SUBJECT INDEX

Advection, correction for- 730 surface temperature 764 Aircraft observations 355 Cloud-top heights 765 Alpine cyclogenesis, Comma 251, 265, 267 convective 64 Convection, Benard 497 long lasting 64 in constant vertical missed 64 " shear 481 Alps 318 in a non-constant Arctic instability low 249 " vertical shear 487 Atmospheric "bomb" 270 , deep 451, 454 Averaging 606 " " " mesoscale " ,grid 689 dynamics of 451 Backscattering cross-section elevated 545 713 " numerical simulation Baroclinic disturbances 35 " of 447, 464, 488 " instability 55 organized 452, 455, for localized " 476 " steep mountains , severe, synoptic and 95, 100 " mesoscale condit• Bayerischer Wald 316 ions 513 Blocking, Euro-Atlantic 64 " , steady 462 Bora 62 6 Boundary condition 473, 739 modeling 577 Boundary layer meteorology 603 " storms, severe 507, Boundary layer, trade-wind 378 " 531 Breaking waves 342 Cold front, surface 67 Bubble theory 359 Coordinates, z, p, 0 457 Bulk transfer coefficients 655 COPT 81 West African tropical experiment 747 Capping inversion 597, 599 Covariance 13 CISK (Conditional Instability Cumulonimbus, mid-latitude 454 of the Second Kind) 251, 274, ensembles 551 355, 559 Cumulus clouds, Closure, first order 793 early aircraft observations " ,turbulence 639, 651, 663 355 Cloud motion and wind field 766 entity models 417

777 778 SUBJECT INDEX

entrainment hypothesis 355 hypothesis 355 laboratory and experimental , lateral 447 interactions 399 Equatorial trough 386 numerical models, observations Erosion 400 and entrainment 413 Extra-tropical hurricane 271, 274 Cumulus convection, interaction with large scale 551 Filtering and interpolating 725 Cumulus momentum transports 378 Finland 285 Cumulus parameterization 560 Forcing, synoptic scale 25 Cumulus role in tropical circu- From drag 83, 104 lations 375 Frontal model, Bjerknes 175 Cyclogenesis in lee of Alps 55 Frontal zone, upper air 68, 73 Cyclogenesis, Mediterranean and Frontogenesis 175 Alpine, general Frontogenetic process 77 description 58 Frontogenetical tendency 43 , secondary 55, 85, Fronts, coastal 199 " 95, 102 Mediterranean 56 " , mid-tropospheric, Data assimilation, variational 160 " structure and mechanism Density currents 211,349,452, " of 182 485, 491 , observation of 175 Dischma Valley 671 " , surface boundary layer 192 Disturbance growth, convective " , surface, mechanism of 178 or absolute 90, 94 " Doppler radar 711 Garrett-Munk model 21 " , dual 591, 721 GATE (GARP Atlantic Tropical " ", triple 720 Experiment) 50 Doppler spectrum measurements 717 Geostrophic adjustment 163 Drag, aerodynamic 400 Giant cumulonimbus 375, 386 Dry line 519 GOES-VAS satellites 772 Dynamic seeding hypothesis 423 Gravity (density) current 211 Gravity waves 473, 523, 545 Eddy coefficients 694, 697 " '" linear theory 293 " exchange coefficients 381 Group velocity 298 Ekman pumping 376, 566 Energetics 77, 110 Head cloud"272, 275 " , mesoscale theory, Heat low, Alpine 321, 333 Green-Dalu 211 Helicity 535 Energy, available potential and Himalayan treatment 149 kinetic 480 Hori~ontal shear vortices 276 budget, surface 604 Hot tower hypothesis 375, 386 " dissipation rate 720 flux 303 " , kinetic, spectrum of 1, Iceland 316 " 13 Inertial range of turbulence 536 propagation 551 Inertio-gravity waves 551 transport, upscale 21 Initialization, four dimensional wave 302 159 Entrainment 401, 416 Initialization of mesoscale models " , cloud-top 447 143, 157 normal mode 162 " , dynamic 438 " SUBJECT INDEX 779

