Nethercote STW,

Great Wolford,

Warwickshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

April 2019

Client: Severn Trent Water

Issue No: 1 OA ©OxfordReference Archaeology No: 7324 Ltd 8 April 2019 NGR: SP 25587 34389

Nethercote STW, , v.1

Client Name: Severn Trent Water Document Title: Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire Document Type: Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Grid Reference: SP 25587 34389 Planning Reference: Site Code: Invoice Code: GRWNETDA

OA Document File Location: X:\w\Warwickshire_Great Wolford_ Nethercote STW DBA\002 Reports OA Graphics File Location: X:\w\Warwickshire_Great Wolford_ Nethercote STW DBA\006 Geomatics\03 GIS Projects

Issue No: v.1 Date: 08 April 2019 Prepared by: Rachel Legge (Research Assistant) Checked by: Charlotte Malone (Senior Project Manager) Edited by: Ianto Wain (Head of Heritage Management) Approved for Issue by: Ianto Wain (Head of Heritage Management) Signature:

……………………………………………………………………

Disclaimer: This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority of Oxford Archaeology being obtained. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for a purpose other than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person/party using or relying on the document for such other purposes agrees and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm their agreement to indemnify Oxford Archaeology for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for this document to any party other than the person/party by whom it was commissioned.

OA South OA East OA North Janus House 15 Trafalgar Way Mill 3 Osney Mead Bar Hill Moor Lane Mills Oxford Cambridge Moor Lane OX2 0ES CB23 8SG Lancaster LA1 1QD t. +44 (0)1865 263 800 t. +44 (0)1223 850 500 t. +44 (0)1524 880 250

e. [email protected] w. oxfordarchaeology.com Oxford Archaeology is a registered Charity: No. 285627

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1

Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire

Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Contents

Summary ...... 1 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2 LOCATION, TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY ...... 1 3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 2 4 PLANNING BACKGROUND ...... 2 4.1 National Planning Policy ...... 2 4.2 Local Planning Policy ...... 3 5 SOURCES CONSULTED...... 4 6 WALKOVER SURVEY ...... 5 7 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BASELINE ...... 6 7.1 Introduction ...... 6 7.2 Designated Heritage Assets ...... 6 7.3 Previous Archaeological Investigations ...... 7 7.4 Prehistoric Period (500,000 BP – AD 43) ...... 7 7.5 Romano-British Period (AD 43 – 410) ...... 7 7.6 The Medieval Period (AD 410 – 1550) ...... 7 7.7 Post-Medieval Period (1550-1900) ...... 8 7.8 Modern ...... 9 7.9 Aerial Photographs ...... 9 7.10 LiDAR ...... 10 8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL ...... 10 9 PREVIOUS IMPACTS AND SURVIVAL ...... 11 10 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 12 11 POTENTIAL FOR FURTHER WORK ...... 13 12 CONCLUSION ...... 14 APPENDIX A GAZETTEER OF KNOWN HERITAGE ASSETS WITHIN THE STUDY AREA .... 17 Abbreviations ...... 17 APPENDIX B BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LIST OF SOURCES CONSULTED ...... 21

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List of Figures Figure 1 Site location Figure 2 Designated heritage assets Figure 3 Archaeological events Figure 4 HER monument data Figure 5 NMP data Figure 6 A - LiDAR data; B - LiDAR data overlain by NMP data Figure 7 Extract from the Great Wolford Enclosure map (1847) Figure 8 Extract from the Great Wolford Tithe map (1850) Figure 9 Extract from the 1885 OS County Series map Figure 10 Extract from the 1972 OS National Grid map Figure 11 Extract from the 1993 OS National Grid map

List of Plates Plate 1 Sludge tank, humus tanks and biological filter situated toward the southern corner of the existing site, looking south Plate 2 Storm balancing tanks and inlet pumping station situated with the north-west of the existing site, looking north Plate 3 Reed bed situated within the east of the existing site, looking south-east Plate 4 Disused reed bed situated within the south-east of the existing site, looking south Plate 5 View of the to the east of the site, looking east Plate 6 View of potential site from the existing site, looking south-west Plate 7 Aerial photograph taken in 1971, showing cropmarks and ridge and furrow earthworks within the vicinity of the site Plate 8 Aerial photograph taken in 1993, showing the site and the surrounding area

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 Summary

Oxford Archaeology has been commissioned by Severn Trent Water to prepare an archaeological desk-based assessment for an area of land at Nethercote Sewage Treatment Works (STW), Great Wolford, Warwickshire, centred on National Grid Reference SP 25587 34389.

The proposed development is for the expansion of the STW. It is understood that there are two proposals currently under consideration. Proposal A comprises the provision of additional structures/equipment on the existing site and will involve the creation of a temporary working area. Proposal B consists of the closure of the existing site and its replacement with a brand new works within the potential site. It is anticipated that groundworks associated with both schemes have the potential to expose and damage or remove previously unrecorded archaeological remains. To reflect the proposals under consideration, the site has been sub- divided into ‘the existing site’ and ‘the potential site’.

A settlement at Nethercote is first referred to in 1321 and the earthwork remains of a deserted medieval settlement are recorded immediately to the east of the existing site. Ridge and furrow earthworks, which are recorded within the potential site, define the extent of the settlement and indicate the use of the surrounding land for agrarian activities. The site therefore appears to be situated upon the boundary between settlement and agricultural land during the later medieval period and as such there exists a high potential for archaeological evidence dating to this period to be present within the site. Whilst the potential site has remained in agricultural use, the present sewage treatment works was constructed within the existing site toward the end of the 20th-century.

Under Proposal A it is considered that, within the bounds of the existing site, an archaeological watching brief carried out alongside groundworks would ensure that any archaeological remains affected are preserved by record. However, any works extending outside the existing site (i.e. the creation of a temporary working area) will likely require more substantial archaeological works. Due to the significance of known and potential archaeological remains, there could be a requirement for a programme of archaeological evaluation, which would be used to inform a suitable mitigation strategy. Alternatively, it may be required, by the planning authority, that works do not extend eastwards beyond the existing compound so that the remains are preserved in situ.

