การประชุมวิชาการและนําเสนอผลงานวิชาการเครือขายงานวิจัยนิเวศวิทยาปาไมประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 5 คณะวนศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร ระหวางวันที่ 16 - 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2558

Plant Diversity and Utilization on Ethnobotany of local people in Ban Mhong Doi Pui at Doi Suthep- Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province

Sutheera Hermhuk1 Witchaphart Sungpalee1 Aumporn Panmongkol2 Dokrak Marod3 and Arerut Yarnvudhi3* 1Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, San Sai, Chiang Mai, 2 Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai province, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Conservation 3Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand * Corresponding author; E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract: The study on plant diversity and ethnobotany was conducted in montane forest of Hmong hill tribe at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province during June to September 2015. The objectives aimed to explore in the utilization montane forest (UMF) compared to that in the natural montane forest (NMF), and utilization of and their conservation by the community concerned. To this end, two sampling plots, 20 x 50 m, were established in both UMF and NMF. All trees with diameter at breast height larger than 1 cm were measured and identified. In addition, the information of plant utilization from the natural forest was also carried out by interviewed from ethnobotanists, herbal healers, and hunters of Hmong Doi Pui village. The result showed that In total, 53 families, 98 genera and 133 species of plants were found in the study areas of these, 32 families, 72 genera and 90 species were existed in the NMF, while 29 families, 51 genera and 71 species in the UMF . Tree distribution pattern based on diameter class in the two forest areas was found to be in a negative exponential growth form. Indicating they can be maintained their forest structure in the future. However, considering the distribution of saplings, DBH < 5 cm, , it was discovered that bell-shape form was found in the UMF. Indicting the effected of ethnobotanical used on plant regeneration was detected. The highest ethnobotanical used of local people was a food group (39 species), while the lowest was a dying color group (6 species). The most utilized species was Castanopsis diversifolia, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, and Diplazium esculentum.Regarding sustainable use of the UMF, the agroforestry should be promoted by planted the utilized speciesin their agricultural areas or used as a buffer zone between the forest and agricultural areas.

Keyword: Plant diversity, Ethnobotany, Hmong Doi Pui village, Sustainable natural resource management

Oral presentation หนา 1 การประชุมวิชาการและนําเสนอผลงานวิชาการเครือขายงานวิจัยนิเวศวิทยาปาไมประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 5 คณะวนศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร ระหวางวันที่ 16 - 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2558

