--- 1I-n 14 S-2-) CRR 25080 II\
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER BY IRRIGATION
UNITED STATES CONSERVATION PREPARED BY DEPARTMENT OF RESEARCH REPORT SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE NUMBER 25 EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION
/ ABSTRACT Irrigation with sugarbeet processing waste on the fields. Water applications ranged from 28 water was studied at three locations for 2 or 3 to 201 cm/year, and COD applications ranged years where perennial grass and alfalfa were from 8 to 140 metric tons/ha. COD reduction in irrigated by flooding specially graded fields. the waste water at Twin Falls averaged 48 Experimental sites were scheduled for percent in winter and 98 percent in summer; at irrigation at intervals of 1, 2, or 4 weeks. This Rupert, it averaged 84 percent in winter and 98 schedule was maintained for the first year until percent in summer; and at Nampa, it averaged the weekly irrigated plots were discontinued 75 percent in winter and 88 percent in summer. because of excessive loading. Waste water was Nitrates found in water samples extracted from sampled twice weekly from the sugar factories, 150 cm in the soil were mostly below 10 parts per and water samples were extracted from the soil million N with a few samples higher. Irrigation at depths of from 15 to 150 cm each time the with sugarbeet processing waste water works fields were irrigated. All water samples were well in the field. analyzed for chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, sodium absorption ratio, pH, chlorine, sulfate, and bicarbonate. Soil and plants were also analyzed for selected constituents. N applications to the experimental plots ranged KEYWORDS: Chemical oxygen demand, from 280 to 4200 kg/ha and, on the fields, from nitrate, phosphorus, potas- 277 to 1425 kg/ha. P applications ranged from 5 sium, calcium, magnesium, to 50 kg/ha on the experimental plots and from sodium, sodium absorption 11 to 43 kg/ha on the fields. K applications ratio, electrical conductivity, ranged from 195 to 6350 kg/ha on the pH, pollution control, waste experimental plots and from 490 to 3410 kg/ha water irrigation. CONTENTS Page Glossary iv Introduction 1 Methods and materials 2 Results and discussion 2 Waste effluent analysis and application 2 Chemical oxygen demand in waste water and in water extracted from the treatment field 5 Nitrogen in waste water and in extracted waste water samples 5 Phosphorus and potassium in waste water and extracted soil water 6 Electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, sodium absorption ratios, and pH 7 Chlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonates in water samples 8 Composition of harvested hay 8 Soil analysis 9 Summary 9 Literature cited 10 Appendix 12
Issued September 1980 GLOSSARY Anerobiosis ... Without air or without oxygen. Nutrient loading . . . The amount of plant Anions ... Negatively charged ions. nutrients applied to soil in wastes, either solid Cation exchange capacity ... The sum total of or liquid. exchangeable cations (positively charged ions) Oxygen demand . . . The oxygen required to that a soil can absorb. chemically or biologically oxidize a particular Clay-size fraction ... A soil separate consisting material. of particles less than 0.002 mm diameter. Particle size analysis ... Determination of the Dentrification ... The biochemical reduction of various amounts of the different separates in a nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen either as soil sample. molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen. Primary treatment . . . The first treatment of Electrical conductivity . . . The measurement waste water, which usually consists of settling of a solution's capacity to conduct electricity. or screening out particulate material. In soils and water, the electrical conductivity is Processing plant waste effluent . . . Waste a measurement of the total concentration of water discharged from a food processing plant. soluble salts. Saline . . . A nonsodic (nonsodium) soil Flood irrigation ... Irrigating soils by means of containing sufficient soluble salts to impair its surface application of water in furrows or productivity. basins. Secondary treatment ... Additional treatment Graded fields . . . Fields that have been of primary treated waste water to remove mechanically smoothed to a particular grade or dissolved organic constituents, usually by slope. biological oxidation. Land disposal ... Disposing of waste materials Steffen's waste . . . The filtrate obtained from on land. the precipitation of calcium sucrate in the Leaching . . . The removal of materials in Steffen process of recovering sugar from solution from the soil. sugarbeet molasses. Loading . . . The amount of organic matter, Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) . . . The water, and nutrients applied to land in waste nitrogen content of a material that is analyzed water. See Nutrient loading. by a Kjeldahl method.
