Bergens Mu seums Arbok 1933 Naturvidenskapelig rekke Nr. 4

Cephalopods from the West Coast of

By James A. Grieg

Communication No. 79 from the Museum Biological Station

\Vith 1 Figure in the Text and 4 Plates Printed Sept. 30, 1933. During the years the Bergen Museum has obtained a rich collection of cephalopods from the western coast of Norway, chiefly by dredgings and trawlings, especially in the area between Statt and the Boknfjord. After the Biological Station at has started close examinations of the surrounding , more inter­ esting cephalopods have been obtained. Hitherto only some spe­ cies or genus of this material has occasionally been worked out. Thus may be mentioned that prof. N a e f has borrowed the Nor­ wegian material of the Sepio!idae in the Bergen Museum for his works on the cephalopods. Below I therefore give a whole survey of cephalopods from the western coast of Norway. At present 13 cephalopods, 3 oclopods and 10 decapods are known from the western coast of Norway. To these may be added one Sepia, the shells of which from time to time are found driven ashore. As a comparison may be mentioned that N ordgard (l 923) refers 3 octopods and 5 decapods from the Trondheimsfjord and the coast off this fiord. As Bat!zypolypus lentus must be regarded as only a variety of Batlzypolypus arctiws, however, this species must pass out, and only two octopods are left. Jn » Regi­ on is Arcticae Norvegiae«, 0. 0. Sar s refers 13 cephalopods from the Norwegian coast, whereof 9 from the western coast. Of these, however, one species, Eledone moschata, must pass out, as it has proved not to belong to the fauna of Norway. Nor Sepia officinalis can be included, as it is doubtful if the shells driven ashore belong to this species. Thus the cephalopods from the Norwegian coast should amount to 11 species. According to L 6 n n berg, 2 octopods and 8 decapods occur along the western coast of Sweden. 4 James A. Grieg ------Bathypolypus arcticus (Prosch) 1849. In » Bi drag til kundskaben om vestlandets mollusker« I men­ tion the find of two males and a female of Bathypolypus arcticu, from the northern part of the Bergensfjord, 200-700 m. Later a number of individuals are found at this locality. In the leith of Bergen further one specimen is found in August I 900 at fa:roya, Hjeltefjord, 120-160 m, two specimens in April 1931 and one in July I 933 in Mangerjord, 300-400 m, and one specimen in I 917 in Sognesjoen between Lifjell and Kvitoy, 540 m. G. 0. Sars refers Bathypolypus arcticus at the Norwegian coast from finnmarken, Lofoten, and Kvitsoy, Nordg a r d from the Trondheimsfjord. Uinnberg mentions it from Skagerak and Bohuslen. The species is therefore likely to be distributed along the whole Norwegian coast. The measurements of two males, taken in trawl October !Oth 1930 and August !Ith 1931 at Salhus pr. Bergen are given below:

Total length to end of the dorsal arms ...... 133 mm 158 mm Length of body to eye ...... 45 » 58 » Length of mantel...... _...... 33 » 37 » Breadth of body ...... 33 » 44 » Breadth of head across the eye ...... 33 » 40 » Height of eye-papiHa ...... 3 » 5 » Length of dorsal arm from the mouth ...... 85 » 106 » » 2nd pair from the mouth ...... 75 » 91 » » - 3rd - ;>- ...... 66 » 79 » »- 4th -:>- ...... 62 » 77 » » - hectocotylus ...... I 8,5 » 23 »

Both specimens have II laminae copulatoriae at hectocotylus. In the work mentioned above and in »Bidrag til kundskaben om Hardangerfjordens fauna« I have described two specimens of Batfzypolypus lentus from the Bergensfjord. During the later years I have e>.amined a greater material of this form as well as of Batfzypolypus arclicus. After these examinations I regard Batfzy­ polypus lentus as only a variety of Bat!zypolypus arctiws, which is closer shown in a work on the cephalopods of Svalbard ( 0 r i e g I933) . Cephalopods from 1he West Coast of Norway 5

Eledone cirrosa (Lamarck) 1798. (Plate 1 and 2).

