International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:17 No:02 13 Technoculture Principle in Random Check for Indonesian Ships to Ensure Ship’s Seaworthiness Dicky R. Munaf, Ph.D Lecturer at the Research Group in Humanity Institut Teknologi Bandung,

Abstract-- A State has a number of duties over ships flying its must be developed in order to achieve an effective and efficient flag, among other things, is to ensure that every ship complies with transportation system, and also to support the establishment of a the safety standards. As a country with vast area of waters, it is dynamic and stable national distribution system. inevitable that sea transport plays an important role in Indonesia's economic development. The Indonesian Shipping Act which has Maritime safety situation in Indonesia been enacted in 2008 covers, among others, standards and According to a definition from Wikipedia, Maritime safety regulations on maritime safety and security. In the past, Indonesia's is concerned with the protection of life and property through reputation in managing its safety record getting improved now due regulation, management and technology development of all forms to some efforts made by the government. In addition to mandatory of waterborne transportation [3]. As a country with two thirds of inspections that a ship must undergo, to ensure the safety standards its territory consists of waters, in the past Indonesia's reputation are met, the government also conducts random safety checks during was not satisfactory in managing maritime safety in the field. Due heavy traffic in particular seasons in selected locations. Findings are to its geographical condition, either seafarers or maritime users followed-up accordingly, as the random check, considering Technoculture Prinsiples, is also used as a corrective measure for face a complex range of hazards. Ships sailing in Indonesian the ship's operators as well as for safety officials for better waters face the problem of sudden equatorial storms which performance in the future. Unseaworthy ships are requested to resulted in strong local winds, which can easily strike rectify their deficiencies and severe violations of safety standards unsuspecting ships [4]. and regulations result in the banning of the ships from operation, Other problems identified include abundance of coral reefs either temporarily or permanently depending on the severity of the and shallow banks in Indonesian seas, which can be a direct threat violations. to ships and also dangerous waves in bad weather [4]. Shortage of Index Term-- Technoculture, Maritime safety, safety check, lighthouses that can mark natural hazards is another problem, seaworthiness. although actually Indonesia has an extensive network of light houses along its coasts. Data from the Research Center of the INTRODUCTION Ministry of Transportation shows that during 2006-2010 there are The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 678 maritime accidents, where the highest number of sunken ship (UNCLOS 1982) in article 94 contains a provision on duties of is 36.43%. State over ships flying its flag. It is written that, among other The regulation of marine safety in Indonesia is the things, "Every State shall effectively exercise its jurisdiction and responsibility of the Directorate of Marine Safety, a branch of control in administrative, technical and social matters over ships the Directorate General of Sea Transportation of Ministry of flying its flag". Further the provision states that "Every State Transportation (DGST) [4]. Current data from the Ministry of shall take such measures for ships flying its flag as are necessary Transportation shows that until February 2014 the total number to ensure safety at sea with regard, inter alia, to the construction, of Indonesian flagged ships is 13,244. In seeking to improve equipment and seaworthiness of ships" [1]. Indonesia's capacity to uphold international standards of marine These provisions are elaborated further in a number of safety, Directorate of Marine Safety has focused their attention technical conventions, which are produced by the United Nation particularly on the seaworthiness of vessels [4]. For ships (UN) technical body dealing with maritime matters, the sailing international voyages, Indonesia applies regulations and International Maritime Organization (IMO). In Indonesia sea standards according to Convention of Safety of Life at Sea transportation plays a vital role in nation-wide development. It (SOLAS Convention), which includes inspections by flag serves as a means of transport both for mobility of people and States as well as through a mechanism of Port State Control cargo and of connecting islands, as a means to improve national inspections. economy, as a means to support other sectors, to increase and To ensure ship's seaworthiness, Shipping Act No. 17/2008 equalize people’s prosperity, to increase national product and Government Regulation No. 52/2002 on Ship's Safety competitiveness, and to strengthen national integration and stipulate that a ship since its inception (design), construction, unity. service at sea until the end of its commercial time (scrapped) As one of the UNCLOS 1982 signatories, Indonesia shall be inspected and tested by the safety inspector assigned to has incorporated the maritime safety provisions in its legislation it, in terms of technical condition as well safety aspect. Those through the Shipping Act No. 17 year 2008. The Act contains 22 mandatory inspections include: initial inspection, annual chapters and 355 articles, with eight new chapters regulating, inspection, renewal inspection, interval inspection, extraordinary among others, mortgages and loans, maritime safety and inspection and inspections due to damage and repair [5]. Each security, the harbor master and the establishment of a sea and one is conducted according to the national standards and coast guard [2]. The Act states that shipping activities such as guidelines for ship inspection. Upon successful inspection a ship water surface transport, port affairs, marine safety and security, shall be issued with a safety certificate. In addition, a ship is also as well as marine environmental protection are an integral part of inspected prior to be classed in a classification society as it is the national transportation system, and its potentials and roles mandated by the law.

