy to Wales (1189), 124 and roads, 26 on the Welsh, 15, 51, 52 encellulement (France), 142 Gerbod the Fleming, 58, 71 Erging, see Archenfield Giffard, John (d. 1299), first Lord Giffard, 238 Ewias, 42, see also Archenfield; Herefordshire Glamorgan, lordship of, 1–2, 13, 16, 51, 125, 186, borders 206, 259, 262 Harold Castle, 144 castle-guard, 185 Ewyas Lacy, lordship of, 17, 238 castles, 140, 185 and English state, 218, 224, 228 Fitzalan family (T3), 98–99 Gloucester, Miles of (d. 1143), earl of Hereford, lordships, see Clun; Oswestry 75, 251 287

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Gloucestershire, 7, 16, 26, 75, 78, 82, 225 Henry III (d. 1272), king of England, 1, 14, Gorddwr, 46–47, 50, 52, 119, 129, 130, 17–18, 32, 38, 41, 132, 157, 172, 177, 132, 158–59, 216–17, 231, 243, 257, 182–83, 196, 206, 255–57 see also Caus, seigneurial administration and border lords, 81–84 Gough map, 26 and Marcher liberties, 218, 225–27, 230–31, Gower, 2, 178 240, 241, 243 castles, 140 Henry of Blois (d. 1171), bishop of Winchester, lordship of, 261 76 Grey, John de (d. 1266), royal councillor, 84 Henry the Lion (d. 1195), duke of Saxony and , 32, 83, 238 Bavaria, 12, 56 (d. 1137), king of Hereford, 25–28, 67, 82 Gwynedd, 110, 114, 118, 160–61 bishop of, 38, 44, 106, 131, 199 Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn (d. 1286), lord of earldom of, 59, 77, 107, see also Roger earl of southern Powys, 127, 129–34, 158, 165, Hereford; William fitz Osbern 231, 238, 257 Herefordshire, 57, 58, 78, see also William fitz his steward, Gruffudd ap Gwên of , Osbern 134 border lords, 72–74, 87–98, see also Braose; Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (d. 1063), king of Clifford; Lacy; Mortimer Gwynedd and , 11, 57, borders, 2, 25, 42, 66, 105, 106, 106–07, 114 see also Archenfield; Ewias Gruffudd ap Rhys ap Tewdwr (d. 1137), 116 boroughs, 37–42 Gruffudd ap Madog (d. 1269), lord of hundreds, 200 northern Powys, 130 and concept of the March, 5–8, 11 Gwent, 16, 207 sheriff of, 75 Upper Gwent (Gwent Uwch Coed), Welsh attacks on, 106–07 lordship of, 17, 183 Hirfrin (Hyrfryn), lordship of, 16, 238 Gwenwynwyn ap Owain Cyfeiliog (d. 1216), Hogg, A. H. A., 140 lord of southern Powys, 80, 124–27, 129, Holderness (Yorkshire), 112, 195–96, 249, 156, 164, 165, 217 see also Montgomery Arnulf de Gwrtheyrnion, commote of, 16, 124, 125, 127, 130, 132, 236 incastellamento (Italy), 142 Gwyddgrug Castle, 131, 158, 169, 176, 231, 257, Iorwerth ap Bleddyn (d. 1111), 33,114,117 see also Caus, castles Ireland, 10, 77–79, 83, 85, 87, 112, 122, 191, 243 Gwynllŵg, castles of, 140 castles, 145–48 English conquests in, 5 Harold II (d. 1066), king of England, 59 marches, 102–03, 173 Hastings, John (d. 1313), first Lord Hastings, Iscennen, lordship of, 2, 16, 238 238 Ithel ap Rhirid (d. 1125), 115–16 Haverfordwest, lordship of, 17 Hen Domen , 30, 58, John (d. 1216), king of England, 1, 13–14, 17, 63, 70, 109, 112, 143, 160, 162, 172, 193, 79, 84, 85, 123, 125–27, 157, 165–66, 171, 248, 250, 251, 255, see also Caus; 185, 201, 206, 224, 239, 260 Montgomery; Shropshire, castles and border lords, 79–80, 87–98, 252–54 borough, 39–41 and Marcher liberties, 224–25, 228–29, Henry I (d. 1135), king of England, 1, 2, 27, 33, 