iv TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER BY IRRIGATION
By J.H. Smith and C.W. Haydenl
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, irrigating agricultural land disposal of potato starch waste water. They with waste water has increased until it is now a concluded that the system works well, that major method of waste water management. oxygen demand and the chemical constituents This method of waste water utilization has except potassium were satisfactorily removed at replaced much of the discharge to streams and moderate applications as waste water passed conventional treatment in primary and through the soil, and that using waste water for secondary waste treatment systems for food irrigation could economically benefit the processing waste water (4,5, 10, 13,14,15, 17,20, farmers. 32).2 Most food processing waste water can be Nutrient concentrations in waste water and, used for irrigating agricultural land because it in some cases, feasibility for irrigation use have seldom contains toxic constituents. Crops been evaluated for several food processing grown on the land remove part of the plant waste waters: cannery wastes (9, 19), citrus nutrients supplied by the waste water and can wastes (12), vegetable wastes (16, 28, 29, 30), be fed to livestock(1, 2). fruit processing wastes (18,28, 29,32), and grain Considerable data have been published on wastes (29). For the most part, these waste waste water irrigation in recent years, and waters can be used for irrigating agricultural several food processing waste waters have been land with a minimum of problems. evaluated for irrigation use. Smith and Sugarbeet processors discharge large associates published nutrient contents of potato volumes of waste water that contain relatively processing waste water (23, 25), water loading, low concentrations of organic matter, organic loading, reduction of chemical oxygen suspended solids, and various inorganic demand (COD) and nitrates in soil (22, 27), nutrients. Large amounts of nitrogen and denitrification in potato processing waste organic matter can be applied to the fields treatment fields (24, 26), and decomposition in because they are irrigated with large volumes of soils of cooking oils used in potato processing these waste waters. (21). The objectives of this paper are to summarize De Haan and associates (6, 7) reported data for (1) flood irrigation with sugarbeet research results from The Netherlands on land processing waste water; (2) loading with nutrients and organic matter; and (3) water cleanup through soil filtration and microbiological activity to evaluate some 1 Soil scientist and biological technician (soils), Snake aspects of nutrient utilization to consider River Conservation Research Center, Kimberly, Idaho 83341. salinity and specific ions, and to discuss 2 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, feasibility of continued irrigation with p. 10. sugarbeet processing waste water. 2 CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORT 25, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE METHODS AND MATERIALS This study was conducted at three bar suction was applied to the tubes for about 48 Amalgamated Sugar Company plants located hours. The extracted water was pumped into a at Twin Falls, Rupert, and Nampa, Idaho, suction flask, transferred to a plastic bottle, and where the waste water is used to irrigate cropped taken to the laboratory for refrigerated storage fields. The waste water irrigation fields at the until it was analyzed. Not every tube yielded a three plants were all designed and prepared for water sample at every sampling. waste water irrigation by leveling to rigid The water samples were analyzed for COD specifications and diking the fields to prevent according to "Standard Methods _ for the runoff. A slight grade was designed into each Examination of Water and Waste Water" (3). field to facilitate surface irrigation. The fields Nitrate-nitrogen was determined with a nitrate- were seeded to a mixture of orchard grass specific ion electrode. Total nitrogen was (Dactylis glomerata) and alfalfa (Medicago determined by a Kjeldahl procedure, modified sativa), which was harvested for hay during the by substituting copper for the mercury catalyst summer. Waste water was sampled at each (2): Total phosphorus was determined by sugarbeet processing plant twice weekly during persulfate oxidation (31) and potassium, by the beet processing season. An automatic flame photometry. Water applications to the sampler delivered waste water into a freezer at fields were measured by the field operators designated intervals, where it was frozen in a using watermeters. Processing plant waste plastic container for storage until it could be effluents, water samples extracted with analyzed in the laboratory (8). At the Nampa extraction tubes, and saturated soil extracts sugarbeet processing plant, a water meter was were also analyzed for sodium by flame used to actuate the sampler at preset volumes of photometry. Calcium and magnesium were water, sampling the waste water in proportion analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry; to the volume passing through the meter. chloride, by silver titration; sulfate, by Waste water irrigations were scheduled at precipitation as barium sulfate and read on a intervals of 1, 2, and 4 weeks at the Twin Falls spectrophotometer; total dissolved salts, by and Rupert plants and at 2 and 4 weeks at the electrical conductivity; and pH was taken. Soils Nampa plant. The weekly irrigations were sampled annually were analyzed for the above continued until January 1977 when they were constituents by the methods listed above and for stopped because of severe overloading of the total organic matter by wet digestion. The first plots. Soil water was sampled after each soil samples were analyzed for cation exchange irrigation, using 3.8-cm-diameter, polyvinyl- capacity (CEC) and particle-size distribution chloride sampling tubes with porous ceramic from each sampling depth (table 1). cups cemented to one end. The sampling tubes Plant samples were analyzed for NO3-, total were inserted vertically into the soil to depths of N, P, and K as indicated above for water 15, 3q, 60, 90, 120, and 150 cm at each sampling samples after appropriate digestion or site. When taking samples, approximately 0.7- extraction.