A rich material of E!edone tirrosa from the western coast of Norway is conserved in the Bergen Museum: Sylte in Vannylven, Sunnmore, Hjeltefjord, Herdlafjord, Osterfjord, where it is met with quite at Ostereide, Bergensfjord, where it has been taken as far into the fiord as at Skoltegrunnskaien, and in Puddefjord, Fles­ land, Korsfjord. In Hardangerfjord it is taken to . Further the museum is in possession of specimens from the Boknfjord. Some years Eledone cirrosa is found in numbers at our western coast, e. g. in 1924. Eledone cirrosa seems to be very scarce north of the Trond­ heimsfjord. To the north it is extended to the 0stnesfjord, Lofoten, where in 1929 a ea. 370 mm long specimen was found driven ashore near Liland (Havno). It is extended along our western and southern coast to the Oslofjord. In » F aunistiske og biologiske iakttagelser ved den biologiske station i Bergen,,, Nordg a r d mentions that Eledone cirrosa were often kept in the aquariums of the station, but it was not possible to keep them alive for more than a month. In the diagnoses of Polypodidae it is stated that the genus Polypus and related genera have two rows of suckers, while the genus Eledone has only one row. This character, however, seems not to be constant. In an E!edone cirrosa from Herdlasund, 20-40 m (Plate 2), the suckers were found in two rows on the middle part of the arms. A similar fact is also found by J atta (Tab. 28, fig. 1). The genus Oraneledone is also said to have only one row of suckers. In the specimens of Oraneledone verrucosa mentioned below, however, hints of double rows of suckers on some of the arms are found. The abnormity seems to be due to contraction of the arms. One Eledone cirrosa, sent to the Bergen Museum from Fles­ land 1892, was found to have double-sided hectocotylisation. (Cfr. Appellof: Teuthologische Beitriige). The specimen from Herdla, a female (plate I and 2), measures: 6 Ja mes A. Grieg

Total length to end of the dorsal arms ...... 407 mm Length of body to eye ...... -...... 140 » Length of mantel ...... -.. .. 122 » Breadth of body...... 76 » Breadth of head a:ross the eye...... 53 » Length of the dorsal arm from the mouth ...... 275 » » - 2nd pair from the mouth...... 278 » » - 3rd -»- ...... 279 » » - 4th - »- ...... 278 » The greatest suckers have a diameter of 17 mm.

Oraneledone verrucasa (Verrill) 1881. (Plate 3 and 4). Three specimens of this species were taken 1931 in the seas at the biological station at Herdla. April 27. One specimen caught by a shrimp-trawler in Sa:treosen, 120-130 m. May 15. One middle sized and one small specimen caught by dredging in Herdlabukten, west of Lamoy, 100-200 m. A fourth specimen, ea. 30 cm, was caught on fishingline in the summer of 1932 in Herdlabukten, on a whiting-ground near Lam0y, 20-40 m. The specimen was not conserved. By examining the collection of Eledone cirrosa of the museum, it appears that four more specimens may be referred to Oraneledone verrucosa: From elder times two middle sized males from the nearest neighbourhood of Bergen, without closer referrence of locality. One small female from Herdla, 120-160 m, probably from ea. 1900. One large female caught in fish-trap at Eikebrekke pr. Manda!, October 14. 1925. The specimen is so folded and pressed that it is quite impossible to give the measures. The measures of four females from Herdla and of two males from the neighbourhood of Bergen are, however, given. Of the type-specimens of Ve r r i 11 the male measured 202 mm the female 360 mm. A male described by Ve r r i 11 1884, measured Cephalopods from the West Coast of Norway 7 292 mm. The female described by T h o m s e n was 206 mm long. The total length is not given by J o u b i n for his specimen. From the measures referred, however, ,e. g. the length of arms, it seems not to be mu.:h greater than the female of 360 mm mentioned above. As will be �een from the following table, the specimen from s�tre­ osen exceeds in size the specimens hitherto described.