Under Proposal B it is considered likely that further archaeological investigation may comprise a programme of archaeological evaluation. This would define the nature, extent and significance of any archaeological remains within the potential site and would be used to inform a suitable mitigation strategy if required.

The scope of all archaeological works will need to be agreed with the Warwickshire County Archaeologist once a proposed scheme has been finalised and prior to the commencement of any work

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Oxford Archaeology (OA) has been commissioned by Severn Trent Water to prepare an archaeological desk-based assessment for an area of land at Nethercote Sewage Treatment Works (STW), Great Wolford, Warwickshire henceforth known as ‘the site’. The site is centred on National Grid Reference SP 25587 34389, and its location is shown on Figure 1. 1.1.2 The proposed development is for the expansion of the STW. It is understood that there are two proposals currently under consideration. Proposal A comprises the provision of additional structures/equipment on the existing site and will involve the creation of a temporary working area. Proposal B consists of the closure of the existing site and its replacement with a brand new works within the potential site. It is anticipated that groundworks associated with both schemes have the potential to expose and damage or remove previously unrecorded archaeological remains. To reflect the proposals under consideration, the site has been sub-divided into ‘the existing site’, and ‘the potential site’. 1.1.3 This assessment has been conducted in line with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ (CIfA) Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessments (CIfA 2017).

2 LOCATION, TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 2.1.1 The site is located within the , approximately 6km to the south of the town of Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire. It is situated between the village of Great Wolford and , which are located c 0.5km to the west of the site and c 0.8km to the north-east of the site respectively. The site was historically situated within the of Wolford, which encompassed both Great and Little Wolford, and is now located within the of Great Wolford. 2.1.2 The site collectively comprises an approximately 1 hectare (ha) area of land. The existing site comprises a c 0.4ha area of land which encompasses an active sewage treatment works. The potential site, which is situated immediately to the south-west of the existing site, encompasses a c 0.6 ha area of agricultural land. The site lies between approximately 87-89m above Ordnance Datum (aOD). 2.1.3 Sedimentary River Terrace Deposits primarily underlie the site, comprising sand and gravel formed up to 3 million years ago in the Quaternary Period. Alluvial clay, silt, sand and gravel deposits may also be present to the eastern and northern extents of the site. These superficial deposits overlie a bedrock geology of Charmouth Mudstone Formation, a sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 183 to 199 million years ago in the Jurassic Period (BGS 2019).

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3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3.1.1 The purpose of this report is to determine as far as reasonably possible, from existing records and observations, an understanding of the historic environment within the site and surrounding study area in order to: • provide an assessment of the potential for archaeological remains to survive within the site; • assess the likely impacts of previous development on the survival of any archaeological remains; • assess the potential for impacts from the proposed development on the surviving archaeological resource; and • provide proposals for further evaluation, whether or not intrusive, where the nature, extent or significance is not sufficiently well defined.

4 PLANNING BACKGROUND 4.1 National Planning Policy 4.1.1 Section 16 of National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF: issued February 2019) sets out the Government’s planning policies in relation to the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment. 4.1.2 Paragraph 189 and 190 state: “189. In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, included any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the asset’s importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets which archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. 190. Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimize conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.” 4.1.3 Paragraph 199 states: “Local planning authorities should require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. However, the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.”

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 4.2 Local Planning Policy 4.2.1 The site is situated within the administrative district of Stratford-on-Avon District Council. The Stratford-on-Avon District Core Strategy 2011 - 2031 (adopted July 2016) sets out the Council’s current planning policy. The historic environment is addressed within Section 3.7 of the Core Strategy and the relevant policy has been outlined below.

Stratford-on-Avon District Core Strategy 2011 – 2031 “Policy CS.8 - Historic Environment A. Protection and Enhancement The District’s historic environment will be protected and enhanced for its inherent value and for the enjoyment of present and future residents and visitors. Through a partnership approach, the Council will seek opportunities to promote the historic environment as a catalyst for enhancing the vitality of the District. Priority will be given to protecting and enhancing the wide range of historic and cultural assets that contribute to the character and identity of the District, including: 1. designated heritage assets such as Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas, Registered Gardens, the Battle of Edgehill Historic Battlefield, Scheduled Monuments, and sites of archaeological importance, and their settings; 2. non-designated heritage assets and their settings; 3. Stratford-upon-Avon’s historic townscape and street scene, and sites associated with William Shakespeare, to maintain the town’s international and cultural importance; 4. the distinctive character of the market towns, villages and hamlets, including their settings, townscapes, streets, spaces and built form; 5. features that reflect the historic interaction of human activity on the landscape, including local vernacular building styles and materials, traditional farm buildings, and historic features associated with canals, navigations and railways; 6. working with the highways authority and infrastructure providers to ensure works to streets and the public realm do not detract from the historic value of the street scene; and; 7. seeking to reduce the number of heritage assets at risk. B. Proposals Affecting the Significance of a Heritage Asset Where proposals will affect a heritage asset, applicants will be required to undertake and provide an assessment of the significance of the asset using a proportionate level of detail relating to the likely impact the proposal will have on the asset's historic interest. Proposals which would lead to substantial harm to, or total loss of significance of designated heritage assets will only be permitted where substantial public benefits

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 outweigh that harm or loss and it is demonstrated that all reasonable efforts have been made to sustain the existing use or find reasonable alternative uses. Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm must be justified and weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use. For non-designated heritage assets, proposals will be assessed having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset. Where harm or loss of a heritage asset can be fully justified, as part of the implementation of the proposal the District Council will require archaeological excavation and/or historic building recording as appropriate, followed by analysis and publication of the results. C. Appreciation, Design and Management Proposals will be high quality, sensitively designed and integrated with the historic context. The design and layout of development proposals will be informed by an understanding of the significance of the historic asset and environment. Creative and innovative design and architecture that helps to secure the conservation of heritage assets and integrates new development into the historic environment will be encouraged where it is sympathetic to the character of the local area. The positive management of heritage assets through partnership approaches and measures will be encouraged, including the use of Conservation Area Appraisals and Management Plans, Heritage Partnership Agreements and Neighbourhood Plans. Where appropriate, opportunities should also be taken to assist people’s understanding of the history of the asset by such measures as permitting public access and the provision of interpretation displays. This will be particularly important if the asset has relevance to the District’s special contribution to the nation’s literary and cultural history.”