Inn River 676 Mean flow patterns 44 Instability, baroclinic 55 Measurement science 603 Eady type 76 Mediterranean front 56 for localized steep mountains Mesocyclone 525 95, 100 Mesoscale disturbances in cold Instability, conditional 552 air masses 247 symmetric 231 Mesoscale, dynamical definition of 1 " circulation Meteosat 761 theorems 234 Microwave techniques 771 " ,example of 240 Mistral 62 Instability, convective 6 Mixed layer 617 Kelvin-Helmholtz 6 Mixed layer models 628 " , non-geostrophic, " Models, three-dimensional 700 baroclinic with Moments, second order 689, 699 mountains 104 Momentum flux and pressure forces, , orographic 98 equivalence 301 " , symmetric 7, 217, " Momentum transport, cumulus 378 526 Morning glory 339, 349 conditions " Motion, scale of 1 leading to Mountain waves, linear theory 293 occurrence hydrostatic 313 228 Mountain waves. mesoscale 313 parcel des- " criptions 217 National Severe Storm Forecast Integration, implicit, semi• Center (NSSFC) 507 implicit, split-explicit Newtonian relaxation method of 471 initialization 144 Interaction between condensation Nimbus satellite system 760 and dynamical processes 577 Nonlinear wave 339 Interfacial layer 624 Normal mode and mesoscale Intermittency 18 initialization 247 Internal gravity waves, linear North Atlantic 339 theory 293 Northern Australia 339, 349 Isentropic analysis 69 Norwegian Sea 247 Juan de Fuca Strait 676 Numerical experiments, idealized on cyclogenesis 116 Kelvin-Helmholtz instability Numerical modeling, PBL 681, 702 one-dimensio• 6, 277 " " Kinetic energy, spectrum of 1, nal 577,587 three dimen• 13 " " Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers sional 577, 587 equation 293 Numerical models, two and three• dimensional 413, 432 Least square fit 592, 595 Numerical simulation models, Lee waves 309 mesoscale, initialization of Local equilibrium 617 157 Local winds - Mistral, Bora, Payraz 62 three-dimensional 492, 591 780 SUBJECT INDEX

Numerical simulations 499 Remotely sensed data 157 EERM 137 Rhine, upper 677 fine grid 127 Richardson number 76, 207, 466, HIBD model 132 695 real cases of cyclogenesis Roll cloud 339 116 Rossby number 6, 76, 82 with operational global model Rotating hodograph 534 123 Rotation, effects of in Benard convection 499 Orographic effects 55 Orographic instability 98 Satellite data, analysis tech- niques and applications 755 Pacific Ocean, Northern 205 Scale analysis 75 Parameterization, PBL 651, 660 Scale interactions 393 " , cumulus 560 Scale, preferred radial for of condensation cumulus 425 " 577 Scale separation 551 , sub-grid scale Scales of motion 1, 393 " 577 Sea breeze 321, 327, 342, 349 Payraz 62 Seeding, dynamic 423 PBL (Planetary Boundary Layer) Simulatiori models, 3-dimensional 603, 681 532 PBL, convective 613 Similarity theory, Monin-Obukhov PBL heat flux 596 651, 656 PBL, parameterization 651, 660, SMS-GOES system 760 682 Snowbands 285 " , stably stratified 635 Solitary wave 342 " , unstable 591 Sound waves, filtering of 470 Perturbation equations 294 Spectral gap 3 Plume experiments 399, 408 Squall lines 454 Polar-air depression 249 " '" tropical 456, 490 Polar low 248 Stability analysis, linear 220 as a CISK phenomenon 251 STREX (Storm Transfer and Response 770 Experiment) 205 Pressure, dynamic 464, 466 Structure function 13 " ,non-hydrostatic 465 Superce lIs 532 " ,perturbation 425 Surface fluxes 653 Probability function 13 Surface layer 616 Project PHOENIX 591 Surface temperature 762 Propagation speed 466 Symmetric instability 7 Synoptic scale forcing 25 Quasi-geostrophic theory 34 Synoptic scale systems, Q-vector techniques 82 temperature 32 temperature and stability Radar observations 285 tendency tIl Radar reflectivity 711 vertical motion 34 Radius of deformation 1 Rainbands 231 Taylor hypothesis 16, 206 Rayleigh-Taylor instability 277 Taylor number 557 Reflection and resonance 304 Terminal fall velocity 716, 719 SUBJECT INDEX 781

Temperature and moisture profiles 767 Thermal depression 59 Thermal experiments 416 Thunderstorm project 356 Thunderstorms, elevated 545 " , rotating 531 TIROS-NOAA series 757 Topographic forcing 321 Tornado intensity, Fujita scale 510 Tornado soundings 517 Tornadoes 507 " ,climatology of 508 " ,gust front 538 Trade wind boundary layer 378 Trade wind cumuli 356 Trade wind moisture and heat budgets 383 Triggering mechanisms 522 Tropical circulation; large scale 43 Tropical circulations 375 problem 562 Tropical cyclones 47 Tropical waves 49 Turbulence closure 639, 651, 663 Turbulence, two-dimensional 16 Two-layer fluid 401

Undular bore 343, 350

Valley flow 671 Valley winds 322 Van Zandt model 21 Variational objective analysis 726, 739 Vertical velocity computation 73 Vortex-pair, cumulus-scale 435 equation 78

Wave-CISK 567 Wave dispersion equation 294 Wave energy 302 Wave groups 298 Wave, non-linear 339 West Africa 747 Wind field analysis 711 Wind hodograph, anticlockwise rotation of 705