. I Sretre- Near Herdlabuk'en \ __] osen Bergen

Total length to end of the dorsal arms i[ 101 114 Ii(Plate 287 3)1585(Plate. 4) I 274 322 Length of body to eye ...... 32 38 ' 89 175 80 105 Length of mante1 ...... 26 35 77 1 162 65 90 ! Breadth of body...... 24 29 62 122 61 79 I Length of head across the eye...... 22 25 45 81 45 45 I Breadth of the rim of body...... 1,5 Height of greatest papilla over the eye 1,5 � I ;:� ? �.5 i� Length of right dorsal arm from mouth ··········································-···· ' 62 76 ·: 173 372 203 212 Length of left dorsal arm from mouth 63 73 173 380 201 232 Length of right 2nd arm from mouth 73 86 1 195 366 203 1221 - left -,,- 70 82 ' 170 385 194 255 - right 3rd -.- 77 70 1 199 371 154 180 - left 65 14 180 381 221 240 I - - right v;ntral -:,- 1 67 81 I defect 362 204 214 -- left ventral - ,, - 1 64 70 , 175 343 193 215 Diameter of greatest suckers ...... ' 3,5 4 12 18 9 11 Length of hectocotylus...... I I --1 5 5 The measures are given in mm. The hectocotylisated arm has in both specimens 55 suckers. The relation between the relative length of the arms seems to vary a little. In the smallest specimen from Herdla the succession of the arms on the right side is: 3, 2, 4 and 1, on the left side: 2, 3, 4 and 1. In the second specimen the succession on the right side is as follows: 2, 4, 1 and 3, on the left side: 2, 3, l and 4. The succession on the right side is in the third specimen: 3, 2, 1,? and on the left side: 3, 4, l and 2. The specimen from s�treosen has the succession respectively: 1, 3, 2, 4, and 3, 2, 1, 4. The one male has on the left side the arms in the following succession: s James A. Grieg

3, l, 2 and 4, the other: 3, 2, l and 4. In the males described by Ve r r i 11 the succession oi the arms on the right side is: 2, 1, 3 and 4, on the left side: l, 3, 2 and.4. Thomsen found on the right side the 2nd arm to be longest (150 mm); shortest was the 4th arm (132 mm); lst and 3rd arm were of the same length (140 mm). On the left side the succession was: 1, 4, 2 and 3. In the male described by Jou bin the succession on the right side was: 1, 3, 1 and 2, on the left side: the 2nd and the 3rd arm were longest (280 mm), lst and 4th arm shortest (270 mm). In the specimens from Herdlabukten and Manda!, the dorsal side of body and head is densely set with greater and smaller papillae, which are also occurring on the dorsal side of the arms. In the specimen from Manda! and one from Herdla the ventral side is also set with papillae. The rest of the specimens have plain ventral sides, at the opening of the mantel, however, some quite small papils are found, which give the skin a rough appearance. The specimens resemble the male figured by Ve rri II (1881, tab. 5 and 6), this specimen, however, seems to have plain arms. Another difference is found in the thick rim of greater papillae round the eyes. The Norwegian specimens have the greater papillae only above the eyes, under them the papillae are but small. Even in the great female from Sretreosen greater papillae are only found above the eyes, on the under side they are quite small. Possiblv the reason for this difference is to be found in the fact, that the specimen described by V e r r i 11 is a male, while the specimens mentioned here are females. To support this opinion, I refer that the female described and figured by Thomsen (tab. 9, fig. l and 2\ has no rim of greater papillae round the eyes. The papillae under the eyes are considerably smaller than on the upper side. It must, however, be regarded, that the males from the neighbourhood of Bergen mentioned here agree with the females, and so do the male described by Joubin (1924, tab. 9, fig. 2-3). The greater papillae do not form a rim round the eye,, they are gathered above them. Under the eyes only smaller papillae are found. Also the great specimen from Sretreosen has numerous greater and cmaller papils on the dorsal side of body and head, they are, however, more scattered than in the other Norwegi:m specimens. The skin consequently does not look so rough. The specimen has a Cephalopods from the West Coast o[ Norway 9 greater resemblance with the male caught by the Prince of Monaco, southeast of Halifax (J o u b in 1924, tab. 9, fig. 1-3), than with that figured by V e r r i 11. The papillae little by little disappear beyond the arms, and the uttermost % are quite plain. As mentioned above, the greater papillae are only to be found over the eyes. Especially one over each eye is conspicuous. The great papilla on the right side in the specimen from Sietreosen is 9 mm high, 10 mm broad at basis, the left one 7 and 9 mm respec­ tively. The papillae are supplied with smaller tubercles. Also the other papils of the dorsal side have such tubercles. The greatest of the papillae under the eyes are 3 mm high. The specimens from Herdlabukten and Manda! have on the dorsal side a dark reddish brown colour, on the ventral side a brighter, more beige one. The great specimen from Sietreosen is on the dorsal side dark greyish red-brown, with brighter round or oval spots. On the ventral side the colour is greyish white. The opening of the mantel does not reach quite to the eye. In the two smallest specimens from Herdla, the distance from eye to the opening of the mantel is 5 mm, in the greatest one 8 mm on the right side, 11 mm on the left side. In the specimen from Manda! the distances are 12 and 8 mm respectively, and in the great one from Sietreosen 21 and 22 mm. In »The Deep Octo­ poda« Ro bson gives three diagrams illustrating stages in the reduction of the opening of the mantel in the octopods. The speci­ mens of Oraneledone verrucosa mentioned here occupy a middle position between the diagrams B and C. Eledone cirrosa has ink-sac and 11-13 branchiale filaments. In a female which I have determined, I found on the right side 12 111 filaments, on the left side 10112. In a second female the filaments numbered l lil l and 10/11 respectively, and a third one had on both sides 12/11, a male 11/11. The specimen of Oraneledone verrucosa examined by Tho msen , however, was destitute of the ink-sac ( cfr. Ro b son 1932, p. 308) and had only 7 branchiale filaments. I have examined a male and a female of the collection in the Bergen Museum, and both were in want of ink-sacs. The male had on both sides 7(8 branchiale filaments, the female 719. The material of the Bergen Museum states, that Oraneledone verrucosa has for long times belonged to the fauna of our country. 10 James A. Grieg