5 SOURCES CONSULTED 5.1.1 The spatial scope for this assessment was defined by a 1km area surrounding the site (the ‘study area’). The assessment has been informed by both a desk-based review and a site visit, which have been used to identify designated and non-designated heritage assets within the study area. 5.1.2 The following sources were consulted to inform this assessment • The National Heritage List for (NHLE) for designated heritage assets; • Warwickshire Historic Environment Record for non-designated heritage assets archaeological events, and NMP data; • Warwickshire County Record Office for historic maps and manuscripts; • Groundsure Mapping for Historic Ordnance Survey Maps; • Aerial photographs as held by the Archive in Swindon; • LiDAR data as held by the Environment Agency; • Geotechnical data as held by the British Geological Survey; and

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• Other relevant primary and secondary sources including published and unpublished works as held by OA and other relevant libraries. 5.1.3 For ease of reference each heritage asset has been allocated a unique OA number. OA numbers are included in the heritage gazetteer provided in Appendix A, referred to in the text where relevant and marked on Figures 2-5. A full list of sources consulted can be found in Appendix B. Historic mapping for the site is depicted on Figures 7-11.

6 WALKOVER SURVEY 6.1.1 A walkover survey of the site was carried out on 28/03/19, in order to assess the current character and condition of the site and to inform the assessment of the extent of any previous impacts. The existing site, which comprises an active STW, was accessed fully however, the potential site, which is at present not owned by the client, could not be accessed and was observed from within the bounds of the existing site. 6.1.2 The existing site contains a STW located within a fenced compound. The STW presently comprises several substantial structures associated with the STW, including; a sludge tank, humus tanks and biological filter to the south (Plate 1), storm balancing tanks and inlet pumping station to the north-west (Plate 2) and a reed bed (Plate 3) to the east. A further, now disused reed bed (Plate 4) is also evident to the south-east. 6.1.3 The existing site was accessed from the north-eastern corner, from which point a concrete access track extends into the site, running parallel with the north-western site boundary (Plate 2). The topography of the existing site is variable and only appears to be consistent with the surrounding landscape along the borders of the compound and along the trackway, to the north-west of the existing site. A substantial area of the existing site appears to have been raised above the natural ground level. Expanses of made ground were apparent to the south-east of the trackway and extending into the southern corner where the existing site reaches its highest point. The majority of the structures within the existing site are substantial sunken features. The structures in the southern part of the existing site (the sludge tank, humus tanks and biological filter) are constructed upon an area of made ground, while the storm balancing tanks along the north-western border and the reed beds to the east appear to have been directly cut into the natural ground level. It is likely that the excavated earth resulting from the construction of these features, was used to make up the areas of made ground. 6.1.4 The STW is set within a rural landscape and is primarily bound by agricultural cultivated land. Despite likely truncation and disturbance by modern ploughing, a series of extant earthworks were observed upon the land immediately to the east of the existing site (Plate 5). Due to limited access these features could only be observed from afar however, they have been interpreted as earthworks associated with a shrunken medieval settlement at Nethercote and are consistent with some features identified by NMP and LiDAR data (see Section 7.9 & 7.10). 6.1.5 The potential site (Plate 6) is situated immediately to the south-west of the existing site and comprises an area of cultivated land bordered by strips of fallow land extending along the north-eastern and north-western boundaries. The ground level

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 appears to be natural and gently slopes down toward Nethercote Brook to the north- west. A slight ‘dip’ within the ground level was observed toward the south-west of the potential site. Due to limited access, this could only be observed from afar, however may be consistent with a potential former field boundary observed on LiDAR and NMP data (see Section 7.9 & 7.10). A sparse tree line was also observed to the north-east of the potential site, running parallel with the STW compound fence. Although the treeline appears to reflect the alignment of a historic, at least 19th-century, field boundary (see section 7.7), no trace of the original hedgerow was observed.

7 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BASELINE 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 The nature of the archaeological resource within the site and the surrounding study area are discussed by period below. The location of designated sites is marked upon Figure 2, the location of previous archaeological events is shown on Figure 3 and non- designated heritage assets are shown on Figures 4-6. Further details of all sites is provided in Appendix A. 7.2 Designated Heritage Assets 7.2.1 A scheduled moated site (OA 1) is situated approximately 365m to the north-west of the site. The comprises a semi-circular double bank and ditch, visible as a linear earthwork (OA 21), which is thought to have formed part of a moated site. The extant defences originally virtually encircled the village and encompass several further earthworks of building platforms/terraces and a hollow way, indicative of a medieval shrunken village (OA 22). Due to the distance of the scheduled monument from the site and the lack of any intervisibility between them, it is considered that the site is not situated within the setting of the scheduled monument. As such, the site makes no contribution toward the heritage significance of the asset. 7.2.2 Little Wolford Manor House (OA 2), a Grade II* listed building, is situated within Little Wolford approximately 981m to the north-east of the site. The medieval manor house has late-15th to early-16th-century origins. 7.2.3 There are five Grade II listed buildings within the study area, all of which are located within Great Wolford. The parish Church of St Michael (OA 3), which was completely rebuilt in 1833, is situated approximately 541m to the north-west of the site within the grounds of which a listed headstone (OA 5) dating to 1698 is located c 520m to the north-west of the site. The other listed buildings all comprise historic farmhouses. Manor Farmhouse (OA 4) and Ash House Farmhouse (OA 6) situated c 538m and c 736m to the north-west of the site respectively, both have 18th-century origins and the Fox and Hounds Inn (OA 7), c 707m to the north-west of the site, is a former farmhouse dating to the mid-17th-century. 7.2.4 The moated site (OA 1) and the five Grade II listed buildings (OA 3-7) are situated within the Great Wolford Conservation Area, which lies approximately 365m to the north-west of the site. The conservation area encompasses the historic core of the village of Great Wolford.

