A HANDBOOK
TO MODERN GREEK
EDGAR VINCENT
OOXDSTBEAIi OTTAEDS
AND
T. G. DICKSON
07 ATHSN8
SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON
1919 ' '* ,; ' ) PA
018282 i(]icj
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO
COPYRIGHT
First Edition {Fcap. Bvo), printed 1879
Second {Crown 8vo) 1881, Reprinted 1887, 1893, 1904, 1910, 1919 PEEFACE.
This book has been written, not to prove a theory, but to supply the want of a practical work on Modern Greek.
In its present condition, Modern Greek is of the greatest
interest to the classical student and the philologist, but
hitherto it has (in England at least) been strangely neg-
lected. By many it is believed that a corrupt patois of
Turkish and Italian is now spoken in Greece; and few,
even among professed scholars, are aware how small the
difference is between the Greek of the New Testament and
the Greek of a contemporary Athenian newspaper. The
changes in the language during the last 1800 years are
certainly less important than those which took place in
England between the times of Chaucer and of Shakespeare.
To a traveller in the Levant, a knowledge of Modern
Greek is of the greatest advantage, as it enables him to
dispense with the services of an interpreter. Throughout
the East the principal merchants are Greeks, and in Pera,
the principal quarter of Constantinople where Europeans
reside, Modern Greek is as useful as Turkish.
Another circumstance which renders the language inter-
esting is that every year it is becoming more pure and
classical : Turkish and Italian words are eliminated ; old
grammatical forms, which have been lost for centuries, —
iv Preface.
are again brought into common use ; while vulgarisms
and foreign constructions are discarded.
This change is not confined, as might be supposed, to
the literary classes. Education is widely diffused in Greece,
and the grammar which is taught in the National Primary " Schools {drjiioTiKa axoikua) differs but little from the " Parry
which is taught at Eton, while the young Greek is too
proud of his knowledge to use any but the most classical
phraseology he is acquainted with.
The following are the special features of this work :
The Exercises are composed of sentences constantly used
in ordinary conversation.
The English and Greek of the Exercises are given side
by side for the convenience of those who wish to gain a rapid conversational knowledge.
In the Dialogues (Part II) an endeavour has been made
to give reliable information about Greece and the Greeks,
in addition to teaching the requisite phrases. The subjects
mentioned include travelling in the interior, its probable
expense, Greek customs, the pay of dragomen and inter-
preters, the best way of visiting the antiquities, a Greek
lesson, etc.
Some letters have been added to serve as models, com-
prising invitations, applications to have letters forwarded,
orders for rooms, a form of enquiry of the Minister of the
Interior respecting brigands, etc. •
Part III contains examples of the Greek of successive periods from B.C. 850-A. D. 1821. Passages have been taken from Preface.
. B.C. vi Preface.
In a work of this kind, it is impossible to avoid some inaccuracies and imperfections; in view of future editions the authors will therefore be most grateful for any hints or suggestions, which may help to render the book more useful or more complete.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
A MOST valuable addition has been made to this edition in the form of an Appendix by Professor B.. C. Jebb, of
Glasgow, on 'The Relation of Modem to Classical Greek, especially in regard to Syntax,'
In the University of Glasgow the study of Modem Greek has now for some years been connected with that of the ancient language. With a view to illustrating the relations between tliem, a portion of Xenophon's Anabasis has been published ^ with a Modern Greek version facing the classical text ; and the elements of Modem Greek form a regular subject of instruction. For more advanced students, special lectures on Modern Greek are given every winter, and at the close of the course an examination is held in Modem Greek grammar, translation at sight, and composition. The results have been most satisfactory in stimulating the interest of classical students, and in laying the foundation of a practical acquaintance with a language so widely spoken in Southern
Europe and in many of our large towns.
The authors are indebted to Dr. J. J. Hornby, Head- master of Eton College, Mr. C. D. Cobham, Commissioner
^ Maclehose, Glasgow. List of Authorities. vii of Larnaca, Professor Constantinides, Professor Daniel
Sanders of Alt. Strelitz, who has translated the work into German, and to many others for encouragement and valuable suggestions.
The Eev. J. P. Mahaffy has very kindly revised the proof-sheets of our text.
April, 1881.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES.
The Modern Greek Language, in its relation to Ancient Greek, by E. M. Geldart, B.A. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1870.) Grammaire Abr^g^e du Grec Actuel, par A. R. Rangab^. Practical and Easy Method of learning the Modern Greek Language, by Dr. Ang. Vlachos.
An Elementary Greek Grammar, by Edward St. John Parry, M.A.
TpafifiariKfj Trjs EWrjviKris T^axrcrrjs, (itto T. Ttwadiov.
TpafifiariKT] tj]s Neas ''EXKr}viK.rjs VKaxrarjs, xnro T. VfpaKrj.
Horse Hellenicse, by John Stuart Blackie, F.R.S.E., etc., etc. Grammatik der Griechischen Vulgarsprache, by Professor Mullach. Modern Greek Grammar, by T. Sopliocles. History of the Greek Language, by D. Mavrophredes. (Smyrna, 1871.) Romaic Greek, by Professor Clyde. The Pronunciation of the Greek Language, by Constantinus Oekonomos, (St, Petersburg, 1829.) Compendium der Vergleichenden Grammatik, by Professor Schleicher.
Introduction to Greek and Latin Etymology, by John Peile, M.A. INTRODUCTORY.
It has always appeared to me a great mistake, and one of which our British Hellenists have good reason to be ashamed, that Greek in this country is always talked about as if it were a dead language, and Modern Greek, if mentioned at all, thrown aside as a ^>a legitimate sense of the word : it is the same language in which St. Paul delivered his discourse to the Athenians from the hill of Mars in the first century, with only such slight variations as the course of time naturally brings with it in the case of all spoken languages which have enjoyed an imbroken continuity of cultivated usage. No doubt there do exist in Greece, and always have existed, certain local perversions of the cultivated speech, which may in a loose sense be called patois ; just as we have a peculiar local type of English in Dorsetshire, another in Lancashire, and that on whichi the genius of Bums has impressed a classical type, Introductory. J. S, Blackie. ix commonly called Scotch. This may be called a patois, in the same sense that the Greek of Pindar might be so called, or the Italian of Milan or Venice, not otherwise. But upon this low stratum of purely popular Greek, we have the Greek of the pulpit, the Greek of the newspapers, and the Greek of a living literature increasing every day in variety and in significance. To call this a patois is to shew an ignorance either of the facts, or of the use of language altogether inexcusable ; and to throw such a phase of the Greek speech as is now written and spoken in Greece by all educated men, altogether out of view in the study of that famous tongue, can proceed only from a certain limitation of range and narrowness of sympathy, sometimes observed in per- sons whose curious familiarity with dead books renders them averse from the society of living men. The more natural, obvious, and healthy view of the matter is this, that a language which has come down to us in an uninter- rupted stream of vitality, from the time of Homer to the present hour—nearly 3000 years—and is still spoken ex- tensively not only in Greece proper, but in various parts of the Mediterranean, by confessedly the most acute, the best educated, and the most progressive people in those parts, has a legitimate claim to be treated and studied as a living language, and not to be stretched out, as dead bodies are on an anatomical table, for the purposes of the grammatical X Introductory. J. S. Blackie. dissector. Such a method of studying Greek would not only be a clear gain to the scholar by placing under his eye the whole process of growth exhibited in the history of the lan- guage, otherwise artificially curtailed by an arbitrary limit called the classical period : but it would bring the student of the Christian scriptures directly into the current from which the writers of the sacred volume, and the fathers of the Church drew their peculiar phraseology : for that Modern Greek is in some of its main features identical with apostolic and ecclesiastical Greek, is a proposition from which no accu- rate scholar will allow himself to dissent. But further : to practical men—as Englishmen and Scotsmen are fond by way of eminence of being esteemed—it must be a consideration of the greatest weight that all spoken languages are learned, by hearing and speaking, in a much shorter space of time than dead languages by the usual scholastic method : German, for instance, which to Englishmen is a somewhat difficult language, is for every practical purpose of understanding and being understood, acquired perfectly by a young per- son of ordinary talent, conversing daily with native Ger- mans in six months or less ; and there is no reason in the nature of things why Greek should not be acquired the same way; and even without going to Greece, there are well-educated Greeks in London, Liverpool, and not a few other places, from whom Greek could be learned as a living Introductory. J. S. Blackie. xi language, with as much facility, and with as much effect as German, Italian, or French. Nor is there the slightest danger that the practical hold thus got of the language of Homer and Plato and St. Paul, as a living organ of expres- sion, will act as a hindrance to the scientific study of the language : on the contrary, the familiarity with the language, which spoken use most readily and most abundantly gives, materials ! will present more ample and more various on which the generalizing faculty of the philosophical gram- marian may operate. The present little hook is conceived upon a plan which I have always recommended as the only natural and rational plan, not less in the acquisition of dead languages properly so called than in the more obvious sphere of spoken tongues. The principle of this plan is that the ear and the tongue should be exercised largely from the beginning, and not merely the memory and the understanding. This implies that no rules should be learned which are not immediately put in practice, and that it is wiser to educe the rule from familiar materials than to inculcate the rule and leave the materials to be painfully searched for as an after business. Of the prac- tical utility of such a little book in the present state of easy and frequent intercourse between people and people there can be no doubt; and it gives me pleasure to think that the authors of a volume supplying such an obvious xii Introductory. J. S. Blackie. desideratum in our elementary Greek discipline should have considered my name worthy of being associated with theirs in a work of such manifest utility. Possibly I may yet live to see the time when not only young men in the public service of the country frequenting various parts of the Mediterranean will, as a matter of course, speak Greek as readily as French, but when even the professional in- culcators of scholastic Greek in our great schools and universities will relax somewhat of the rigidity of their method, and institute practical exercises in colloquial Greek, as a most beneficial adjunct to the severity of their strictly philological drill.^ JOHN" STUART BLACKIE. College, Edinburgh, September, 25, 1879. * As these prefatory remarks are necessarily short, I have to refer those who may wish to see the proof of my views in detail to the three papers on the subject of Modern Greek, Greek Accent, and Romaic Literature in my Horae Mellenicue, London, Macmillan and Co., 1874. CONTENTS. PART I. PAOB Grammar ... I PART 11. Dialogues •••3 174 Letters PART III. with translations in [Passages from Ancient Greek Authors, 187 I Modern Greek PART IV. Selections from Contemporary Greek Writers . . • .223 PART V. Vocabulary •• ••57 The Written Character . . . • - • • -280 APPENDIX. regard to The Relation of Modem to Classical Greek, especially in 285 Syntax, by Prof. R. 0. Jebb PART I. Introductory. SECT. PAGE 1. The Alphabet ...... i 2. Pronunciation of the Vowels 2 3. Pronunciation of the Diphthongs 3 4. Pronunciation of the Consonants ...... 3 5. Observations on Pronunciation of Modern Greek ... 5 6. Accentuation ...... 6 7. The Acute Accent 6 8. The Grave Accent .7 9. The Circumflex Accent . , 7 10. Special Rules for Accentuation ...... 8 11. Words without an Accent . 8 12. Enclitics , . . . 9 13. Breathings 10 14. Stops II 15. The Article il Substantives. 16. Remarks on Declension of Nouns 12 1 7. Classification of Substantives 12 18. First Declension 13 19. Remarks on First Declension 16 * 20. Second Declension ...... 18 21. Diminutives in -lov 19 22. Contracted Nouns of Second Declension . . . .20 23. Third Declension 23 24. Uncontracted Nouns of Third Declension . . . -23 25. Remarks on Uncontracted Nouns 26 26. Third Declension. Contracted '• 27 27. Third Declension. Irregular 31 18. Third Declension. Remarks on Contracted Nouns . . 32 29. Supplementary Declension 32 30. Terminations instead of Prepositions 33 31. Patronymics 34 Contents of Part I. XV Adjectives and Numerals. -T. XVI Contents of Part I, SECT. PAGE Observations 67. on the Tenses. The Aorist . . . .79 68. „ „ The Future . . . .82 69. „ „ The Perfect and Pluperfect , 83 70. „ „ The Conditional . . . 84 71. Contracted Verbs 87 72. T»/x(ia; 88 73. KaXio) . . . .91 74. Neuter Verba 55 75. Verbs in -/« 95 76. Impersonal Verbs y6 77. Irregiilar ,. .98 Prepositions. 78. Prepositions. Classification of 107 79. Prepositions governing Genitive 108 80. „ „ Dative 109 81. „ „ Accusative no 82. „ „ Gen. and Ace. no 83. „ „ Gen. Dat. and Ace. 112 84. Bemarks on Prepositions . . . 113 Adverbs. 85. Adverbs ...... 116 86. „ of Time . .117 „ of Place 118 Miscellaneous Adverbs 118 Conjunctions. . . . . , . . . .119 90. Interjections. .«. ..•..120 Syntax. 91. Peculiarities of Modern Greek Syntax 120 92. Observations on the Article . . . . . , .121 93. „ ,. Cases 121 94. „ „ Adjective 122 95. „ „ Numerals 123 96. „ „ Pronouns , . . . . .123 97. „ „ Verb 124 98. Prosody , , , , .129 MODERN GREEK. § 1. The Gkeek Alphabet. The Greek Alphabet is composed of 24 letters, of which 7 axe vowels and 17 consonants. Character. — 2 Modern Greek. Besides these letters there originally existed the following, viz. : (i) f, Van, or as it is called from its shape, Dighamma. (2) ^, ? , Koppa. Latin Q. Used as symbol for 90. (3) ~^> Sampi, used as symbol for 900. (4) r', Stigma, originally a form of Vau: in MSS.=(rr, Symbol for 6. § 2. Vowels. Letter. Name. Pronunciation. a alpha a, in father ; i] rpdntCa, the table : to arixS- ttXoiov, the steamer. * epsilon e, in let, met ; tneira, afterwards ; firpene, ought, Imperfect of npfntt. T) eta 6, in the ; 6 KadT]yTiTfjs, the professor. « eota same as eta, e in the; f] Kpta-is, the crisis, judgment ; mva, I drink. omicron o, in not^; v ^0^0, glory; to owXoi', the gun. V epsilon e in the ; vyf/r]\6s, high, o) omegha o in hope ^ ; Ka\cos, well. § 3. Diphthongs. 01 e, in met ; 7rfnai8fVfifvos, educated ; 6 nais, the boy. av af, but before /3, 7, 8, C, \ m> "> P and all vowels, soft, like V ; avBetrriKos, authentic ; fj avyfj, the dawn. « 6, in the ; t6 el8os, the kind. (V ef, but subject to the same exceptions as av ; fvxd- puTTos, pleasant ; evyevrjs, polite, noble. tp> ef, but subject to the same exceptions, as av ; rjv^rjcra, I increased ; v^pa, 2 Aor., I found. «>. e, in the ; avoiya, I open ; koivos, common. ov 00, in too ; olros, this ; aiSds, nobody. VI e, in the ; 6 vlos, the son. * Very little difference is made in rapid conversation between omicron and omegha. ; Consonants. 3 Remarks. 1. When the latter of two vowels composing a diphthong i? surmounted by a Diairesis (") the two vowels composing it pronounced separately, xavfievf, poor fellow ; t6 KaiKt, the f:.i'[ae. 2. The vowels rj, t, v, and the diphthongs ti, oi, vi, have all the same sound in Modern Greek, that of e, in me or the. ^. In Diphthongs both accent and breathing stand, over second vowel, except when the first vowel is in large character. § 4. Consonants. Letter. Name. Pronunciation. 3 veta T ; 6 ^los, life ; dva^aivco, I ascend. y ghamma a sound between g and h; t6 yd\a, milk. Before e, rj, t, v, it has a sound like y in yes, or the German j in jeder, (yt'yaj, giant, is pronounced, yeghas) : y-y and yx like ng nasal, 6 ayyeXo?, the angel, d dhelta soft voiced th, as in the, then ; Bida, I give TO SevBpov, the tree, live, C zeta z, in zebra ; fj^Tco, may he hurrah, 6 theta breathed th, as in thin and death ; r] Secopia, the theory, K kappa k; before e, t, v, ij, it has a somewhat softer sound ; koXos, good ; fj icaKia, wickedness. X lamvdha 1 ; 6 Xetuj/, the lion ; fj av\fj, the court, /I me m ; TO fifT(cnou, the forehead : for fin see under double consonants, n ; 6 vaos, the temple ; k(v6s, empty : for vt see under double consonants. ^ xe X ; 6 ^fvos, the stranger ; to ^evoSoxt'iov, the hotel. B 2 4 Modern Greek. Letter. Name. Pronunciation. 1" pc ; npcTrei, ; after /n, 6 p must as b ; tfXiropos, the merchant, pronounced emboros. rho r, aspirate P ; ^ piCa, the root ; piuTco, I throw. a- seghma hard hissing s ; o-woto's, correct : before ^, y, 5, fi, as soft s ; t6 acrp.a, the song. T taf t ; ToVf, then ; but preceded by v, it is pro- nounced as d ; (^povTiba, care, pronounced frondetha. <^ fe f ; TO 0cof, the light. X he the most difficult letter : in the middle of a word like ch in loch, or German doch. But X is pronounced with the vowel which follows, and not like ch in German, with the vowel which precedes. Ex. the Greeks say €-x«, the Germans fx-w. At the beginning of a word like the Flo- rentine c, but soft, as ch in ich, before o h'H)'") x°P°^y the dance; 17 ;(« Division of the Consonants. Smooth. Middle. Aspirate. r with p sound tt /3 (^ Mutest „ k „ K y X 1 t „ T 8 6, Semi- Vowels. A fi V p a: Aspirated Consonants. 6 Double Consonants. ^ kse, is composed of k, or y, or x> and o", C zeta, „ o- and 8. or tt, or and a. ^ pse, „ i3, ^, The following combinations of consonants are used, in words of foreign origin, to represent the sound of letters which the Greek Alphabet does not contain. uTT stands for the sound b ; as, 6 /i7rdp/x7raj=barbas, the uncle ; 6 Mnaipcov, Byron ; o Mnoraapris, Botzaris. vT represents d; as, to j'Ttj3dw=deevanee, the divan. § 5. Pbonunciation. In addition to the above rules for the pronunciation of each letter, the following hints may be found useful. 1. The closest attention must be given to the accentuation, is the syllable on which the accent falls is pronounced with 1 stress, and is further prolonged to the exclusion of any lifference, in duration, between long and short vowels. For xample, avdpanos is pronounced dvOpioTros, the first syllable jeing emphasized and prolonged, while the a> (oraegha) is pronounced short, like o (omicron). 