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION application was eliminated, and these plots Waste Effluent Analysis were thereafter irrigated at the schedule of and Application waste water application to the entire field area. Schedules A, B, and C corresponded to the Waste water applications at the fields were irrigation intervals of 1, 2, and 4 weeks, and the initially at planned rates of 10 cm per irrigation D schedule was as needed to dispose of the waste and scheduled at 1-, 2-, or 4-week intervals. After water on the remainder of the field. the first irrigation season, we determined that Applications varied from 28 to 169 cm per year the weekly irrigation was excessive and would at Twin Falls and Rupert and from 114 to 201 cm damage the fields; therefore, the weekly per year at Nampa for 2 years. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER 3
TABLE 1.-Particle-size distribution and soil types at sugarbeet processing waste water treatment fields Location (plot No.) Soil depth Clay Sand Silt Soil type Cm --- Percent----- TWIN FALLS (A) 0-15 23.2 20.3 56.5 Silt loam. 15-30 22.7 21.3 56.0 Do. 30-60 23.2 14.8 62.0 Do. 60.90 17.8 18.2 64.0 Do. 90-120 10.2 21.3 68.5 Do. 120.150 10.2 22.8 67.0 Do. (B) 0-15 20.4 19.1 60.5 Do. 15-30 22.3 21.6 56.1 Do. 30-60 22.8 20.7 56.5 Do. 60.90 16.3 17.2 66.5 Do. 90.120 11.8 19.7 68.5 Do. 120-150 11.7 22.8 65.5 Do. (C) 0-15 22.9 19.6 57.5 Do. 15.30 22.3 19.7 58.0 Do. 30-60 23.8 18.7 58.0 Do. 60-90 20.4 16.8 62.8 Do. 90-120 12.7 17.8 69.5 Do. 120.150 10.2 19.8 70.0 Do. RUPERT (A) 0-15 15.8 59.5 24.7 Sandy loam. /5.30 16.8 57.3 25.9 Do. 30-60 24.8 44.8 30.4 Loam. 60-90 26.8 35.6 37.6 Loam/clay loam. 90-120 18.2 35.6 46.2 Loam. 120-150 10.7 53.1 36.2 Sandy loam. (B) 0-15 14.9 63.1 24.7 Do. 15-30 15.4 63.6 25.9 Do. 30-60 21.8 48.6 30.4 Loam. 60.90 15.7 58.6 37.6 Sandy loam. 90-120 24.8 16.6 46.2 Silt loam. 120-150 22.7 29.6 36.2 Loam/silt loam. (C) 0-15 16.9 55.6 27.5 Sandy loam. 15.30 17.4 54.9 27.7 Do. 30-60 22.4 44.6 33.0 Loam. 60-90 19.3 55.1 25.6 Sandy loam. 90420 15.8 34.7 49.5 Loam/silt loam. 120.150 18.2 34.3 47.5 Loam. NAMPA (B) 0-15 28.8 29.6 41.6 Clay loam/loam. 15-30 19.2 33.2 47.6 Loam. 30.60 17.4 36.4 46.2 Do. 60-90 21.2 39.8 49.0 Do. 90-120 12.2 53.8 34.0 Sandy loam. 120-150 10.2 51.8 38.0 Sandy loam/loam. (C) 0-15 15.2 43.8 41.0 Loam. 15-30 18.2 41.8 40.0 Do. 30-60 14.2 51.8 34.0 Sandy loam/loam. 60-90 12.6 54.0 33.4 Sandy loam. 90-120 9.4 58.4 32.2 Do. 120-150 9.6 50.0 40.4 Loam.
4 CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORT 25, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and varied widely at the three processing plant potassium (K) applications during three waste water irrigation fields. At Twin Falls, sugarbeet processing seasons, as averaged for maximum applied N was 682; minimum, 15; and the processing seasons, are reported in table 2. mean, 133 mg/L. At Rupert, maximum N was N is primarily organic with the mean nitrate•N 135;minimum, 7; and mean, 71 mg/L. At concentration of 0.6 mg/L. Total Kjeldahl N Nampa, maximum N was 54; minimum, 10; and
TABLE 2.—Annual waste water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium applications on fields irrigated with sugarbeet processing waste water [Dashes indicate no data] Location Water (irrigation applied COD Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium schedule') Cm Tons/ha TWIN FALLS (A) 155 139.5 4200 34 2820 74 27.6 776 19 1780 90 24.2 569 15 1545
(B) 87 48.6 1582 13 1005 83 31.1 864 21 1855 138 37.8 980 28 2535
(C) 48 22.3 860 7 630 63 24.9 672 19 1415 106 20.6 738 23 1700 (D) 42 17.1 555 14 1095 169 46.9 1425 43 3405 RUPERT (A) 109 60.6 1150 16 430 113 20.3 745 28 1275 28 8.1 370 13 490 (B) 48 28.0 570 8 195 82 14.4 525 20 895 28 8.1 370 13 490
(C) 28 15.1 335 5 130 43 7.9 280 11 470
(D) 50 10.0 335 11 510 28 8.1 370 13 490 NAMPA (B) 192 16.3 430 27 5320 201 18.7 630 49 6350 (C) 159 13.7 320 20 4055 187 18.4 545 50 5960 (D) 116 10.4 277 15 3080 114 9.7 383 26 3410
1 See text p. 2 for irrigation frequency. 2 Represents Processing season. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER 5 mean, 35 mg/L in the processing waste water. P fields outside of the experimental treatment s, concentrations were rather low and varied areas were as follows: Twin Falls, 23; Rupert, 9; Id much less than N with the mean concentrations and Nampa, 10 metric tons COD/ha-year. IS as follows: Twin Falls, 1.9; Rupert, 1.8; and These values corresponded to 62, 25, and 24 Lt Nampa, 1.7 mg P/L. K concentrations were as kg/ha-day for the three respective field areas follows: Twin Falls, 5.6; Rupert, 3.1; and calculated on the basis of 365 days (table 2). Nampa, 7.2 meq K/L of waste water. The COD analysis for water samples The waste water irrigations all occurred extracted from the 150-cm depth in the waste during the fall, winter, or early sping while the water irrigation fields were summarized for the alfalfa or grass was dormant. Summertime 2 or 3 years of the experiments (appendix table irrigations with canal water for crop 1). At the Twin Falls waste water irrigation maintenance were made as needed to grow a fields, an average of 48 percent COD reduction hay crop. was found at the 150-cm depth for the three processing seasons for the 4-week irrigation Chemical Oxygen Demand in schedule. The mean waste water COD was 3888 and the soil water COD was 2057 mg/L. At the Waste Water and in Water Rupert waste water irrigation field, the waste Extracted From the Treatment water COD averaged 3456 and the soil water Field COD 548 mg/L for an average of 84 percent COD concentrations in the