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 7.3 Previous Archaeological Investigations 7.3.1 There have been four previous archaeological events within the study area comprising three archaeological watching briefs (OA 8, 9 & 11) and a strip, map and sample excavation (OA 10). None of the investigations recorded any archaeological remains. 7.4 Prehistoric Period (500,000 BP – AD 43) 7.4.1 A series of cropmarks (OA 12) visible on aerial photographs have been identified between c 823m and c 1.14km to the north-west of the site. These cropmarks, although presently undated, are thought to be representative of multiple phases of prehistoric activity. The earliest features appear to be two Bronze Age ring ditches, surrounded on three sides by segmented curvilinear ditches. Five rectangular enclosures are thought to be of an Iron Age date and a field system, comprising interconnecting linear ditches, appears to be part of an Iron Age or Romano-British field system. 7.5 Romano-British Period (AD 43 – 410) 7.5.1 There is a scarcity of Romano-British archaeological remains within the study area. Evidence of this date comprises a potential field system (OA 12), c 823m-1.14km to the north-west of the site, and a single Romano-British coin (OA 13) found c 887m to the north-west of the site. 7.6 The Medieval Period (AD 410 – 1550) Early-Medieval Period (AD 410 – 1065) 7.6.1 Archaeological remains within the study area dating to the early-medieval period comprise of isolated findspots. An 9th-10th-century Anglo Saxon brooch (OA 15) was found c 142m to the north-east of the site whilst a coin (OA 14) of Æthelred II, dating to c 997-1003, was found c 201m to the south of the site. Later Medieval Period (1066 – 1550) 7.6.2 A settlement at Nethercote is first referred to in 1321 (Gover et al 1970). Earthwork remains of a possible deserted medieval settlement (OA 24) identified on aerial photographs have been recorded immediately to the east of the site. These remains have been recorded as encroaching into western part of the existing site. The earthworks at Nethercote, as illustrated by the NMP data (Figure 5), comprise enclosures, hollow ways and several rectangular building platforms. Toward the east of the settlement the Nethercote Brook appears to have been straightened, leaving two meanders as ponds, which were potentially used as fishponds. It is unclear when the settlement was abandoned. 7.6.3 The toponym of Wolford derives from Wolwarde, meaning ‘place protected against wolves’ (Mills 2011). Wolford is referred to in the of 1086 as comprising a substantial population of 50 households (Palmer & Powell-Smith 2019). The history of the subinfeudation of Wolford is obscure but by 1242, when the manor was held by Robert de Stafford, the fee was divided into two half-fees (VCH 1949), Great and Little Wolford respectively.

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 7.6.4 The documented medieval settlement of Great Wolford (OA 26), c 185m – c 863m to the north-west of the site, was of a considerable size and encompasses a series of scheduled earthworks (OA 1) to the east of the present village. These earthworks, as illustrated by the NMP data (Figure 5), comprise building platforms and a hollow way indicative of a shrunken medieval settlement (OA 23). The settlement was encompassed by a double bank and ditch moated defence, part of which is visible as an extant earthwork (OA 22) c 378m to the north-west of the site, also contained within the scheduled monument (OA 1). The feature may have potentially been originally erected as a wolf defence (HER 2019), consistent with the toponym of Wolford. A further earthwork, slightly to the west of the village and c 975m to the north-west of the site, comprises the remnants Great Wolford Mill (OA 19), a medieval watermill with 13th-century origins. 7.6.5 A church (OA 18) has been recorded within the centre of the settlement, on the site of the present Church of St Michael, since the 12th-century, and appears to have formed a focal point within the village. Medieval finds, comprising an ampulla (OA 17) c 251m to the north of the site and two medieval coins (OA 16) c 891m to the north- west of the site have also been found within the vicinity of the settlement. 7.6.6 A medieval Manor House (OA 2), a Grade II* listed building with late-15th to early- 16th-century origins, is extant within Little Wolford c 981m to the north-east of the site. Similarly, to Great Wolford, the extent of the documented medieval settlement of Little Wolford (OA 25), c 732m to the north-east of the site, encompasses earthworks indicative of a shrunken settlement (OA 20, 21) toward the south of the present hamlet. 7.6.7 Ridge and furrow earthworks, characteristic of medieval agricultural techniques, are recorded within the potential site and throughout the study area. The extent of the ridge and furrow earthworks, as illustrated by the NMP data (Figure 5), are indicative of an extensive open field system surrounding the settlements of Nethercote and both Great and Little Wolford during the medieval period. 7.7 Post-Medieval Period (1550-1900) 7.7.1 The Enclosure and Tithe maps for Wolford indicate that during the post-medieval period settlement remained focussed toward Great and Little Wolford, whilst cultivated land dominated the surrounding landscape. The 1847 Great Wolford Enclosure map (Figure 7) illustrates the post-enclosure layout of the former open fields. Whilst much of the area surrounding the site is characterised by large fields, the site of the shrunken/lost medieval village at Nethercote comprises a distinctive field pattern of irregular, small fields. This pattern is clearly distinguishable from the large open fields to the west which mark the site of the open agricultural fields associated with the deserted medieval settlement (OA 24) and in which the NMP (Figure 5) shows a distinctive pattern of cultivation earthworks (ridge and furrow). The Historic Landscape Characterisation reflects this, describing the fields around Nethercote as enclosure that partly reflects the former, pre-enclosure (pre-1847), cultivation pattern. The existing site appears to have been encompassed within this potentially earlier area of enclosure, and the alignment of the south-western boundary is consistent with a field boundary evident at this time. The Enclosure map (Figure 7) and the