232–34 39, 44, 60, 66, 110–12, 114–19, 120, 121, 122, 124, 135, 143, 153, 154, 162–63, 175, King, D. J. C., 140, 153 176, 194, 207, 221, 248–51, 252 Knockin, lordship of, 34, 70, 187 and border lords, 74, 75, 112–13 castles, 82 Henry II (d. 1189), king of England, 1, 6, 7, 12, and English state, 224, 236–38, 257 46, 78, 80, 85, 99, 120–24, 135, 145, 147, Knovill, Bogo de, 132–33 158, 163, 166, 167, 169, 171, 214, 252 1165 campaign, 1, 9, 15, 23, 27, 120–22, 155, Lacy family, 60, 78, 256 164–65, 181, 252 Lacy, Gilbert de (d. after 1163), lord of Weobley, and border lords, 76–77 98

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Lacy, Hugh II de (d. 1186), lord of Weobley and March of Wales of Meath, 85, 191 ‘barons’ of, 13, 18, 56, 79–84, 100, 218, castles, 145–48 252–54, 259 Lacy, Roger de (reb. 1088 and 1094–5), lord of in Domesday Book, 5–6 Weobley, 67–68 in inquisitions post mortem, 16–17 Lacy, Walter I de (d. 1085), lord of Weobley, 67, lordships incorporated into shires (1536 x 73, 108, 110 42), 3–4 Lacy, Walter II de (d. 1241), lord of Weobley and in , 13–14 of Meath, 83, 87–98 making of, 1067–1283, 1–2 Lady’s Mount Castle, 154 Marcher liberties, 4, 20, see also John; Henry Leominster, 26 III; Edward I; individual lordships (and Lestrange, English state) Hawise, 130 on Matthew Paris’s map of Britain, 15 John II (d. 1223), 79, 80, 82 medieval concept of, 5–22, 258–63 John III (d. 1269), 82 modern concept of, 1–5 John V (d. 1309), 186 in Pipe Rolls, 6–8 Roger, lord of Ellesmere, 45, 134, 244 in the acts of Welsh rulers, 17–19 Rualdus Extraneus (ancestor of Lestrange Marshal family, 78, 256 lords of Knockin), 70 Marshal, Richard (d. 1234), earl of Pembroke, Lestrange family (T7), 98–99 14, 83, 127, 182 lordships, see Ellesmere; Knockin Marshal, William II (d. 1231), earl of Pembroke, marital alliances, 84–86 14 Llandovery Castle, 16, 207 Marshal, William the (d. 1219), earl of (d. 1282), prince of Pembroke, 14 Wales, 1–2, 45, 83, 128, 130–35, 158–59, Mathilda, empress (d. 1167), 75 165, 169, 205–06, 213, 240, 256, 257 Castle, 126 and concept of the March, 18–19 Matthew Paris, historian (d. 1259), Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ap Madog, lord of his map of Britain, 15 (d.1282), 34 Mechain, commote of, 7, 123, 133, 165, 213 Llywelyn ap Gruffudd Maelor, lord of Powys Mochnant, commote of, 9 Fadog, 132, 133–34 Monmouth, 13, 238 Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (d. 1240), prince of family, 73 Gwynedd, 2, 14, 32, 45, 79, 81–83, 85, Montalt, Roger de, lord of Mold and 123, 125–29, 157–58, 163–66, 206, 226, Hawarden, 238 240, 255 Montgomery, Arnulf de (d. 1118 × 1122), lord and concept of the March, 17–18 of Pembroke and Holderness, 68, 108, Llywelyn ap Madog ap Maredudd (d. 1160), 76, 111–12 119, 251 Montgomery, Hugh de (d. 1098), second earl of Ludlow, 25–28, 33, 39, 41, 234 Shrewsbury, 68, 108–09, 111–12, 147 castle, 98 Montgomery, lordship of, 4, 27, 30, 62, 71, 128–29, 132–35, 187, 250, 254 Madog ab Idnerth (d. 1140), (Elfael), 119 Anglo-Welsh diplomacy at, 132, 136 Madog ap Gruffudd Maelor (d. 1236), lord of castellaria, 71, 138, 152, 247 northern Powys, 127, 130 castle-guard, 175, 182, 249 Madog ap Maredudd (d. 1160), king of Powys, castles, 70–72, 108, 