2. In many words of two or three syllables, the accented yllable alone is pronounced distinctly. The Greeks clip iheir words at the beginning as well as at the end (see note DU p. 122). 3. The rough breathing is written but never pronounced. A.11 initial vowels and diphthongs are pronounced with a smooth breathing. 4. Particular attention must be paid to the y (ghamma) ind to the x (he), which is an entirely diflferent sound from t (kappa). — 6 Modern Greek. 5. When two vowels are linked together by 'Synize- sis,' they are pronounced as one syllable. Ex. to. x«/>Tia, the papers. § 6. Accentuation. 1. The following rules on Accentuation are such as apply to all classes of words. To add all the special rules affecting each particular class (substantives, pronouns, verbs, &c.) before the words themselves are known, would only cause confusion; they will be given with the words which they afiect. 2. The accentuation in Modern Greek is the same as in Ancient. 3. The accent can never be thrown further back than the antepenultimate. 4. There are three kinds of accent : (a) Acute ('), o^da, as in ennopos, merchant; iroklrrjs, citizen; KpiTTis, judge ; which can be placed on any of the last three syllables, (6) Grave ('), /Sapela, as in fiadrjTrjs, pupil; which can only be placed on^he last syllable, (c) Circumflex ("), irfpiaircofievT}, as in TifxS), I honour; (Tufia, body ; which can be placed on the last syllable or the penultimate, 5. No difference is made in pronunciation between the Acute, the Grave, and the Circumflex. § 7. The Acute Accent, I. The Acute Accent can be placed on the last syllable, the word is then called oxytone ; on the penultimate, the word is then called paroxytone; on the antepenultimate, the word is then called proparoxjiione. The Circumflex Accent. 7 2. Uncompounded words not oxytone or circumflex, with the last syllable long, are accented on the penult ; as, ttoXiVj;? like English conceited. 3. Uncompounded words not oxytone or circumflex, having tlie last syllable short, are accented on the antepenult ; as, .'yyfXof, like English dgony. 4. When the last syllable is long and the accent falls on the penult, it must be acute. 5. The accent can only be on the antepenult when the last syllable is short ; as, af6pa>Tioi : in the genitive (dvdpdoTTov) the last syllable is long, and the accent is brought forward to the penult^. At the end of a word the diphthongs ot, ai, are considered short, except in adverbs '. 6. Words only take an acute accent on the final syllable, when they are followed by a stop or an enclitic; tiV, who, interrogative, forms an exception to this rule, and takes an acute accent, whether in the middle of a sentence or not. 7. When an oxytone word occurs in the middle of a sentence, the acute accent is changed into a grave : as, 7 TfXerf] ^PX^arev, the service has begun, but ^pxi- the difference of accent on TtXfTt] in the two sentences. 8. It is conjectured that the Greeks formerly raised their voices at the end of a clause with completed sense. § 8. The Geave Accent. I. The grave accent can only stand on the last syllable. For rules respecting use of the grave accent see § 7. 7. § 9. The Circumflex Accent. I. The circumflex accent can be placed on the last syl- I lable, or, if the last is short, on the penult : in the former * This may not be a scientific analysis of the proceiiB, but it is the I clearest way of stating the result. * There is no Optative. — H Modern Greek. oase the word is called periepomen, in the latter properi- spomen. 2. ro fx^\ov, the apple, becomes in the genitive rov htjXov ; the accent being changed from circumflex to acute, because the last syllable is long. 3. It can never be placed on a short vowel. 4. If, when the penult is long by nature and the last syllable short, the accent falls on the former, it must be circumflex ; as, ro crafia. § 10. Special Bules for AccENTtTATiON. The following rules, most of which are taken from Parry, may assist the student in determining the position of the accent : {a) Oxytones are Verbal substantives in n% ixos, rfip, rpis, rpos ; as, aeiafws. Substantives in fig; as, (iacnXds, lirirds. Uncompounded Adjectives in t6s, ikos, /xo'j, p6s, ^s, is; as, pt}ToptK6s, (f)o^ep6s, tipevrjg, fjdus. (b) Paroxytones are Substantives in la ; as, 86Kip.aa-ia. Diminutives (of three syllables) in lop, and in iotkos, /Xoir, vXoy J as, veavioKos, iraiblov. Adverbs in dw?, Ua, brjv, as, avr'iKa, (TvXkri^brjv, TroXXd/cts. § 11. "Words without an Accent. All words are accented except the following, ten in number. The article 6, ^, ol, al, the. The prepositions tU, in or into ; cV, in ; tK, out of. The conjunctions d, if; wr, how, that. The negative ov. Enclitics. § 12. Enclitics. T. Enclitics are words which throw their accent back on to the preceding word. 2. The principal are /lov, /toi, /nf, /lar, o-ov, croi, o-e, orSr, mv, rwy, Ti'y, Ttvor, rives, itoTi, 3. At the beginning of a sentence, they keep their accent, 4. "When the preceding word is accented on the last syl- able, the accent of the enclitic is absorbed. ffore )LQv. Never in my life. 6 (coXof /iov iraTTjp. My good father. 5. When the preceding word is paroxytone, a dissyllable nclitic keeps its accent, while the accent of a monosyllable £ absorbed. at npa^ds aov. Your actions. irpd^eis Tivfs. Some actions. 6. "When the preceding word is proparoxytone or pro- lerispcmen, the accent of the enclitic is thrown on to the ast syllable of the preceding word, and becomes acute. Ex. TO [iddqixd fiov. My lesson. TO (r!i>ixa fiov. My body. 7. If several enclitics follow one another, each throws its iccent back on to the preceding one. Ex. 80s fioi TO. Give it me. This at least is the rule in writing. In conversation a jlreek would say 86s fioi to. The following words are given as an exercise to be read iloud. The greatest care must be taken to accentuate the proper syllable. The student will be able to form some — — — — — lo Modern Greek. idea how different the intonation of Modem Greek is from that of Ancient Greek, as taught in England. Aiytffdor, 'AXe^avbpos, 'Avriyovrf, 'Aaia, *A;(tXXevr.—Botwr/a, Bopeas.—FajSpiJ^X, Tepfiavia.—AanoKKrjs, ArjfioKpiroi, Aioy/i/?;?. Elpr]vr],''EixTrov QovuvbiSrii.—'ladpos, 'laoKpaTrjs, ^lavia.— Kakvyj/^o), Kf(paWT]viM K;;0Kr (Cybele). AaoKocov, Af(ovi5at, AovKiavosy Avcrlnaxos.—MaiapSpa MijSeia (Medea), M»jSia (Media). ^awiKaa, ^Tjptvs, NiKoS^juos,- 'OSvcraevs, '0\vp.TTia, "OXvp.nos, 'Op TT]s.— Po86ni].—2dkap,is, SffxeXt], 2,ina>vidi)Sf SwKpaTjjr. Teiptaia TtjtioXe(oj», TuSeus. 'YaKivdos. § 13. Bbeathings. 1. There are two breathings, (a) the rough breathing or aspirate (') Baatuu (6) the smooth breathing (') -^ikr). 2. Every vowel and diphthong at the beginning of a word is written with a rough or smooth breathing. 3. In Modern Greek the rough breathing does not affect the pronunciation^ of the word on which it is placed, al- though when preceded by the prepositions dno, ini, vn6, Kara, fifTa, etc., the final vowel being dropped, it changes the final mute into the corresponding aspirate. (For examples see par. 6.) 4. V (epsilon) and p (rho), at the beginning of a word, are always written with the rough breathing. "When two ps come together in one word, the former is written with a smooth, the latter with a rough breathing. ^ — Cf. Peile, p. 425. ' Different as was the origin of h in the two lan- guages (Greek and Latin), it is quite certain that the letter was rapidly vanishing in each of them, at the classical period of their literature, or even earlier.' — Declension of Nouns- It 5. p (rho) is the only consonant which is written with a breathing. EoTA Subscript. The Eota Subscript is not pronounced. It indicates that the vowel, under which it is placed, was formerly followed by an eota. The most ordinary cases in which it is written are the 2nd and 3rd pers. sing, of the subjunctive {ya Xvi^s, va Xvj]), and the dative singular of substantives and adjectives. § 14. Stops. 1. A full stop, TfXft'a (TTiyiif) (.), has the same force as in English. 2. The ava Tf\(la ov fifar) anyfir] (') takes the place of our colon and semi-colon. 3. The comma (wroo-rty^^) and note of exclamation (fVt- ^(our]fjLnTiKni>) are the same as in English. 4. A semi-colon (;) has the force of our point of inter- rogation (JpUTtjfiaTlKOv). § 15. Thk Aeticle. The definite article (r6 opiarriKov updpov), 6, fj, t6, the, is declined as follows ; 12 Modern Greek. There is no indefinite article {aopiarov apdpov) : its place is Bometinies sui)plied by els, p.ia, eu, one, or tlie indefinite pronoun, Ttf, ri. For example : a man, ds (or euas) wdpoiTtos or iivSpoy TTOS TIS, § 16. Remaeks on the Declension of Nouns. 1. There are two numbers, the Singular and the PluralU The Dual is no longer used. 2. The Dative is only used in writing. In conversation i is generally replaced by the preposition us, with the Accusa tive. Ex. Adj TO fls rov Ki'piov, and not ra Kvpta. 3. The Genitive Plural of all Nouns ends in mv. 4. In Neuter Nouns, the Nominative, Vocative, and Ac cusative are the same, in each number. Ex. Sing., Nom. Voc. Ace. $v\ov. Plural, Nom. Voc. Ace. ^v\a. 5. The lower classes drop v (Ne) at the end of a word For example, they say, dia to 6(6, for God's sake, instead o; 5ia rov 6f6v : fls nj bv(TTv\ia, in misfortune, for etc T71 bv(rrv)(iav. § 17. SUBSTANTIVES. I. Substantives {ovopLara oixriacniKa) can be classed in thre< declensions^, viz., two parisyllabic, which do not increase the genitive, and one imparisyllabic, which does. The First Declension comprises Masculines in -as, -rjs. Feminines in -a, -»;, The Second „ „ Masc. and Fem. in -os, -ovs, Neuter in -ov, -ow, -i{ov). The Third „ „ All substantives which in. crease in the Genitive. ' This claasificatioQ is adopted by the Greeks. First Declension. ' 13 2. There is a supplementary Declension, used only in the ^;Mlken language, which is not included iu the above classifi- cation. 3. There are three Genders: Masculine (dpafw/coV), Femi- nine {6r\KvK6v), and Neuter (ov8tTfpov). 4. Masculine are the names for men who follow certain professions or trades (o raixlas, the cashier, 6 paTTTTjs, the tailor), all months, and, with a few exceptions, mountains and rivers; substantives in eu?, av and first declensions in ai, T]S, 5. Feminines are the names for women who follow certain occupations (17 pdirrpia, the seamstress), all arts, handicrafts, and sciences, the names of towns, trees, islands, and coun- a, rj. tries ; terminations in la and first declension in 6. Neuter are the letters of the alpliabet, most diminutives, and verbal substantives ; the second declension in ov and the tliird declension in fj.a, i, v. The above enumeration makes no pretence to be complete. It could not be rendered so without very considerable en- largement, which would only confuse the student. § 18. FiEST Declension. The First Declension contains Masculine nouns in os and rjs. Feminine nouns in a and t]. I. 'O Taplat, the cashier. Plural. H Modern Greek. Like ranias are 6 vfavias, the youDg man. 6 Aco;(Xtaf, the snail. Some proper names in -as make the Genitive in -a instead of -ov, as: 6 'hvaviui, 6 Qoifias, 6 Aovkos, k.t.X. (see 6.) 2. 'O iToKiTrjs, the citizen. Singular. Plural. Nom. 6 TTokiTTji ot TToXtrai (vern. iroXtVatf) Gen. ToC TToXtVou (vernacu- rcoi' TToXtrwi* lar TToXtTIj) Dat. TW TToKlTrj Tois TToXiruif Ace. TOI/ TToXlTTjV rot's TToXiVar (vern. 77oXiTatr) VOC. O) TToXlTa w rroXtrnt (vern. n-oXiVatiV Like TToXiV;;? are 6 vovTj/s, the sailor. 6 (caTTvoTTwXjjy, the tobacconii 6 TToiTjTTjs, the poet. 6 vondpxrjs, the prefect. 3. 'H yXcoacra, the tongue or language. Singular. Plural. Nom. fj yXaxraa at y\S)(r(rai. (yXcio-ffatj) Gen. TTJi yXoxrcn;? (yXfocro-ay) Tmj> •yXoxTO'wj' Dat. rfj y\6)(T(TTj TaT? yXaxTirais Ace. Tiji/ y\u>(T VoC. (b yXwtro-a 2i yXaxraat (yXoxrcratf), Like yXwcrcra are fj SaXacrtrn, the sea. fl TpdneCa, the table, the ban] f) pi^a, the root. f] povaa, the Muse. First Declension. 15 4. 'H Sipa, the hour, Singular. Noin. r} copa Gen. i6 Modern Greek, Like 'Ejra/uftfwvSa? are 6 ECv^a-ydpay, Pythagoras. 6 'Arav/as, Ananias. 6 A § 19. Kemarks on the First Declensiok. 1. Masculine nouns in T?;r, ttt;?, apxr]f, fierpris, 7ra>\r]t, a>VT]tf\ rpi^tjs, "karprjs, and the names of nationalities as Uiparii form the vocative in a short. Ex. Uepa-rjs, the Persian, Voc. Uepaa vofjuip)^r]if the prefect, „ vop-ap^a ^i^\umd>XT}s, the bookseller, „ i3t/3X»o7rcoXa. 2. In the vernacular all Feminine Substantives of this declension, in a, form the Genitive in ay. In writing, this is only done when the final a of the nominative is preceded by p or a vowel. 3. The Genitive Plural of words of the first declensio^ has a Circumflex Accent on the last syllable. Ex. Kairvo7ra>\S>v, of the tobacconists. The only exceptions ar feminine adjectives, of which the masculine ends in or, ar is paroxytone, proparoxytone, or properispomenon. Ex. ayios, fj <5yia, Gen. Plur. rav dyia>v. 4. All parisyllabic oxytones take a circumflex in thj Genitive and Dative. 5. In words like S>pa, j3t^Xio;ra)X»jf, 'Errafieivwvbas, althoug| the last syllable but one is a long o, it can only take an acut accent, not a circumflex, because the last syllable is long. Ti\ those cases however where the final syllable is short, it takes a circumflex : e. g. Nom. Plur. ai apai, ol ^i^XionSAai. Simi- larly 6 iro\iTT}s, the citizen, has in Nom. Plur. ol TroXlrai. 6. The Dative Plural originally ended in -aia-i in the first declension and -oia-i in the second. These forms are found in poetry, and in Ionic prose. ; — First Declension. 17 7. The vulgar form of the Accusative Plural rats fid^at? 'or TOff bo^as—is Aeolic and an acknowledged archaism. It vas originally racr bo^avs. The old v has been dropped, and he vowel consequently modified. Vocabulary. le cheated, rjnaTri yopaj). hey do, Kafivow ((cd/iyw), TVfpi- he became, tyeivt (yipofmi), iroiovv (irfpiTToiS)). he has not spoken, bev a>pi- e, she, it is; they are, tlvoL . XjjcTf (6pi\S>). for the last hour, irpo pias apas. Exercise ^ FiEST Declension. iipqth KA1212. ^he cashier has cheated the *0 raplas fjira-njcre t6v TvoKirqv, citizen, 'he language of Ananias was 'H yKCxrcra rov 'Avavia tjto false. "^(vbrfs. ilence more often arises H a-uonf} Trpoepxerai avxporepa from stupidity than from « ttjs fiXoKtias ^ eK ttjs wisdom. (}>ics. 'he prefect accused the book- 'o vopdpxrjt fKaTtjyoprjae rov 0t- seller. ^\iorna\r]v. irtues do honour to a man. At aptTai irtpinoiovv Tipfjv ds Tov avOpoiirov. J\\&i is the price of that Hoia ttvai f) npf] rov ^i^Xioi, book 1 rovTov he country is very barren. 'H x'^P'^ eivai ttoXv Syovos, ^ After once reading through the exercise, the student should cover e Greek, while he translates the English, and vice versd. ! Modem Greek. How loud the voice of Epa* Tioaov bwarrj tivai f} (fiavfi rov minondas is 'Enafitiva>t'8a ! The sailors asked the way to 01 vavrai t^rjTrjaau tov Spofiov the tobacconist's. npos TOV Kairyonmkov, The bank is closed on fete 'H rpdne^a fivai KXtiarf] rat days. iopras, The sea is a good subject for 'H 6a\a(T(ra (luai KoXof ai^t- a poet. KflfltVOV bia TOV TTOITITTIV. The agreement between us H fifra^v pas avfjKfxovia tit- was broken. Xvdrj. The memory of that boy is *H pvrpiT) avrov tov iTai8iov wonderful. fivai BavpafTia. The hair of Pythagoras turned 'H Kopri TOV Uv&ayopa tytivf white. § 20. Second Declension. The Second Declension contains Masculine and Feminine Nouns in or. ovt. Neuter Nouns in ov, ow, and t{ov). I. 'o avdpamos, the man. Singular. Plural. Nom. o avdpamos 0( Gen. TOV avQpaynov Dat. TW avdpa>ir Like avdpanos are 6 vnrovpyos, the minister, 6 d8t\(f>6s, the brother. 6 irokepoi, the war. 6 avtpos, the wind. 6 ai8i]pos, the iron. Second Declension. 19 2. 'H 6io9, the road. Singular. 20 Modern Greek. 3. These words have no diminutive force in ordinary use*. 4. When two syllables are bound together by the syni- zesis, as in x"P'^i2. the first is pronounced very short, the second with raised tone and a strong accent. 4. To x^pi"'? the paper. Singular. Second Declension. ai 3? Modern Greek. Exercise. Second Declension. AEYTEPA KAI2I2. He is a man esteemed by the £(t"7( avdpconos Tifxtafifvos vno people. Tov \aov, That man has a clever (wide- O avSpcoTTos ovros ej^fi f^vnvov awake) face. TrpocrioiTOP, He died of disease of the heart. Anedavfv dno KnpSiaKfjv vocrov, Put the roses in the glass. BaXf TO. pooa els to norrjpiov. They often go out shooting llrjyaivovv av\va fls ro Kvvrjyiov. (or hunting). Iron and lead are the only O (rLhrjpos KCLi 6 fiokv^Sos tivat ra metals found in the coun- fiova p.fTaWa, ra onoia (irov) try. ivpi(TK0VTai (Is rov ronov, Give me some peaches and a Aos poi (^fiov, fif) oXiya po8aKiva fig. Koi (V crvKov. New year's gifts are generally Ta 8S)pa TOV veov erovs (u>ai eV useless. ytVft (i)^pT](rTa. ship is The small ; you will To Tr\olov etvai fiiKpnv' Set/ 6a not enjoy the passage. fv\api(TTT]drjTf fls TO Ta^ei^iov, Go up that street. Ava^rJTe ttjv obbv Tavrrjv (rov 8p6fJLOV TOXJTOv). You must go straight up the TLpinft va apa^rJTt kot rvOfla hill. TOP \Q fls TO ^ovvof. Bring me the keys. * Are there any birds 'Ynapxavcri TTTrjva e8S> jrtpi^ about ; here % The current of the stream is O povg TOV jrora/toC tlvai jroX very strong. opprjTtKos. The departure of the boat O aTTonXovs tov jrXot'ou efipddw was delayed. {^pyr] He has a superior mind. 'Exd eKTOKTOP VOVP. The crafty man met with his 'O Kpvy\ripovs (navovpyos) evpt to match. op,oi6p TOV (to Vaipi Tov\ Simple Nouns. as § 23. Third Declension-. The Third Declension contains all nouns which increase the number of their syllables in the genitive. Terminations a, t, v, w, ^, p,' o-, v, ^. Nouns of this declension can be divided into two large classes, Simple and Contracted. § 24. Simple or Uncontbacted Nouns, I. 'o ayitv, the contest. Singular. 24 Modern Greek. 3. '0 piJTWp, Simple 26 Modern Greek. 6 kXjjtt/p, the policeman, Gen. Tov kXtjttjpos. i] v6$, the night, „ Trjs VVKTOi, 6 rpiTTovs, the tripod, ,, Tov Tp'mobos, 6 ^pcos, the hero, „ TOV ffpaos. f) 'EXXar, Greece, „ Tr)s 'EXXdSov. Salamis, „ Trfs "SfoKapivos. 6 Xifirjv, the harbour, ,, TOV XlfXtVOS. yiyas, 6 the giant, ,, TOV yvyavTQs, fi XalXa^, the tempest, ,, Tr]S XaiXaTToy, the grace (favour). „ T?is X^P'^'^os, ACC. TTjV X'V*"' § 25. Remarks on Uncontracted Nouns of the Third Declension. 1. The common language changes the termination of the Nominative in this Declension. Thus, with Masculine words the Accusative Plural form is used for the Nominative Singu- lar, and the Singular declined after the modern Supplementary Declension. The Plural is regular. "With Feminine words the Accusative Singular form is used for the Nominative. The other cases are regular. Ex. 6 aytbvas, 6 alavas, 6 Saifioms, 6 yfiTovas, f) eiKova, 6 apxovras, fj (ToKmyya, t} eXniSa, fj narpiSa, 1} EXXaSa, t] f/3So/xa5a, f] i>pai6Tr)Ta, etc. 2. The Stem of Substantives of the Third Declension ma; generally be found by cutting off the termination -os froi the Genitive. Ex. Xtav, a lion; Gen. Xt'ow-os, Stem, Xtovi yiyas, a giant ; Gen. ylyavr-os, Stem, yiyavr} 3. The accent remains on the same syllable in all cases, the quantity of the last syllable allows it. In the Genitiv< * (Ovos a nation, gen. iQvtos. Stem idve. If the stem ends witl a consonant, the word is uucoutrsKted ; if it ends with a vowel, it u generally contracted. Contracted Nouns of the Third Declension. 