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 accompanying apportionment records the landowner of the both the existing and potential site as the Right Honourable Lord Redesdale. The existing site encompasses a plot (36), referred to as ‘Nethercot Close’, occupied by Elizabeth Fletcher, whilst the potential site extends into a larger field (plot 33) referred to as the ‘Ninth Allotment’ occupied by both Elizabeth Fletcher and William Sheppard. The Tithe map (Figure 8) and apportionment of 1850 illustrates the continuity of the plots, which remain under the same ownership and occupancy. The ‘Ninth Allotment’ (plot 33) is recorded as comprising both arable land and pasture. 7.7.2 The 1885 Ordnance Survey (OS) map (Figure 9) illustrates that by 1885 the field pattern in the vicinity of Nethercote had become more consistent with the surrounding area, with some of the smaller fields to the east of the site having been amalgamated and the larger field to the west of the site having been sub-divided. The south-western boundary of the existing site appears to remain consistent with that shown on the 1847 map, and a branch of the Nethercote Brook is illustrated bounding the north- west of the site. 7.8 Modern 7.8.1 Twentieth century OS mapping (Figures 10-11) illustrates that the field boundaries, both within and in the vicinity of the site, remained consistent throughout the 20th- century. However, in recent years the fields around the site have been largely amalgamated and the 19th-century field boundary between the existing and potential sites has been lost. Although not depicted by the maps, the STW was constructed within the existing site in the early-mid 1960s. An aerial photograph of the site from 1993 (Plate 8) shows that STW comprised a layout consistent with the existing site. The potential site has remained in agricultural use throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. 7.9 Aerial Photographs 7.9.1 A review of aerial photographs (APs) held at Historic England Archive in Swindon was carried out as part of the baseline assessment. A total of 61 aerial photographs comprising vertical and oblique images covering the period 1946-2013 were reviewed. National Mapping Programme (NMP) data was also consulted. A plot of the cropmarks identified by the NMP data is provided on Figure 5. 7.9.2 The NMP data identifies considerable concentrations of cropmarks throughout the study area, which are generally consistent with areas of interest identified by the HER. Many of these features, including a series of cropmarks associated with the deserted medieval settlement (OA 24) immediately to the east of the site (Plate 7), were identifiable on the aerial photographs reviewed. 7.9.3 Ridge and furrow earthworks, also identified by the NMP data, are evident throughout the study area. The earthworks appeared largely extant upon aerial photographs from the 1940-50s however, toward the late 20th-century the ridge and furrow earthworks become increasingly diffuse across the landscape as a result of levelling by modern agricultural activities. Ridge and furrow earthworks, still evident within the potential site in the 1970s (Plate 7) have been levelled by the 1990s (Plate 8).

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 7.10 LiDAR 7.10.1 The LiDAR data utilized in this report was captured by the Environment Agency (EA) and made available via the EA online archive. In this instance Digital Terrain Model (DTM) tiles for Ordnance Survey Sheets SP23 were downloaded. This data was surveyed at 2m intervals and was collected on 20/01/06. The DTM data was processed using the Relief Visualisation Toolkit (RVT) and visualisations were created using hill shade, slope, sky view factor, open-positive, open-negative and simple local relief model (SLRM) visualisation techniques. Figure 6A shows the LiDAR data processed using the slope visualisation technique. 7.10.2 Many of the features previously identified from the NMP data within the vicinity of the site were also evident on the LiDAR data. Figure 6B shows a plot of the NMP data overlying the LiDAR data. The identifiable features include a series to the east of the site, likely associated with the deserted medieval settlement (OA 24). Potential field boundaries, consistent with those identified by the both the NMP data and the Enclosure (Figure 7) and Tithe (Figure 8) maps, are also distinguishable running on a north-west south-east alignment along the border between the existing and potential sites and toward the south-western boundary of the potential site. 7.10.3 Traces of the ridge and furrow earthworks that were formerly extant within the potential site were not distinguishable on the LiDAR data. Modern plough scars are confirmative that the earthworks have been levelled as a result of modern cultivation of the land.

8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL 8.1.1 Archaeological evidence dating to the prehistoric period is scarce within the study area, comprising a series of cropmarks (OA 12) between c 823m and c 1.14km to the north-west of the site. Limited evidence of Romano-British activity is also concentrated within this part of the study area. The considerable distance between these remains and the site, and the lack of any finds and features of these periods within the immediate area surrounding the site, suggests that there is a low potential for any prehistoric or Romano-British archaeological remains within the site. 8.1.2 Evidence of early-medieval activity comprises findspots of an Anglo Saxon brooch (OA 15) found c 142m to the north-east of the site and a coin (OA 14) of Æthelred II found c 201m to the south of the site. The close proximity of both of these findspots to the site, is indicative that there may have been some early-medieval activity occurring within the vicinity of the site. The site is therefore considered to have a low to moderate potential to contain early medieval features and finds. If residual finds of this period are present within the site they would be considered likely to be of no more than low (local) significance. Any evidence relating to settlement activity would most likely be of moderate (regional) significance. 8.1.3 During the later medieval period a settlement was sited at Nethercote. A series of earthworks indicative of such a settlement (OA 24) have been recorded immediately to the east of, and slightly encroaching into, the existing site. It is evident (from the historic map evidence (Figures 7 & 8) and from the NMP (Figure 5) and LIDAR (Figure

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 6) data that areas of the existing site lie within the extent of the deserted medieval village. By contrast, the potential site clearly lies within the open agricultural fields associated with the village (as indicated by the ridge and furrow earthworks evident on cropmark plots and aerial photographs). Although this does not preclude the presence of settlement remains it clearly suggests that the potential site has a lower potential for significant medieval remains. However, any remains within these fields are much more likely to be well preserved as they will have avoided the significant disturbance associated with the construction of the STW on the existing site. Due to a present lack of information regarding the deserted settlement, any such remains would be considered to be of moderate (regional) significance. A high potential for evidence of agrarian activities exists throughout the remainder of the site. Such remains are likely to comprise furrows, ditches and former field boundaries. These features would be considered likely to be of no more than low (local) significance. 8.1.4 The site remained undeveloped throughout the post-medieval period and continues in agricultural use. A moderate potential therefore exists for archaeological evidence associated with such activities to exist within the site. Due to the age and nature of such remains, these would likely be of negligible significance.