waste water COD reduction for 3 years. At the Nampa waste varied widely with time and locations. At the water irrigation field, the waste water averaged Twin Falls and Nampa plants, the waste water 1054 and the soil water 268 mg/L for an average was stored for a short time in ponds before being COD reduction of 75 percent. There was an pumped to the fields. The storage ponds buffer annual cycle of soil water COD with the highest value changes in COD concentration by (the concentrations coming during the sugarbeet admixture of) a large volume of plant effluents. processing season and the lowest values in the Early in the first season of operation of the summer. waste water irrigation system at Twin Falls, Soil water analysis for samples taken during concentrated Steffen's waste spilled into the the summer at the 150-cm depth averaged 97.5, pond. This raised the COD concentration of the 98, and 88 percent COD reduction from the pond to over 8000 mg COD/L. In a few weeks, average waste water COD concentrations the high COD concentration was diluted out by during the sugarbeet processing season at the the usual lower COD waste water, but large Twin Falls, Rupert, and Nampa plants, amounts of COD and other constituents were respectively.The COD cycle resulted from a applied to the land when the high concentration decrease in COD application following the waste was being distributed to the fields. The sugarbeet processing season and biological average concentration of COD in the Twin Falls decomposition of the added organic materials in waste water for the second and third processing the soil as well as leaching of added organic seasons was approximately 3300 mg/L. At the materials. In some areas, the soil is deeper than Rupert sugarbeet processing plant waste water the 150-cm sampling depth, and organic irrigation field, COD concentrations during the material cleanup by filtration and biological processing season ranged from 1500 to 5300 activity will continue as the water infiltrates. mg/L and averaged 3300 mg/L for three This should ultimately produce a clean effluent. processing seasons. COD concentrations at the Nampa plant were lower than at the other two Nitrogen in Waste Water and plants, ranging from 345 to 2000 mg/L and in Extracted Waste Water Samples averaging 1100 mg/L for two processing N applications to the general field areas seasons (appendix table 1). ranged from 277 to 1425 kg/ha. Except for the COD applications to the waste water 1425-kg application average at Twin Falls, the irrigation fields ranged form 7.9 to 139 metric maximum N application was 555 kg/ha. These tons/ha-year. The average applications on the rates can be utilized by growing crops with little 6 CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORT 25, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE possibility of high nitrate (NO3-) concentrations Twin Falls with a range of 0 to 13 mg/L and an in the forage or of pollution of the ground water. average concentration of 2.3 mg NO3-N/L. NO3 The 4-week irrigation schedule in the concentrations at the Nampa waste water experimental plots received similar amounts of irrigation field were intermediate with a range N to that of the general field applications. The of 0 to 30 mg N/L and an average of 7.8 mg NO3- best practice, therefore, seems to be to irrigate N/L (appendix table 3). the fields with waste water at approximately 4- week intervals with the waste water N Phosphorus and Potassium in concentrations generally found in the three Waste Water and Extracted waste waters used at the plants with which we Soil Water worked. Of course, the other experimental treatments applied more N and were generally P concentrations in the waste water were low, higher than was desirable for best practices in and, consequently, relatively small waste water irrigation as determined by N applications of P were made in the waste water. fertilization. The normal irrigation rates for the three fields High total N was found in the waste water would apply P at rates too low to maintain the samples from the Twin Falls plant, which fields at adequate P levels; therefore, soil tests corresponded to high COD concentrations early should be run periodically to determine the need in the project. The maximum total N was 680 for additional P fertilizer. mg/L with an average for the processing season In the sugarbeet processing waste water at of 210 and for the three seasons of 132 mg/L. the Twin Falls site, P averaged 1.9 and ranged The average total N remaining in the soil water from 0.8 to 4.1 mg/L. At the Rupert site, the at the 150-cm depth was 35 mg/L, which average P concentration was 1.8 with a range of represented a decrease of 97 percent in passage 0.7 to 4.3 mg/L. At the Nampa site, the average through 150 cm of soil. At the Rupert plant, no P concentration was 1.7 with a range of 0.3 to 2.9 such high N concentrations were found. The mg/L. The average concentrations, at the 150- average for three processing seasons was 75 cm depth in the soil at the three sites were 0.19, mg/L with an average soil water N 0.12, and 0.62 mg/L for the Twin Falls, Rupert, concentration of 2.4 mg/L. This represented a and Nampa sites, respectively (appendix table 98-percent decrease in total N with passage of 4). P concentrations are low enough for there to the waste water though 150 cm of soil. At the be a minimal amount of P leaching through the Nampa waste water irrigation field, the average soil. The higher concentration of P in the soil total N for two processing seasons was 36 mg/L. water at the Nampa site compared with the The total N in the soil water at 150 cm was 4 concentration of P at the other two sites mg/L, which represented an 88 percent decrease probably is associated with soil differences and in organic N. is not directly related to P concentrations in the NO3-N in the waste water at the three waste waste water. water irrigation fields was low with less than 1 K applications on the waste water