27 Plural the final syllable is long, so that the accent cannot be iirtlier back than the penult. Ex. npayiia, Gen. Trpdy/xarof, jlen. Plur. npayfiaTuv. 4. Monosyllables are accented on the last syllable, with a ii cumflex if it is long, and with an acute if it is short. 5. The S, T, and v sounds are discarded before Ex. Dat. Sing, \afind8i, Dat. Plur. Xafxnaa-i. „ Xififpi „ Xi/x/ 6. V (Ne) is added to the Dative Plural for euphony when- ever the following word begins with a vowels 7. The Accusative Singular of all Masculine and Feminine N^ouns originally ended in -v. This was pronounced after Consonant Stems by inserting a ; as, 'Xeovr-a-p. In the Plural ;his termination was -vs ; as, Xtovr-a-vs, § 26. CONTEACTED NoUNS Or THE ThIBD Declension. Several nouns of the third declension are called contracted because in one or more cases the final vowel of the root and the vowel of the termination are contracted into one syllable. They may be divided into three classes. First Class. llasc. in »7ff ) -- _ . f bren. ovs, rem. in Neut. in 09, ts Gen. ovs. ' Cf. Quintilian, xii. lo. 31, 'Grseci n literam jucundam et in fine pnecipue quasi tinnientem ponunt.* — 28 Modern Greek. I. 'O ilXij^ijr, the true man. Singular. Plural. Nom. 6 a\r]6r)s ol (a\r]6((s) aXrjdds -, Gren. Tov (a\r]deos) aXrjSovs Tuv (a\T]6€a)v\ aXrjdiov 11 Dat. TW (a\r)6u) aXrjdfl Tois akr]6i(Ti AcC. TOV (^dXTjOfo) aXtjdi] rovi (aXrjdfai) aXrjdtls Voc. S) d\r]dis Like dikrjOrjt are declined all proper names ending in (l>dvr)s, yfvrjs, KpaTTjs, firjbrjs, TTT]6r]s, aOfvrjs, (cXtj;?, and all adjectlves which form the masculine and feminine in jjs, as 6 'Apt(rTo(})avr]s, Aristophanes. 6 ATipotrdfyTfe, Demosthenes 6 Aioyivrfs, Diogenes. 6 fVTvxhs, the happy man. 6 'iTrrroKpdTTjs, Hippocrates. 6 ^(vStjs, the false man. 6 'Apxiiirjbi]s, Archimedes. 6 fyKpar^s, the temperate man. Attention should be given to the accentuation of the voca- 2> tive of these proper names 2> Aioyeva, ' Apxip.rj8fs, etc. 'O 'UpaKkTjg {-kX(t]s) is declined somewhat differently : Gen. TOW 'HpoKkfovs, Dat. T^ 'HpoKkf'i, Acc. TOV 'H/jokX^, Voc. S> 'Hpd' KXetf. Like 6 'HpoKk^s are declined 6 HfpiicKrjs, AapioKK^s, etc. 2. *H f]x^, the echo. Singular. Contracted Nouns of the Third Declenstott. 29 3. To iOvosy the nation. 30 Modern Greek, Like nokii are {] npa^is, the act or practice. 17 v/Sptf, the insult. nioTis, the faith. ^ i) Kiptja-ts, the movement. 3. tA aoTv, the city. Singular. Plural. Nom. TO aarv ra (na-Tfo.) aarr} Gen. Tov aartos tQ>v aarfotv Dat. Tw atrTet TOIS aOTfat ACC. TO aiTTV Ta [aorta) aarrf Voc. « ao-7-w (aoTca^ atrrq. Third Class. Masc. in tvs, vs. Fem. in vt, I. 'O Uptvs, the priest. Singular. Plural. Nom. 6 lepevs 0( {itptes) itpus Gen. TOV ieptms Teov Upeav Dat. rw Upfl To'is Itpfvai Ace. TOV lepta TOVS (Ifpeas) Itpfls f Voc. i ifpev w (tf/)«r) iepds. Like Itpevs are 6 tjnrfvr, the horseman. 6 Kovpds, the harber. 6 /Sao-iXewy, the king. 6 Trpaptvs, the pilot. •6 yovevs, the parent. 2. 'o t'x^vj, the fish. Singular. Plural. Nom. 6 Ix^vs 0( (IxQvfs) IxGvs Gen. TOV Ix^vos TtOV Ixdvuv Dat. r^ IxSvl To'lS txdlKTl Ace. TOV IxBvv TOVS (Ix^vas) Ix&vs Voc. a ixOv (Ix^vts) Ix^vs. — Contracted Nouns of the Third Declensiott. 31 Like IxBvs (vern. ro • o jtovTiKoi), the mouse. 6 /ivs ( f> TO use. § 27. There are several irregular nouns in common The following are the principal : Nom. Gen. 6 avr]p, 32 Modern Greek. the syllable after the stem if it is short ; a circumflex if long. The other cases are accented regularly. § 28. Remarks on Contracted Nouns of the Thied Declension. I First Class. Feminines form the plural like the Second Declension. Ex. at r]^o\.. All words of this Class have a circumflex on the last syllable in the Genitive Plural. Ex. rav fjxav. Words of the Second Class form an exception to the general rules on accents. Those which are not accented on the last syllable in the Nominative are accented on the antepenulti- mate in the Genitive, although the ultimate is long. Ex. rod Third Class. Substantives in evs form the Accusative it ta, and are oxytone in the Nominative. Ex. 6 ^aaiXfvs, ra /Sao'tXeo. § 29. Supplementary Declension. This Declension is only used in the spoken language : it if composed of nouns which increase in the Plural but not il the oblique cases of the Singular. I. 'O nanas, the priest. Singular. Contracted Nouns of the Third Declension. 33 2. 'O Ka(/)ef, the coffee. Singular. . 34 Modern Greek. § 31. Patronymics. Patronymics are formed by adding -ahrjs or -tSijs to tl stem : as, *I&)uw»;f, John ; 'iwawi'Sijf, John's son. They are also formed by adding the termination ttoCXo (anc. TT&iXos) : as, KoKoytpos, a monk (of the Greek Church)] KakoyeponovKoi, son of a monk. The prefix natra before a name indicates that the person descended from a iranca, or priest ; as, o Kvpios UairabTjfiTjTpaKd TTovXos, Mr. P., the son of little DemStrS, the son of the monl Before the Revolution surnames were seldom used by tl Greeks. If it was necessary to distinguish between tw| persons of the same Christian name, it was done by addii the name of their father or of their native town. Ex. 6 'ladw 6 *AXxt/3*dSou, for 6 vlos toO 'AXxtjStdSov, John the son Alcibiades. The surname of a man is used in apposition to his title] as, 6 Kvpios Uap8a\6s, Mr. Pardalus ; but the surname of married woman is put in the Genitive ; as, ij Kvpla IlapSaXo^ Mrs. Pardalus (lit. the lady of Pardalus). Vocabulary. the last century, ^ TrapeKdovaa in the act, iv r^ irpd^ei, orL. fKaTovTamjpis (o TrapeXOav avro(f)a>p(o. 11 alatpj. escaped, bi.e(pvye (8ia(f)tvya)). did you see ? ttStrt ; (^X«V»). that I may put, va Btra {6fTco, you forgot to order, fKrja-no- mod. form of ridrjfu). vr) yfiKjjs (napayytXKa)) form of Si'Sw/xi). he announced, dvrjyyfiXf (dvay- did he complain? Traperroveiro yeXXo)). (jrapanovoifiai^ ; he agreed, crvv^vtaev (^a-waivSt). he felt pain, inovti, rjo-Odvero he was caught, Xa/ijSdco)). Patronymics. zs Exercise. Third and Supplementary Declensions. KXtVctr. The policeman was the hero 'O kKtjttjp ^to 6 rjpcts Tov dy«- of the contest. The beauty of night in Greece *H apaioTTji TTJs vvktos eV 'EXXdSt is remarkable. (ivai d^ioaTjfxdaiTos. A Greek has always hope for 'O "EWrjv TrdvTOTf €^(i eXmSa his country. 8id Trjv narpiba tov, l]iirke was an orator of the 'O Bovp/ce rjTO pr]T last century. 6oi The act was honourable and 'H TTpd^is ^To epTiftos Koi yfv- brave. vala. Did you see the fine oak on EiSfreT^v (opalav opvv{jr)v tvpiop- the mountain ? cf)T}v ^aXaviSiav) fTrlrov opousj \\)u forgot to order the 'E\r] coal. avdpaKas (ra Kap^ovva^. Tlie herald announced their 'O KTJpv^ dvfjyyeiXe ttjv npoaiy- approach to the guard. yitriv TCiv eir tov (f)vXaKa, The wall (of the city) is not To Telx°^ ^ ^^^ ^^"^'^ 'fa^« i^^i- well built. (Tfiivov. He was caught in the act. ^vvekri TO(}>d)pa). ^ Xot a word escaped his lips. OvSfpia Xe^is 8ie(pxry(v eK rav X(I-X.(U>V TOV. \ They have great faith in that E\ovp TroXkrjv TTfnoidrjaiv tls ( remedy. TTju dtpaiTdav TuvTrfv. i The master has asked for two 'O otKoSfcTTTOTTyr (6 «'<^cWijr) €^17- cups of coffee. njo-c bvo Ka(j>€8fs. * The wall of a city is to tuxos, 3rd decl. : the wall of a house 6 ' roixoi, 2nd decl. P 3 : 3 6 Modern Greek. The shoemaker wastes his 'O vnobrjiJiaTOTroibs (iranovra-rji) time in reading country p^avft t6v Koipdv tov dvayiva. newspapers. aKav ras iirapxuiKas tcjirjiK- piSas. He complained of a pain in Uapfnovelro on to ydi/u tov his knee. iirovei. § 32. ADJECTIVES. ^'EiridtTa, 1. Adjectives may be divided into three classes (a) of three terminations {jptKaTaKriKTa), one for Mascu- line, one for Feminine, one for Neuter. (6) of two terminations {biKaraKr]KTa), one for Masculine and Feminine, another for Neuter. (c) of one termination (jiovoKaraKr^Kra), for all genders. 2. The Adjective agrees with its Substantive in Number Gender, and Case. 3. Adjectives are declined according to one of the fore^l going Declensions. A. Adjectives with three terminations are declined after the subjoined types. Nom. Gen. KoKos, -fi, -6v, -ov, -ijs, -ov, good. BiKaios, -a, -ov, -ov, -ay, -ov, just. Xpva-ovs, -fj, -ovv, -ov, -rjs, -ov, golden. dpyvpovs, -a, -ovv, -ov, -as, -ov, silvery. o^vs, -f'la, -V, -f'os, -das, -€os, sharp. XapUis, -eaa-a, -tv, -evros, -fora-rjs, -tvros, charming or graceful. Tras, naaa, nav, navros, ndcrrjs, navros, all. liiXas, -aiva, -av, -avos, -aivrjs, -avos, black. — Adjectives. 2t1 The full declension of xaXo's-, -^j, -oy, and o^ur, -(In, -i5, is as follows : Singular. ; ; 38 Modern Greek. B. § 33. Adjectives with Two Terminations. To this class belong nearly all Adjectives compounded of two words, such as f^aiperos {f$ -atpw), excellent, Fem. e^ai- peros, Neut. (^aiperov ; fmpovos, fnifiovos, eTTtfxovov (eVi -fitvod), persevering; all adjectives in ijs (for declension see § 26, i), as akrjOrjs, a\r]6T]s, aiXr^Ofs, true ; and a few in os, as ^dp^apos, ^ap^apos, ^ap^apov, barbarous ; rja-vxos, rjavxos, rjavxov, quiet »ci'/3SrjXoj, Ki^brjKos, Kij38T)\ov, false, sham ; wcfieXipos, a)0eXt/xoy, bXpfXifxov, useful UKoXovdos, aKoXovdos, J dicoXovdov, following. I. 'E^aiperos, excellent. Masculine and Feminine. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. P. N. Nom. e^aipfTOS f^alpfTov f^ulpfTOl i^aipera Gen. i^aiptrov e^aiperov f^aiptTUV e^aiptTcov Dat. i^aiptra i^aiptTot f^atptTois f^aiptTOis Acc. f^aiptTov e^aiperov f^atpfTovs f^aipera Voc. i^aipfTf i^aipiTov t^aipeTOi i^aiptTa, c. § 34. Adjectives with one termination for the Masculine and Feminine without a Neuter are few in number. They are declined after the Third Declension. 6 Kai t] aptra^, usurper ; Gen. tov kcli Tr^s apirayos. 6 Koi f] /3Xa^, stupid Gen. tov km riJ! /3Aa*cof. 6 Koi f} (f)vyds, fugitive ; Gen. tov koI t^s (pvyddos. — Adjectives. 39 § 35. Ireegulab Adjectives. The three following Adjectives are irregular : I. Meyar, great. Singular. M. 40 Modern Greek. — Coinpartson of AdjcctiveS' 41 ceding syllable is short; and the Superlative by changing I ithe terminations to maroi, orarr], orarov, if the preceding syllable is long ; or araros, (OTaTrj, ararov, if the preceding syllable is short : Ex. bUaios, just, SiKaiortpos, diKaioTaros ; C0(f)6s, wise, 2. Adjectives in vs form the Comparative and Super- lative in vTtpos and vtgtos : Ex. BadvSf deep, fiadCrfpos, in >;? and <*s form the Comparative and Superla- 1 3. Those toTtpos fararos : Ex. ciXo/Sijr, devout, eiXa^eartpos, i tive in and «wAa/3t(rraTos xapieis, graceful, xa/'»«<'"'"«por> I ; x^P**''''"'"'**** 4. Those in av form the Comparative and Superlative in ovfOTtpos and ovfararos '. Ex. aa(f)pu>Pf prudent, aaxppov €(TT(pos, aaxppovforaTos. § 38. The Comparative is also formed by adding 7rX/oi» I or paKXov (more), before the Positive : Ex. anpot, dishonour- I I able, comp. 7rX/oi» anpot, more dishonourable ; tlxapicrroi, pleasant, comp. TrX/oj/ (vxapta-ros, more pleasant ; and the Superlative by placing the definite article before the Com- parative, as raxvs, swift, COmp. TaxOrtpos, SUperl. 6 raxireposy the swiftest ; anpos, dishonourable, comp. jrXe'oi; anpos, superl. 6 n\tov aripos, the most dishonourable. Remark.—This form of the Superlative, viz. the Compara- tive with the definite article, is the one usually employed in the vernacular. f 39. The following Adjectives form the Comparative or Superlative irregularly. Examples : POS. 42 Modern Greek. POS. COMP. SUPEIOi. /if'yar, large, fieydXtirfpos, /i/yioroj. ^'oTtpos, 1 noXvs, much, < ^ ^^^XfttTTOS. I [TrepKraorepos), J (f)tXos, dear, ^ikrepos, ^tXraro?. oXt'yof, little, oXtytoTfpor, oXtytoroj and iXdxiOTos. (TTfvos, narrow, arevorepos, orei/orarof. The Comparative and Superlative are followed by the Genitive : Ex. 6 ao(})6s eivai 6 tibaifiovfarepoi, or -raros oKwv rav dvOpoynmv, the Wise man is the happiest of mankind; but napd, or dno with the Accusative, is more generally used in conversation : Ex. eivai nXiov evxdpia-Tov «V ras ^ABTjvas mipa els TOP Unpaid, it is more pleasant at Athens than at the Piraeus ; flade l^rlKoTfpos dno rbv Btiov (ras, you are taller than your uncle. § 40. Adverbs formed from Adjectives'. Some Adverbs of Manner and of Kind are formed by add- ing -as to the stem of the Adjective. Ex. Stem. Adverb. &n\ovs, simple, djrX- ait\a>i, a-axppcov, prudent, aa^pov- The Comparative of this class of Adverbs is the same as the Neuter Singular of the Comparative Adjective ; and the Superlative as the Neuter Plural of the Superlative. In the spoken language the Neuter Plural is also used for the Positive and for the Comparative Adverb. Ex. fie^aims, or ^t^aui, certainly. Comp. ^e^aiorepov or /Se- fiaioTtpa. Superl. ^t^aioTara, * For other Adverbs, see § 85. Adjectives. 43 Vocabulary. indisposed, aSta^fro?. blue, Kvavovs (fJLa^Ci). disposed, Siartdfi^tvos (6ta the railway, 6 cnbTipoBpojios. OfTCo). the company, fj iraipia. the Piraeus, 6 Ilfipateiis. per cent., rdls (Karov. witty, (v(}>VT]s, TTViVfiaTadrji. yearly, per annum, kut eror. customary, Exercise. Adjectives. What a big ship that is ! Ti (xeytiko {noaov f^eya) n\oiov aval I The fruit is small this year ; Ai dnapat (ra onapiKo) dvitt last year it was larger. /xiKpai f irtpvaiv tjaav fxtyaXfiTfpai. A short time ago. Upo oXiyov Kaipov. What bad weather we are Ti aaxjipov Kaipov e^ojxev. having. It is simpler so. Etfot dnXovoTfpov ovras (tTcri). He was very ill. 'Hto TToXii dadevTji. She was indisposed. Hto dbiddfTOS. I am not disposed to do it. Afv tiftai diaTfdeifiivos va to KUflU}. Time is the best counsellor. 'O ;(pofos flvai 6 KaXXtTcpos Most of them came late. Ot TTfpKTaoTfpoi q\9ov dpyd. Athens has 70,000 inhabit- Ai 'ABrjvai txow cjSSo/x^wa x' ants. XtdSa? KaTo'.KCiiv. The Piraeus has 24,000 in- 'O Uetpaifvs fx^i fUoai Ttaaa- habitants. pas x»X«a8as KaTo'iKwv. II was bought for three francs. 'Hyopaa^jj Sta rpla cf)pdyKa. 44 Modern Greek. What a thin skin this orange Tt \tTTTov (})\oiov Iri •^ikr]{v\ has. <}>\ov8a{v) ) e}((i TO Tropro- KaWiov TovTO, That young man is stupid. 'O veos ovTos (ivai fuop6s OXd|), is He rather witty than £(cat fiaXkov fv(j}v^s ^ It is not usual for her to be Afv (Tvv€i6i((i va Tjvai t6(to» so cross. dvft,a)fJL€VT]. They are worthy people, but Eivai d^iOTiixoi ai>6pa>noi dXXd very simple. TToXii dTrXot. Tlie railway company from 'H fTaip'ia Tov an 'A6rjva)V (is Athens to the Piraeus pays Uftpma (Tibrjpodpopov TiKrjpovti 1 2 per cent, per annum. bcabtKa Tols (KUTov Kar' trot (to €TOi), The monthly balance-sheet 'O fiTjvtalos icroXoyioytos c'd^/io* was published yesterday. The Numerals^ 45 § 41. The Numerals. Of the Cardinal Numbers i, 3, 4 and from 200 upwards are declined. The rest are indeclinable. All the Ordinal Numbers are declined like Adjectives. Cardinal. Ordinal. «*? {tvai), fiia, ) I a npaTos, -T], -ov first {i («"«) 3 2)3' SvoorSu6)(8i;«) two dfvTepos, -a, -ov second 3 7 rpds, rpia three rpiTos, -rj, -ov third 48' TfTapros, -17, -ov fourth 1 trapa five TTffiTrrof, ktX, fifth 6r' six (KTOS sixth 7r tTrrd seven f^SoflOS seventh gySoo. (6yb6r,) l-.^^ 8,,' oKra> eight oyooov \ ° 9^ eVrca (eVvfo) nine ej'(j')aroff ninth 10 C S(Ka ten StKUTos tenth 11 (a eleven (vbfKaros eleventh 12 ti3' SuSeKa twelve 8o>8(KaTos twelfth 13 '7 SeAcarpelj {rpiaj thirteen btKUTos rp'iTos thirteenth 14.8' btKariacrapfs, -a fourteen dfKaros TfTapTos fourteenth 15 le' SfKanfiTf fifteen biKoros nffiTTTos fifteenth 16 tr 8(Ka(^ sixteen beKUTOi (KTOS sixteenth 17 'f dtKafirrd seventeen bfKaTos f^8ufios seventeenth 18 t.;' 8(KaoKra> eighteen bfKaros oySoos eighteenth 19 i& hfKaevvia nineteen SfAcarof ^^^(j/^aToJ nineteenth 20 k' uKOdTos twentieth ( tiKoarifvas, -fiia 21 KO. (iKoarbs TTparos twenty-first ( -fv(a), kt\. (rptaKovra or 30 X' TpiaKOOTOS thirtieth Tpiavra f {rfacrapaKovra 40 /i' T€ {(^rjKovra or 60 f i^rjKoaTos sixtieth 7 f^fjvra , 4^ Modern Greek. Cardinal. Ordinal. G'^So^^^ovra or? 70 o ^^^^ f^bonrjKooTos seventieth ioydorjKovra or 80 tt' eighty oyborjKooTos eightieth I \ ivvfvfiKOVTa OT ) . , 90 y < . - > ninety fwevr]KO(TTOs ninetieth fvvfvrjvra *' ( ^ 100 p' encardi/ one hundred fKarooTos one hundre 200 0-' two hundred SiaKoaiocTTos two hundre -at(aty), -a TptaKotrtoi, 300 T "three hundred TpiaKoaioaTos three hundi ai{ais), -a 400 V [four hundred TtrpaKocTioaTos four hundr( -at(ats), I -a 500 ^' >five hundred nevTuKoaioaTos five hundrt \ -ai(ats), -a 600 x' >six hundred i^aKocnnoTos six hundredtidred \ -at(aij), -a €7rra)co(rto», > seven hundred iTTTaKocnoTTos seven hi ai(«ts), -a o»cra»cocrtot, 800 w' eight hundred oKTaKoaLotTTos eight hi ai(aty), -a i ~^ \ fvveaKocrioi, 900 nine hundred ivvfaKocrioaTos nine hundrt ^ -ai(nts), -a 1,000 a XtXiot,ot(a(s), -aone thousand XtXtooTtJff one thousan 2,000 ;3 8i;o xtXtaSes two thousand 8io-x«Xtoo-7of two thousajs SfKawcTYtXtocr-^ ) . . 10,000 ,1 8fKa x«XtaSef ten thousand < J- ten thousan TOS {rrfVTrjKovra ntvrrjKOVTaKicr- 50,000 [fifty thousand jfifty thousai ,x -1 XlXtOOTOf a hundred eKaTovTUKis a hundred t 100,000 p x*- 8(s thousand XiocTTos sandth eKaTopfivptO' 000,000 a millionth (TTOS 000,000 8vo tKarofifiipia two millions < ^"^""""'^'^^^'Uwomilliont 0(TTOS ) In Greek the letters of the alphabet are used as figures. The letters a-0 stand for the units, 1-9. „ «-ir „ tens, 10-90. V, p-w „ hundreds, 100-900. I Numeral Adverbs. 47 cif, Tpetf, recro-npef, one, three, four, are declined as follows : Nom. cts (evas) /xt'a (/ita) Iv (fJ'a) T-pety, rpi'a reaaapfs, reaa-apa (jren. evoff /^tas tVor rpiav rtcrcrapiav Dat. evi /ita iv\ rpia\ retrcrapai A.CC. eva fiiav ev («»'«). rpctr, rptia. Tftrcrapas, riatrapa. ""^j like SiaKoa-ioi, -ai, -a] x''^'°'> "'"i ^^^v are declined the lural of an adjective of three terminations ; at KfcpoKai bioKoa-iav dvdpwirav amKonr^crav, the heads of two hundred men were cut off; 7rapjjyyftX« Tpta^i^t'O- dvTLTVTra tov /3i)3Xiou, he ordered three thousand copies of the book. ^tXta; (KUTopLfivpiov ^ and are substantives and are followed in the written language by the Grenitive : Ex. TreWf x'^'«S*^f TTparicoTav f]Xfia\(OTia-dt]a-av, five thousand soldiers were taken prisouers ; iv fKarofifivpiov conversation they are used as adjectives : rpels x'^'oSfs uv- 9pa)7rot, 3000 men. The numbers tls, ev, «!, eVrd, tKarov, take the rough breath- ing. Cp. Latin, sex, septem, centum, simplus. All others commencing with a vowel take the smooth. § 42. NUMEBAL AdVEEBS. Numeral adverbs are generally formed by changing the :crmination of the Cardinal into qkis, but the first four num- jcrs form an exception to this rule. iirra^, Once. TTfinaKis, five times. Siy, twice. flKoa-QKis, twenty times. rpis, three times. fKaTovTiiKis, a hundred times. rerpaKis, four times. XiXiaKis, a thousand times, [But in each of these batclies there are nine figures and only eight letters, ' ;hree letters which were originally in the alphabet but have fallen into iisuse, are therefore made use of to supply the deficiency, viz., {', ~^', r', Stigma or Vau = 6 ; Koppa = 90 ; Sampi = 900. ( When used to represent the figures from 1-900 these letters take an ' i,cute accent : to represent thousands they t^e a dash on the left side - i below the line. . ; 48 Modern Greek. Numeral adverbs are also expressed with the word 4>op (vulgar ^oka, cf. Ital, volta), Ace. (^topav, Plur. ^opia, Ex. fiiav or fuai^v) (})opc'.