Introduction Thus, this research aimed to clarify; 1) to Local communities have long utilized on compare plant biodiversity and utilization of forest products, since they established from ethnobotany between Hmong’s utilization forest houses to communities. Most of utilized plants and natural forest, and 2) to create the suitable were collected from forest adjacent to the management plan for community forest. communities, and used for their basic needs. Nowadays, some natural forest products were Materials and Methods over exploited regardless their renewable, 1. Study area especially. In the communities situated in or All study was done at the Doi Suthep- adjacent to natural forest, for instance Hmong, Pui National Park, Chiang Mai. It is located in the Karen, and some hill tribes in northern Thailand. mountainous areas of the Thanon Thong Chai Hmong communities in the Doi Suthep-Pui Range with latitude ranged from 330 – 1,685 m National Park, Chiang Mai province settled down asl, The average annual rainfall and temperature during the time when the road to Pra That Doi ranged from 1,350-2,500 mm and 2 – 23 °C, Suthep temple was constructed around 1942, respectively. Four forest types were found; while the Hmong established their community 1) deciduous dipterocarp forest occupied on the around 1950. Doi Suthep-Pui was declared as the ridge with altitude ranged from 330-900 m asl., National Park in 1981, then, Royal Forest and dominance species comprised with Shorea Department demarcated these communities and obtusa, Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, D. part of shifting cultivation’s areas to be out of obtusifolius, Quercus kerrii, and Gluta glabra; 2) the national park’s (Sutthipibul, 2010). However, mixed deciduous forest scattered in the area the communities continued to use forest ranged from 330–600 m asl., and dominance products from natural forests for various species comprised with Pterocarpus purposes such as food, fuel wood, dying color, macrocarpus, Xylia xylocarpa, and Terminalia and herbs, which known as ethnobotany. mucronata, while bamboos dominated in Many researches on forest succession middle canopy; 3) dry evergreen forest mostly after abandoned or shifting cultivation areas in occupied in the valley with ranged from at 400– Doi Suthep Puihave been extensively studied 1,000 m asl., and dominance species comprised (Asanok et al., 2002; Khamyong and with Dipterocarpus baudii, Mangifera caloneura, Seramethakhun, 1998; Marod et al., 2014). and Cratoxylum cochinchinense; and 4) lower However, there is less concerned for utilization montane forest mostly found at above 1,000 m based on ethnobotany which can be considered asl., and comprised with Castanopsis tribuloides, as local wisdom. This knowledge may be useful C. acuminatissima, Magnolia garrettii, Anneslea to assess for self-subsistence and commercial fragrans, and (Aksornkaoe and purposes of local people, in addition, contribute Bonyawat, 1977; Marod et al., 2014) to ecological niche of utilized plant species The communities located in the Doi (Martin, 1995). The Doi Suthep-Pui National Park Suthep Pui National Park were divided into two is also one of the important watersheds in groups, northern Thai and Hmong tribe. The northern Thailand, and also comprised of many northern Thai community situated in the area in endemic species, then, no limited use or over front of Pra That Doi Suthep temple; the exploited would cause to local extinction. members of this community moved in around 1942 during the construction of the road to the

Oral presentation หนา 2 การประชุมวิชาการและนําเสนอผลงานวิชาการเครือขายงานวิจัยนิเวศวิทยาปาไมประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 5 คณะวนศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร ระหวางวันที่ 16 - 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2558 temple, and settled down here after the based on interviewed from ethnobotanists, construction was completed. The Hmong at Doi herbal healers, and villagersof Hmong Doi Pui Pui and Khun Chang Khian communities migrated village. The utilized plant purpose was divided from , practicing shifting cultivation along into seven groups followed Trisonthi (1991) and the way. Before permanently settled in the Doi Smitinand and Nanakorn (1991); 1) for foods, 2) Pui area around 1950 (Department of Tourism, for herbs, 3) for dying and threads, 4) for timbers 2014). Presently, the Hmong Doi Pui community and fuel wood 5) for traditional culture, 6) for consists of 212 households, practicing permanent poisons, and 7) for general uses. mono-cropping for instant lychee, longan, 3. Data analysis tomato, and temperate fruits. In addition, the 3.1 Importance value index (IVI) was community members also sell the forest minor derived from the summation of relative density products to local market. (RD), relative dominance (RDo), and relative 2. Data collection frequency (RF), which were computed based on Two study areas, utilization montane basal area (Ba), density (D), dominance (Do), and forest(UMF) and natural montane forest (NMF) frequency (F) (Marod and Kutintara, 2009). were selected. Two sampling plots, 20 x 50 m, 3.2 Plant diversity was computed using the were established in both study areas, and sub- Shannon - Weiner index (Kent, 2012) plots of 10 x 10 m were divided (Figure 1). All s / trees with diameter at breast height, DBH, larger H =- (pi)iln (pi) than 1 cm were measured and identified in i=1 / every sub-plot. The specimens of unidentified H = Shannon-Weiner diversity index, s is the tree species was collected to identify based on number of species, pi is the proportion of th identified specimens at the Office of the Forest individuals or the abundance of the i species, Herbarium, Department of National Parks, and In = log basen Wildlife, and Plant Conservation. 3.3 Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on data concerning ages and genders of Hmong community members who used plants from the forest. A

B

FIGURE 1 Distribution of sampling plots () at Doi Sutep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai province were showed (A). Sample plot, 20 × 50 m and was divided into subplots of 10×10 m (B). In addition, the information of plant utilization from the natural forest was also carried out