irrigation mg/L at the three locations. Organic N is fields were high to very high. The lowest K converted to NO3 when the organic matter in the concentrations and applications were found at waste water is decomposed. NO3 concentrations the Rupert fields with intermediate values at in the soil water occasionally reached very high Twin Falls and the highest at Nampa. General concentrations. The range at the Twin Falls field applications of K ranged from 490 to 3410 field was 0 to 167 mg NIL with an average of 17 kg/ha. K fertilization of the waste water mg/L of NO3-N. By removing three high NO 3 irrigation field was higher than will be needed values from the total before averaging the for any crop being grown; therefore, an excess of concentrations, the mean of the remaining 51 K will accumulate. values was 8.7 mg NO3-NIL. Many of the soil K concentration in the waste water at the water samples had a NO 3-N concentration Twin Falls waste water irrigation field below 1 mg/L. At the Rupert field, NO3 averaged 5.57 and ranged from 1.1 to 13.2 concentrations were considerably lower than at meq/L. At the Rupert site, the average was 3.2 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER 7 and the range was 1.6 to 7.3 meq K/L. At the lowers the EC to acceptable levels for growing Nampa site, the average was 7.3 and the range the alfalfa and grass hay. was 3.2 to 14.8 meq K/L. K concentrations in the Calcium (Ca) concentrations in the waste soil water extracted from the 150-cm depth were water and in the soil water extracted from 2.3, 0.21, and 0.21 meq K/L for the Twin Falls, several depths in the soil are reported in Rupert, and Nampa waste water irrigation appendix table 7. Soluble Ca in the waste water fields (appendix table 5). A large amount of K is is fairly high because hydrochloric acid is used being applied to these waste water irrigation to dissolve accumulated lime from the sirup fields and varying amounts are being leached evaporators between batches as needed. The through the soil profile. A K equilibrium will spent acid wastes, containing large amounts of probably be reached after a few years of waste calcium chloride, are discharged into the water irrigation in which the amount of K sugarbeet flume system from which the leached from the fields will approximately equal overflow is used for irrigation. Ca that which is applied in the waste water. concentrations in the waste water at the various locations are as follows: Twin Falls: waste water, 1.8 to 26.4, averaging 9.4; irrigation Electrical Conductivity, Calcium, water, 2.2; and soil water, 2 to 40 meq/L. Rupert: Magnesium, Sodium, Sodium waste water, 2.7 to 19.6, averaging 5.4; Absorption Ratios, and pH irrigation water, 2.8; and soil water, 3.5 to 19 Electrical conductivity (EC) and the meq/L. Nampa: 3.6 to 16.5, averaging 6.3; associated salt in the waste water is one of the irrigation water, 1.8; and soil water, 3.6 to 34.4 general concerns about irrigating with meq/L. These examples of soil water Ca sugarbeet processing waste water. Appendix concentrations were from samples that were table 6 gives the EC values for waste water and extracted from the 150-cm soil depth. This and soil water extracted from several depths in the several other depths are reported in appendix waste water irrigation fields at the three table 7. locations. At the Twin Falls site, EC in the Magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the waste waste water was 2.6 to 6.8; irrigation water, 0.3, water and in soil water extracted from several and soil water extracted from 150-cm depth, 0.9 depths in the soil are reported in appendix table to 1.7 in summer and 5.2 mmhos/cm2 in winter 8. Mg in the waste water originates from two during the waste water irrigation season. At the sources: at the Twin Falls factory, the major Rupert site, EC values were as follows: waste source was the Steffen House waste; at the other water, 1.6 to 3.2; irrigation water, 0.5; and soil two locations, impurities were removed from the water, 1 to 3 mmhos/cm2. At the Nampa site, EC sugar by ion exchangers. Recharging the ion values were: waste water, 2.2 to 6.2; irrigation exchangers with magnesium chloride is the water, 0.8; and soil water 1.6 to 5.1 mmhos/cm2. source of much of the Mg found in the wastes at Many of the EC values reported for the waste the Rupert and Nampa plants, Mg water and for the soil water extracted from the concentrations in the waste water and soil 150-cm depth are too high for growing crops. water at the various locations are as follows: The quality of the irrigation water used during Twin Falls: waste water, 1.5 to 6.8, averaging the growing season in every case was good. 4.0; irrigation water 1.4; and soil water at 150-cm Irrigation with waste water is a wintertime depth, 1.9 to 20.8 meq/L. Rupert: waste water, operation at the three locations, and the salt 1.6 to 7.1, averaging 2.8; irrigation water, 1.7; associated with waste water is applied in the and soil water, 2.2 to 13.7 meq/L. Nampa: waste winter when the crops living on the fields are water, 4.7 to 18.3, averaging 11.6; irrigation dormant. During this time, when little water is water, 1.1; and soil water, 2.7 to 26.9, averaging utilized by the crops, the high salt 13.6 meq/L. concentrations in the water appear to have little Sodium (Na) concentrations in the waste effect on the crop. Irrigating with good quality water and the soil water extracted from several water in the spring and during the cropping depths in the soil are reported in appendix table season leaches the salt from the root zone and 9. Na in these systems is derived from (1) the 8 CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORT 25, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE sugarbeets being processed, (2) the small concentrations in waste water, irrigation water, amount in the source water, and (3) the soil. Na and soil extracts from the sugarbeet waste concentrations in the sampled waters at the water