{v), once ; 8v6 tpopas {(f)opali) twice fha £Karo(i') (^lopais, I said it a hundred times. § 43. Pkoportional Numbers. Proportional Numbers are formed from the Cardinal Nun bers by changing the termination into an\ovs, anXaaioi, bi the first four numbers are formed from the Numeral Adverb anXovs, single. etKoo-oTrXour, flKoaranXacrtos, binXoxJs, 8in\d(j-ioi, double. twenty fold. rpinXoiii, TpiirXda-ioi, triple. fKarovranXovs, fKarovraTrXatrioi TfTpanXovs, rerpanXaaios, quad- a hundred fold. ruple. nfVTaivXovs, nfVTanXatTios, five thousand fold. fold. § 44. Abstract Numbers. Abstract Numbers are formed by changing the terminatic of the Ordinal Number to as or a8a : as, ^ fiovas {fiovdba), the unit, is formed from /xowy, alon< eingle. ai ixovabes, the units. f] 8vas or 8vd8a, the couple. ai SfKaSes, the tens. at fKarovrdSts, the hundreds. 8 § 45. Fractional Numbers. 'WfiKTVS, fiplaeia, rjpiav (vulgar fxicr-os, -fi, -6v), half. Ex. ij/iito (jua-os) xpoyos, a half-year ; fipiafia {fjucrrj), &pa, half an hour j — Dates. 49 th fjfiKTv {fxta-6) fvi)s xpovov, ^las The other Fractional Numbers are expressed by the defi- nite Article and the neuter of the Ordinal Number, as, TO Tp'nov, the third. T} bfKarr], the tithe. ri rirapTov, the fourth. 8vo Tpira, two thirds. TO btKOTov, the tenth. Tpla TfTapTa, three fourths. H av^TjTrjaii Sit]pkf(Te 8vo wpas Koi fifiiaetaVf The debate lasted two hours and a half. iva 8vo or 8vo-8vo, two by two dva T((T(rap(s, by fourS, or by twos. dva ftp, one by one. Eemarks. —Per Cent, is expressed by the Dative ; as Five per cent, per annum, mpTt roh eKarov kot ero? {to eros). The ail way pays 8 per cent., 6 aiBrjpoSpofios nXtjpovu okto) vols Korov, § 46. Dates. To express a date the cardinal numbers are used, those hat are declinable being put in the neuter, as—In 1879, [is TO x«^«a OKTOKoaia f^8op.TjK0VTa ivvea. A longer form is also raployed as — Kara to xiKioo-tov oKTOKoauxTTov f^SofiqKoarov (vva- OV €TOS, In speaking of the time, the substantives «pa, hour, and (Trr6v, minute, are generally left out. Ex. : [VTiat o'clock is it ? Tt fipai &pa ; it is one, — two, — three Eivat /it'a, 8uo, Tpetp, ac.t.X. o'clock, t is half-past five. Eii/at nevre Koi paai]. t is a quarter-past seven. Eivm cnra Koi Tfraprov. t is five minutes to ten. Eivai 8(Ka napa irivTt (XiirraS. -t five o'clock, Etf Tas trevre. ^efore noon. Upo fiearipi^piae, i.fter noon. Mera fitoTjfi^plav, 50 Modern Greek. Seasons. The four seasons of the year, ax rea-a-apts S>pai tov frnvv. Spring, f] avoi^is, TO tap. Autumn, to (l)6iv6napop. Summer, to. KoKoKoipi, to 6epos. Winter, 6 x"M''"'« • The Months. January, ^lavovapio^. July, 'loiiXtof. February, ^e^povapios. August, Avyovaros. March, MapTLos. September, ^fiTTfp3pios. April, 'ATTpikios. October, 'OKrci/Spioj. May, Maios. November, Noep^pios. June, 'lovvios. December, /\fic4p^pios. On the fifteenth of July, Eli Tus bfKaufvTi or ets r»ji/ SejtaTijv nepinriv 'lovXt'ov. The Days of the "Week. Sunday, KvpiaKri. Thursday, UfpnTrj. Monday, Aeurepa. Friday, Ilapaa-Kevr]. Tuesday, TpiVr;. Saturday, So/S/SaTov. Wednesday, TerdpTT). Holidays. Christmas, to. Xpia-Tovyewa. Good Friday, f) Mfyakr] Ilap New Year's Day, fj npoiTt] tov (TKfVr]. fTOVi, TO VeOV (TOS. Easter, t6 Ilacrxa, v Aapnpd. Carnival, at dnoKpft^. The Holy Trinity, f] ayla Tpias. Lent, ij (jfa) Vocabulary. the full moon, f/ 7rava-{\r]vos. the bathing, to \ovea6ai. in full leaf, ivTf\a>s fjvdiapeva, of the Protestants, tu>v Ata- on the thirteenth, ttjv deKdrrjv papTvpop,fvcov, Tpirrjv. I 3 Dates. 51 Exercise. • Tuesday is a day which the H TpiTTj (ivai fj^fpa, rfjv onoiap Greeks regard as unlucky. 01 EWrjvfs Oiapoiicnv us dno- Last Wednesday we went to Tr)v TtapikBovaav TtrdpTi]!) vtttj- Aegina. yaptv (la rfjv Aiyivav. Next Saturday there will be To epj^optvov 2o'/3/3aTOi' 6a ^vai a full-moon. iravaeXrjvos. At Athens all the Sundays of Els Tas 'ABrjvas oXai at KvpiaKoi the Carnival are lively if T&v airSKpeco (ivai ^urjpai, iav the day is fine. fj ^fitpa ^vai wpala, iln Greece January is generally O lavovapios iv 'EXXdSt fti'ai bright and fine. crvvTjOais Xapnpos Kal apdlos. The trees are in full leaf by Ta dfvdpa €ivai eWeXw? T]v6i,(Tptva the middle of March. Kara to peaa rov MapTiov, rhe Greek Easter is April To 'EWijvikou UncTxn (Aa/i.7rpa) I this year. TO flvat ttju -13 fTos rovro I— 1 ^AnpiKiov. iJverybody in Athens spends ndvTfS fv 'ABfjvais hUpxovrai May-day in the country. {hidyovcTi) TTjv irpwTTjv Muiov (Is T^V f$0)(TIV. rune, July, and August are 'O 'lovvios, 6 'lovXtoy rat 6 Av- intensely hot. yovaTos flvai acf)68pa Gtpfxol, )ctober and November are 'o '0/cT&)/3ptoy Ka\ 6 Koep^pios very pleasant, fivat TToXxi (I'xdpiaToi. .^he Protestant Church at- H (KKKrfaia rSiv Aiafiaprvpo- tracts many spectators at pevcov irpoaeXKVd noWovs Christmas and Easter. Gfaras to. XpiaTOvyevva /cat TO Udax^a, t is not customary to con- Aev aval avvrjdna va Btatpaxn to f sider Wednesday as a half- uTToytvpa T^t TfrdpTTjs cos holiday. axoXdaipov. [e was born on July 11, 'EyevvfjdTj Ttjv ivbeKaTrfv 'lovviov £ 2 52 Modern Greek. 1852, and died on April «if TO xiKux oKTaKoaia nt 21, 1874. TTjKovra 8vo (flio'v^) koi dm /Si'oxre TTju (iKO(TTi)v jrpwri] 'AnpiXiov (Is TO \i\ia okto Koaia ejSSo/ijjKoira reaaapt I shall go down by the half- past two train. It is only- )(fias Tcov 8vo Koi fjjXKrda ten minutes to Phalerum fi. fi. Mfxpi- ^aXrjpov 8ia to by rail, so that we can aiSTjpoSpofiov (ipai fi6vop S/d come back to Athens by XeTrrd, SxTTf Swapeda va fire the four o'clock train. veXdupev els 'Adquas 8ia ri &pLa^o(iTOi\elas toiv Tfcrardpa II. fM. §47. PRONOUNS. The Pronouns may be divided into Substantive Pronouni and Adjective Pronouns. Substantive pronouns are: i. Personal, 2. Eeflexive, 3. R« ciprocal. Adjective Pronouns are : 4. Possessive, 5. Interrogativ( 6. Demonstrative, 7. Relative, 8. Indefinite. • Substantive Pbonouns. § 48. I. Personal Pronouns. First Person—^*Eyta, I. Singular. Plural. Nom. cyw Gen. ffxov—pov Dat. €p.oi—poi fjpiv \ pas. fp-i—iii ffxfva fjpds Ace. or ] Pronouns* hi Nom. 54 Modern Greek. Adjective Peonouns. § 51. 4. Possessive Pronouns. The Possessive Pronouns are formed by the Genitiv (abbreviated form) of the Personal Pronouns, placed after th noun, and, if emphasis is to be expressed, by the addition IbiKos, I81KT], IbiKov, which answers to the English ' own.' Ex. My horse, to nKoyou ftov. horse did ride 1 Whose you rlvos aXoyov InnexxraTe ; My own, to 18ik6v fiov. did you for it ? ITwr Si' How pay enXr^paxraTf avro ; I paid for it with my own money, fnXrjpaaa /ixe to. Ibn (xov ;(p)7/iara. My garden, 6 ktjttos fiov, or, 6 18ik6s fiov kjjttos. Our house, fj oiKia fias, or, f] ISikt] fias otKia. Thy book, t6 ^i^Xiov a-ov, or, to 18ik6v Your hat, 6 jrtXds o-ay, or, 6 IhiKos acts mXos. His letter, to ypdnfia Tov, or, to 18ik6v tov ypdfifjia. Their ideas, at tSeat tiov, or, at IdiKai Tcov tSeai. In writing, the Ancient Greek forms, tfios, Remark.—The article is used with Demonstrative an| Possessive Pronouns, as—This good young man, airos 6 KoKi vioi. Their possessions, to. KTrniara twv. § 52. 5. Interrogative Pronouns. Two Interrogative Pronouns are used in Modern Greek, (a) TiV, Ti, who, what (lit.). (6) TToIoff, 770(a, ITo'lQV, who, wliat. — — 5^ Modern Greek, I. QvTOi is declined as follows : Singular. Plural. Nom, ovToy, avTT], rovTO ovrot, avrai, ravra Gen, TOVTOV, Tavrrjs, tovtov TOVTdV Dat. rovT(o, Tairr), Tovrto TovTois, ravrais, roirrots AcC. ToxiTov, ravrqv, tovto TovTovs, ravTas, Taira, 2. ^Ekuvos is declined regularly. § 54. 7. Relative Pronouns. There are two Relative, just as there are two Interroga- tive Pronouns, one used in literary style, the other in common language : (a) o(ms, fJTis, o, ti, who, which (lit.). (6) onolos, oTToia, onoiov, who, which (common). Singular. Plural. Nom. 0(TTIS, ^TIS, 0,TI oiTivfs, alrivfs, ariva Gen. ovTivos, ^arivos, ovtivos Dat. OJTtl't, JJTIVI, (drtCt olarTKTi, aloTKTi, oiaruri Ace. ovTiva^ {jvTiva^ o,Ti ovarivaSf darivas, driva. Singular. Plural. Nom, OTTotoy, onoia, onoiov 6noioi, ondlaif ottoui Gen. OTToiov, OTToiay, onoiov Dat. onoLO), onola, onoia onoiois, onolais, oiroiois Ace. ono'iov, onoiav, onoiov OTTOIOVS, OTToiaS, OTTOia, The Ancient Relative, or, rj, 5, is used rarely even writing. The people use 6nov and noi for all cases of the Relative Pronoun. Ex. The child that cries, t6 naiBl noD Kkaiti. I receive( the book you sent me, tXafia t6 ^ilUXiov nov ix fcrrfikft. — Pronouns. $7 (TTis, TfTit, o, I g^^^^^ I ^ ^ ^jjosoever, whatsoever, onoia, onoiov 'Orroiof, | J are declined regularly as above. Ex. Whoever does it will be punished, oariabfjTroTt or onoiocr- 8t]iroT€ TO KdfjLvti 6a Tinapqdrj. Come at whatever hour you like, (\6f (*^") *** onoiavSrjTTOTe &pav d(\(ts, 3. Tocror, 17, ov, as much. 'Oaos, t), ov, as. Ex. I bring you as much money as you gave me, (ras ^«p(a ToVa xpfjjjiaTa oaa (lov fdwaare. § 55. 8. Indefinite Pronouns. I. Ttf, Interrogative, is accented with an acute and is paroxytone in the two-syllable cases throughout. Tu, In- definite, is accented on the last syllable and is enclitic It is declined as follows : Singular. Plural. Nom. t\s Ti Tives Tiva Gen. Tivhs TivS>v Dat. Tiv\ Ace. Tiva tI Tivas TWO, Strengthened by the addition of kSv • Kciv Tis, someone, anyone. KoTi, something. Bos ixoi {fiov) KOTi Ti va (j)dy(o, give me something to eat. 2. "AXXor, aXXt], aXXo, the other or next ; frtpus, irepa, hfpov, the other of two, are declined regularly. Ex. The other party, t6 a\\o Koppa, Next month, tov SKKov prjva. The one—the other, 6 els—6 trfpos. 3. "OXos, 17, ov, all or every, is declined regularly. Ex. All agreed, oXot orvv((pciiVT} 4. MfpjKot', at, a, some, a few. Ex. Some went away and some stayed, fiepiKoi ei^uyov koI fitpiKoi fjifivav, 5. Kdnoios, a, ov, some one. Ex. Some one told it me, Kairoios not to ffTTf. 6. Ka/iTTotrof, r], ov, a good number, a good deal. Ex. There were a good many people at the concert, ^ro KdfiTTOO'os Koafios fls Ti)v (TVvavXiav. ToiovTos, Toiavrr}, toiovtov, IS 'J. such a one, declined as follows : Singular. Plural. N. roiovTOs, ToiavTT], roiovrofv^ Toinvroi, ToiavTM, Toiavra G. roiovrov, ToiauTTjs, roiovrov TOIOVTOJV D. Toiovrco, ToiavTi], ToiovTa ToiovTois, Toiavrais, toiovtois A. TOIOVTOP, TOiaVTtjV, TOlOVTo(v) ToiovTovs, Toiavras, Toiavra. The common form is rtToios, rtToia, Thoiov, declined regu larly. Ex. It is impossible to work with such tools, tlvai dSCvau va epyaaOfi ris /ue Toiavra or Teroia ipyaKila, 8. 'O cStos, o, ov, \ the,, ^ same.^„^„ , , , / , ( o avTos, 7], o, ) Ex. He died the same day, dneffave TfjV IBiav or rfiv airi Tjpepav. Come at the same hour to-morrow, A^e ttjv Idiav T^v avTr}v Sipav avpiov. I went myself, virrfya 6 iStoy. 9. TtVoTf, anything or nothing. Ex. Have you bought anything] 'Hyo'pacray nVoTf or koti n Nothing, TOTOTf. 10. Kamf, Kaupia, Kavev, nobody, supplies the place of ov8fu ov8(pla, ouS«V, in the common language. It is declined as fol lows :— Singular. Nom. Kuveis, Kapfiia, KavfV Gen. Kav€v6s, Koppids, Kavtvos Acc. KavfVQf Kapplav, Kavev. ; Pronouns. r>9 Ex. Is any one there? tival ns t'/cel; There is nobody, ^€V fivai Kavfis. II. Kadds, Kadffita, Ka6ev, each, every, is the common form of (Kaa-Tos, t), ov. It is declined like Kaveis. Ex. Every one did as he wished, 6 Kadeis (eKaaros) (Koftev Ct7u:s r^Bekf, He told it to each one, t6 flirev els top Kadiva, 12. 'O btlva, n duva, to bflva, ) such, ,-/,., ,. > O TaO€, T] Taof, TO Taoe, ) 'O Tabe and o helva are not declined. Ex. Give it to Mr. (name forgotten), Ao's to (U tov Kvpiov Vocabulary. pleased (fern.), TfvxapiaTtjfifvr] they belong, dv^Kova-t (av^Ktei). ((vxapio'Tovfiai^. I leave, d(^iVo). lend (Imp.), Sdveia-ov (JbavtlCeo). they are wrong, fxpvanv a8iKov. Exercise. Do not give me all the flowers M17 ftov Sa)077? oXa (navTa^ ra give me a few only and give \ov\ov8ui, 86s fJLOV fiOVOV fl€- the rest to my sister. piKo. (fvia),, 86s ra . aXXa els TTjv dSeX^ijj' pov. Give me that book. Aoy pov €Kfivo TO ^(.^Xiov, 8oi(T(0 "Which one shall I give you 1 UOIOV Va (TOt f Xot this one, the other. 0;^t TovrOf to oXXo. I have a horse of my own. E)(co oKoyov IbiKov pov. It is my turn to play. Eij/at fj treipd pov va nai^u), Lend me this. Aaveicrov poi tovto. A friend of mine gave it me. Mot to eboxfv eis Tci)v Speak to her about it. 'Opi\T](T€ TT]S (tT)v) JTfpt aVTOV. This pencil is mine. To po\v^8ok6v8v\ov tovto tivai ibiKov pov. Did anybody see 1 2as fi8f icdvfis (jis) you J ; 5o Modern Greek. Nobody saw me, and I saw Kawts hkv fif (i8e, Koi ryw Sei; nobody. €i8ov Kavtva, Are these your gloves % Avra (ivai. to ydvTid (^xtipoKua) eras', Yes, they belong to me. MaXtora, fioi dvfjKovtri, I leave something for you. Ac^iVo) Ti 8i iifias, Put each in its place. book BdXf tKacTTov ^i^Xiou ds r, Seaiv rot). It is yours. Eivai ISiKov crag. Who called me 1 Uaiios /*' f(f)a>va^t ; Whose hat is this % Twos fivai TO KantWov (6 ttiXoi TOVTO J What kind of man is he ? UoLOveiSovs SvOpatiroseivai oUtos What weather is it % Tt Kaipos fivai J Anybody can do it. naff rtff BvvuTai va to KapT}, Someone passed here a mi- Kanoios inepatrfv an e8S> np nute ago. eWff XfTTTOV. I should prefer something else. Qa eV/)ort/i«j'(7rpo€T«|i(Bj/)aXXo ri Vocabiilary. the mediation, ^ praoXd^rjaK. for your sake, irpbs x^P*" <'''?• shall you go ; 6a xmdyryrf every day, Kaff fKaiTTTjv (Jiptpav (xnrdym, present in use, ni)- say it, (Inf TO, yalv(o). Exercise. The neutral powers offered At olSeTepai Svvdpeis iTpo(Tf(}>tpoi their mediation. TTjV pf(ro\d^r](Tiv T She went there herself. 'YjTTJytv tKtl Tj Id la. I saw them fall. Toi/s ei8ov va jrccr« It was he who did it. AvTos (ivai ooTis TO fKape, Pronouns. 6i There were a great many Ho-aK TrXetorat KVpiai tls t6v ladies at the ball. )(op6v, . I saw the man who heat the Eidof rbv avdpanou oortr iicnma horse so cruelly. TO akoyov Toaov (rK\T}pa>s ydnapdpwTTas). Which way shall you 1 Anb TToiov bpopov 6a vnar/riTe go ; Some one has left his coat. KaTTOios a(pi]iTf TO (fjopepd tov. I will do it for your sake. Qa TO Kapa TTpos X'^P"' O'T*' 1 1 would not have done it for Aej; 6a to enpaTTov di aWov anybody else. Tivd, I want both. Xptid^opai KOI Ta dvo (^dp(f)6Tepa\ I go there every day. Ilrjyaiva fKfi Kaff (KdaTTjv, Give me as much as you Aos poi oaov Bvvaaai irtpurao- can. Tfpov. He has as many as you. E^fi Toaa oaa vpets. There are a good many chil- 'YTrdpxov What is the matter with you 1 Ti tx^Te ('Atto Ti ; ndaxfTe ;) Nothing, thanks. TiVore, fiixapioTa. I never saw such a man. OvdeiroTt ctdoi/roiovrov dv6pwTrov : 62 Modern Greek. VERBS. Pjj/xaTa. § 56. The Verb. r. The Modern Greek Verb has two Voices {biadio-ds to p^naros), the Active {(i^epyrjTiKov) and the Passive (nadrjTiKou). There is no Middle Voice ; its place is supplied by th Passive, which is used with a Middle Sense. The only reli of the Middle is the Aor. Imp. Pass., Xixrov for XvOrjTi (se( under Aorist). 2. The Verb Finite has four Moods {iyKXta-ns) ; the Indica tive [opiariKrj), the Subjunctive {xmoTaKTiKr)), the Conditiona {inroBfTiKrj), the Imperative (Tvpoa-ranTiKrj). 3. The Verb Infinite comprises the Infinitive {anapffi^aToi and the Participles [peroxdi). 4. There are seven Tenses (xpovoi) : the Present {ivftrrus Imperfect {naparaTiKos), First Future, Second Future (peXXav Aorist (aopia-Tos) (ist or 2nd), Perfect {napuKfifievos or avfTfXi Kos), and Pluperfect {inrepa-vvTeXiKos). § 57. There are two principal conjugations of the Gree' Verb (i) in tu, where a connecting vowel joins the tense ster to the personal suffix {Xv-u for Xv-o-pi), and (2) in pi, wher no such vowel is used. Verbs in (a) TJncontracted or Paroxytone Verbs. (6) Contracted or Circumflex Verbs. (a) TJncontracted or Paroxytone Verbs take the accent 01 the penult in the first person Singular Present Indicati\ Active (Xap^dva, fvpLaKca), and throw the accent back as fa^ as the quantity of the last syllable will allow, througliout I — — : : Verbs. 6^ the Conjugation (\an^dpov(Ti, eAo'^iSafoi/). There are five exceptions to this rule, viz. : the Subjunctive, Infinitive, and Participle of the Aorist Passive, and the Perfect Participle Passive, and the oblique cases of the 2nd Aorist Part. Ex. va \vdS), XvO^vat or \v6fj, \v6(is, XfXu/xe'j/os, tvxovtos. (h) In the Present, Contracted Verbs take the accent on the 'contracted syllable, except the second Singular Imperative. is circumflex, if in the uncontracted form the accent was I It on the first of the contracted vowels, if not, it is acute. § 58. The Augment. 1. In the Indicative Mood there is a prefix to the Im- perfect and Aorist. This prefix is called the Augment \ 2. There are two kinds of Augment (tt) The Syllabic, which prefixes <- to verbs beginning with a consonant, as Present. Imperfect. Aorist. ypd Xw Note. ^ ' If the stem begins with p it is doubled after the f, for example plnra, I throw, tppiiTTov, tppi^a. (6) The Temporal (so called because it increases the length of the first syllable, but does not, like the Syllabic, ^ The Augment was originally a word consisting of the letter o-. It is surmised that it was an Instrument il case of a Demonstrative Pronoun and meant 'there.' At first a separate word, it by degrees coale<*ced with the Verb. : 64 Modern Greek. increase the number of syllables) is employed with words commencing with a vowel or diphthong, as Present. Imperfect. Aorist. apx'Cw, I begin, W'f""* 7PX*<^«- 3. The rules respecting the change of vowel or diphthong are as follows Present. Imperfect, a changes to 1;, aXXdcro-o), I change, ^Kkavauv, * »» »?> ^PX°H^h I come, VRX^H-l^' e sometimes to «, ?x^> I have, fl\ov. at. changes to ?/, aladdvofjiai, I feel, jjaSavofirjv. av „ Tjv, av^dva, I increase, i]v^avov. fv „ r]v, fvKaipo), I have time, rjvKaipovv. „ o, ofiiXo), I speak, afiiXow. 01 „ w, oiKretpo), I pity, aKveipov. t, V, become t, v. This has no effect on the modern pr( nunciation. ou, f«, and the long vowels do not change. 4. Verbs compounded of Nouns take the Augment at tl beginning ; as, otKoSo/zaj, I build a house, aKobopow. 5. Verbs compounded with Prepositions take the Augmei between the Preposition and the Verb ; as, irepipeva, I awai TTfpiffifvoy Augment is often plac J but in the vernacular the before the Preposition ; as, (nfpiptvov. 6. Verbs of more than two syllables, or beginning with vowel, do not in the vernacular take an Augment. § 59. Reduplication. 1. In Modem Greek the Reduplication is only found 1 the Perfect Participle Passive. (See § 69.) 2. Reduplication is used in Verbs beginning with a single — Verbs. 6^ consonant, or with a mute followed by a liquid; as, Xu«, XcXv/icvor ; ypd 3. Verbs beginning with a double consonant, a vowel, or p, take the Augment instead of the Reduplication. 4. Verbs beginning with an aspirated consonant take the corresponding hard consonant in the Reduplication. 5. Verbs compounded with Prepositions take the Redupli- cation after the Preposition : in the spoken language these Verbs do not take a Reduplication. § 60. Auxiliary Verbs. 1. There are three Auxiliaiy Verbs in Modern Greek, viz., j«;(a), I have ; ufiai, I am ; 6iXa, I wish or will. 2. All the tenses are given below, but the Present and Imperfect only are used in the Conjugation of other Verbs. 