It has, however, been overlooked and mistaken for Eledone cirrosa. It is an atlantic species, described by Ve rr i 11 1881 from two speci­ mens taken by »Blake« off the northeastern coast of North-America, where it has also later been found by »fish Hawk«, »Albatross«, and the Prince of Monaco on the distance betweer: 38 ° 44'-42 ° 40' N, 62 ° 49'-72 ° 38' W, 853-2297 m. The Danish exploring ship »Thor« has taken a female in 1913, southwest of Iceland (62 ° 10,5' N, 19 ° 36' W, 2150 m). As will be seen from these finds, Oraneledones verrucosa is a pure deep-sea form. It is therefore remarkable that all the Nor­ wegian specimens derive from comparatively shallow water, 20-200 m. Hoy I e mentions the species from the Atlantic Ocean and from the Pacific, where the »Challenger« caught a male at the Kermadec Isles (29 ° 41' S, 78° 11' W, 1153 m), and »Albatross« three females from the Gulf of Panama (7° 15' N, 79 ° 36' W, 1866 m). The specimen from the Kermadec Isles, however, is by B erry referred to a valid species, Oraneledone challengeri, as it differs from the typical Oraneledone verrucosa in the shape of hectocotylus and in the extension of the dorsal papillae. The three specimens from the Gulf of Panama were so badly conserved, that it was impossible to identify them. furthermore on the distribution of Oraneledone verrucosa see Grimp e (1933, p. 497).

Sepietta oweniana (D'Orbigny) 1839. This species is in the elder Scandinavian litterature referred as Sepiola rondeletii or Sepiola scandica. A great material from the neighbourhood of Bergen is at hand: Stangfjord, , 180 m; Krakoyskallen, Stromfjord, , 200 m; Radoy-fjord, 170 m; Herdlafjord, 75 m; Bergensfjord, Hjeltefjord, 90-130 m, Hakelsund, Korsfjord; Godoysund, Bjorncfjord, 100 m; Hidlefjord pr. Stavanger 190 m. Sepietta oweniana has been taken by » Michael Sars« at fore, Hjosenfjord, Ryfylke, off Tungenes, Boknfjord, ea. 100 m, and off Alesund (62 ° 45' N, 7 ° 40' E, 200 m), which is the most northern locality at the Norwegian coast where, as far as I know, Sepietta oweniana is found. Cephalopods from the West Coast of Norway 11

Besides this material further 30 individuals from the west coast of Norway and from the North Sea are at hand in the Bergen Museum, without closer referrence of locality. S a r s mentions the species from our southern coast and from Oslofjord, 60-120 m, L ii n nberg from Haugesund, Hitteroy pr. Flekkefjord and Bohuslen, P o s s e It from 0resund and Fredriks­ havn. As to the further distribution of the species within the North Sea area, see Or i m p e (1925, p. 14).

Sepio/a atlantica D'Orbigny 1839. Posselt mentions Sepia/a atlantica from Norway without closer indication of locality, Naef (1912, p. 269) from Bergen. In the Bergen Museum specimens from Bergensfjord, Hjeltefjord, and Herdlafjord are stored. In »Bidrag til kundskaben om ­ fjordens fauna« I mentioned some cephalopod-eggs, which I, though I doubted the correctness of it, referred to Eledane cirrasa. By closer examination they proved no to belong to this species but to Sepia/a atlantica as supposed by Or i m p e (1925, p. 19). Also some eggs from Bergensfjord and Hjeltefjord, by A pp e 11 ii f referred to Rassia macrasama, belong to this species. In the Herdla­ fjord N o r d g a r d found eggs of this species. »Michael Sars« has taken Sepia/a atlantica at the following localities: 1901, stat. 102, Hirshalrenden, 60 rn. 1903, » 140, 58 ° 39' N, 1 ° 20' W, 110 m. 1903, » 141, 57 ° 11' N, 1 ° 50' W, 100 m. 1906, » 290, 60 ° 40' N, 2 ° 34' [, 130 m. Or i m p e regards Sepia/a atlantica as the most common Sepi­ olidae of the North Sea. According to the material in the Bergen Museum, however, Sepietta aweniana is far more numerous at the western coast of Norway.