110, 112, 126, 129–30, 7, 45, 47, 76, 77, 119–22, 155, 164, 211, 138, 150, 151–60, 241, 248, 255, 257, 252 see also Hen Domen Montgomery Castle Madog ap Rhirid (d. after 1113), 115, 117, 118 constable of, 131 Maelienydd, commote of, 2, 16, 76, 78, 119–33, and English state, 227, 240–41 130, 178, 208, 216, 253 lords, see Bollers, Baldwin de; Montgomery, referred to as a ‘cantred’, 236 Roger de castles, 169–70, 251, see also Cymaron royal bailiff at, 130, 206 in Mortimer charter of 1199, 125, 181, 185 Montgomery, Roger de (d. 1094), first earl Welsh royal seneschal in (1252), 130, 206 of Shrewsbury, 58, 107–08, 161, 223, Magna Carta, 13–14 247–48, 260

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Montgomery, Roger de (d. 1094) first earl of Ostsiedlung (German settlement expansion), Shrewsbury (cont.) 34, 56 and border lords, 59–68, 72, 74, 100, 138, 176, Oswestry, lordship of, 4, 9, 14, 69, 78, 104, 107, 189, 191–92, 208 112, 120, 123, 126, 128, 131, 132–33, 134, castles, 111, 138, 143–45, 151, 162, 164, 167 187, 250, 256, 262 claim over Iâl, 192 castle-guard, 181, 183–84 claim over Nanheudwy, 161, 192 castles, 9, 13, 38, 42, 72, 76–77, 119, 121, 129, Franco-Norman descendants (T2), 65 133, 143, 157, 160–66, 174, 187, 209, 248, and frontier hundreds, 194, 258 249, 251, 255 his wife, Mabel, 260 Danegeld in, 213–15 his son Roger the Poitevin (d. before and English state, 219–21, 223–28, 238–45, 1140), 68, see also Bellême Robert de; 254–55, 256 Montgomery Arnulf and Hugh de liberty of, 13 , earl of Northumbria (fl. 1067–87), 57 lords, see Alan fitz Flaald; Bailleul, Rainald Mortimer family (T4), 98–99 de; Fitzalan; Warin the Bald (and his Latin chronicle, 74–75, 99–100, 136, 256 son Hugh) lordships, see Ceri; Cedewain; Chirk; muntatores, 174–75, 183–84, 249, 256 Maelienydd; Wigmore seigneurial administration, 46–47, 208–15, marital alliances, 84–86, 250 219, 253, 255–56 Mortimer, Edmund (d. 1304), 84, 210, 234, 236, Welsh guards, 214–15 237 Owain ap Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (d. 1116), Mortimer, Hugh de (d. c. 1148 × 1150), 76, 85, 115–16, 118 113, 119, 169, 170 his son Llywelyn (d. after 1130), 118 Mortimer, Hugh II de (d. after 1181), 75, 76, Owain ap Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn (Owain 85, 120 de la Pole) (d. 1293), 186 Mortimer, Hugh III (d. 1227), 81, 82, 129, 131, Owain Brogyntyn, lord of Porkington, 47 233 Owain Cyfeiliog (d. 1197), lord of Powys, 80, Mortimer, Isabel (b. 1260), 133 121, 124, 127, 155, 252 Mortimer, Ralph de (d. after 1104), 66–67, 73, in Welsh bardic poetry, 120 75, 85, 113 Owain Fychan (d. 1187), lord of Mechain, 7, Domesday ‘Marcher’ lord, 5–6 121, 123, 164–65 Mortimer, Ralph II (d. 1246), 82–85, 234, 240, 255 Owain Glyn Dŵr, revolt of (1400–1415), 4, 84, Mortimer, Roger (d. 1214), 85, 122, 124–25, 181, 161, 213 185, 232–34 Owain Gwynedd (d. 1170), king of Gwynedd, Mortimer, Roger (d. 1336), lord of Chirk, 227, 120–21 238, 258 Oysterlow (Ystlwyf), lordship of, 17 Mortimer, Roger II (d. 1282), 83, 86, 131–35, 159, 185, 188, 257, 258 (Elfael), 17 Mortimer, Roger III (d. 1330), first earl of Payn fitz John, sheriff of Herefordshire and March, 220, 244 Shropshire, 75, 118, 119, 251 Mowbray, Robert de (d. 1115 × 1125), earl