3. "ExcD is used in the Perfect and Pluperfect ; eiixai in the Perfect Passive ; 6f\co in the Second Forms of the First and Second Futures. They are conjugated as follows : 66 VerbS' 67 Imperative Mood. Present. Sing. fx« I Plur. (xfTt listxil Infinitive Mood. (Xft^, usually written txtu Participle Present. Singular. H. P. Nom. ex u. - Nom. Xa^av 68 Modern Greek. Imperfect. Sing. ^/ijji/ (jjixovv) Sing. VerbS' 6q Imperative Mood. Present. Sing. IPlur. tare &s ^vai as ^vai. Infinitive Mood. fla6ai or (ivai. Particijyh ]\Iasc. Nom. cov (ovras) Modern Greek. Second Future. Sing. 6a GiKr^trw Plur. 6a 6f\f](T(oiitp 6a 6fkr] 6a 6fKri(Tri 6a 6(\ri Subjunctive Mood. Fresent. Sing, va dfXco Plur. va 6(Xa>fxfv vd 6i\rjs va 6(kr}T( va diKji va BiKaari, (la ^/Xovi), Aorist. Sing, va 6f\T](Ta> Plur. va 6f\fia-a)fi(v vd 6i\rj(TT]s vd df\r](rr}T€ yd 6iKr^(Trj vd deXfjaaai (fo df^ffaov Conditional Mood. Present and Imperfect. Sing. 6d rj6t\ov Plur. 6d r]6f\ofitw 6d fj6(\ts 6d r]6(ktTt ed i}6i\i 6^ iiOfkov, Imperative Mood. Present. Sing. 6(\* Plur. 6€\fTt as 6(Xp &s 6(\(o(ri (&i BtKovp) Verbs, 71 Infinitive Mood. Prtsent. 72 Modern Greek. Veris. 73 § /< Ol b '^ 74 Modern Greek. 7<5 Modern Greek. Verbs. 77 — — 78 Modern Greek. § 65. Obsekvations on the Tenses, and on thk Formation of the Stem. The Peesent. The Tenses of Verbs are formed from the Root or the Present Stem. The Present Stem is itself formed from the Root by 1. Lengthening the Vowel or -changing it into a Diph- thong ; as. Root. Present Stem, rpay rpwy^, I eat. 2. By strengthening the characteristic letter j as, rvn TUTTT-o), I strike. 3. By inserting a syllable between the Root and the ter- mination ; and at the same time in many cases strengthening the Root; as, (vp tvp-i Xaj3 Xafi^-dp-m, I receive. 4. By prefixing a Reduplication to the Root ; as, Of Tl-drj-fu (Mod. 6(Tw), 1 place. 5. The Present Stem is sometimes the same as the Root, as m Xv-«, Xry-». 6. The peculiar forms of the vernacular in the Present are \iovfif{v) for Xvopfv, \iovv(f) for Xvovai ; and in the Passive, \if 'kvovvToi for Xiovrai. Some of these forms are certainly archaisms, which have been preserved in the vernacular, while they have died out from the cultivated language. 7. The final v of the Present Infinitive is generally dropped; as, Biko) Xvei, for 6f\(o Xvfw. 8. The Present Subjunctive changes the t, ft, o, ov of the — Veris. 79 Indicative into >?, 17, a : in all other respects the Subjunctive and Indicative terminations are identical ; as, Indicative. Subjunctive. Xvft, va \vjj, Xv«r€, va. \vrjTe, \vofi(v, va \va)fitv. 9. The Present Participle Active is formed by adding v to the Present Stem ; as, Xv«, Xvcbi* (originally Xvovts, con- sonants dropped, vowel lengthened by compensation). In the Passive it is formed by changing fiai to fitvos; as, \vonat, \v6fitvos. The Participles are declined regularly. § 66. The iMPEKrECT. 1. The Imperfect only exists in the Indicative. It is formed from the Present by adding the Augment and chang- ing the termination -a> to -ov in the Active, and -ofxai to -6^r)v in the Passive. The vernacular changes the -ov to -a, as eXva for IXvoi', and •ofirjv to -ovfiow, as (J)\i!ovfiovv for iKvofajv. 2. In uncontracted verbs the accent is thrown back to the ; )3X«7r«, antepenultimate in the Imperfect Active as, t^Xtnov \ \va, (kvov, § 67. The Aorist. 1. Modem Greek has retained both the First and Second Aorist, but in no one verb are both forms in use. 2. The First Aorist is generally employed. The follow- ing verbs are the chief exceptions, and employ the Second Aorist : Pies. — — — 8o Modern Greek. Pres. Aor. TTtVo), to drink, IWiov. tpxo^Mi, to come, ^Xdov. Xan^dva, to take, eXa^ov, ^dW rpexoo, to run, fbpaixov. ^XeVa), to see, (Ibov. dnodvrja-Ka), to die, dnedavov. The common language joins a First Aorist termination to a Second Aorist stem, as, elna, I said, for etnov. 3. In the Indicative the Second Aorist has the same ter- minations as the Imperfect ; in the other moods as the Pre- sent, with the following exceptions : (a) The Infinitive is accented with a circumflex, as etn-etf. (6) The Second Singular Imperative of fpxoyMi, evpla-Ko Xe'yo) is accented on the last syllable, as, firre. 4. The Second Aorist Passive is formed from the Acti\ by changing ov into iji*. 5. The First Aorist Active is formed from the True Ste by prefixing the Augment, and adding -a-a, as, Xv, eXvaa ; rv sTv^a. The First Aorist Passive from the First Aorii Active by changing -aa into -6r]v. 6. The Greeks avoid such combinations as 6a; etc. ; the of the First Aor. Act. therefore coalesces with and modifies tl preceding consonant in the following ways. The of the Ac] Pass, likewise changes a foregoing tenuis into an aspirate dental into a sibilant. Thus if the Root ends in TT, Pass, (pdrjv. /3, (f), the First Aor. Act. and end in \ira and y, «, X, » i> „ ^« and x^l"- a6T]v. 8, 6, T, p, „ „ „ a-a and TT, c7-(r, „ „ „ a-a or |a and x^l (For Contracted Verbs see § 71.) —1 Verbs. 8 Ex. First Aor. Act Pass. rpi'/So), to rub, tTpiyjra, irplcfidriv. avvdya>, to collect, eavva^a, iavvdx&rjv. KoranfiOui, to pei'SUade, KaTtTrdtra, (€)KaTan(ia0ijv. Taaao), to arrange, era^a, eraxOlv. 7T\fKu>, to weave, orXf^a, inXtx^lf' 7. The Aorist of Liquid Verbs does not end in -a-«, but -a; while the vowel of the stem is lengthened as follows : a, ai=^d; f=et; t = t; i=:v; as, otAXw, to send, e 8. Liquids which have a«, ft, XX, in the stem throw away the second of these letters in the Aorist, as napaLvu), to wither, ifxapava ; ^aXXa), to put, €/3aXa. 9. If t occurs in the stem of a monosyllabic liquid, it is changed to a in the Aorist Passive, as, (TTiXXa, fo-TaXrfv. 10. The vernacular uses (Xva-es, eXva-tre, for eXvcrar, iXva-oTt, and fXvdrjKo, K.T.\. (perhaps a vestige of the Perfect), for (\vdTjV, K.T.\, 11. The Aorist Subjunctive is formed from the Aorist Indicative by dropping the Augment and by changing the termination a into a in the Active, and rjv into co in the Passive. The second and third persons singular take an eota subscript in both voices. 12. The Aorist Imperative Active is formed from the Aorist Indicative by dropping the Augment, and changing a uto ov (high style) and e (common) : fXva-a, Xva-ov, or Xva-f. 11 the Passive the vernacular uses Xva-ov for XvdrjTt. This urm is the classical Aorist Imperative Middle of verbs in fu. Compare to-rao-o with the modem forms (TTaaov, be^ov. 13. The Aorist Infinitive Active is formed from the Indi- ative by dropping the Augment and changing the termina- iion a into at, as, tXvaa, Xvaat. But when the Aorist Infini- live is used with the auxiliary verbs, exw, BeXa, it is written instead of ai, as OeXco Xvaet, Xvafi. I' ex*" [ 14. The Aorist Infinitive Passive is formed by dropping > 6 82 Modern Greek. the Augment and changing Gr\v into 6r\vcu. (lit.) or 6ri (com- mon), as, i\v6r]v, Xvd^vai, or \v6rj. 15. The Aorist Participle Active is formed from the Indi cative by dropping the Augment, and changing a into at as, eAvo-a, Xvcraj. It is declined regularly, like nat, iraora, n-Si 16. In the Passive the Participle is formed by droppinj the Augment and changing 6r)v into Beis, with accent on the lasi 17. In the higher style an Aorist Middle is sometimei though rarely used. It bears an active (reflexive) meaninj It is formed from the active by changing -a into -aiir}v and i; the participle into -afitvos. Ex. e\v(r-anT}v, -to, -aro ; -dfifda, -aaOf, -avTO ; partic. Xvadnevos ; thus eKpv^dfvrjv, Kpv^dufvoi, etC. § 68. The Future. 1. The Ancient Form of the Future is very rarely used it may be considered as lost, and is replaced by compounde tenses. 2. There are two Futures in Modern Greek: (a) The First (or Imperfect) Future (MeXXcoj' napaTaTiKos)! (b) The Second (or Perfect) Future (MtX\a>v avvreXiKos). (a) The First Future, expressing a continued or repeate action, is formed by 6d (see § 67, 5) and the Present Sulj junctive; or by ^«Xw and the Present Infinitive, as, 6a nr}yaiva> Ka& iKaarrjv (jca^e f]fxepav), I shall go every daj Bikoa trepinara} Ka&e Trpwt, I will walk every morning. ' The usual method is to form the Future from the Present and the First Aorist from the Future. But in Modem Greek the Ancient Future has been lost. The Second Future, which might be mistaken for it, is nothing but the Aorist Subjunctive preceded by 6d. 6d is perhaps a contraction of OfKti ii/a. Thus 9(\a iva = 0i\fi va = 6i va = Od. Other writers maintain that this contraction is quite without analogy, and regard Od as a particle or a fragment of rdxa- Mr. Geldart thinks that we have this very particle 6f or 6d in the optative interjection (t6( also and alOf : ei9e tXdoi is in Modern Greek (X9( vd eKOr/, which might be written ti 01 vd eXOij. He is the more inclined to regard Sd as a simple particle, because its use with the Subjunctive corresponds to the use of «e in Homer with the same word, while its employmer' — Ferds, 83 (h) The Second Future is used when reference is made to an action to be performed once, without prolongation or re- petition, and is formed by 0d and the Aorist Subjunctive, or by 6(\ci) and the Aorist Infinitive, as, 6a xmayw a-f]fiepov, I shall go to-day. 6f\(i) ufpinaTTjcrei^ anoylre, I will walk this evening. & 3. In the Passive the two Futures are compounded in precisely the same way as in the Active. § 69. The Pebfect and Pluperfect. 1. The Ancient Form of the Perfect is found only in the Participle Passive, which is formed from the Aorist Indicative Passive by changing 6r]P into ixtvos, and the Aug- ment into the Reduplication, as, iickridrjv, Ke/cAjj/xej/or (accent on penultimate). 2. The Modern Perfect is formed by the Present of e^o) and the Aorist Infinitive (both in the Active and Passive), ex« Xvo-ft, ex Participle Passive and the Present of diiai, as, XeXu/ixtVor tlfmi. The Perfect Active is occasionally formed in a similar way, as, fx"^ \f\vix(vop, -T}u, -Of, -ovs, -as, -a. Ex. e^fo (yejypafxpevTjv rrjv fTriaroXfiv, I have Written the letter. with the Imperfect, as, 6ci lirtOvfiovv, answers precisely to the classical iwf6vfiox/v dv. * The Second Form of both Futures is frequently written with an y ^nstead of a, as, 5«Acu Trriyaivri, 0(\aj tnTayr). This is done on the sup- position that the word is in reality the third person of the Subjunctive, Bod that ya has been elided. It also supposes that the form of the libird person singular has come to be used for all the persons, singular (Old plural> Ex. Original Form, 9(\u va irrjyaivTi ; Modern, OeKei rrrjyaiypi 'tkUf -(IS, -ti, etc., injyaivrj. 6 9 84 Modern Greek. 3. The Pluperfect is formed with the Imperfect of ex<*>. the Perfect is formed with the Present, as, ilxov Xvo-ei ; e?x« 4. The Perfect and Pluperfect are very seldom employe^ All degrees of past time are expressed by the Imperfect o Aorist. § 70. The Conbitional. 1. There is no Optative Mood in Modern Greek ; it replaced by the Conditional. 2. The First Conditional is formed by (a) 6a. and the Imperfect ; or by (6) the Imperfect of Qikta and the Present Infinitive ; as, 6a fXvov, or rjBiKov \v(i,, I would lose. 3. The Second Conditional is formed by the Imperfect of 6t\a and the Aorist Infinitive, as, ^de\ov Xvo-et. There is the same difference in sense between the First and Second Conditional as between the First and Second Future, namely, that the former is used to express a continued or repeated action, the latter with reference to an action performed once without prolongation or repetition. Ex. If I wrote to-da he would receive my letter to-morrow, iav eypacfiov afjixepo ^de\e Xa/3ei ttju eniaroXrjv fiov avpiov. If visits did not preve^j me, I would learn my lessons, iav 8eu fie ennodtCov at e'lrtaK ^eiSy rj6f\ov fiavdavfi to. fia6f]iiaTa fiov. 4. The Pluperfect Conditional is formed by the PlupevfeU Indicative preceded by 6a, as, 6a tlxov Xvaei, I should have loosed. It is generally replaced by the First or Second Condi- tional. Ex. If visits had not prevented me, I should have learned my lessons, eav 8ev fie elxov efinobia-ei al e7n(TKe\lAeis,i ij6t\ov fiav6dvei Or fia6ei (very rarely 6a. elxov fia6ei) ra fia6f]fiaTa fiov. The fact is that, in Modern Greek, ^6eXov fiav6avei can answer either to (i) fiav6avoifii av, I would (repeatedly or continuously) learn (in a supposed case), or to (2) efidvdavov Verbs. 85 av in either of its two classical senses, viz. (a) I should now he learning [if something were now happening which is not liappening], (6) I should then have been learning [if something had then been happening which was not happening]. In old Greek it is only the sense of the context which determines whether tfiavdavov av refers to the present or to a continued act in the past : and just the same ambiguity attaches to ^BfXov fiavdduft. Similarly fj6f\ov fiddti can answer either to (i) (fxadov Su, I should have learned (at some definite past moment— if something had happened which did not happen) or (2) /xd^o»/i« uv, ' I should learn' [at some one moment—not repeatedly or continuously] in a supposed case. The structure of the Conditional sentence is one of the points in which the discriminating power of the Modern language is strikingly inferior to that of the Old. It is here that the loss of the optative is most felt. Vocabulary. tried, irpoacirdSritTf (npoanaBo)), something, K tainted, iXiiTo6vfxi](Tf (Xitto- I am weary, bored, ^apvvofitu, dvfjuoS, the excursion, ^ fK8ponrj. Exercise. If I was rich, I should Ai* ^prjv nXoiKTios, rjOtkov ntpi- travel. Tjyfla-dat (6a eVa^f/Sfuoi'). If you had heard Mrs. R. B., Av rJKovei ttjv Kvp'iav P. B. you would have fainted ijdfkfs XiTrodvjirjafi tK rrjs with pleasure. ^Sovjjs. The gardener in vain endea- O KTiTTovpbi (Is p.aTr)v TTpotrdrd- voured to undo the rope, 6r] and was obliged to cut (Txoiviov Ka\ T]vayKda6r] va t6 it. 86 Modern Greek. She fainted when she cut her '£KvKo6v[ir](Ttv ore txo\//'f tov finger. SaKTvXov rrjs. He succeeded in loosening KarapOcoaf va \v(r]] ra dfcrfxa his chains. TOV. If you find that anything is *Eav •wanting to make the room Xeinet rt 8ia va KaracrTad^ pretty, say it at once (freely). TO BcolJUlTtOV KOff^OVf filTf ToJ fKcvQtpai. They were absent, (they failed) "FXdirov ore irepiaaoTepov tovs^ when they were most wanted. fi)^ov dvayKt]!/. The aide-de-camp was not at O v7ra the Te Deum : something bo^oKoyiav' irptntt va Tea must have happened to (TVVe^T] Kan Tl. him. The seeds of these plants Ot anopoi tS)v (jivrav Tovrav^ should be collected when irpeTTft va auXKeyavrat orav they are ripe. apifidaaa-i, "We thought he had announced ''Evop.i^op.fv oTi eras dvfjyyfikt to you the news. (fiXf dvayytiXfi) Ta via. "We thought that perhaps you *Evop.!(nfxfv OTi «ra)s Tjdekeri would come this way. TTtpdafi air eSco. The last hard winter was 'O TfXeuraiof Spiiivs ;(«/za)v jrp foretold by the shep- tXe'xdr] vno rSiv TTOifiivav (dffi herds. Toiii Troififvas). They generally forecast the 2vvfjda)s TvpoXfyovai tov Kaipov weather accurately. dKpi^w. He wrote such nonsense in Eypa^e Tocras avorjaiai (is to the magazine, that he could TTfpioSiKov, axTTe ^To d8vvaTov not be admired. va Oavfiaadp. They are delighted with the Tols dpeaKfi noXi) ff nokts odev town, so that they are never bev ^apvvovTai va Trjv firaivaxTi tired of praising and ad- Ka\ va TrjV Savpd^axri. miring it. I admire your picture (por- Qavfid^o) TTjv (iKQva eras* tivai — Verbs. 87 trait) : it is above all avcoTtpa naPTos eiraivov. praise. I admire his courage and Qavfid^a Tfju dvbpeiav tov koi foretell a brilliant future 7rpo\eya> 81 avrov Xa/x7rp6v for him. fteWov. 1 bought the paper ruled. 'Hy6pa(Ta to x^'P^' {,'^^)x°P^~ KOiflfVOV. I cannot write Greek cor- Afv fipnopSt pa ypdcfxo opdas ra rectly. EWrjviKa. Tell me why you knit stock- EtTre pov 8ia ri TrKfKus KaXraas, ings, when you can very d easily find a woman to va (vpr]s yvvaiKa va ras TrXe^j/. knit them for you. They made an excursion (pic- 'E^eBpapov fts Trjv EXevtrtj/a Kai nic) to Eleusis, but when fv a> ^pxi-(TUP TO yeiipA Tav they began luncheon, they ti8ou on (XfiTTOP TO paxaipia found that the knives and Koi TO nfpovvia, forks were missing. They were disheartened when H.(Tav aTrrfKntape vol ore tvpov they found how many nova irpdypaTa eXfinop. things were missing. § 71. CONTRACTED VERBS. 1. In Ancient Greek there were three classes of Contracted Verbs, those in aa, ea, and oa, but the Modern language changes oa into ova and conjugates it as a simple verb. There are therefore only two classes (a) In aa>, as Tipdm, I esteem, I honour. (b) In CO), as KoKfoo, I call. Both of which contract into S>, npS), xaXw. 2. The contractions only occur in the Present and Im- — — 88 Modern Greek. perfect of both voices, which are given below. The other tenses ai-e conjugated like those of simple verbs. 2. The following are the Rules of Contraction : First Class. Second Class. an, = a fo, (ov = ow aov=:o) or ov *'? = '? Those verbs (Sii/rao), TTfti/ao), etc.) which in Ancient Greek formed an exception in contracting 6m into fi are now regular. 3. In the common language the Imperfect Active (gener- ally without the Augment) employs the following forms : -ovaa, -oicFii, -ovcf \ -ovcrafiep, -ovo-ere, -ovaav, 4. Schleicher observes that all contracted verbs formerly ended in aw. It is noticeable that the common language has returned to this in many instances, viz. n-c/jin-araTe for TitpiTraTflTf, (rjTatt for fijret. 5. The Aorist of Contracted Verbs is formed regularly it 6t]v aa and ; but the vowel of the stem is generally lengthened, as, KTvirda, fKTvmja-af 0(Xeo>, ((ptXrja-a, First Class. § 72. Tifidw, -w, I honour. Active Voice. Indicative Mood. Present. Sing. Ttudoi -S) Plur. nfiaontv -Zfiep , Tifjtafis -as rifidfTf -are Tifiati -a Ttfxdovai -Sxri (TifiovvY, Verbs. 89 Imiwrfect. Slug. Plur. (^Common) (Common) (Tifiaov -0)1/ -ovaa fTi[xaofjLfv -(Ofjifv -ovaa/Jifv (TifULti -as -ovate fTlftdfTf -UT( -ovatTf fTifxaf -a -ovae irifiaov -a>v -oiauv. Aorist, «Vi'/iJj(ra. Future, 6a rtfiqaa, or ^e'Xo) rt/i^ffei. Subjunctive Mood. Present. Sil)g. va ri/iao) -a Plur. va Tifxaatjifv -Zfifv va Tifidijs -as va Tifxdr]T€ -are va Tifiarj -a vaTifiditicri-Siai (varifiovv). Imperative Mood. Present. Sing. Tifiae -a Plur. TifiafTt -arf as Tifia ^Ttyxa/ro) -aro)) as Tifiovv {rifiaiTOiaav -drwcraj'). Infinitive Mood. Present, rifiauv -av (ti/z^I in compounded tenses). Participle Present. Singular*. go Modern Greek. Plural. Nom. Ti\ia.ovr(i -S>VTfs riixdovaai -Sxrat Tijiaovra -wvra Gen. TifJtaoirrov -a)VT Dat. Tifxdo Acc. Tiixdovras -mvras Tifiaovaas -axras Tifidovra -mvra. Passive Voice. Indicative Mood. 1 Verbs. 9 Imperative Mood. Sing. Tiftaov -w, -oD, -lov Plur. Tifideade -acrQt -Uade in Tifxarai (rifiatado) Ar TificovTai (TLft.a(cr6aicrav -aa-daxravy Commou &s Tiixiovvrai. Infinitive Mood. Present, nixdeadat, -aadat. Participle Present. Singular. M. p. N. ^OXH. Tiixa6fifvos-oi>fj,(vos TifiaofiiVT] -afxivrj ruiaofievov -atfievov Gen. Tifiaofifvov -coufvov Tifiaoixevrjs-cofxevrjs Tifiaojiepov -afxevov, etC. Plural. Nom. Ttfia6{ifvoi -afifvoi Tifiao^fvai -afifvai rifiaoneva -ayuva Geo. Ti.yMOfj.ivav Tifitonevuv, etc. « Second Class. § 73. KaX^u, -w, I call. ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative Mood. Present. Sing. KaXco) 'U> Plur. KoktOflfV -OVfl€V Ka\e€is -eif Kokeere -etre KoXUi -d Kokfovffi -ovai (koXovv). 92 Modern Greek. Imperfect. Sing. riur. (Common) (Common) (KoKtOV -ovv (J^KaXovara eKoXenfifv -ovfifv -ovaafifv (KoKtfi -(IS -ovafs (KokeeTf -tire -ovatrf (KciXef -ft eKoKiov -ovv -ovcrav. A orist, (KuKeaa, of f»?rea) {CnTa>), to seek, f'Cn^W"- Future, 6a KoXtaa or 6(Xo) KaXeaei, da (^tjTtja-a) or 6(X(o fijr^fffi. Subjunctive Mood. Fresent. Sinor. va KaX((o -S> Plur. va KaX((t>fifv -a/ifv pa KaXfTjs -fjS va KdXfrjre -^re va KdXei; -5 va KoXeaxri -aai. Imperative Mood. Sing. KoiXft -ft Verbs. 