9 PREVIOUS IMPACTS AND SURVIVAL 9.1.1 The existing site remained undeveloped until the construction of the present STW in the early-mid 1960s. Cropmark evidence and historic mapping (Figures 5-8) clearly show that the site lies on the periphery of a deserted medieval settlement, but it would appear very likely that any archaeological deposits within the site will have been significantly damaged. As outlined above, the STW presently comprises several substantial structures, many of which are sunken, in addition to further associated infrastructure beneath the ground surface. The excavation and construction of these features may have impacted upon any archaeological remains within the existing site. The site walkover and a preliminary appraisal (Sirius 2019) indicate that substantial made ground deposits are anticipated within the site. Ground modification such as this may have inflicted minor damage to any potential sub-surface deposits. However, where the made-ground may be of considerable depth, namely the southern corner, it may have lessened, or potentially prevented, any impact of the existing structures upon the archaeological horizon. It is considered that elsewhere within the site any potential archaeological remains within the footprint of the existing structures will have at least been significantly damaged or likely destroyed. Service trenches associated with any below ground services are also likely to have inflicted a similar scale of damage and/or destruction to any potential archaeological remains within their immediate vicinities. It is therefore considered that the archaeological resource will have been largely compromised across much of the existing site and consequently it is unlikely that archaeological remains survive within these identified areas. However, within areas where substantial made-ground deposits are anticipated, there exists some potential for surviving archaeological remains. 9.1.2 The potential site, which historically lies within an area of open fields associated with the medieval settlement, has been in agricultural use since at least the medieval

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 period and presently remains as undeveloped cultivated land. Modern agricultural activities, such as ploughing, have levelled ridge and furrow earthworks that were formerly extant within the site. Any further shallow sub-surface archaeological remains are also likely to have been truncated however, below this depth of disturbance archaeological remains are considered likely to remain well preserved. Medieval agrarian techniques, evidence of which has been observed by the historic presence of ridge and furrow earthworks, are also considered likely to have damaged any earlier archaeological deposits within the potential site.

10 POTENTIAL IMPACTS 10.1.1 The proposed development is for the expansion of Nethercote STW. It is understood that there are two proposals currently under consideration, namely: A. the provision of additional structures/equipment on the existing site; or B. The closure of the existing site and replacement with a brand new works within an area of land (the potential site) adjacent to the existing site. Proposal A 10.1.2 The existing site is considered to have the potential to contain previously unidentified archaeological remains, which if present could be impacted upon or destroyed by any intrusive groundworks associated with Proposal A. 10.1.3 It is anticipated that potential archaeological remains within the existing site may have been heavily truncated or destroyed across much of the area. However, an area where the archaeological horizon has some potential to survive beneath deep made ground deposits has been identified toward the southern corner of the existing site. It is understood that structural groundworks associated with Proposal A are likely to fall within an area to the east of the site (within the vicinity of the existing reed beds) where the archaeological horizon is considered to have been largely compromised and as such archaeological remains are very unlikely to survive. However, any groundworks conducted within areas of anticipated made ground, that extend beyond the depth of such deposits, are considered to have the potential to expose and damage, or destroy, previously unrecorded archaeological remains. 10.1.4 It is understood that as a component of Proposal A, the existing compound will need to be temporarily extended, up to 4-5m, eastwards in order to accommodate the works and to create a working area. A series of known, and in part extant, archaeological features are recorded, and were observed during the site walkover, within the field immediately to the east of the site. These remains are associated with a medieval settlement at Nethercote and are considered to of moderate (regional) significance). Any extension of the compound associated with Proposal A would encroach upon these archaeological features and therefore has the potential to expose and damage, or destroy, both known and unknown archaeological remains.

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 Proposal B 10.1.5 The potential site is considered to have the potential to contain previously unidentified archaeological remains, which if present could be impacted upon or destroyed by any intrusive groundworks associated with Proposal B. 10.1.6 It is anticipated that that archaeological resource will remain largely undisturbed within the potential site. Any intrusive groundworks associated with Proposal B therefore have the potential to expose and damage, or destroy, previously unrecorded archaeological remains.

11 POTENTIAL FOR FURTHER WORK Proposal A 11.1.1 This desk-based assessment has identified that the existing site has a low potential for prehistoric to Romano-British archaeological remains, a low to moderate potential for early-medieval evidence and a high potential for later medieval remains, relating to both settlement and agrarian activities. 11.1.2 The existing site has been subject to considerable prior development however, the archaeological horizon has the potential to remain intact within identified areas. Groundworks associated with Proposal A are considered likely to fall within areas where the archaeological horizon is considered likely to have been compromised. However, any temporary extension of the existing site/compound eastwards to accommodate the works associated with the proposal, will infringe upon known, and potentially unknown, archaeological features of potentially moderate (regional) significance. 11.1.3 Ground works associated with Proposal A would largely be located within areas (to the east) of the existing site where the archaeological resource has been substantially disturbed by the STW. Should works extend into areas of substantial made ground deposits, where the archaeological horizon may survive, there could be impacts upon previously unidentified archaeological remains. However, given the existing level of ground disturbance, it is considered likely that the impact of Proposal A on the archaeological remains within the bounds of the existing site could be mitigated by an archaeological watching brief, which would monitor ground works and record any archaeological remains identified. 11.1.4 Proposal A (through the construction of a temporary construction compound/temporary extension of the existing compound) also has the potential to impact upon both known and unknown archaeological remains associated with the deserted medieval settlement to the east of the existing site. Although the works will be temporary the effect upon archaeological deposits is likely to be permanent. The nature of any further archaeological works required within this area will be largely dependent upon a detailed development proposal/construction methodology. However, due to the significance of the remains, there could be a requirement for a programme of archaeological evaluation, which would be used to inform a suitable mitigation strategy if required. Alternatively, it may be required, by the planning authority, that works do not extend into the area to the east so that the remains are