Oral presentation หนา 3 การประชุมวิชาการและนําเสนอผลงานวิชาการเครือขายงานวิจัยนิเวศวิทยาปาไมประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 5 คณะวนศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร ระหวางวันที่ 16 - 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2558

Result and discussion pioneer species rapidly occupied and supported 1. Species composition to higher diversity of Shannon-Weiner index than In total, 53 families, 98 genera, and 133 in NMF. Indicating, pioneer species can be species of plants were found with tree density distributed and scattered in Doi Suthep Piu and basal area (with DBH >4.5 cm) of 1,210 national park where disturbance occurred (Marod individual. ha-1, and 33.87 m2.ha-1, respectively. et al., 2014). Considering to plant species existed in UMF and Considering on forest regeneration NMF can be described as follows. based on diameter class distribution of plant 1) Natural montane evergreen forest (DBH > 1 cm), a negative exponential growth (NMF): In total, 32 families, 72 genera, and 90 form or L-shape was found in both UMF and species of plants were found with density and NMF (Figure 2 (A - B). Indicating both areas can basal area of 1,325 individual. ha-1, and 33.77 be maintaining their forest structure which the m2.ha-1, respectively. The dominance species small trees can be replaced to big trees in the based on the IVI (%) was Castanopsis (Bunyavejchewin et al., 2001; Ogawa et al., acuminatissima (57.91 %), Litsea martabarnica 1965). However, at the distribution pattern of (22.07 %), Schima wallichii (19.72 %), Eriobotrya sapling stage which was high sensitive on bengalensis (11.76 %), Castanopsis tribuloides disturbances, a bell-shape was detected only in (9.82 %), Olea salicifolia (9.63%), Persea gamblei UMF (Figure 2 C and D). Indicating the (7.25 %), Myrsine seguinii (6.81 %), Lithocarpus regeneration of sapling stage was not good when dealbatus (6.74 %), and Symplocos sulcata (6.70 compared to NMF. Most of sapling stage was the %). In addition plant diversity bay Shannon- pioneer species which short life-span, for instant, Weiner index was 3.36. Erythrina stricta, , Litsea 2) Utilization montane forest (UNF): In monopetalaand , etc. total, 29 families, 51 genera, and 71 species of 2. Ethnobotany in Hmong Doi Pui plants were found with density and basal area of village 1,075 individual.ha-1, and 34.15 m2.ha-1, Based on interview data, it was found that respectively. The dominance species based on the members of the Hmong Doi Pui village the IVI (%) was lanceolarium (37.48 collected forest minor products at least once a %), Litsea beusekomii (20.89%), Schima wallichii week (90 % of total interviewers). Most of them (15.85 %), Erythrina stricta (14.57 %), Macaranga participating in this activity were at the age of 40 indica (12.98 %), Turpinia cochinchinensis (11.86 or above (or 96.7 % of total interviewers). The %), Croton persimilis (11.77 %), utilized plants were mainly found during the (11.15 %), Litsea martabarnica (9.15 %), and rainy season. These plants can be classified into Clausena excavate (8.13 %). In addition plant 21 families, 71 genera, and 86 species. They can diversity bay Shannon-Weiner index was 3.60. also be grouped into ethnobotany as follows: Regarding tree density and basal areas existing in the two forest areas, it was observed that the NMF had higher density and basal areas than in UMF.This is because the latter was high disturbed areas by over cut for local utilization. Consequently, large vacant space was created and faced to microclimate changes. Then, many

Oral presentation หนา 4 การประชุมวิชาการและนําเสนอผลงานวิชาการเครือขายงานวิจัยนิเวศวิทยาปาไมประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 5 คณะวนศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร ระหวางวันที่ 16 - 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2558

800 200 NMF UMF 600 A 150 B 400 100 200 50 0 0 5 … … … … … … … … ------10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 5 1 ------10 1 - >50.1 5.1 10.1 15.1 20.1 25.1 30.1 35.1 40.1 45.1 >50.1 10.1 15.1 20.1 25.1 30.1 35.1 40.1 45.1 5.1 400 50 UMF NMF D 300 C 40 30 200 20 100 10 0 0 1-2 2.1-3 3.1-4 4.1-5 1-2 2.1-3 3.1-4 4.1-5

Figure 2 Diameter class distribution of tree in natural montane evergreen forest, NMF and community forest, UMF, at Doi Suthep Pui national park.