irrigation fields. Chloride concentrations various locations was as follows: Twin Falls: in the waste water were 8, 8, and 23 meq/L at waste water, 5.4 to 14.6, averaging 8.7; Twin Falls, Rupert, and Nampa. The higher irrigation water, 0.7; and soil water 3.2 to 13.4 concentration of chloride at Nampa resulted meq/L. Rupert: waste water, 0.9 to 5.8, from ion exchanger recharge with magnesium averaging 2.0; irrigation water, 1.2; and soil chloride. The same system was used at Rupert, water, 1.8 to 6.0 meq/L. Nampa: waste water, 3.2 but apparently the backwash from the ion to 11.2, averaging 6.0; irrigation water, 1.7, and exchangers was diluted more there. Chloride soil water, 1.0 to 10.1 meq/L. Because of the leaches readily through the soil, and the abundant supply of Ca and Mg in the waste resulting soil water chloride concentrations water and the soil water, Na leaches readily were similar to the waste water concentrations. through the soils. The Na concentration in the At the three locations, they ranged from 3.1 to soil water directly reflects the concentration in 11.0 at Twin Falls, 0.7 to 11.0 at Rupert, and 3.6 the waste water and indicates that Na is to 38.3 meq/L at Nampa waste water irrigation leaching without building up in the soil. fields. Sodium absorption ratios (SAR) calculated Sulfate concentrations were relatively low at from the mean values for Na, Ca, and Mg at the three waste water irrigation systems, each sampling date and site at the various averaging 1.5, 1.1, and 0.7 meq/L at Twin Falls, depths are reported in appendix table 10. The Rupert, and Nampa, respectively. The sulfate SAR values at all of the sampling sites, in all the also leached readily through the soil, and waste water samples, and in all of the soil water concentrations in the soil solution were similar samples are low enough that there should be no to those in the waste water with values of 0.1 to 5 problems with Na buildup and loss of soil meq/L at the three locations in the soil solution. infiltration capacity because of irrigating with Bicarbonate concentrations in the waste these waste waters. Waste water SAR values at water at Twin Falls ranged from 13.2 to 49.5, Twin Falls, Rupert, and Nampa ranged from 1.8 averaging 31 meq/L; at Rupert, the range was 2 to 8.8, 1.0 to 3.2, and 1.6 to 4.1, respectively. SAR to 27.5, averaging 11.1 meq/L and, at Nampa, values in the irrigation water at the three the range was 5 to 13, averaging 9 meq/L. The locations were 0.7 , 0.8, and 1.1, respectively. Soil irrigation water ranged in bicarbonate at the water SAR values ranged from 1.6 to 3.0, 1.0 to three locations from 2 to 4 meq/L. Soil water 2.0, and 0.6 to 5.6, respectively, for the three extracted from the 150 cm depth in the soil locations. All of these values are considerably ranged in bicarbonate from 2.3 to 41, 1.9 to 24, below the value that would pose a Na hazard in and 2.6 to 15 meq/L at Twin Falls, Rupert, and the soil. Nampa, respectively. This anion also leaches The pH values for waste water, irrigation readily as indicated by the soil water water, and soil water extracted from several bicarbonate concentrations that were similar to depths in the field are reported in appendix table the waste water bicarbonate concentrations. 11. The pH values reported in table 11 are all within the normal range for neutral to Composition of Harvested Hay calcareous soils and, with the exception of one Chemical composition of the harvested hay pH value of 10.6 found at Twin Falls, were samples for 1976, 1977, and 1978 are given in between 6.6 and 8.4. With these values, there is table 3. These analyses include NO3-N, total N, no reason to be concerned about the soil or water P, K. The total N analyses include nitrates and pH resulting from irrigation with these represent a fairly wide range of values from 1.63 sugarbeets processing waste waters. to 3.88 percent total N. This corresponds to a crude protein concentration of 10.2 to 24.2 Chlorides, Sulfates, and percent (total N x 6.25). The NO3 concentrations Bicarbonates in Water Samples of the initial samplings were relatively high, Appendix tables 12, 13, and 14 contain data ranging up to 9,500 p/m NO3-N. on chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate Values above 2,000 p/m NO3-N are considered TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER 9
TABLE 3.-Analyses of hay samples grown on sugarbeet processing waste water irrigation fields [Dashes indicate no datil
Nitrate- Total Phosphorus Potassium Date nitrogen nitrogen PI pm ------Percent ------TWIN FALLS July 1976 2,250 2.22 0.21 2.78 June 1977 3,520 2.22 0.24 3.00 Aug. 1977 1,090 2.98 0.30 3.88 Oct. 1977 2,020 3.10 0.25 3.14 June 1978 330 1.66 0.22 3.27 July 1978 560 2.44 0.20 2.72 Sept. 1978 810 2.70 0.29 3.04 RUPERT July 1976 3,540 2.52 0.32 2.66 June 1977 1,000 1.63 0.28 2.99 Aug. 1977 310 1.80 0.23 2.76 June 1978 560 0.28 2.71 Sept. 1978 415 2.41 0.21 2.08 NAMPA Oct. 1976 9,500 3.08 0.62 4.06 May 1977 780 3.45 0.39 3.71 June 1977 220 2.32 0.35 3.69 July 1977 230 2.62 0.38 2.72 May 1978 70 1.65 0.23 3.10 July 1978 875 3.88 0.46 3.40 Sept. 1978 415 3.06 0.30 2.10 to be hazardous to livestock. In this case, the Soil Analysis livestock should be conditioned to high concentrations of nitrate or the feed should be Soil samples were taken in the waste water diluted with other feed containing less nitrate irrigation fields at the beginning and end of the (11). P concentrations in the forage ranged from research project. Appendix table 15 gives data adequate (0.2 percent) to high (0.6 percent) and on the soil analysis for organic matter, total N, should provide a P-sufficient ration for K, Ca, Mg, Na, sulfate, SAR, pH, and EC. These livestock. K concentrations in the forage were analyses were made on soil samples obtained also adequate to high. With the amount of from six depths from the surface to 150 cm deep. potassium being applied in the waste water, the K content will continue to be high in the forage.