93 Plural. Nom. KaXfovTts -ovvT(s KoXtovcrai -ovcrat KoKiovra -ovvra Gen. Ka\(6vT0)V -ovvrav Ka\(ovaS)V -ovaav KoXeovrtov -ovvrcov Dat. Kokfovai -ovai KoXtovcrais -ovcrais KoXeovcri -ovcri Acc. KoXfovras -ovprai KoXeovvas -ovaas KoKiovra -ovvra. PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative Mood. Present. Sing. KoKeofiat -ovfiai Plur. KaXfOfifda -ovfifda Ka\e(i -et KoKitaBf -flaGe KokefTat -tirai Kokiovrai -ovvrai. Imperfect. Sing. Plur. (Common) (Common) «»caX*o/xTji/ -ovfiT]v -ovfxovv fKaK(6fi(6a -ovfifda -ovfiacrde fKoKfov -ov 'ovaovv fKoXifade -tlaSf -ov €Ka\f(TO -eiro -ovvrav fKoXeOVTO -oCl/TO Aorist, (K\r]di]v: f^rjTrjdrjv. Future, 6a kKt]6S> or diXa K\r]6rj : 6a CnTT]6a) or ^eXw fijTJj^^. Subjunctive Mood. Present. Sing, va KokfCifiai -QOfioi Plur. va KaKeafifda •afieda va KaXerj -fj va KaXf'rjarde •rfade va KdkerjTai -ijTai va KoKiavrai -wvrat. Imperative Mood. Present. Sing. Kokeov -ov Plur. KaXeeade -fiade as Kokrirai (^KoKftirda &.S KoXStvrai (Ka\eea6(c- (Tov -fiadoxrav^. 94 Modern Greek. Infinitive Mood. Present, KokteaBai -eiadai, Particijile Present. Singular. M. F. N. Nom. KaKf6fxevo<: -ovfifvos Koktonevrj -ovfievrj KoKeSfitvov -ovfitvot Gen. KokfOfievov -ovfievou KoKeofievrii -ovfxipr]! KoXfOfitvov -ov/jLtvox Vocabulary. hold ! tparfjcraTe (^Kpar-eat -w). Prime minister, 6 npcoBvirovf she washes, nXvpei. yos. the linen, ra aanpoppovxa. the foreign minister, 6 inrovf I would that ! €nf6vp.ovv va, yoi tS)v f^ayrepiKup. tl.6( vu. the minister of war, 6 vnovpyh warm the plates, C^arave ra tS)V (TTpaTiaTlK&V. invaKia (jnaTa). meeting, awebpLaa-is ((tuXXoXij the boys sing, ra naibla ^//aX- TTipiov). Xovtri (rpayaSovp). he made a speech, i^t^cavriat at the concert, ds -n^v a-wavXlav. \6yov. orange, to nopTOKaXiov. eloquent, tvyKmrros. they smell sweet, fvabid^ovn, the troops, to. (rTpaTflp-ara. he was appointed, diwpia-dij. feelings, to. ala-dfjiiaTa. Exercise. Avvaade va poi bavfiarjTf tv (ppdyKOV va nKrjpixrai rov ipa^rfKaTqv^ *E6avpxi^ov vTTfppoXiKa rfjv 6iav (K rov AvKa^TjTOv. "EKpv^e ttjv i(f>T]pepi8a. 'Pi'\|/'oj/ TO Ttpdx^ia ravra rov xdpTov fls to Kaviarpov (top KaXadop). 0* dKkd^a ro bmpArioP pov' (ipai rroKv yjrvxpop, Kparure ttjp opTrpeWap pov plap (TTiyprjP ; 4>atV«Tat on 6a ^pi^l). Upend va paKpvvtjTe to (p6pep.d eras. UKvpei ra av Verbs. 95 •npoppov^a TToXv KoKd. Upenei va liKvvoi iraKiv ras X"P"5 /^ow. ^Enfdvpovv (fi^f) va ^crav (pwevpfva ds tov KrJ7T6i> (to Trtpt/SoXt) yuou ra avOrj (XovXovdia) (Keiva. Ziarave ttjv arovnau (tov fw/toj') Koi elne fls TOV pdyfipov va ^fO-Tavr) to. jrivaKia. Ta naMa ^dWovv ttoXu mpaia (Is TTjv 'PcocrcriKrjv (KKKrjaiav, Tfjv tJKov(Ta va "^dXrj (rpayovbrj^ fls Tfjv avvavKiav tov 'QSciov. Ta nvdr] tuvtu ttjs TTopTOKoXfas fvaSid^ovai. Afv divavrai va (TWfBpiaaig iytv€T0 X^^^' E^fcftavrja-e [xaKpov Ka\ €vy\a)TTov "Koyov. 'O 0aai\(vs fVf^fwpijtrc to (TTpaTeiifxaTa ttjv TrapfXdovaav e^So/LtdSa. 'E^f^aiaxrav tov Trpta^fVT^v Trepi tcov (f)ikiKS)v alaStjpaTav tuv irpos TrjV 'EXXdSa. Ei6e pa ^to dwuTov. § 74. Neuter Veebs. Neuter Verbs are either Active or Passive in form : as, mjyaiva, I go ; \vnovpai, I grieve. They are conjugated like Active and Passive Verbs of similar terminations. § 75. Veebs in -pi. Verbs in -pi are still used in the higher style, but in ordinary writing and conversation a second form in -« 13 employed : as, crraiva), aT^vcii = lOTTjpi, I set up. ffero) =Ti6-qpi, I place. S/Sco z=8[d(opt, I give. 8fiKvv(o =8eiKwpi, I show. (evya =^fvywpi, I yoke or harness. — 96 Modern Greek. § 76. Impeesonaii Veebs. The following verbs are used impersonally: Present. Verbs. 97 Vocabiilary. it grieves me, iit \vn(1. besides, iicrhf rovrov, lame, ;^o)\oy. Hymettus, 6 'Yprji-ros. dressed, ivbtbvfifvos {ivhvofxai). is covered, dvai KeKokvpiifvos during the clay, Kara ttjv ^fxfpav. {KaXvTrTa), fresh, cool, 8poa(p6s. the base (of a mountain), ol even in summer, koI Kara t6 irpOTTobfS, dfpos (^KoXoKoipi), there was a hailstorm, en-fo-e the frost, 6 Trayeroj, fj nayatvia. xd\a^a (TTiTrrw). is setting (of the sun), 8v(i., dead, vtKpos j of animals, yj/o- ^aaiKfVfi. the evening, rA /SpaSu. seldom, oTravtag. it is very stormy, flvat jxcydKr) to expose yourself, va tKTfdrJTe Karaiyls, (eK^eVo)). Exercise. Me XuTTft (\virovpm) va ae /3Xen-« \iaKaivovTa rScrov. ^alvtrat Srt fKrinr)a'a rov ttoSo fxov irepiaaorepov d ariyfirjp (Ktivqv. ^aiverai OTt eiaOe \iau d8id trtati. Bpateid^ti' e^opev 5e ttoKvv hpqpov va KdpafxfV, Eivai roarf {^fOTTi Kara rfjv f/p^pav' ai vvKTfs o/iwf ivravOa elvai TrdvTore Spoaepal Koi Kara to KoXoKalpi (6(pos). Tfjv napfKQovuav vvKra ^to irayoavid, dkXa vopl^o) oTi oi ndyoi BifXidrjaav. 'O rjXios 8vei (/SatrtXevft)* 6 fjXios e8v(T( irpo pids &pai. iretpa^et va f^fpxT}(Tde orav 2as ^ptXH t TLptttei va Tvpo(T(XJ)T€ orav rjvat. vypbs Kaipos. Uperrtt va ptivrjre ioSt TO ppdbv, (ivai peydXtj Karaiyis. Aev orav ^povra Kai dcrrpdiTTd, 'O oiipavos (ivai Kadapwrepos' dWa Btv €irava€ aKOfit] va ^pe^V' Xtoi/ifft ds to. povvd, 'O 'YfiryrTos tivai KtKciXvppfvos (TX(86v pfXP'- "^^^ irpon68a>v, 'H X'^'^C'^ fOTraaf ^Bpavae) oXa (tx^^ov ra jrapdBvpa iroWav oiKirnv, Koi fKorovTabts ftucpuv 7rov\iS>v (nTrjvwv^ (vpeOrjaav yjrocfita (veicpo) tig tovs k^ttovs. 3mavu)s avp^ivn tovto 81s koto, tijv avrf/v &pav tov eirovf, Aci* 98 Modern Greek. eirpeirt va eKTtd^e ovra. A(v titpfnt va vndyrj rrjv vvKra ravrrjv' § 77. Irregular Verbs. The Vernacular in the case of verbs ending in dya, tya (a/yw), myoa leaves out in the Plural and in the second person Sing, not only the y but the vowel which follows it. Thus Xeyw, I say, Xeyf tf or X«f, X«(y)et ; Xe(yo)/xf (i/), Xf (yf)rf , Xe'youfft or \i{yov)v. Similarly, 7ra(y)ci), Tray, irdfi ; Ttufxtv, Trare, ndv{t). The following are the principal verbs, which form their tenses irregularly. There is no Middle Voice, the Perfect and Pluperfect are formed from the Aorist; the Second Future is the same as the Aorist Subjunctive, thus the Aorist is the only tense which in most cases need be given here. Present. Verbs. 99 by loss of the f and metathesis become (J)^ya(oi>, (e)/3yaV(o, (f)3yaXXa), to take out, ifx^d^a, (fj-QdWco, to bring in. Present. English. Aorist. ^iv(o, chiefly used to go, f^rjv. compounded, as dva^iva, Kara- ^aivu), e^yatVo), fiapivofxai (papeiov- to be weary, (^apvv6r]v (e^apf6r]i>), Fut ^a A*at), to be bored, iSape^co, Partic. Perf. (/3«)/i;(t- pf/xeVof. /SXeTTO), to see, fldop. j3oc7-(ca) {poaKfa -aY to pasture, f^6 ^pfX<^t to moisten, t^pe^a. yrjpda-Ka, to grow old, (yrjpaaa. yivofjuu to become, fyeiva or eytva, Sayjcai/a) (Anc. SoKvo), to bite, fddyKoaa (PasS. e8^;^^i»). cf. Tvyxdva), hipva (Anc. S/pca, to beat, eSeipa, Pass. f8dpi}v, Part. Perf. f to play), (Sf^Sap/xe^of. . . BdKVVd), to show, c8ft|a. , di8dcrKWy to teach, tdida^a, i dtxopat, to receive, fdex^rjv. t'So), to give, tB(oaa or eSwKa. Bivapaiy to be able, rjdvvTjdtjp (i8vv^dr]v). Exercise. Have you seen Paul? he has Ei8«t< tov llavXov; iyrjpaat iroKv grown old very fast, and rax^ois koL 6i\u va ytivrj Ka- wants to become a monk. \6yepos. What a fearful day ! I am Ti rpopeph fjixepa I i^pdxnv oXor, through, /** ^ wet and the dog 6 6e ctkuXos eSayKao-e. li has bitten me. n 2 lOO Modern Greek. He beat me because I showed M* %h(ipt 8t him his caricature and said ytXoioypacjilav tov, koI /** etn-t, to me, ' I will teach you to * 6a ai 8i8a^a va /** ffinai(r}s' laugh at me.' At what o'clock did you give Kara Trotav &pav tSwo-are rfiv the letter to the messenger 1 cTrto-roXijv tov dg KOfuoTTjv ; because I did not get it till Start 8(v TTjv TKa^ov npb r^f eight in the evening, and he 6yb6j)i TO ecriTfpas, Koi 8(v 6a could not take more than fKupf ntpta-a-oTtpov dno (iKoat twenty minutes coming. XfTrrd va fX6i}. Present. English. Aorist. (f )j3yati' hit, epxopai, to come, ^X6ov, Imper. fX6f, TXdtTe, com- monly TXa, fXare, Fut. dd (X6o}, fvpi(TK f^Tf, fwo-t {^ovv), Cfj6i, (rjTa; (^re, {^Tjraa-av, tipiropS> ^ (e//7ropw), to be able, r}fnt6pf T}^(vp(i> (f^fipw), to know, tj^tvpa. 6iXa>, to wish, T}6fXt]a-a. dera, to place, f6taa. ' In Anc. Greek dnopfoi, to be at a loss, and (v-nopiw, to succeed, pros- per, are found, ^ftvopw is probably a corruption of the latter. I Verbs. lOI Present. 102 Modern Greek. Very well, thanks, but I want IIoXi) Kaka, fix^aptara)^ aX\i to sit down. 6f\ Do you know where Colonel Tvatp'i^tTf trov KaroiKel 6 avvray R. lives? Near the Cafd fiaTdp)(i]S P ; I]\r](TLOV to\ Solon, I think. Ka(f)evfioV ^6\(ovos, vopi^ui. Let us sit down here ; it is As KaB-qaapfV e'So)' eivai ttoXi very hot walking about; the ^(orq va TTfpmaTi] ris' 6 ijXiai sun has burnt up the trees. fKovae TO. 8fv8pa. do you do ? What are Tl KdpVfT€ How J you doing ] I go every day to Phalerum. Ilrjyaivai Kaff fKadTTjv els Ti I go out in a boat and ^dXrjpov' nrjyalvat fxe rr) bathe. "Xfp^op Koi Kopvio \ovTp6v. A capital plan, but take care IIoXv KoKa KapvfTf, aWa Trpoa you are not drowned. The t^are (jltj TVViyTJTt. 'O avepo wind blows tremendously TTveei, (K^ohpoTara iviore. sometimes. Let us walk a little; you As TrfpiTraTTjcraipfV oXiyoV de need not go far without f;^6Te dvdyKTiy va {rtrdyqi sitting down. paKpav X^P'^ ''" iia6r]crT}T€, Present. English. Aorist. itXaici), to cry, eK\av(Ta. Kptpva, Kpepu) -do, to hang up, (Kptpaira, Xap^va, to take, re- fXa^ov. ceive, XavSdvoftai (com- to be mis- i\av6dar6T)Vt mon \a6fva>, to taken, err, eXa^ev Xf'-yoj, to say, tmov, Subj. va (et)7ra), Imperat. (ft)7r/ or {fl)n(s, Pass, (in high style) eppedrjv. Part, pc 6(U, Perf. I'art. dprjpevos. vddp to learn, (padov. Verbs. 103 Present. ; 104 Modern Greek. pulled my hair. Be quiet, j8;;£f ra \x.ah\ia.—Ka^^(rnr« or you shall both suffer for fia-u\a I aXXojf 6a nddtjTf ko this. oi 8vo aas 8i avro, Go straight through the town, nr/yaivt Kur fxiBdav tia r^t and take the road to the 7t6K«os Koi, Triipe tiji/ irpos ra left, which will bring you aptartpa oSov, iJTis 6a ui to the railway station. You (h TOP aTa6fi6u tow criSi; cannot make a mistake. Spofiov. Atv Tjpnopfls va ko- ptjs Xddos. How much do you get a Tt pia6bv Xap^dvfTf Kara prjva ; month? Only 300 francs Movov 300 (jipdyKa Kara a month as Professor, but prjva COS KadrjyrjTrjs, dWa Ktp- I make something more by 8i(a> uKoprj Kan Ti ypd(j)a>v di writing for the papers. rets ((prjptpidas. Get up, or I will send the Si^KO), aXXa>f 6d master with a stick. Do SdcTKaXov pi rfjv pd^buv.—' you think I care for him % 'Sopi^fts OTi TOP (jio^oipai The boat has stopped; will 'H Xtp^os ( they put us ashore 1 $i^da Present. English. Verbs. 105 Present. io6 Modern Greek. tired, Kovpaajjitvos, tiresome, evoxKrjriKdg. the siege, fj TroXiopKia. wet, ^ptypfpog. a year ago, irph iv6s trovs. silly, fixopoi. the parcel, t6 dtpa. the post office, r6 Taxyhpofidov, the interests, ra Exercise. Atv inidiipo) V avc^S) rhv \6(f)ov arjpepop fitra p.trrr)ix^piav' fifiat Kovpacrpfvos, "ETrpcTre va tov avayKaar^re v dpaipftrj) o, ti tin€, 'H TToXtopjcta ^p6r} (bifXvdr]) rrpo fvos fruvs. *E7^^rp«^^aTe poi » d(f)fj BaXtre to KaOiapd eras irKrjaiov tov irapaBvpov. Ilrjyaivoi €X« aira{ TTJt f^8opa8oe. 'Yirdytre t/cei octoj' bvvacrOe avxvoTtpov, Tivtcra isoKv ivo)(\T)TiK6s, Eipai ^ptyptvos. 'EyrjpacraTe noXv Koi fiadt pcopos. 'Pirjft Tan fnidroXas Tavras fls to TaxySpopdoy, Ati^oV poi Ti dvaywaaKeis, Vocabtilary. I can, I could, bivapai : Aor. to sing, Tpayovba. T]dvvrj6r]v (Lit.). fjpnopS) : to accompany, avvoSfva. Aor. fjpnopea-a (Com.). exactly, just, lata taia, dxpi^as, I will, I would, ^cXo), rjQekov or to refuse, dnonoiovpai. r]6fkr] I ought, 6(f)ti\(0, TrpeTTti, the country, rj i^oxh- I must, irpenfi, dvayKa^opai. to use, treat, peraxeipi^opai. I should, firperrf. the duty, to Kad^Kov. information ^, «* 7r\r}po(f)opiai, however that may be, owwi the affair, ^ vnodtais, Ka\ &v fXU- the decision, ^ dn6(f)a(ns, to understand, Karakap^dva. to yield, give in, eVSi'So). to allow, firiTpenai. ' Found in the New Testament, with meaning, fulness of assurance certainty, cf. i Thess. i. 5, Coloss. 2. 2, Heb. 6. 11. The verb w\Tjpo Exercise. Uoioi arrh (iX^es f\6fi) pa(v pas fls ttjv 'Pa>pr)v. "Enpfne va (vbacra). 2v f/pTopt'is va (pyaa6r]s' to (vplaKca (ixapioTortpov va ae ffXtnto ep- ya^opfvov, 0a erpayovbovcraTe tav 6 8i8d(TKa\6s eras r/ro foS> Ota va aas 'HBfXopev vjrdyei fls t^v f^oxrjv avpiov, iav r} d8f\(})r] pas 8ev rjadfvei. "EKapfs io-ia taia to ivavriov d(f)^ o, ti enptTTf va Kaprjs. IlpeVet va p( d(f>T} Xtyrj o, Tt ^f'Xff Kav(\s bev tov niaTfiifi. "Otto)? koi hv fxjj, 8iv €ivai ISiKTi aov bovXfid (it's no business of your's). Aiv bvvapai va KaToXd^a) Ti ivvofi ypdffxov TOiavTrjv iiTKTToXijv. Aei/ Trpenei va to «7rirpe\^)7. "Eirpfire va virdyrjs oTav crov fina' Ta>pa eivat dpya i:\fov. 'Eav 8ev iTpo(f)6d dn(iroi6vpT]v, aXX' avTr) 8fv 8vvaTai v dpvTjdg TinoTf, Ti's 6a to {tIs fjdtXe irurrevcTti iniaTtvt I to ;) PARTICLES. § 78. Prepositions. I. In Modern Greek many Prepositions govern other cases than in the Ancient language. — : io8 Modern Greek. 2. The Accusative is often used instead of the Genitive and Dative. 3. There are 18 Prepositions, which may be divided into 5 classes : (i) 4 Prepositions which govern the Genitive. (2) 2 „ „ Dative. (3) 3 »> „ Accusative. (4)6 „ „ Accusative or Gen- itive. (5) 3 » n Accusative, Geni- tive, or Dative. § 70. Prepositions which govern the Genitive : irpo, dvri, fK, airo, 1. "irpi (does not drop the omicron before a vowel) : (a) of Time—before : ^\6ov ds ras 'A6r]vas irp6 rpimv (tS>v, I came to Athens three years ago ; (larjKdt rrpo e/xoO, he entered before me ; npb ttoXXoO, a long time ago. (6) of Place —in front of, before : 17 Atyiva KtWai. npo tov ntipaias, Aegina lies in front of the Piraeus. 2. dm—instead of, in exchange for: poi eSuKf yaierras {x(^Kov)dvT\ dpyvpav vopiarpdrcov, he gave me coppers in exchange for silver coins ; vTrrj-yt dvr tpov, he went instead of me. In composition dvrl has also the force of 'against'; as dtnUtipai, to be opposed to, to be set against. Followed by vd and the Subjunctive it means—instead of; as, dvri va imaTpeyjrD fidCs, instead of returning at once. 3. ^K, before a vowel e'l (a) out of, from (of place) : as, f^^Xdtv (tV) tov Btdrpov, he came out of the theatre. (6) made of, of : as, rb haKTvkibi dvai (K xpvaov, the ring is made of gold. (c) from (cause, origin, agent) : as, dirtdavtv tK nvptrov, he died from fever. : ;; Prepositions. 109 ((?) from (of time), since: as, i^ (K(ivf}g ttjs &pas, from that hour. 4. diro (a) from, since (of time) : as, dvat «8« an6 rpimv i^Bo/iddav, he has been here tliree weeks (since three weeks). (6) from (of place) : as, (({)vy(v duo ttjs olKtas rov, he fled from his house. ano is frequently used with the Accusative : as, t6 rJKovtra dir avTov, I heard it from him ; dno ^v\ov, made of wood (^uXivor) ; dno rov 'lavovdpiov, 1 833, from January, 1833. 5. The following Adverbs can be used like Prepositions with the Genitive case : fvtKa, on account of; avev, 8(';^a, 8ix f**" ^.s, until without ; irXfjp, irdp($, except ; ptxPh ^XPh so xdpiv, for the sake of; ikto^v, dpdpta-a, among, in the middle of, between ; 8ikt}v, like, as ; indva, over, upon ; vn-oKaro), below, under; (pwpoaBtv or tfjurpos, before, in front of; oTrlaa, KaroTnv, behind; Kovrd (from Byz. kovtos, short, cf. Kovrovpos, short-tailed, Achmes. I53)» nXrjo-lov, near; 6 Xoyvpa, Tpiyipw, round about; dvTiKpi (vern. dyvdvria), opposite to ; /xnft, with ; npiu, before. These words are generally followed by tls or dno with the Accusative, and bear the meaning of the above-mentioned prepositions—upon, under, before, etc. Ex. : 'EKadtfro ttXtjo-Iov fls TovTov TOP aphpa, he sat near this man. Before the mono- syllable pronouns, the demonstrative pronouns, and a few other cases, they can however be followed by the Genitive, without any intermediate preposition. Ex. fKadrjTo irXrjaiov p.a^v /iov, ; irp\p fiov, he sat near me ; with me toC ;(e(/ioM'or, before the winter. § 80. Prepositions which govern the Dative : eV, avp. iv, in : as, cV avTjj rfj x^P9y ^^ this country. Replaced in common language by tls with Accusative. aok, with (lit.) : (generally replaced by fitrd or pt), as, oiKoyfveia dptx^pw^ ^^ ''il tov, he went away with his family vvy e«w, by the help of God. : : no Modern Greek. § 81. Prepositions which govern the Accusative : «<$•, ova, fie. 1. CIS : to, towards, in, into, at : as, 6a xmdya tls Tfjv IloXiv, I shall go to Constantinople (Stamboul) : 6a ^fxai tU ttjv oIkiop ivros fvos TfTaprov, I shall be at home in a quarter of an hour. Used in an elliptical construction with the Genitive : as, 6a (TVVaTTavTr)6a>fjL(v tls tov vnovpyov, for, 6a avvanavTT)6a)fi(v (Is rfjv oiKiav TOV vnovpyov, we shall meet at the minister's. 2. avd (a) up, upstream : as, 7rXe« dva (t6v) norapov, I sail up the river. (b) by (signifying divisions): as, abtvaav dva Tfaa-npas, they marched by fours. 3. (ic, the common form of utrd, is always followed by the Accusative—with, together with : as, fie Trjv 6vyaTepa tov, with his daughter ; eKrinrja-e to SXoyov fie ttjp pd^bov tov, he struck the horse with his stick. § 82. Prepositions which govern the Genitive and Accu- sative : p-eTd, nepi, 8ta, vtto, KaTd, xmep, 1. (icrd : (a) With Genitive—with, together with: as, fieTo. tUv dbe\(f)(bu tov, (or, fui(\ pe tovs dbiKcfioiis tov), with his brothers. (6) With Accusative—after (of time) : as, ptTo. ravra, after this ; pera Tpels prfvas, after three months. 2. irepi (does not drop the eota before a vowel) (a) With Genitive—about, regarding : as, opiXovptp ntpl TOV ^aaiKecDs, we are talking about the king. (6) With A ccusative—round, about (of time and place) : as, vnriyov ecfji-mros Ttepl ttjv 'AKponoXiv, I rode round the Acropolis. 3. Bid (vulgar form yid) : (a) With Genitive—through, by means of: as, ^Xenopei, biu tS)v 6(f)ddXp.S>v, we see with our eyes. : 1; Prepositions. 1 1 (J) Of place, motion : as, hva t^j TroXeaj, thi-ough the city; hia BahaatTTjs, by sea ; 8ia r^s yiaa-araXias, via Marseilles, (c) With Accusative—on account of, for the sake of: as, eraf dyaTTw 8ia ttju fxryrepa aas (or X^P'" ''^^ firjTpos craj), I love you for your mother's sake ; iparci 8id nva, I ask for some one Tov inaivSi hia ttjv diaycoyrjv tov, I |)raise him for his conduct fiia Ti ; Why 1 On what account ] (d) In the direction, for : as, 6a dvaxatpfjcra) avpiov Sia ttjv TaK\lav, I shall start to-morrow for France. (e) Followed by va and the Subjunctive—for the purpose of, in order to : as, (ptpert poi vepbv feoToj» bia va ^vpiaOw, bring me hot water that I may shave. 4. uTTo (a) With Genitive—by (agent) : as, to fii^Xlov elvat ytypap.- fifvov vno TOV Ka6r)yr]Tov, the book is written by the professor. (6) With Accusative—under (of place) : as, t6 Biarpov tov Aiovva-ov ('BdK)(Ov) dvai invo Ttjv 'AKpoTToXiv, or, vno Kara dno ttjv 'AKp6no\iv, the theatre of Dionysus (Bacchus) is under the Acropolis. (c) Under (of rule or sovereignty) : as, at 'IvStut tivai Inb TT}v BaaiXia-aav ttjs 'AyyXias, India is Under the Queen of England. [d) Upon, on (of conditions) : inh tovs Spovs tovtovs, on these conditions. 5. Kord : (a) With Genitive—against : as, S dpxriyos t^? dvTino\iT(v- a-(ats fKap.