Oral presentation หนา 5 การประชุมวิชาการและนําเสนอผลงานวิชาการเครือขายงานวิจัยนิเวศวิทยาปาไมประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 5 คณะวนศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร ระหวางวันที่ 16 - 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2558

1. Food group: there were 39 species Nowadays, local wisdom on dying based on with two main groups – a) wild fruits such as natural resource capitals is disappearing from Baccaurea ramiflora, Mangifera caloneura, the community as its members increasingly Phyllanthus emblica, Protium serratum, etc.; use modern clothing, while chemical dyes are and b) local vegetative such as Diplazium readily available and inexpensive. At the same esculentum, Ficus fistulosa, Flemingia lineate, time, those with knowledge on traditional Lasia spinosa, etc. These plants could be dying and weaving almost disappeared with collected from the beginning to mid of the no contribute to young generation. rainy season. The Hmong also grew various 4. Tradition group: there were nine wild plants in their lychee orchards and/or the species which were mostly used in rituals by community’s agricultural areas; for instance, families practicing ancestor worship. For Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Diplazium example, Pavetta indica was always used in esculentum and Family of Zingeberaceae. rituals of auspicious ceremony to ‘inform’ the 2. Herb group: there were 16 species ancestors, while shoot of Bombax anceps was most of which were boiled and liquid from placed on the ear of a person who fell ill with the boiling process was used as traditional unknown causes. Flowers from the Rubiaceae medicine for pain relief and restorative. The family [Ixora sp. and Rothmannia sootepensis] plants can be further classified into various were also related to ancestor worship as they utilized such as for restorative (e.g. Betula were used during burial ceremony. In the alnoides, Cryptolepis dubia, Globba past, large trees, especially family of nisbetiana, and Neuropeltis racemosa), for Magniliaceae [e.g. Magnolia baillonii and M. fever relief [e.g. Thunbergia laurifolia and garrettii] were cut to make coffin, as it was Tithonia diversifolia], and for healing and body believed as auspicious trees which the anti - infective [e.g. Adiantum erylliae, ancestors’ spirits would help their descendant Chromolaena odorata, and Ricinus to be prosperous. Recently, a common coffin communis]. Those with knowledge in this has increasingly been used for burial regard were mostly herbal healers who ceremony. collected the plants concerned to treat the 5. Poisonous group: there were seven community members. species utilized by the community. For 3. Dying and thread group: six instance, the resin of Antiaris toxicaria was species were found. The community members applied on a dart used for hunting; however, grew these plants in the community areas or this plant was rarely found in the CF. Some at the buffer zones between the forest and plants were used as poison; for example, the agricultural areas. The utilized plant species vine of Mucuna macrocarpa was chopped for thread were family of Malvaceae [e.g. and filled into the river to kill the fish. This Sterculia macrophylla, S. urena, and S. poison, however, has no effect on human. villosa]. The bark of them was removed and Some species, Mallotus barbatus and made as rope for agricultural or religious Dendrocnide sp., had high irritated for human purposes, e.g. While, three plant species were by their poisonous covered on leaves or used for dying; Tephrosia purpurea for blue branches. To achieve their effect, leaf and color, and heartwood of Artocarpus chama branch litters will be burnt, then, smoked and A. lacucha for yellow to brown color. from their burnt initiated the irritation.