SUMMARY Waste water irrigation rates of 10 cm per to grow the hay crops on the fields. The organic irrigation at intervals of 1, 2, or 4 weeks were matter applied in the waste water (COD) ranged established at three sugarbeet processing waste from 7.9 to 140 metric tons per year or 22 to 383 water irrigation fields in southern Idaho. The kg/ha-day. These highest rates applied rates of irrigation used by the sugar company excessive amounts of organic matter and for disposal of their waste water on the balance nutrients to the fields. The range of organic of the fields were also monitored. Waste water matter applied to the general field areas that applications ranged from 28 to 169 cm per year were not in the experimental plots was 10 to 47 with additional water used during the summer metric tons/ha-yr. 10 CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORT 25, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
N applications in the waste water ranged decreases the problems of salinity. Salts can be from 280 to 4200 kg N/ha-yr with the range for leached from the root zone of the plants with the general field area being 277 to 1425 kg N/ha- good quality irrigation water before the hay yr. P applications were relatively low for waste begins to grow in the spring. Even though a water irrigation with 5 to 50 kg P/ha-yr being large amount of salt was leached through the applied. K applications were, in many cases, soil in these waste water irrigation fields, the very high with a range of 130 to 6350 kg K/ha- crops grew satisfactorily and the system works yr. The lower N application rates could be well and looks good. Leaching of organic utilized by growing plants, but the highest rates constituents of the waste water has been greater were in excess of crop requirements or crop than would be desired. Measurements at the utilization capacity. In many cases, P 150-cm depth showed lower values of COD applications were lower than crop requirements removal than were found with potato and would therefore require periodic soil tests processing waste water (25). Irrigation with and perhaps P fertilization. K applications in good quality water in the summer has given the the waste water were high to very high and will fields time to recover from organic loading, and probably reach an equilibrium where the the soil micro-organisms decomposed the added applied K will leach through the soil at about the organic residues. same rate that it is applied. The design and management of these waste EC and salts in the waste waters are high to water irrigation fields has been excellent. It very high and would pose serious problems for should be possible to continue irrigating these irrigating crops if the waste water were used fields with sugarbeet processing waste water for during the growing season. Winter irrigation many years if the loading is not increased above with the waste water, when crops are dormant, that observed in these experiments.
LITERATURE CITED
(1) AHRTANo. D.C.. A.E. EiticEsoN, A.R. Wol.coTT.and (6) DE HA.NN, F.A.M., and Rd. ZWERMAN Ews. 1973. LANE) DISPOSAL OF POTATO SPAR[ II PRocEssim; 1974. CERTAIN ENV] RoNMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSO- WASTE WATER IN 'ME NKTHERLANDS In Proceedings of CIATED WITIE LONG TERM LANE) DISPOSAL OF FOOD 1110 - the 1973 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management ESSING WASTES In Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Conference, New York State College of Agriculture Agricultural Waste Management Conference., and Life Sciences, Ithaca, N.Y.: 222-228. N.Y. State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, N.Y.: 222-223. (7) IloocEvEEN. and F. RIEM 1973. ASPECTS OE AGRECI E LTURAL E;sp: (IF v(a..yro (2) NovAE. A.E. ERICKSON, and others. STARCH wAsTE WATEN Netherlands Journal of Agri- 1975. EFEE("rs .()F LONG TERM LAND DisPOSAL El? cultural Science 21:58-1-14. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF FOOD PROCESSING WASTES ON SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOLE, AND (8) FISH•R. and J.H. SNITCH SUBSURFACE WA'l• ER Journal of Environmental 1975. AN At1ToMAT1C SYSTEM FHB. SAMPLINt n PROE•sS Quality 4(21:242-248. ING WASTE WA. tER. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings l8(2):382-384. (3) AMERICAN; PUBLIC HEALTH ASSoCIATION, 1971. STANDARE) METHODS FOR THE. EXAMINAT111N OF WATER AND WAR ET WATER Thirteenth Edition, 874 p., (9) (iII.IIF. I..C., A.S. KEsTER. J.P. LAW, and others. New York. 1971. A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FIER "TREATMENT E q.' CANNERY WASTES. Journal of the Water Pollution Bol:r()N. P. (4) Control Federation 43(10):2011. 1947. CANNERY WASTE DISPOSAL. RY FlEE.TE IRRIGATION. Food Packer 38:42-43, 46. (10) GERNIIAM, C.F., and T.K. NEHvEn. (0) Burri.•R. R.M., N.II. Wootawi. and E.A. MYERS. 1974. 'TRY:ATM-W.11i S'r(lIIlES (IF THREE Forn ) pRocE . s. 1974. SPRAY-IRRIGATION DISPOSAL. ()E WASTE WATER. INC. PLANT WASTE WATERS. Purdue University Pennsylvania State University Special Circular Engineering Extension Service Bulletin No. 145, No. 185, 17 p. Part 1:283-289.