( \6yov kuto tov inovpyflov, the leader of the opposition made a speech against the ministry. (6) Down to, down on : as, enfat koto yrjs, he fell to the ground. (c) With A ccusative—according to : as, dvai dpiarovpyrfpa KOTa Tfjv yraprju pov, or, Kar ipf, it is a masterpiece to my mind ; KaTa Tag ntpiaTdaus, according to circumstances. a :: II Modern Greek. (d) With Accusative —at (in point of time) : &s,€ytvvTi6r] KOT fKfivov Tov xp^vov, liG was born at that time. 6. uTT^p (a) With Genitive for, — in favour of (opposed to Kara) : as, «a/xf \6yov iirtp rfjs 'AyyXiai, he spoke in favour of Eng- land ; vnfp irarplSos, for his country, With Accusative (6) — over (motion) : ix'^PW^*' ^^^p 'ra f(rKafifi€Pa, he exceeded the bounds of decency ^. (c) Over, more than : as, firj Siafifivtjrf virep ras rptts Stpm, do not stay more than three hours. § 83. Prepositions, which govern the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative : irapa, tm, npos. I. irapd (a) With Genitive—from, by (agent) : as, eXadov Sapov nap' aiiTov or an avrop, I received a present from him ; eypdcpr) Trap' aiirov, it was written by him. (6) With Dative—by, with, and at the house of : as, ij apert) Kadtarq f/pas dyanrjTovs napa dea Kal dvBpwnois, virtue renders us beloved both by God and by men. (c) With Accusative—near: as, napa rfip BoKacraav, near the sea. (d) With Accusative—against, in contravention of: as, enpa^f napa rrjv ovvdfjKijv, he acted in contravention of the treaty. (e) With Accusative—less, minus : as, tig ras oicrm napa 8€Ka Xenrd, at ten minutes to eight. ' This expression is interesting. In A no. Greek tnrip rcL fffKanpeva aWecrOai, meant to overleap the mark (Plato, Cratylus), tcL tOKapfiiva is generally interpreted 'a trench as the limit of the leap of the irtvraexoi' but the Modem Greek phrase would rather sug^'est that the meaning was the same as t6 cxdnfta,—a place dug out and made soft for the leapers tc slight on. I Prepositions. 113 2. litl'. fVi (a) Wi(h Genitive—upon, (rest) : as, ^ ((fuj^fpis Ktlrai TTJs Tpane(T]tf the newspaper lies upon the table. (6) In the time of, under (of government, or king) : as, ^ fj.fyd\r] iravmKrjs Tov Aov8ivov crvvf^r) tVi KapuXov B', the great plague of London occurred in the time of Charles II. r/rl (c) With Dative—on account of, for, on : as, Xwrrov/Ltai Tji da-Btvfia eras, I grieve on account of your illness ; eVt toutw, whereupon, upon tliis. {d) With Accusative—on, upon, down on (implying motion) : as, tppi^t t6 nui8\ tm to tdacftos, he dashed the child on the ground. (e) During : as, fVl uapavra rjjxtpas Sec ((payf Kptas, during forty days he did not eat meat. 3. irpos: (a) With Genitive—(elliptical construction) for the sake of, by : as, npbs Qtov, for God's sake. (6) With Dative—in addition to : as, npbs toIs aWois pds tint, in addition to other things, he told us. (c) With Accusative — to, or towards: as, dnerddrj irpos tfif, he addressed himself to me ; dirjvdvvdr] npos ttjv BovXrjv, he went towards the Chamber § 84. Remakks on the Prepositions. . Prepositions (except tv, tls, «) are oxytone before their after their case many are paroxytone, but in Modern k they are seldom found in this position. 2. All Prepositions may be compounded with Verbs. 3. "When followed or compounded with a word beginning writh a vowel, prepositions drop their final vowel. IIpo and irtpi are exceptions to this rule. If the word has a rough breathing, t and n final are changed to 6 and ^. I 114 Modern Greek. In composition : «V aiiv 4. — and change their final i» to ^ before 3, tt, <^, \^, to y before y, »e, Xi I, aiid before X, /x, p, o- to these letters. N.B. "When avv precedes f, or o- followed by another consonant, the final v is dropped : but with iv the final V is retained. Ex. ^ o-vfijr^o-tr, the debate ; (vantipa, to I instil. Exercise. I lean against the wall. 'S.Trfpi^ofiai (Is Tov Tolxov. Close to the sea. Kovra (nXrjcrlov, 6aka From what illness did he Ano itoiav d die ? From fever. E(C nvperov. I know him by his voice. Tov yvapi^co ano rrfv (Jxovtjv On November 12. Tr/p 8ct>8(KaTr}u roi) 'Noep^plov, I do not care about that. Aev pi /ie'Xet Si' avTO. They borrowed money at 30 E.bav(ia6rj(Tav ^fjpara irpos rpv per cent, on their monthly cLKovra Tots eKarov Trpo(^o(piX.r}' wages. (Tames tov ptjvialov purBov twi^ I rely upon you and your Baffi^opai els eVe /cat (Is rr/i promise. imocrxfo'iv aov. After the rain, the sun ap- Y(jT(pa ano rqv ^po^riv For three weeks, two months. Aia rpfis (^8opd8as, 8va pijvas. In Ancient Greek aud Mo- 'Apxaia 'EXXijwfca Koi N/a 'EXXij- dern Greek. viKa /cat v(o('KKr}viKa (vemar cular, Pcu/xau/ca). A quarter to eight. 0/cro) napa rirapTov. I come from England. Epxopai dnb rfiv 'AyyXlav (h T^s 'AyyXt'aj). Outside the town. E^w ano r^v noXiv or (ktos ryi TToXecof. Nobody except you. Kavfvas (ktos crov. Prepositions* 115 Yesterday I was at your *X^ me. fiov. Be took him by the hair. Top (TTtaa-fv arrh ra fiaXXtd. Death for the fatherland. '0 VTTfp narplbos Qavaros. For the present .... for the Kara to napov . . . , tov XoiwoC Or future however. tlTTO TOvbf Koi fls TO f^qS, . His love towards me. H npos ffJif aydnr] tov. ^bout 9 o'clock. Hepl Tas ivvia, Inside the town. *Ewos TTjs TToXco); {jj.io'a tts rifv TToXip). On the table. 'ETrdvo) (Is TO Tpani^t (ejri t^s Tpan(Cls)' wonder at that. AnopSt St* airro, Che money changers asked a Mlau 8pa)(pf]v ittpiiiKfOv f^rfrovv draclime too much for 01 dpyvpapoi^ol did Kadf XP^~ every gold piece. aovv vopurpa. Cvery two days, Kddf dvo) fiptpcts, iefore the door. Upo Trig 6vpas, fpiirpos els ttjU Ovpav. •"ive minutes to twelve. Am8(Ka napa nivTt (XeTrrd). k.t that time. Etf or Kara tov Kaipov (K(Ivov. !liey sell the oka (about To iTdiKovv or TrwXctrot npos btKa 3 lbs.) at I o drachmae. dpaxpMs TT^v oKav, Vocabulary. ) run, Tp(x le wisdom, fj aro 16 integrity, fj tipiottjs. the shop, TO paya^eiov, to fp~ pright, honest, Tipios, yaaTTjpiov. W prison, fj (f>v\aKrj, the cage, 6 kX«]36s (to kXw/Si'oi'). I 2 1 ; 1 6 Modern Greek. to draw caricatures, (cd/xv« the sponge, 6 (nroyyof. be quick, ypfjyopa. mind your own business, kvt- the corner, 17 yavia, Ta^f TTjiv'^ bovKfia(v) the police, 17 darvvonia. my wife, ^ av^vyos fioo. to wipe out, (|aXe((u. Exercise. He ran up the hill, "Why are you always speaking against me and in favour of my rival] Because in my opinion (according to me) he is far above you in wisdom and in- tegrity. What do you know about wisdom 1 In two years' time, you shall be in prison with your wise and upright friend. Go through the town, and look towards the East on the hill you will see a house with marble walls. In the shop was a man in a cage, and beside it two black slaves. It is against the law to draw caricatures on the wall. Mind your own business ; the house was built by me, and I shall put anything I like upon the walls or inside it, on the top or underneath it. The police are coming. Quick 1 give me something to wipe it out. Come and stand in front of it to hide it from the eye of the law. Throw me a sponge out of the window. For goodness' sake, be quick, or they will be round the corner. I shall be bound with chains and torn from my wife and family. § 85. ADVERBS. I. Adverbs of Manner and of Kind. Those Adverbs of Manner and of Kind which are formed from Adjectives have already been mentioned in § 40. Of the rest the following are the most important. 7 Adverbs. 1 1 aXXccdf, otherwise. Xaa, straight ; Ex. Go straight up, Ujjyaivt to-a inava. taa, itra, or tana, lo-tn, exactly. (Tai, thus (ovTui). fTai K fTtrt, pretty well, so so. Ex. How are you ? ns>s flvOf ; Pretty well, ero-t < frai. ncos, how. Kadas, «f, on-cos, thus, as. § 86. Adverbs of Time. x6(s, yesterday. (TTjiMfpov, to-day. avpiov, to-morrow. npoxSis, the day before yesterday (used for any recent day). fudavpiov, the day after to-morrow (used for any inter- mediate future day). ajrd^e, this evening. e^eVof, this year. irtpva-i, last year. Tov xpoyov, next year. iTore, never. Ex. -noTe p.ov, never in my life. TTOTt ; when ? irdvTore, always. * Tore, then. Tapa, or Topa, now. (Is TO f^TJs, for the future. €i6vs, immediately. uptaas, immediately, at once. aKopr], yet. ciXoefa, oXovev^ Continually, incessantly. - liS Modern Greek. § 87. Aiverhi of Place. oirov, TTov, where. navTov, everywhere. fSco, (VTfiOfv, here, hence. cKfi, fKfidev, there, thence. ava, tnava, up, above. Kara, down. Under, below. ftfra^v, between, among. fioKpav, far. fftTipos, forward, before. oTTtVo), behind. eWo'y, ;xe(ra, inside, within. tKTQs, besides, outside, without. Tikqcrlov, near. Adverbs of place have the following terminations • — (a) 6i, rest in a place, avr66i, there. (6) 6(v, motion from, 'HX^of (KfWtv, I came thence, (c) a-f, and 8f, motion towards, 'YTrrjya (Ktlcrt, (trnevaa oi(caS«, I went thither, I hurried towards home. § 88. Miseellaneotts Adverbs, vat, yes. fiakia-ra, certainly. Sxi, no ; oxt 8a, no indeed. bfv, not (with Indicative). (ifi, not (with other moods and the Verb Infinite). TToXv, napa ttoXv, much, too much, (Txf^ov, nearly. trcos, perhaps. Kav, for Koi au, at least, even. —— Conjunctions. 119 frX/oi/, more. Ex. AtV fjfinopco 7r\(ov va npoxap^a-u), I can go on no more. troAtj', again. \iav, very. TO £x. 'Yirfiyfre ; have you been ? Nat', yes. AivaaSe va KafiTjTf ; can you do it 1 MaXia-ra, certainly. t6 eKofiert ; did you do it 1 "Oxi, no. Aiv to fKafta, I did not do it. M^ to Kdfir)s, do not do it. Uapa TToXw oKpi^d, too dear. 'Iiras 6a (K0rj, perhaps he will come. Eivat \iav oTrXovs, he is very simple. OiiBf Kav ((}>dvTi, he did not even appear. § 89. Conjunctions. Kal, and. if Kai, though, although. ovT(—ovTf, neither—nor. ov8f, neither, nor (emphatic). nrjTf—fif)Tt, neither—nor. Hfu—be, indeed —but. 6 nev—6 fit, the one—the other. aX\a, but. ofi(os, however ; olx ^ttov Sfiws, nevertheless. (dv, nv, if. 'Edv and orav with both Indicative and Subjunctive in Modern Greek. $ ^, either—or. etTf f'tre, either—or. oTav, when. ore, when (with the Indicative), ciuf, until. irpiv, before (always followed by the Subjunctive). d(p^ ov, d(})ov, since. tV «, fvcp, whilst. a^.a, as soon as. iioTi, because. 120 Modern Greek, SxTTf, so that. iva, that. va, that (followed hy Subjunctive). Ex. de\a> va Xva (Anc. 6(\ With the Imperfect it expresses a desire. Ex. Sa tKOfi^tp ainro, Oh, that he would do that. oTi, that. ona>s, in order that. fiTj, lest, that not. The particles ydp and oSv are now never used in con- versation. § 90. Intekjections. Tt Kpifia, what a pity. fia Tov Aw, by Jupiter. Kuvfiivf, poor fellow. av6f]Tf, you fool. "Xafinpa, splendid. tvyt, well done. finpa^o, bravo. ZfjTca, hurrah. ZfiTcaaav ot Baa-iXels, long live the King and Queen. W apaia nov thai, how beautiful it is. § 01. Remarks on the Peculiaeities of Modern Greek Syntax. The cultivated language for the most part preserves the grammatical forms of the classical period. The relation of Modern to Classical Greek is most ably treated of in Ap- pendix II. Only the more ordinary cases, where the Modein form differs from the Ancient, will be noted below. The Cases. 121 § 02. The Article. 1. There is no indefinite Article. In conversation its place is sometimes filled by ««, \i\.a, ev, or by the indefinite * Pronoun, tIs. Some ' (partitive) is not translated : as, give me some bread, 8dr /xot ^/rw/ii, or boi fwi okiyov ^ufiL I have no bread, otv ?)(ci) i^co/xi. 2. If the Adjective precedes the Substantive, the definite article is placed before the two ; if the Adjective follows the Substantive, the definite article is repeated before each : as, 17 i)pala yvvT] or r) yvvr] t] (opala (emphatic), the beautiful woman. 3. If a demonstrative Pronoun {alroi, eKtivos) precedes the Substantive, the definite Article stands between the two : as, (Kflvos 6 av6pumoi, that man. *OXov and nas when used in tlie ' sense of all ' follow the same rule. 4. Names of Persons, Cities, Countries, are generally preceded by the definite Article : as, 6 Kvpior OidbbiyKTutv, ; Monsieur Waddington ; ^ Kvnpos, Cyprus t6 Aovdlvov, Lon- don 3 6 (TviTayflorap\i]s OvaiT, Colonel White. 5. In writing, all the words which depend upon a sub- stantive can be inserted between it and the Article : as, rj iT(p\ ^s 6 Xoyor fniTponTj, the commission in question. In the same manner dependent words can be inserted between a substantive and a participle : as, yvvaiKo {yvvrj) iv Ttj xr)p(ia biareXovaa, a woman continuing in widowhood. 6. The Article is often used in the place of airor, oit^, avro, he, she, it : as, to (^6ptfx.d tov, his coat ; roij fina, I told him. In these cases the Article is properly a curtailed form of airos, but no sign is used to denote this § 93. The Cases. I. In Modern Greek the Prepositions are often used to express the force of the Genitive or Dative. The Genitive [23 Modern Greek. is replaced by ano or /^e with the Accusative, and the Dative by ets with the Accusative : as, tXni ro <»? rov vTrqpfTriv, tell it to the servant. 2. The Accusative* sometimes stands in the place of the Dative : as, /i« (he, he told me, for fxol eint. The Genitive fiov is also employed in the vernacular; as, fxov fine. 3. The Nominative is sometimes employed, where we use the Genitive : as, eva ^ovKuXt Kpaai, a bottle of wine ; tva ^(vydpi ydvTia, a pair of gloves. 4. The Genitive Absolute is used in writing but not in conversation. § 94. The Adjective. 1. The Adjective stands before the Substantive, with which it agrees, except when the two together form the Predicate. Even then, the Adjective usually stands first, as, 6 icaXof avdpcoTTOS, the 6 xmripirrji flvM KoKos avdpconos, or good man J avdpairos Ka\6s. 2. If an Adjective stands without a Substantive, avSpanos, a man, is understood if it is Masculine ; npaypa, a thing, if it is Neuter. Ex. ot irXoiaioi, the rich men ; eivai Svo-koXov, it is a difficult thing. 3. In the written language the Comparative is followed by the Genitive or by napd ; as, eipai KaXl^irepos eKeivov, I am better than that man. In the spoken language the Com- parative is generally followed by otto, with the Accusative, as, o (fiiKos aas fivai v-^j^rjXorepos air eKeivov, your friend is taller than that man. 4. The Comparative is joined to Verbs by the words, nap * A very common phrase is, N o rt, nap otrov, a(ji* o ri, d(f> oa-ov, as, tiuai KaWlrrpog avdpconos nap' o Ti aroxdCtaBf, he is a better man than you imagine. § 95. The Numerals 1. When Numerals (up to 12) are employed in the Femi- nine, cipa, hour, o'clock, is understood, as, ds rfjv plav {copav), at one o'clock ; fls rag 6kto> (&pas), at eight o'clock. 2. To denote a date they are put in the Neuter Plural (fTT), years, understood), as fls ra ;f/Xta oKTOKoaia Trfvfjvra enrd {fTTj), in 1857 ; or, in more elevated language, kuto. to ;^tXto<7Tow OKTaKocriocrrop irtvrqKoarov t^bopov eros. 3. x'^'<»f> ft thousand, is properly a Substantive, and governs the Genitive, as, rpfts x*^'"^*f dvdpcmcov, but it is frequently used as a Numeral Adjective, as, rp«s :t»XtaSer avdpanoi, three thousand men. § 06. The Pronouns. 1. The Personal Pronouns are only used before the Verb, when special emphasis has to be laid on the person, as, ryot) TO (Kapa o^t fKflvos, I did it, not that man. 2. Tlie monosyllabic Personal Pronouns {pov, pi, etc.) are placed before the Verb, unless it is in the Imperative, as, o-e f?5e, he saw you ; but n^jjo-c pt, let me alone. 3. If two such Pronouns are employed in the same sen- tence, one in the Accusative and the other in the Genitive or Dative, the one in the Accusative is placed last, as, bos pol to, give it me. 4. In the Compound Tenses these Pronouns are placed before €x<". but between ffeXo) and the Verb, as, tov fx<^ tlnti, I have told him ; 6fKa> tov fXnfi, I will tell him. They are also placed between the Particles, 6d, av, pi), hev, as, vd, and the Verb, as, 6a to Kapa, I will do it; &s t6 Xd^rj, let him take it. 134 Modern Greek. 5. The Possessive Pronouns can either follow the Substan- tive they depend on, or stand between the Adjective and the Substantive, as, 6 navpos (tkvXos fxov, or, 6 fiavpoi fiov (tkvXos, my black dog. 6. The Relative Pronoun agrees in Gender, Number, and Person with its antecedent, but in Case it belongs to its own clause, as, 6 avdpanos, top ottoIov (hioi^av, the man whom they sent away ; iya, oarn fKapa Toxiro, I, who did this, 7. What ! How ! are expressed by ri (indecl.), as, ri iapaia 6ia ! "What a beautiful view ! t» \ap.np6v ! How splendid ! 8. Some one (indef.) can be rendered by rls (indef.), as, pLoi tme Tis, some one told me, I was told. The more usual rendering is by the third person singular passive, as, Xeyerat, it is said, or, the third person plural active, as, \eyovai, they say. 9. As in French, the Negative Pronouns, Kavtts (contrac- tion of Koi-av-fls), nobody, somebody, norf, never, rlnort, nothing, require a second negation with the Verb, as, biv tKapxi rinoTf, I did nothing; Kavtis 8ev Bvvarai, no one can. I o. ' None,' * no,' have not an exact equivalent in Greek. The sentence must be turned ; as, I have no money, SeV exa II. It is worthy of notice that in the Modern Forms (fieva for ffjif and eVeVa for ae the original p of the Accusa- tive is preserved. This v may represent the Sanscrit m, as, mam, tvdm ; but it is more probably a false analogy from ovSeva. § 97. The Veeb. 1. In Modem Greek there is no Middle Voice, but the Passive has in some cases a Reflexive and in others a Reci- procal force, as (l) viirrofiai, I wash myself; (2) dyan 2. Neuter Verbs are both Active and Passive in form, but . ; The Verb. 125 cannot govern an object in the Accusative, tpxcfiai, I come irqyaivo), I go. 3. The Ancient Infinitive is rendered by vd and the Sub- junctive, or by oTt and the Indicative. Thus GeXa ekfftlv is rendered 6f\ Only monosyllables can stand between vd, 6a, as, biv, n^, and the Verb. 4. The Participles are much less frequently used. The language is more analytic. Thus (pxofj.(vos fl8op is rendered orav f)px6nT}v (ibov ; but in some phrases the relative Pronoun and the Indicative in English is rendered by the Participle in Greek. The man who bears this letter, 6 (f}€p fniarokrjv rairrrjp. 5. The distinction between the Tenses formed from the Present Stem (viz. the Imperfect, First Future, and First Conditional) and those formed from the Aorist Stem (viz. the Aorist, Second Future, and Second Conditional) must be carefully observed. The former have reference to repeated or continued action, the latter to an action to be performed once. Ex. da Trrjyaiva (First Future) (Is rfjv 'A/cpojroXti' Kaff fKaa-Trjp, I shall go to the Acropolis every day ; 6a im-oya (Second Future) arjpepov tls tijj/ Tpdnt^av, I shall go to the Bank to- day (once) ; typa^ov (Imp.) orav flafi\6t, I was writing when he came in ; rjyip6r}v (Aor.) orav fla-ri\6t, I rose when he came in. 6. The Perfect is very seldom employed. The Aorist and Imperfect denote all stages of past time, thus, I have been four times, and, I went four times, are both translated by the Aorist, vTtTJya rerpoKis. ttv is 7 The negative only used with the Indicative ; p.^ with the other Moods and with the Participles. 126 Modern Greek, Exercises on the Foregoing Rules of Syntax. TO APGPON. ©f'Xo) okiyo '^dpi, tfp divaral rn va (fxiyrj fitpiSa ins avT'^P, Atv Bvvajxai pa aov doxra avfi^ovXrjv riva. Tipos fipcu to apdlop fKtiPO fiaipov akoyop, to mroiop ^XtTTti tis Kaff fKacTTrjp (Jjpfpap) fls TOP bpopop tS)p llaTtjcriatv ' To yl^apop^ akoyop dpijKfi fls fpa d^ia>fia- TiKOP Tov nvpo^qXiKov, * aWd Sep (i8op to /xavpop, Aiari dtp dyopd- fcTe T^v oIkiov fKfiptfP (}>i\os e8S> ttjp J 'O 6a fjyopa^fp tap fix* to XptjfiaTa aras. 