of Pecham, John (d. 1292), archbishop of Northumbria, 68 Canterbury, 18, 51, 243 muntatores, see Oswestry Pembroke, lordship of, 2, 13, 14, 16–17, 77, 83, 174, 186, 249, see also Dyfed Nantcribba Castle, see Gwyddgrug castles, 2, 114, 115–16 Normandy, ‘march’ of, 12, 56, 64–68, 103, 247, and English state (1129–30), 221 249, 259–61 Flemings in, 116 NorwichValuation (1254), 9 , 20 Perfedd, lordship of, 16, 238 Offa’s Dyke, 23–24, 27, 48, 103–05, 106 in , 130, 133 and castles, 108–09, 154, 235 Philip Augustus (d. 1223), king of France, 63, 64 and concept of the March, 5–9, 247, 259 Powis, Roger de, lord of Whittington, 122 as evidence for early arable fields, 31 his son Meurig, 123 and settlement pattern, 52–54 Powys, post-conquest Welsh barony of, 2 Osbern fitz Richard, 11, 67 Powys–Shropshire borders, see Shropshire- Domesday ‘Marcher’ lord, 5–6 Powys borders 290

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Principality of Wales, 2–4, 5, 19, 220 Sai, Robert ‘Picot’ de (occ. 1086), lord of Clun, pura Wallia, 18, 20 60, 66, 69, 107–08, 138, 191, 193–95, 196, 198–99, 207, 209, 215, 249 Quatford, 30 his wife Adeloya, 62 daughter marries Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, 74, Radnor, lordship of, 16, 73, 124, 236, 254, 261 113–14, 116, 118, 250 borough (), 41 Norman origins, 62–63, 64, 66, 176 Ranulf I (d. 1129), third earl of Chester, St Asaph, diocese of, 9 his brother William Meschin (d. 1129 x 35), 85 St Clare, lordship of, 17 Ranulf II (d. 1153), fourth earl of Chester, 76 St David’s, 1 religious houses, , Alberbury, 131, 165, 253 border, 84, 102, 191, 219, 240 Chirbury, 39, 253 castles, 148–49 Cluny, 77 Shrawardine Castle, 6, 182, 224 Cwmhir, 125, 181, 216 Shrewsbury, 14, 25–27, 30, 34, 105–07, 132, 134, Haughmond, 32–34, 197, 201, 249 142, 147–51, 183 Lilleshall, 165 and 1165 campaign, 120 St Martin (Sées), 62 and 1212 campaign, 126 Shrewsbury, 60, 62, 71, 179, 181, 226 1241 campaign, 130 Troarn, 62, 64 abbey, see religious houses Vale Royal, 133 burgesses’ military service, 107 Valle Crucis, 104 castle, 57, 76, 120, 136, 143, 151 Wenlock, 39 and diplomacy, 80, 120–24, 128, 131, 136 Wigmore, 75, 249 and English state, 44, 210, 241, 254 Ystrad Marchell, 33, 124 gaol, 125–26 Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn (d. 1069), brother of and laws of Breteuil, 41 Bleddyn, 57 occupied by Llywelyn ap Iorwerth in 1215, , 45,127,255 borough, 41 and settlement pattern, 54 castle, 187, 227 Welsh name Amwythig, 48, 105 Gruffudd ap Llywelyn’s court, 106–07 Shropshire, see also Shrewsbury Rhuddlan, Robert of, see Tilleul, Robert de borders, 24–25, see also Shropshire-Powys Rhûg Castle, 161 frontier; Offa’s Dyke Rhys ap Gruffudd (the Lord Rhys) (d. 1197), boroughs, 37–42, 48–50 prince of Deheubarth, 120–21, 124–25 castles, 140–45, 149–51, 247 his son Gruffudd (d. 1201), 125 hundreds after 1066, 44, 194, 219, 226, 230, his grandson Rhys Ieuanc (d. 1222), 128 231, 239, 241, 247, see also Clun; Caus; (d. 1292), 84, 186, 187 Oswestry, seigneurial administration Rhys ap Tewdwr (d. 1093), king of south Wales, hundreds before 1066, 189–91 2, 110, 114 parish place-names, 35–37 his daughter Nest (d. c. 1130), 114, 115 Shropshire–Powys borders, see also Caus; Clun; Richard I (d. 