170402-6565- IJBAS-IJENS @ April 2017 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:17 No:02 14 In the ideal world such on-schedule inspections will must be given extra attention for the reason that it will affect the ensure the compliance to safety standards by ships and ship ship's performance and cause high cost of maintenance. The operators. However, additional measures are still needed to bottom line is, in shipping, the most important factor is the ship's make sure that everybody plays by the rules. One of the seaworthiness to ensure safety at sea during commercial measures is the random safety check to domestic passenger operation, regardless of the age of the ship, although there is a ships, which usually is conducted in seasons with the heaviest regulation limiting the operational age of a ship, which is traffic. maximum 20 years for tankers and 25 years for passenger ships. An example of standard violations according to the DGST found Random safety check during peak seasons during the random checks, among other things, is misplacement of In Indonesia there are several peak seasons for maritime life saving appliances and firefighting equipments. Ships have transport in a year namely: end of fasting month celebration (eid actually already been equipped with them, but to avoid being ul fitr), school holiday (June-July), Christmas and New Year’s removed (stolen) by passengers, those equipments are placed in holidays. The peak travelling season is during the eid ul fitr incorrect locations. Other violations include non-functional fire holiday, which usually involves a massive people movement alarm manual activation, improper painter rope and Hydrostatic throughout the country. According to data from the Ministry of Release Unit (HRU) and the Cradle stopper which could not be Communication and Information, in 2014 a total of 13.1 million opened and operated. There was also a case where the crew names passengers and 225.5 million ton of cargoes were transported by didn’t match the crew manifest, which in an emergency situation sea in Indonesia [6]. During the eid ul fitr holiday the number of can be fatal. Accuracy of crew names is essential in indicating who people travelling by sea in 2014 was 1.573.986. This year it is holds the authority in certain functions of the ships. Moreover, estimated that there will be a 3% increase in sea transportation some ships were found deformed due to collision but still in full passengers or 1.67 million. To cope with the increase, the operation, while others were found having deficiencies in government of Indonesia has prepared 1.264 ships which navigational aids, ramp door and lashing as well as a case of increased from 1.259 ships in 2014, starting to operate from overcapacity. Types of ships checked included ferry, passenger Dday-15 to Dday+15. The ships are coming from private ship ship, high speed craft, cargo ship, and special passenger ship companies as well as the government owned companies [7]. serving remote islands (kapal perintis). Items included in the checks were life saving appliances, firefighting equipment, According to a press release from the Directorate General of machinery, nautical and radio equipment. Besides checking, it Sea Transportation Ministry of Transportation (DGST), to is necessary as well to conduct safety oversight. anticipate the increase and to provide a better service to A data from DGST shows that in a random safety check in passengers, DGST has for several years conducted random safety 2009, out of 39 ships checked only 3 ships complied with the checks on ships from all companies serving domestic routes. This national ship safety standard. However, the remaining 36 ships is to ensure that all ships serving during the peak seasons are were actually seaworthy but had a number of minor deficiencies seaworthy. Locations of the checks vary from year to year. In which needed to be rectified on the spot. 2014 the random safety check was conducted in Port of Findings were followed-up accordingly, as the random Tanjungpriok (), Port of Tanjung Perak (Surabaya, East check was also used as a corrective measure for the ship's Province), Port of Tanjung Emas (, operators as well as for the DGST apparatus such as harbor Province),Port of Merak ( Province), and Port of Lembar masters and marine inspectors, so that in the future they will (West Nusa Tenggara Province). Marine safety inspectors for the perform their duties according to the safety standards. checks were dispatched from the Headquarters of DGST as well Unseaworthy ships were requested to rectify their deficiencies as from the Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia (the Indonesian within 15 days prior to the operation. At this stage is a 'yellow Classification Society) [8]. card' for them as a warning and a 'red card' if the deficiencies Those who do not comply with safety standards will be persisted after the deadline. Severe violations of safety regulations immediately requested to comply. The requirements also apply resulted in the banning of the ships from operation, either to ship operators who have not equipped their ships with safety temporarily or permanently depending on the severity of the equipments such as fire extinguisher, life jackets, etc. Random violations. safety check is functioning to find out the ship seaworthiness and Random checks, based on Technoculture principles [9] to ensure that all safety standards are met. This activity has been have also been conducted during Christmas and New Year in the DGST agendas as a realization of the road map to zero holidays, as they involve a large number of people movements accident. as well. From a data collected by the Ministry of Transportation, 30% of ships operating in Indonesia nowadays CONCLUSION are categorized as aging ships. However, the Director General of One of the maritime expert regards the random safety check Sea Transportation asserted that in utilizing ships, age is not the conducted by the Indonesian government as an effort to improve only factor that determines seaworthiness. Ships of any age, as the international credibility of Indonesian flagged ships, either long as they are well-maintained and well-equipped according to serving domestically or internationally. He expected the national standards, are safe to sail. In this context, the owner's government to submit routine reports to IMO on the results of the role is crucial. The owners must pay attention to the capacity of random safety checks to inform the world of the measures taken their ships and must routinely conduct safety checks or docking by the government in ensuring marine safety in Indonesia. He also to ensure the best service is delivered to their customers while at underlines that the government should not compromise in sea. implementing the safety standards, particularly with regard to The DGST added, naturally every ship will experience ferries, passenger ships or cargo ships flying Indonesian flag. reduction of its capacity throughout the years of service; and this According to him, scheduled random checks will enhance and