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 preserved in situ. The scope of all archaeological works will need to be agreed with the Warwickshire County Archaeologist. Proposal B 11.1.5 This desk-based assessment has identified that the potential site has a low potential for prehistoric to Romano-British archaeological remains and a low to moderate potential for early-medieval evidence. The site has been characterised as lying within the open agricultural fields to the west of the shrunken medieval settlement at Nethercote and this, although not entirely removing the possibility that the site contains remains relating to medieval settlement activity, suggests that it has a lower potential to contain such deposits. 11.1.6 The potential site has been subject to no prior development and therefore it is considered that the archaeological resource will remain intact. On our present understanding of the archaeological potential of the area it is considered unlikely that the site contains archaeological remains of such significance as to pose a constraint to development. However, it is likely that as part of the planning process this will require confirmation/clarification through the implementation of a programme of archaeological evaluation intended to more clearly define the nature and significance of any deposits present on site and to facilitate a mitigation strategy intended to remove or reduce any archaeological impacts identified. 11.1.7 The nature of any further archaeological work will be largely dependent upon the detailed development proposal. However, it is considered likely that an archaeological evaluation may be required. This would clarify the nature, extent and significance of any archaeological remains within the potential site and would be used to inform a suitable mitigation strategy if required. The scope of all archaeological works will need to be agreed with the Warwickshire County Archaeologist.

12 CONCLUSION Proposal A 12.1.1 This desk-based assessment has identified that the existing site has a low potential for prehistoric and Romano-British archaeological remains, and a low to moderate potential for early-medieval finds and features. The existing site is situated on the periphery of a recorded deserted medieval settlement and as such has a high potential for later medieval remains relating to settlement activity. A high potential for agrarian remains of this period also exists. It is considered that any known, and unknown, archaeological remains associated with the deserted medieval settlement would likely be of moderate (regional) significance. Any other archaeological remains are considered likely to be of no more than low (local) to moderate (regional) significance. 12.1.2 The existing site is an active STW and has been subject to considerable prior development comprising several significant structures. It is therefore anticipated that the archaeological resource is heavily disturbed or even destroyed across much of the site. However, an area where the archaeological horizon has some potential to survive beneath deep made ground deposits has been identified toward the southern corner of the existing site. Ground works associated with Proposal A are understood to be

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1 primarily located within the east of the existing site, where the archaeological resource is likely to have been substantially disturbed, or destroyed, by the STW. 12.1.3 Potentially extant remains of a deserted medieval settlement are situated immediately to the east of the existing site. It is understood that as a component of Proposal A, the existing compound will need to be temporarily extended, up to 4-5m, eastwards in order to accommodate the works. It is therefore anticipated that groundworks associated with Proposal A may have the potential to expose and damage, or destroy, previously unrecorded remains of moderate (regional) significance. 12.1.4 It is considered that, within the bounds of the existing site, the implementation of an archaeological watching brief carried out alongside groundworks would likely be sufficient to ensure that any archaeological remains affected are preserved by record. However, any works extending outside the existing site (i.e. the creation of a temporary working area) will be likely to require more substantial archaeological works. Due to the significance of known and potential remains to be impacted upon, there could be a requirement for a programme of archaeological evaluation, which would be used to inform a suitable mitigation strategy if required. Alternatively, it may be required, by the planning authority, that works do not extend eastwards beyond the existing compound so that the remains are preserved in situ. 12.1.5 The scope of all archaeological works will need to be agreed with the Warwickshire County Archaeologist once a proposed scheme has been finalised and prior to the commencement of any works. Proposal B 12.1.6 This desk-based assessment has identified that the potential site has a low potential for prehistoric and Romano-British archaeological remains, and a low to moderate potential exists for early-medieval finds and features. A high potential for later- medieval agrarian remains has been identified. On present knowledge it is considered unlikely that any archaeological remains within the potential site would be of more than low (local) to moderate (regional) significance and would not pose a constraint to development. 12.1.7 The potential site has been subject to no prior development and therefore it is considered that the archaeological resource will remain intact. Given the archaeological potential of the potential site it is probable that further archaeological works may be required. The nature of these works will be largely dependent upon the finalised and detailed development proposal but may comprise a programme of archaeological evaluation. This would define the nature, extent and significance of any archaeological remains within the potential site and would be used to inform a suitable mitigation strategy if required. 12.1.8 The scope of all archaeological works will need to be agreed with the Warwickshire County Archaeologist once a proposed scheme has been finalised and prior to the commencement of any works.

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Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire v.1

APPENDIX A GAZETTEER OF KNOWN HERITAGE ASSETS WITHIN THE STUDY AREA Abbreviations LB Listed Building SM Scheduled Monument

OA HER Ref List Entry Name Grade Period Easting Northing Number 1 WA114 1005733 Moated site SM Medieval 425104.5586 234550.0691

3 305983/MWA5551 1024326 CHURCH OF ST MICHAEL II LB Post-medieval 425027 234586.3608 4 305986 1024283 MANOR FARMHOUSE II LB Post-medieval 425048 234621.3608 305984 1186235 HEADSTONE APPROXIMATELY 10 METRES II LB Post-medieval 425047 234577.3608 5 EAST OF CHANCEL OF CHURCH OF ST MICHAEL 6 305982 1299317 ASH HOUSE FARMHOUSE II LB Post-medieval 424806 234543.3608 7 305985 1355504 FOX AND HOUNDS INN II LB Post-medieval 424818 234438.3608 EWA10253 N/A Observation, Church of St Michael and All N/A N/A 425029 234582 8 Angels, Great Wolford EWA9218 N/A Watching Brief at Longworth House, Great N/A N/A 424845 234506 9 Wolford EWA10085 N/A An Archaeological Strip, map and sample N/A N/A 424956 234795 excavation at Lower Farm, The Green, Great 10 Wolford EWA10146 N/A Watching Brief at Little Orchards, Great N/A N/A 424807 234601 11 Wolford MWA3826 N/A Possible cropmark enclosures and linear N/A Early Bronze - - features Age to Romano- 12 British MWA3831 N/A Findspot - Roman coin N/A Romano- - - 13 British