1199), king of England, 1, 78, 80, Montgomery; Offa’s Dyke; Oswestry; 124, 158, 165, 171, 224 Shropshire; Wigmore Richard’s Castle, 6, 67, 143, 247 before 1066, 103–07 borough, 39 boroughs, 37–42, 48–50, 54–55, 253 (d. 1134), , castles, 248, see also Shropshire 67 deanery of ‘Marchia’, 9 Robert fitz Hamo (d. 1107), lord of Glamorgan, economy, 30–34 2, 261 and Edward I’s tax on Wales and the March, Roger fitz Miles (d. 1155), earl of Hereford, 77 235–38 Englishries and Welshries, 46–47, Sai, Elias de, lord of Clun, 119, 169, 178–81, see also Caus; Clun; Oswestry, 199 seigneurial administration Sai, Henry de, lord of Clun, 178 ethnic frontier, 42–51, 251–52 Sai, Isabel de (d. c. 1199) lady of Clun, 77, 85, gafaelau in, 211 123, 179, 201, 224, 239, 252 gwelyau in, 45, 47, 211–13, 252, 253 291

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Index

Shropshire–Powys borders (cont.) Warin the Bald, lord of Oswestry, 59–62, 66, lordships considered ‘Marcher’, 4 107–08, 110, 138, 160, 193, 208–09, 215 identified as the ‘March’ from c. 1165, 6–8, his wife Amieria, 60 20–22 his son Hugh, 69–70, 73 place- and field-names, 47–50 Norman origins, 63, 176 population density, 28–30 /Y Trallwng, 105, 106, 130, 132 roads, 25–28 borough, 41, 48, 54, 256 settlement expansion, 34–37, 248, 256 castle, 38, 156 settlement patterns, 51–54 Wem, terrain, 23–25 castles, 142, 150, 171 in, 51 lords of, 87, 114 Welsh renders in, 32, 192, 208, see also Caus; Westbury, 107, 151 Clun; Oswestry, seigneurial Whittington, lordship of, 28, 34, 99, 122, 132, administration 166, 187, 193, 210–11, 213, 238, 243, 250 in the acts of Welsh rulers, 19 and English state, 228, 236–37, 257 Siward, Richard lord of Llanbleddian, Tal-y-fan castles, 128, 163, 165 and Rhuthun (Glamorgan), 218, 262 lords of, see Fitzwarin; Powis, Roger de Spurgeon, C. J., 153 and concept of the March, 9 Stephen (d. 1154), king of England, 1, 74, 76, 77, Wigmore, lordship of, 4, 76, 99, 186, 187, 219, 85, 98, 119–20, 135, 163, 179, 199, 251 252, see also Shropshire-Powys borders and border lords, 75–76 castles, 6, 67, 73, 76, 109, 113, 119, 120, 124, Sussex, ‘rapes’ of, 192 143, 171, 248, 251, 260 Castle, 8, 161 and English state, 219–21, 232–35, 254–55 Sylvester, Dorothy, 51–54 lords, see William fitz Osbern; Breteuil, Roger de; Mortimer Tempseter, 46–50, 52, 131–33, 202–05, 255, parish church, 75 see also Clun, seigneurial administration William fitz Osbern (d. 1071), 67, 72–73, Tilleul, Robert de, ‘of Rhuddlan’ (d. 1093), 108, 143–48, 170, 176, 207 111, 138 castles, 109, 170, 260 as earl in Herefordshire, 57–59, 60 Vale mottes, see Caus, castles William I (d. 1087), king of England, 1, 61, 62, Verdon, Theobald de (d. 1309), first Lord 72, 109–10, 138, 192 Verdon, 238 and border lords, 57–59, 67, 71, 83, 100, 107 Vere, Geoffrey de, lord of Clun and sheriff of William II (d. 1100), king of England, 1, 67–68 Shropshire, 6, 9, 122, 179–80, 195, 199, William Longespée (d. 1226), third earl of 225, 239 Salisbury, 84 , 33 Walter, Hubert (d. 1205), archbishop of Wroxeter (Viroconium), 25, 105 Canterbury justiciar, 124, 155, 165 bailiff of, 213 Warenne, John de (d. 1304), sixth earl of Surrey, 237 , commote of, 16, 116

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