Oral presentation หนา 6 การประชุมวิชาการและนําเสนอผลงานวิชาการเครือขายงานวิจัยนิเวศวิทยาปาไมประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 5 คณะวนศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร ระหวางวันที่ 16 - 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2558

6. Timber and fuel wood group: Brachiaria distachya were used to animal there were 25 species; most of which were feeds. found in the NMF adjacent to the village. Forest use continues to be part of the Effort instant, Castanopsis diversifolia, C. Hmong’s everyday life; this use is now under acuminatissima, and Schima wallichii were control and direction from the Doi Suthep-Pui common used for construction, however, National Park. At the same time, the Hmong there were low strength of wood. Instead of community also manages forest resources these species, the local people preferred to using a village committee to oversee the use deciduous tree species, i.e. Protium utilization of forests surrounding the serratum, Canarium euphyllum, and C. community, while forest areas are clearly subulatum for house construction because it demarcated and specified for particular use, had high strength and beautiful color of e.g. community forest and burial area. The wood.In addition, some species also used for management protocol was initiated by the agricultural tools, including Memecylon participation of local people and the National plebejum, and Tristaniopsis burmanica. Park. However, the carrying capacity of Regarding fuel wood, Gluta glabra, and community forest areas is still being under Semecarpus cochinchinensis were used for estimated from Hmong village. Then, the charcoal production as the resulting charcoal community members still have to find and was of high quality and normally utilized in collect utilized plants from natural forest, the forge. Currently, fuel wood was still in high leading to conflicts with the national park demand; the community members had to officers. These conflicts more or less have collect fallen trees or cut the trees from the impacts on co-management such as the patrol natural forest for cooking and curing tea. on illegal cutting or collecting the forest minor However, some species still be lived after products by the outsiders, and forest fire used, for instant, the people chopped the prevention. Unlike the Hmong community, the bark of tree pine, Pinus kesiya, for their fuel or northern Thai community faced fewer sell in the Hmong’s local market. problems regarding forest utilization and 7. Other utilized purposes: there disturbance. This may be because the were 15 species that do not fit in the groups northern Thais have different occupations and mentioned above, but the community ways of life. Similarly, Noitana et al. (2013) members also used them in for various reported that the Hmong in Na Noi District, purposes. For instance, Musa acuminata was Nan Province, relied on nearby forest, used as food and also animal feeds – banana especially for food and bamboo, and stem was for pigs, while its leave were used to converted preservation forest into agricultural wrap foods or to make a floating basket for areas. In contrast, Khamfachuea et al. (2010) various ceremonies. Some bamboos, including found that the Karen community, Pa Pa Ka Yor Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Thyrsostachys tribe, in the Mae Chaem Preservation Forest, siamensis, and Bambusa sp. were utilized for Chiang Mai Province, could create their foods (i.e. bamboo shoots) and crutches (e.g. community regulation with less controlled by the structure frame for agricultural vines, and government. Resulting less conflicts occurred stilt pole for branches of lychee during between the community and officials as the flowering), In addition, Cyperus iria and