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MWA6630 N/A Findspot - Early Medieval & Medieval coins, N/A Early medieval - - 14 Great Wolford, Stratford on Avon to Medieval MWA5988 N/A Anglo Saxon Brooch found to E of Nethercote, N/A Early medieval - - 15 Wolford 16 MWA9280 N/A Two Medieval coins found at Great Wolford N/A Medieval - - 17 MWA2245 N/A Findspot - Medieval Ampulla in Great Wolford N/A Medieval - - MWA3822 N/A Site of Medieval Church of St Michael, Great N/A Medieval to - - 18 Wolford. Imperial MWA3824 N/A Great Wolford Mill N/A Medieval to - - 19 Imperial MWA7380 N/A Little Wolford Medieval Settlement Remains N/A Medieval to - - 20 Post-medieval MWA3836 N/A Site of Poss Shrunken Settlement at Little N/A Medieval - - 21 Wolford 22 MWA1837 N/A Medieval Linear Earthwork at Great Wolford N/A Medieval - - MWA5448 N/A Shrunken Medieval Settlement at Great N/A Medieval - - 23 Wolford 24 MWA3825 N/A Nethercote Deserted Medieval Settlement N/A Medieval - - 25 MWA9477 N/A Little Wolford Medieval Settlement N/A Medieval - - 26 MWA8967 N/A Great Wolford Medieval Settlement N/A Medieval - - MWA3823 N/A Post Medieval Dovecote at Parsonage Farm, N/A Post-medieval - - 27 Great Wolford 28 MWA4316 N/A Findspot - Post Medieval coin N/A Post-medieval - - 29 MWA5982 N/A Findspot - Post Medieval thimble N/A Post-medieval - - 30 MWA5986 N/A Findspot - Imperial Thimbles N/A Imperial - - MWA19991 N/A Great Wolford Bridge N/A Imperial to - - 31 Modern MWA19992 N/A Nethercote Bridge N/A Imperial to - - 32 Modern 33 MWA3837 N/A Site of Glyde Well to W of Manor House N/A Imperial - -

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MWA8571 N/A Little Wolford Manor grounds N/A Imperial to - - 34 Modern MWA30999 N/A The Retreat, Shipston Road, Great Wolford N/A Post-medieval - - 35 to Modern MWA13024 N/A Great Wolford Vicarage garden, Great Wolford N/A Unknown to - - 36 Modern

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APPENDIX B BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LIST OF SOURCES CONSULTED

British Geological Survey (BGS). British Geological Survey Viewer. Available at: http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html [accessed 22/03/19].

Gover J. E. B., Mawer A., & Stenton F.M. (1970) The Place-Names of Warwickshire in English Place-Name Society, Vol. XIII. pp 303.

The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). (2017) Standard and Guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment.

Mill, A.D. (2011) A Dictionary of British Place-Names. Oxford University Press.

NPPF. (2019) National Planning Policy Framework, Department of Communities and Local Government, (TSO).

Palmer, JNN. & Powell-Smith, A. (2019) Open Domesday. Available at: http://opendomesday.org/place/TQ2575/wandsworth/ [accessed 22/03/19].

Sirius. (2019) Preliminary Appraisal of Nethercote Sewage Treatment Works, Great Wolford, Warwickshire. [unpublished client report]

Stratford-on-Avon District Council. (2016) Stratford-on-Avon District Core Strategy 2011 to 2031. Adopted 11 July 2016.

Victoria County History (VCH). (1949) : Wolford in A History of the County of : Volume 5, pp. 213-218. Available at: British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/warks/vol5/pp213-218 [accessed 19/03/19].

Ordnance Survey Maps 1885 OS County Series 1:2500 1972 OS National Grid 1:2500 1974 OS National Grid 1:2500 1993 OS National Grid 1:2500

Historic Maps Great Wolford Enclosure 1847 QS75/133/1 Little Wolford Enclosure 1847 QS75/133/1 Great Wolford Tithe 1850 CR0569/270 Little Wolford Tithe 1850 CR0569/272

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Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2019]

MANCHESTER

BIRMINGHAM

CAMBRIDGE

OXFORD

CARDIFF LONDON

SOUTHAMPTON EXETER 9 1 0 2 / 3 0 / 0 2 * e g g e l . l e h c a r * d x m . n o i t a c o l e t i S _ 1 e r u g i F \ s t c e j o r P

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W T S e t o c r e h t e N

_ d r o f l o W t a e r G _ e r i h s k c i w r a W \ w \ : X Existing site 0 1:2,500 @ A4 150 m Potential site 1:2,500

Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2018 Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, Figure 1: Site location Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2019] 4 4

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r 233000 a *# Grade II* listed building W \ w \ : *# X Grade II listed buidling 0 1:12,500 @ A4 800 m Great Wolford Conservation Area

© Historic England 2019. © Crown Copyright and database right 2019. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100024900. The Historic England GIS Data contained in this material was obtained on 22/02/2019. The most publicly available up to date Historic England. GIS Data can be obtained from http://www.HistoricEngland.org.uk. Figure 2: Designated heritage assets Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2019] 4 4

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N:\G_invoice codes\GRWNETDA\*Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire*CAR*28.03.19 Plate 1: Plate 2: Sludge tank, humustanks andbiological filter situated toward thesouthern corner ofthe Storm balancingtanks andinlet pumpingstation situated withthenorth-west of the existing site, lookingsouth existing site, looking north N:\G_invoice codes\GRWNETDA\*Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire*CAR*28.03.19 Plate 4: Disused reed bedsituated withinthesouth-east oftheexisting site, lookingsouth Plate 3: Reed bedsituated withintheeast oftheexisting site, looking south-east N:\G_invoice codes\GRWNETDA\*Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire*CAR*28.03.19 Plate 5: Plate 6: View oftheearthworks to theeast ofthesite, lookingeast View of potential site from the existing site, lookingsouth-west N:\G_invoice codes\GRWNETDA\*Nethercote STW, Great Wolford, Warwickshire*CAR*28.03.19 Plate 7: Aerial photograph taken in1971,showing cropmarks andridge andfurrow earthworks Plate 8: Aerial photograph taken in1993,showing thesite andthesurrounding area within thevicinityofsite