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SUGARBEET PROCESSING WASTE WATER 11
(11) HILL, R.M., R.L. OGDEN, and C.W. ACKER-30N (22) 1972. NITRATE TOXICITY IN FORAGE, FACT OR FICTION , 1976. TREATMENT OF POTATO PROCESSING WASTE Nebraska Farm, Ranch and Home Quarterly, Fall WATER ON AGRICULTURAL LAND. Journal of Environ- 1972:18-20. mental Quality 5(1):113-116.
(23) C.W. ROBBINS, and C.W. HAYDEN. (12)Koo,R.C.J. 1975. PLANT NUTRIENTS IN POTATO PROCESSING WASTE 1974. IRRIGATION OF CITRUS WITH CITRUS PROCESSING WATER USED FOR IRRIGATION. In Proceedings of the WASTE WATER. Government Reports Announce- 26th Annual Pacific Northwest Fertilizer Con- ments 74(4):104-105. ference, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 15-17, 1975:159-165. (13) LOEHR, R.C. 1974. AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, PRO- (24) -E.G. GILBERT, and J.B. MILLER. BLEMS, PROCESSES, APPROACHES. Academic Press, Inc., 1976. REDOX POTENTIALS AND DENITRIFICATION IN A New York:576 p. CROPPED POTATO PROCESSING WASTE WATER DISPOSAL FIELD. Journal of Environmental Quality 5(4):397-399, (14) MEYER, J.L. 1974. CANNERY WASTE WATER FOR IRRIGATION AND (25) -CW. ROBBINS, J.A. BONDURANT, and C.W. GROUND WATER RECHARGING. California Agriculture HAYDEN. 28(8):12, 18. 1977. TREATMENT OF POTATO PROCESSING WASTE WATER ON AGRICULTURAL LAND; WATER AND ORGANIC (15) OVERMAN, A.R., and HSIAO-CHING, Ku LOADING, AND THE FATE OF APPLIED PLANT NUTRIENTS. 1976. EFFLUENT IRRIGATION OF RYE AND RYEGRASS In Proceedings 1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste Journal of the Environmental Engineering Divi- Management Conference, April 28-30, 1976, sion, American Society of Civil Engineers Rochester, N.Y. 102(EE2):475-483. (26) R.G. GILBERT, and J.B. MILLER. 1978. REDOX POTENTIALS IN A CROPPED POTATO PROC- (16) PEARSON, G.A. ESSING WASTE WATER DISPOSAL FIELD WITH A DEEP 1975. RESPONSE OF ASPARAGUS TO APPLICATIONS OF WATER TABLE. Journal of Environmental Quality SIMULATED VEGETABLE PROCESSING WASTE WATER 7(4):571-574. Journal of Environmental Quality 4(3):337-339. (27) -C.W. RoBBINS, J.A. BONDURANT, and C.W. HAYDEN. (17) W.G.J. KNIBBE, and H.L. WORLEY. 1978. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF POTATO PROCESS. 1972. COMPOSITION AND VARIANCES OF WASTE WATER ING WASTE WATER BY IRRIGATION. U.S. Department of FROM FOOD PROCESSING PLANTS. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agriculture, Conservation Research Report No. 22, ARS 41-186, 10 p. [Series discontinued; Agricul- 43 p. tural Research Service is now Science and Educa- (28) SODERQUIST, M.R., G.I. BLANTON, JR., and D.W. TAYLoR. 1972.tion Administration-Agricultural Research.] CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING WASTE WATERS. Proceedings of the (18) RAUSCHKOLB, R.S., R.D. BOTTEL, J. PANDERHILL, and Third National Symposium on Food Processing others. Wastes, EPA-R2-72-018, p. 409-436. 1975. LAND APPLICATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLF: (29) and J.L. GRAHAM. CANNERY BY•PRoDucTS California Cooperative 1977. FRUIT-, VEGETABLE-, AND GRAIN-PROCESSING Extension Soil and Water Newsletter No. 26, p. 3-4. WASTES. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 49(6):1118.1123, (19) REED. A.D., W.E. WILDMAN, W.S. SEYMAN, and others. (30)Timm. H., N.B. AKESSON, M. O'BRIEN, and others. 1973. SOIL RECYCLING OF CANNERY WASTES. Cali- 1976. SOIL, AND CROP RESPONSE TO VARIABLE LOADING fornia Agriculture 27:6-9. OF CANNING WASTES. Presented at American Society of Agricultural Engineers meetings at Davis, (20) SHANNON, S., M.T. Virrum, and G.H. GIBBS Calif., June 1976. 1968. IRRIGATING WITH WASTE WATER FROM PRocE:Ss. (31) UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. [NG PLANTS. New York Agricultural Experiment 1974. METHODS FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER Station, Geneva, Cornell University Research Cir- AND WASTES. U.S. Environmental Protection cular No. 10, 9 p. Agency, EPA-625-/6-74-003, 298 p.
(21) SMITH, J.H. (32) WHITE, J.W., JR. 1973.1974. DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL OF WASTE COOKING OILS PROCESSING FRUIT AND VEGETABLE WASTES. In USED IN POTATO PROCESSING. Journal of Environ- Symposium on Processing Agricultural and Muni- mental Quality 3(3):279-281. cipal Wastes, G.E. Inglett, editor, p. 129-142.
12 CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORT 25, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
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