Oral presentation หนา 7 การประชุมวิชาการและนําเสนอผลงานวิชาการเครือขายงานวิจัยนิเวศวิทยาปาไมประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 5 คณะวนศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร ระหวางวันที่ 16 - 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2558 latter helped to promote agroforestry in the management committee, and local leaders community’s agricultural areas. would have to collaboratively manage the natural resource capital for their sustained Conclusion yield. The Hmong Doi Pui community utilized the plants from 21 families, 71 genera, Acknowledgement and 86 species for ethnobotany. These plants Faculty of Agricultural Production were highest used for foods (39 species), Maejo University and National Research followed by timber and fuel woods (25 Council of Thailand. species), herbs (16 species), tradition (9 species), poisons (7 species), and dying and Reference thread (6 species). The most common utilized Aksornkaoe, S. and S. Bonyawat. 1977. species were from family of Fagaceae, Pinus Structre of Hill – Evergreen Forest kesiya and bamboos in the community forest along the Altitude at Doi Pui, Chiang and adjacent areas. Regarding local wisdom on Mai. In Kog – Ma Watershed Research ethnobotany, it was declined due to less Bulletin: 32. Department of Forest knowledge transfer from the old to new Conservation Faculty of Forestry generation. Then, recently the community Kasetsart University. (in Thai) members faced on situation of low efficiency Asanok, L., D. Marod and A. Panmongkol. 2002. used on natural resource capital. Resulting the Montane Forest Restoration in illegal utilized still be found in the Doi Pui Thailand: Case Study of Doi Suthep National Park because less conservation was – Pui National Park.60 pp. In done in the Hmong community forest. To Research Report. Department of maintain the natural resource capital for National Park, Wildlife and Plant human living, agroforestry should be Conservation, Bangkok. (in Thai) promoted in Hmong village by the Bunyavejchewin,S. , P.J.Baker, J.V.Lafrankie and government. This can be achieved by induced P.S. Ashton. 2001. Stand structure of a the utilized plant species from the natural seasonal dry Evergreen forest at Huai forest into the community forest. Some native Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, induce species may be planted in the western Thailand. Natural History agricultural areas mixed with other crops, or as Bulletin of the Siam Society. 49: 89 a buffer zone between the forest and – 106. agricultural areas. With this, the community Department of Tourism. 2014. Museum would be enabled to suitably manage its land Hmong Doi Pui Villagers. Available use, while utilization from the natural forest Source: http://www.cbtdatabase.org/. and forest degradation could be reduced in 10 July 2015. (in Thai) the long run. In addition, the local wisdom of Marod, D. and U. Kutintara. 2009. Forest ethnobotany and the community’s culture Ecology. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart could also be preserved. To realize the above University. Aksorn Siam Publ., mentioned, however, the public agencies Bangkok. (in Thai) responsible, particularly the Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, the community’s forest

Oral presentation หนา 8 การประชุมวิชาการและนําเสนอผลงานวิชาการเครือขายงานวิจัยนิเวศวิทยาปาไมประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 5 คณะวนศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร ระหวางวันที่ 16 - 17 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2558

, S. Sangkaew, A. Panmongkal and A. . 2014. Thai Plant Name (Revised Jingjai. 2014. Influences of Edition). Department of National Environmental Factors on Tree Park, Wildlife and Plant Distribution of Lower Montane Conservation, Buddhapress, Evergreen Forest at Doi Sutep-Pui Bangkok. 806 pp. National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Sutthipibul, V. 2010. National Park in Thai Journal of Forestry 33 (3): 23-33 Northern. Department of National Kent, M. 2012. Vegetation Description and Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Analysis A Practical Approach. Bangkok. (in Thai) University of Plymouth, England. Trisonthi, C. 1991. Study and Research of 414 pp. Ethnobotany in Thailand. InThe Khamfachuea, K., P. Trisonthi and C. National Seminar. Library of Trisonthi. 2010. Ethnobotany of the Congress, Bangkok. (In Thai) Karen at Ban Chan and Chaem Luang sub districts, Mae Chaem district, Chiang Mai province. Thai Journal of Botany 2 (Special Issue): 275- 297. (In Thai) Khamyong, S. and D. Seramethakun. 1998. Biodiversity of the forests in the Doi Suthep – Pui National Park Chiang Mai Province, 159 pp. In Research Report. Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai Province. (in Thai) Noitana, P., S. Saipara and K. Khoomput. 2013. Ethnobotany of the Hmong at Nanoi District, Nan Province. Naresuan Phayao Journal 6 (3): 213-219 pp. (in Thai) Martin, G.J. 1995. Ethnobotany: A methods manual. Cambridge University press, Cambridge. Ogawa, H., K. Yoda and T. Kira. 1965. Comparative ecological study on three main types of forest vegetation in Thailand. Structure and floristic4: 1-180. Smitinand, T. and W. Nanakorn. 1991. Ecthnobotany . InThe National Seminar. Library of Congress, Bangkok. (In Thai)

Oral presentation หนา 9