'O k, Kovp,ovp8ovpos (ipai npudvTrovpyos, Ka\ 6 k, ArjXi- yidpprjs vnovpyos t5>p f^aTtptKap^ (1879). 'O Bopv^os T^f 6aXdavr]S. 'O av6p(x)TTOs 6 OTTolos /i^vft tls TTjP otKiaf fipai avp^das fvrvxris. 'H fPfpyfia Tfjs TovpKias Ka\ r) tcop Avpdpewp ttrxop fnippoijv inX TovTov, O (rv^vyos ttjs (j)fp(Tai iroXv aaxfjpa.* ivpbs ra TfKva tov. II. HAPATHPHSEIS EDI TON lIT02Ei2N. H X«/i/3os^ TjTO yf/idnj {jiXrjprjs^ VfpoVy axTTf tbaKa fiiap irorca- ovpa^ {fp pdKTpopf fls TOP xmripfTTjp koI tov tinop pa ttjp cTToyyiajj. Ta p,dXXipa iipiXrjaa, dXXd Stp fjdfXrjaf p dnoKpidrj fls ipf. 'YTTTjpeTrjaf rpia fTTf fls TOP OTpaTOP Koi TOTf fifTfTfdr]^ fls TTIP ((fifbpfiau. UXrjpaat TOP dpa^dp 8vo (f>pdyKa Ka\ pjxro t^v mpav. O difpprjptvs* f^Tft f$ (fipdyKa rT)P rjfifpap. Hoias fjXiKias fiuai 6 Aidboxos ] Eifat fphtKa fToip. E;^€Te fpa ^evydpi vnobrjpaTa^* pa fit Sapfiatyrtl ' Grey. " Artillery oflBcer. • Minister of Foreign Affairs. * Be- haves very badly. * The boat. • A mop (Turkish). ' Coolest. * Was transferred. • The interpreter, cicerone.. *• A pair of boots. ; Exercises on Rules of Syntax, 127 ni, EniGETA. 'O \LtyaKoi jxavpos tricvKog tlvai Kakos (f)v\a§. OJ apxcuoi Kpl* ^ vovrai imo Tti/av ort iiTTJp^av fjpideoi. . Ot KOfivovv pupias fPiore. EiVcu noXv fxaKpvrtpa dno Bpfintcriov fis 'AXf^dvBpfiav fj UTT 'Adrjvav. Eifat KoXkiTfpov va vndyj] Tis 8ia ^rjpas* fj 8ia BaXdairrjs. Ta drponXota ttjs TaKXiKrjs eVatpi'as' eivai KoXXiTtpa tS)v aXXav (Taipiap. Oi 6po/iot Ttjs KiovaTavTivovTroXfus tlvai voXv Ppanepoi* (^aKuOapToi). IV. APieMHTIKA. fivat "Eivai TeVcrapey. 'ExrvTr/jaei' Ka\ (^pttrtiav) Tt &pa J 1^ fua^ J MaXtara jrpo fjfuafias (opas. Kara iroiov tros fyfPVTjdr] 6 Hirr', Ets TO \iXia inraKocria irev^vra ivvia Koi eyeive TrpaBimovpyos (Is ra ;(iXia (irraKocria oyborjKovTa reaaapa, Ei/cocri pi^iXidfies cTpaTov tjbvvcuno va bia^Sxn ra aivopa, V. ANTQNYMIAL las X/yo), Kvpif, on ey« irptnti, va XajSca to xpfjpara^ kcu oxt fKelvos. 'O^i, d(f)fVTr],' eya (Kapa oXt]v ttjv fpyaaiav, Avros poi (vntv ort trii TO *ix^s 8ft) ^vaKTvnf](Ta).'' ©a tov (paxaipcova,^ dXXd pe (paxaipaxTfv avros irpcoTos. To pavpov (^opfpd pov fivai atcoviapfvov.* To SaicruXt'St, TO OTTOioi' eSoxra fls ttjv d8(X(f>rjv pov ftckdirr}.^^ *E/xt, 6 onolos eicapa itdv hC ! t6 avTovs, ptraxdpi^ovraL TocovTorpoiras I Ti apaia irpaia Tt KoXos avdpmnos irov eii'ai ! OibiiroTf "^eCdfTai, aXX' al irXrjpo- (fwpiai^^ TOV fivai aTfXtls. Aev TXa^ov tiriaToXas urjpfpov. * Are regarded. ' By land (literally, dry). ' Messageries Mari- times. * Dirty, foul. * That I ought to receive the money, • Master a corruption of aiOfVTrjs ; adopted by the Turks as a title and re-intro- dnced by them into Greece. ^ I will hit you back. • To stab with a kiufe. * Dusty. ^ Has been stolen. ^^ His information is incomplete. 128 Modern Greek. VI. PHMATA. 'Ew-VTr^^v' iv w tnai^a (or Trat'fw*') to cricket. 'H/xTropov^fv ^a fior)0a>iifp dWr)\ovs (por]da>fif6a) tav <7V fifivrjS ttkttos. IlTjyaLvei vii (TVfi^ovkfvdfi Tov larpov. "HKovcra on biu tivai KoKd, axrvf rjkOov va fptoTTja-oi TTfpl aiiTov. Qa nrjyaivrfre^ tts to Btarpov rov ^fipmva TovTovi *0x' ''^oXii frvx^d, 0a rwayto' avpiov ro fcmtpas va iSw ' II TrOVatore' kot f^aipfo-tv.* AiapKova-ris rrjs tnavatTrdtTtas'^ oi *E\X»;i'«r firoXtprjcrav ytwaicos. 'O nv6pa>nos, 6 onolos (kr] (Ivai 6 TpantCiTrjs pov. Aupxcrai rtr tov Kmpov rov evx'^piarcos rrat'fwv iridvo (KktiboKvp^aiXov). "E^w ypdyj/d (ey/iat^a) (Is tov iv AofSt'fO) vpdKTopd'' pov. "Eypayf/a ar]pfpov fr/roii' irfpiaaoTfpa XP^poTO. hiyovcriv oTt 6a o-vp^rj noXiTiKr) Kpiais. AtaSt'Sfrat * oti 6 npecr^vs iv KcovcrTavTivovnoKfi TraprjTTjdrj Ka\ on avriKaTfarddq VTTO TOV A. Kanoios po\ dnev on ^a6e els tov x^pov ttjv napeXBovcrav vvKTa, 'A VII. nPOGESEIS. Uriyawe tts rh BiaTpov dvr ipov. *0;^i, (vxapia-Tto, t(v 6a ff(\6co eK Trjs oIkios tvtKa tov yj/^ixovs. 'Earddrj irpo tov (piroptKOv (ot/cou)' KoL fTpdfiri^e to. pdK\id tov, ftrfiTa St Tpt^as koto, tov toixov f ^prjv "EWijv ; Miav Tiprjv, Kvpit, fxopfv St' oXovs. KaXa, No/xtfa) ^^ on 1 2 <^pdyKa ttjv fjpfpav 8t o\a elvai apKerd. Aev irXrjpovoi irepteraoTtpa. BaX« rd wpdypaTa ^^ pov tU ttjv apa^av. ^ I was struck. ' Faithful. ' Note the force of the two tenses. * As an exception. ' During the Revolution. Genitive Absolute. • Who was robbed. '' My agent. * It is reported. * Shop. '• Than you would ask. " For all. " Put my things. — Prosody. i'29 § 98. Prosody. T. In speaking, the Greeks emphasize and prolong the accented syllable, to the exclusion of any diflference in dura- tion between long and short vowels. The Prosody of Modern Greek is founded upon this practice. 2. Accented syllables are treated as long, with the ex- ception of a few monosyllables, where the accent is not pronounced. Unaccented syllables are treated as short. Thus avTo? is considered an iambus (*-»-). ^ avdpanos is considered a dactyl (-"^iv^). fvyfvf]i is considered an anapaest (^v.^). 3. The principal and more simple ancient metres are used by the Greek ])oets of to-day. Perhaps the most con mon metre in tlie longer poems is that called the ' political/ of which the following lines will serve as examples, Aristophanes, T/ie Wasps, 244: r 2 3 4 __ 5 6 7 eV avTov as k6\ afxev \ovs a>v ^6i/c|^o-eV aK\a quantitative. | | ) I I || J On p. 189: ^ ^ 3 1 , 4 5 ^7 kC OTuPf I iTftoliaX T] avy\ij, ae 86^a ! 6puiLaa\\ievfj 1) \ |j j accentual. All I 1234 5 67 ii{J) I captatn bold 6f Halijfax lived In country quarters. j whS | \\ ( A | 'be metre is trochaic tetrameter catalectic, with anacrusis, e. with a syllable at the beginning of the verse which is not ' e'ckoned in the metre, but serves as a back-stroke ' {avuKpov [)lii»|w)> preparatory to getting the metre under weigh. In (i) 'lis syllable is in, in (2) kC , in (3) 'A.' A trochee is — o : E — 130 Modern Greek. * a trochaic metre ' = a trochaic dipodia = two trochees (or their substitutes) : a trochaic tetrameter ought therefore to contain 8 trochees. The above verses contain only 7 : they ' ' are therefore called catalectic/ imperfect ' : though this term is more commonly applied to a trochaic tetrameter which lacks only one syllable. As to caesura, the rule requires that the first pair of dipodise should terminate without caesura : thus, e. g., in (i) the rule would have been broken if, instead of ovi sZv\\tj^Xk.\ fjaev we had oiJs oi\\6Sv tJTraerp^ej/. The scheme of the trochaic tetrameter catalectic metre is as follows, lacru PAKT II. DIALOGUES AND LETTERa CONTENTS. Dialogues. PAOV 1. Ordinary Phrases 133 2. Travelling by Steamer (Corfu to the Pii-seus) . • .13+ 3. Arrival at an Hotel ...... 139 4. With a Greek Master 142 5. With a Guide 145 6. Asking the Way 146 7. Presenting a Letter of Introduction 147 8. At the PostOfSce 149 9. Athens 151 10. About a Family in which to Reside . . . . • 155 11. With the Head of a Family (Terms, etc.) . . . .157 12 Arrival in a Family ...... 159 13. Meeting in the Street ...*.... 161 14. In a Cafi£ 161 15. With a Washerwoman ...... 163 16. In a Bookseller's 164 17. In a Stationer's . . ., . , . , .166 I 18, Travelling in the Interior ...... 167 19. Shooting . . ...• •.•.171 £ 2 132 Modern Greek. Lettees. PAGE 1. Invitations. Answers . . 174 2. To the Director of the Post-OflSice . ^ . . . .176 3. To a Greek Master 1 76 4. To Engage Rooms at an Hotel , . . . . ,178 5. To a Doctor 178 6. Requesting a Letter of Introduction 180 7' To the Minister of the Interior, asking whether it is safe to travel in the Interior . . , , . . iSo 8. Reply to No. 7 182 9. Information about Athena . , 1S2 PART II. DIALOGUES. (1) Ordinary Phrases. Good morning. How do you KaXfju ^fiepav (pronounced koX* do 1 How are you 1 Tjfjifpa), Ti KcifivfTf', UwsfLcrde; Good bye. Au revoir. Good XaiptTt, Kdkrjv dvrdiicoiTtv, night. KaXfjv PVKTa (pr. KaXtjvvicTa}. Excuse me. It is mine. Give SvyyvwixTjp, Eivai IBikop fjiov, me that, please. Aos (boTf) fioi fiidvoy napa- Ka\S>, I cannot understand you. Aep bvpafiai va Please repeat. Please speak 'E7ravaKd^eT€ napaKokS). Op.i- slowly. Xijo-are dpya, napaKoXci. Can you talk English, French, 'O/itXeiTf 'AyyXtKo, FaXXtKa, Tep- German, or Italian ] HapiKa TJ IrdkiKa ', to, Ti Write it down. What do you Tpa^ari ivvoure J Atv mean ] I do not know. rj^fvpoi. Very well. Splendid. Thank rioXv Koka. Aafinpa, Kv)(apurToi>. you. I am much obliged to you. 25? (ifjuu TToXu vTr6)(p(a)s. You are most kind. Eiadf TToXv KoKos. Never mind. I do not care Aev TTfipdCti. Aev [Xf fifXei St* about that. avTO. I am very sorry. AvTTovfiai noKv. Please tell me your name. Etn^«(Te) poi TO ovop.d aov irapa,' KciKai, KaTOlKflTt Where do you live 1 Uov J S)pa (Ivoi What o'clock is it 1 Tt f ; 134 Dialogues. When do you leave for Con- Ilore ai'a;^a)peTrf 5*a n]v Kcov- stantinople ? VTavrwoxmoKw ; Take care. Go faster. Stop, Tlpoae^e. Ufjyaivt yprjyopuTfpa coachman. Turn to the (pyXrjyopaTepa). ^Tacrov ajia^a. right—left. STpfyjre 8t^id — apiarepd, Go on. Wait. Return at Upoxapeij or ffjLwpos. Ileptpfve. II p.m. EiriarpeyJAt els ras fv8(Ka p.. p. (jifra pecrrip^plav), How far is it % Il6(rov paKpav (ivai\ (2) Tkavellino by TASEIAION (nEPmrHSIS) Al' Steamer. ATMOnAOIOY. Corfu to the Piraeus. 'Atto Kfpicipas (Is Ileipaia, Has the steamer from Trieste ''E(f)da(Tf rb dTp,67T\oiov (k Tep- arrived ? y((TTr)s ; It will be late to-day, on ac- 9* dpyrjo-rj (rfjpepov tvfKa t^s count of the bad weather. KaKOKaipiag. When does the steamer for XIoTf d.va)(()>p(i TO urpoTiKoiov Bia Pirseus sail 1 Tov Jldpaid In two hours. MiTci 8vo &pas, Is the captain on board ? I *0 Tfkoiapxos fivai tig t& dr/mJ- want to speak to liim. ttKoiuu^ ©eXo) va tov 6piX^(Ta>. Yes, sir ; I will take you to MdXtora, Kvpie' 6a ads oSijyjJtrw him. irpos avTov. AVhere is my cabin ] Uov tivai 6 daKapiaKos pov j TTOcra a.Top.a, Kvpit For how many persons, sir ? Ata J I am alone. "Eipai povos. "What luggage will you have Uo'ia irpdypuTa (jrolas dnoaK(vas) in the cabin 1 6f\eT€ va exr}T€ fls tov Qakapiv Kov aas 'f I want all my luggage in. GcAci) Ska Ta Trpdy/iaTa p.ov. Corfti to the Pirceus. -^^^ You are not allowed, sir, to Aei* firirpeTTfTai, Kvpie, va e^'/''"* have the large box iu the TO fitya K10UITIOU tls tov 6aXa- cabin. fltCTKOV. Well, bring the bag and hat KaXd' (pfpf TOV aaKKOv Koi t^v box. KaneXitpav (niXodr'jKTjv), Steward, bring some water Tpocf)o86Ta, At what o'clock is dinner % TLolav a>pav fivai rb yevpa (to delnvov^ J There will be no dinner on AtV 6a fxn yfvpa iv t» dr/xo- board to-day, sir. nko'm (rrjpfpov, Kvpie. I must have something. Give Upentt va (ftdyca kuti Tt. Aor me an omelette, some beef, pot {hoae pov) piav opfXtrrav, and a bottle of Corinthian oXiyov IBcoBivov Kal piau (f>iuXi]v wine. KoptpdiaKov Kpacri. When will you have it, sir % ndre Ta deXere, KvpW, At once. As soon as we start. IlapavTa. "Evdiis dpa dvax<>>p']0'a- p(v. Let me be aloue in the cabin QeXa va ^pai povos, tl bvvarov, iv if possible. T(S 6aXapi(TKa, There is only one sheet on the 'Yndpxfi ev povov vivbovt fts to bed. Kpf^^dri. That is the custom here, sir. OvTa avveid'L^trai fvravda, Kvpit. I do not care what the custom AeV pe peXti iro'ia fivai fj Are we iu sight of Cepha- BXeTTopev Tr)P Ke((>aXXr]viap j lonia ? Yes, sir; we shall arrive in MaXtora, Kvpit' 6a (f>6a(ran€v half- an-hour. fitTO. ^piatiav &pay. ; 136 Dialogues. Put some hot water in the BdXf oKiyov ^«jtov vepbv els rrjv basin, and clean my boots. XeKavriv koi Kitdi'purov {yvaXiat) TO viTo8r]fj.aTd fiov, Bring me some coffee and a ^fpt fjiov vXiyov Ka(f)f Koi tv biscuit. na^ifj-dSi {Slnvpov). Yes, sir ; will you have any- MiiXlffTQ, Kvpif' 6i\(T€ r'iTIOTt 1 riXXo thing else J I should like an egg, but be Gt'Xo) (V avyov, alCKa Ki'ifit oyKf)- quick about it. yoapa, rj AVhat is the name of this town? nw9 ovofid^erai TroXts avrr) ; Argostoli. *PipyocTTokiov. Is it the first time that you E(i/a( T} irpoiTT] (f)opa, KaQ^ riv visit Greece? inicTKenTfadf rr/if EXXn'da No ; I have been in Greece *0;^t" rfkOov tls rfjv 'EXXdSa before, but I have never iiX\oT€, dXX' ovbtnoTf rj\6op 8ia come this way. T^s obov Tavrrjs. The view is very fine. 'H 6ea fivai wpaiordn;. That mountain is grand. To opos avTo f ij/at fifyaXoTrptnts. % fj 'l6aia) Where is Ithaca Tlov ewai j There, far away on the left. E»cei fiuKpav trpos ra dpicmpa. What a ban'en'rock it looks. Tt yvfxvos ^pd)(os (palvfrai, Is this island Zante 1 'H vrj Yes, ' Zante, Zante, Fior di MdXtcrra' * Levante.' In summer it is T] ZaKVvBos, T] ZdKVv6os, like a lovely garden. TO I'lvdos TTJs 'AvaraKrjs . . Kara to KoXoKoipi 6p.oia^(i /xa- yfVTlKOV Krj770V. "WTien shall we reach Patras ? ndre 6a (p6da We shall be there at 7 p.m. Qa rjpLfOa tKe'i els Tas fTTTO. fi.H., and stay till 1 1 p.m., and 6a p.eivaip.ev fJtexP'' '''V^ eu8f- reach New Corinth at 6 to- KaTrjs fi.fi. Kai 6a morrow morning. Tijv Neai' Kopivdop els tus e^ avpiOV TO TT/JCOl. Corfu to the Piiccus. ^Zl Do you intend to go ashore 1 SKOTTfverf va f^iXdrjTf fi? Trjv irjpdv ; How much do you charge to Uoaa 0€\ets vd fie ^yaXr]s e^oo ] {va fie aiTo^i^aa-rfs^ take me on shore ; Two francs. Avo (ppdyKa. That is too much ; I will give Eivat napa iroKv' 6a aov bdicru) you one. tva. Very good, sir; here is my Hokv Kcikd, Kvpie' e8a> eivai fj boat. ^dpKa pov (17 Xf'/i^of pov). Bring that luggage. ^epe aira to itpdypara. Have you put all my things "E/SoXff oka Ta Trpdypara pov ? els TTjv in the boat \(p^ov ; How many packages are there ? ndca tefiara (^dirotrKtvaV^ eivat ; Three, sir. Tpi'u, Kvpie. There ought to be four. Look 'Y-Tvpene va rjvai T((T(rapa' Kvrra^e for the other. 8ta TO aWo. fToipos Now are you ready ? Push EtVat Tupa J Epvpos off. (aTru>6r](Tov). There is a franc for you. 'iSoii fv (fypdyKov. Have I time to go to the Con- "E^co Kaipov va imdya eis to suhite before the steamer Upo^fvelov irplv dva^upriarj to arpoTvKoiov starts ] ] Yes, sir. The steamer does MdXtora, Kvpie' to aTponXoiov not leave for four hours, and bev 6' dva)((i)pff(Trf Ttapa fieTa the Consul lives close by. Vfcraapas wpns, Ka\ 6 Trpo^tvos KaToiKel ir\T)criov. Is this New Corinth 1 AvTT] eivai ij N«a K6piv6os^ Yes. We have to disembark M Tov 'icrdpov. the Isthmus. ((f> dpd^r]s Shall I not have time to Aei/ 6a ex<>> Kaipov v dva^at etj ascend Acro-Corinth % TOV ^AKpoKopivdov ; No; the steamer sails from "Ox^' TO aTpoTTKoiov avaxcope'i Kalamaki as soon as the (K TOV KdKapaKlov ev6vs dpa 138 Dialogues, passengers have crossed the 01 iin^uTai hia^axri rov Icrd' Isthmus. fxoc. What carriages are there 1 Tt fidovs Sfia^ai vnap^ovcriv ; The Steamboat Company has H aTfioTrXoiKr] iraipia ex^ei afin^av, carnages, but I recommend aXXa eras crvviarco va fxio-daxrrjTe you to hire a private one. filav idtaTiKrjv. Aclxrare TrtVre Give five or six francs. fj (^ (fipayKa, Steward, how much do I owe Tpofpobora ^TratSt), ttocto ofpeiKd) you? ; Ten fraacs in all, sir. Ev oXo) 8//ca Here is a 20 franc piece. 'I80V fv vofiirrfta xpvcrovu tS>v Give me back ten. eiKocrt (f>payK(ov. Entarpf^ov fioi (80s poi oTTiaoy) fieVa. I have only paper and cop- E;^a) fiovov X^P''"' '^''' X'*^'f°''> per, sir. Here is half a Kvpif, *l8ou TO fffiiav fvos X^P~ ten franc note and eight TovoyLicrpLaTOS ratp 8fKa (ppayKcov francs of copper. Koi 6kto> (fypayKa tls x«^'"'''» You are giving me too much. Mol Bidfis ndpa TroXXd. No, sir; paper and copper *'0;^t, Kvpif' TO )(apTov6fU are depreciated (1879). 6 xoKkos (Lvai viroTfTip,T}p€Pa. Please irapUKaXo), put this copper in Ti;Xt^f (li X"P'"'0''> paper. Tov ;faX(c6i' TovTov. Can you take me to Kala- Avvn maki, coachman 1 ajxa^rjXaTa KakafiaKiop, J I am engaged, sir. E)(a> dyaiyiop, Kvpie. Send another carriage for me. 2T«tXe fiov aWrjp a/ia^ap, Put my luggage on the car- BaXe TO npayfiwra fiov (n\ Ttjs riage. Quickly. afia^rjs. Ta;^ecar. Tpfjyopa. Drive on. Stop ! Go faster. 'n.p0Xpf]O'0P (ffiwpos). 'Sracrov. Do not beat your horses IlTjyaiPf TaxvTfpop. M^ KTxmas like that. €T(n TO oXoyd aov. Is that the steamer for Piraeus 1 Ekupo fivai TO dr/xowXotov 8ia I will go on board at once. TOP IlfipaLd j Qa iiri^i^acrBS) dfiia-ms. Arrival at an Hotel. 139 Steward, I want some break- Tpo^oSdra, Btkut va. irpoyfvfia' fast. Let me have some fish TiVw" 86s fxoi oklyov 'yf/'dpi, Koi and lamb. dpvdici. Give me some red (black) Aos fioi oKiyov fiavpov Kpaai. wine. I cannot drink the Avine Aev fjpTropu> vu jtiw to peTaivdrov resin6. Kpaai. Shall we pass Salamis and Oa ntpdaapep dnb rrjv 2ci\apiva Aegina 1 Please point them Koi Trjv Atyiuav ; Ad^e pov av- out to me, when we are rdf, (ri irapaKoKS), orav (1p(6a near them. 1t\T](TioV. Are those mountains on Ta opt) fKelva npos ra Se^ia (ivat TTjs Tl(\onovvfj(TOv the right in the Pelopon- I nesus ? Yes; they stretch far away MaXtora* iitrtivovTai irokv paKpav to the south-east. irpos Ta voTtoavaroKiKd. (3) Arrival at an A*ISI2 EI2 TO XENOAO- Hotel. XEION. Can you tell me which is the 'HyJTopftTe va poi eiTnjre ttoiov best hotel 1 eivtu t6 KaXXiTfpov ^fvoSo- Xf'iov ; There are no good hotels at AeV imdpxovv KoKa ^evo8oxf7a the Pirseus. tls Tov Ilfipaid. In what part of Athens is the Elf TTolov ptpos Tap A6t]v5)v fivai hotel you recommend 1 TO ^evo8oxf^ov TO onolov auft- (TTOTf ; The best hotels are in the Ta KoXXt'rfpa ^(voSoxtta tivat eU Square of the Constitution. TTjV TrXuTf'iav TOV '2vPTdypaT0i. (Kevdepa Have you any rooms free 1 'Ex^Te dapdria ; We want a sitting room and QeXofifV filav aidovaav koL bvo two bed rooms. bapaTia tov vttvov (jcoiTiouas^. 140 Dialoo^ues. How much do you charge a noo-oi/ ^r]T(iTe fKaiTTrjv fjfifpav Sta day for the three rooms % ra Tpia dtofiaTia ; The price is twelve francs a H Ttfif) fivai 8o)8eKa ippayKa Kara day for each pei-son, includ- iiTOfiov, fif TO (Payr^Tov, ing meals. Will you dine in the public OeXere va •yev/iaTifjjre tls to dining-room ? fCTTiaTopiov ; We prefer to have our meals npoTinS>fifv pa Tpmyaptv (Is to in our own room. Safiariov fias. Let us have dinner immedi- As dftnvrjaafifv evdvs' Oikofifv ately; we want to go to bed va irXayidcTiOfjiep ivwpis. early. Make a good fire in the sitting Ava'\fr€ KaXfju (fxoTiav tls Tfjv room. aWovaap, We are covered with dust, I Eififda KeKaXvfinevoi airo ctkovii should like a bath. {KoviopTov), (TTtBifiovu va Ka/iO) XovTpov. If you want it we have every- 'Eav dyoTtuTf, ()(0{i(V to navra thing ready. frot/Liu. Waiter, show the gentlemen YiTTjpeTa, Sfi^ov tls Toi/s Kvplovs their rooms. Tu hmpAria toiv. If you take the rooms by the 'Eav fvoiKiddrjre to. BcofxaTia KaTa month, it will be much fxrjva 6a j/vai iroXi) (vdtjvoTtpov, cheaper. Waiter, bring my luggage Ynrjpera, (})epf to. irpdyfiaTa (Is into my room. TO 8a)p.a.Tt6v fiov. Where are my things % Uov (ivai TO. TrpdypLard fiov J Are you sure tliat the bed is Etcrat ^(^aios on to Kpf^^dri quite dry % (ivai (VT(Xci)s (TT(yv6v j The sheets seem very damp. Ta aiv86via (f>aivovTai noXv irypd. You must change the sheets. Upend V aXXd^r}T( Ta aivSovia. Tell the waiter to make tlie EiTTt (Is TOP viTr}p(Tr]v va (Toipdarj bed and air the room whilst TO Kpf^^aTi Ka\ V depiaj] to 1 am out. tfOfidnov, (p ci) c(/xa( e^to. Arrival at an Hotel. 141 There is no bell in the room. Liv inapx^fi kwScop (Is to Sw/uJ- TlOV, At what o'clock do you wish Kara noiap Supav tnidvuuTt va ] arjKoicrovp ttju to be called in the morning aas irpaiap J