170402-6565- IJBAS-IJENS @ April 2017 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:17 No:02 15 complement the mandatory inspections, so he expects they are not only conducted during peak seasons but also in other occasions throughout the year. The random checks will also improve the international reputation of the Indonesian government as it indicates the seriousness to uphold the domestic marine safety standards. In order to support such effort, harbor masters throughout the country are requested to only issue the port clearance based on the ship's full compliance to the safety standards, not on anything else He understands that many ship operators are not happy with the result of the random checks. However, he is hopeful that they will realize the importance of fulfilling their obligations on safety aspect, one way or the other, as responsible ship owners. The Indonesian government greatly expects that the marine safety measures are conducted not only as a form of response, but also more importantly as a preventive action. Such measures must be manageable so that the maritime transport sector in Indonesia will be able to achieve the national goal of zero accident.

BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm on January 14, 2001 [2] Tunggal, Hadi Setia. Act No.17 Year 2008 Shipping. Harvarindo,2008 (in Bahasa Indonesia) [3] Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/category:Maritime Safety on 18 August 2011 [4] Cribb, Robert and Michele Ford (Eds). Indonesia Update Series: Indonesia Beyond the Water's Edge. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009 [5] Editors. Act No 17 Year 2008 about Shipping. Indonesia Legal Center Publishing, 2010. (in Bahasa Indonesia) [6] Retrieved from http://kominfonewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&vie w=article&id=1122:penum pang-angkutan-laut-2010-mencapai-71- juta-orang-jumlah-barang-1093-jutaton&catid=38:ekonomi-dan- dunia-usaha&Itemid=37 on 19 August 2011. [7] Retrieved from http://m.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/638823/uji-petik-kapal-laut- dilakukan-h-15-lebaran [8] Retrieved from http://www.dephub.goid/read/berita/direktorat- jenderal-perhubunganlaut/4630 on 19 August 2011. [9] Munaf,DR and Veraningsih, M, “ Technoculture Approach in Facing the Transnational Threat”, Journal Of Regional and City Planning, Vol 77, No 3, PP 251 – 259, December 2016

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