Sepiola aurantiaca Jatta 1896. Of !his species one specimen from the Bergensfjord and three specimens from the skerries off Bergen (Solsvik), 17 m, are at hand, collected by A p p e I I ii f. Further a young specimen from 12 James A. Grieg

»Michael Sars« 1904 is at hand, (st. 295, 60c 30' N, 0 ° 24' W, 107 m). The specimens are previously referred to by Naef (1912, p. 81 and 85, 1923, p. 612). 0 rimp e (1925 p. 19) mentions, that the four specimens from Bergen most likely belong to the species Sepiola p/efteri described by him. The ventral edge of mantel is in Sepiola aurantiaca far projecting, with a deep incision for the funnel (N aef 1923, p. 613, fig. 357 and 358, cfr. Ja t ta 1896, tab. 14, fig. 34). In Sepiola pfe//eri the incision for the mantel is considerably deeper, (0 rimp e 1921, p. 5, fig. 1 a; 1925, tab. fig. 5) and V-shaped, while it in the other species is U-shaped. A closer examination of the specimens from Bergen shows that they are in want of this very deep incision, and that the incision is U-shaped. In such respects they wholly agree with the descrip­ tions and figures of Sepiola aurantiaca as given by J a t ta and Naef. R.ossia glaucopis Loven 1845. Sar s mentions this species from the whole Norwegian coast. Ap p e 11 ii f (1891) mentions, that he has found eggs as well as youngs of Rossia glaucopis in the Bergensfjord. I have found it at Krakoyskallen, Stromfjord, Sogn, 180-160 m, Hjeltefjord 120-140 m, Bardshaug, Selbjornfjord, 240 m, Jondal, Hardanger, 200-600 m (Grieg 1896 and 1913). Nordgard (1911) mentions it from Herdlafjord 150 m, and Boknfjord, 140-313 111, Ar ndt from Tresfjord, 180 m, and S;ekken, 40 m, near Moldc. In the Trondheimsfjord Nordg a r d (1923) has found the species at several localities between froyfjord and Beistadfjord, ea. 50-350 111. Besides specimens from Northern Norway and the arctic seas, specimens of Rossia glaucopis from the following localities arc conserved in the Bergen Museum: Bryggen, , 300-500 m; Hjeltefjord 110-140 111, Korsfjord 400-600 m. »Michael Sars« has taken it 1905 at st. 30 (62° 43' N, 3 ° 42' E, 200 m). Eggs and small youngs are at hand from the following times: May 28. 1902, Bergensfjord; July 14. 1899, Bryggen, Nordfjord; July, Strnmfjord, Sogn; Bergensfjord; Hjeltefjord; Au gust 15. 1919, Korsfjord. Cephalopods from the Wrst Coast of Norway 13

N o r d g a r d ( 1923) mentions eggs and youngs of Rossia glaucopis from Trondheimsfjord from the following times: June 3. 1914, Lungen, east of Trondheim, 150 m; June 29. 1912, Froyfjord ea. 100 m; August 1883, Hasselvik, Rissa.

Rossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje) 18'29. Nordg a r d (1911, 1923) mentions Rossia macrosoma from Herdlafjord, further from Leksa and Stjornfjord, Roberg, llsviken, Fresta and Borgenfjord, Gaulosen in Trondheimsfjord, which seems to be the northern limit of the species at the Norwegian coast. In the Bergen Museum specimens and eggs from the following localities in the neighbourhood of Bergen are stored: Vikbukten, Sogn, 200-240 m; Fja,rlandsfjord, Sogn, 180 -220 m; ­ fjord, 350 m; Radoyfjord, 165-180 m; Herdlafjord, 90-120 m; Hjeltefjord; Bergensfjord, 200-300 m; Ko"rsfjord ea. 600 m. In the districts around Stavanger Rossia macrosoma is known from Gans­ fjord, 160 m, Hidlefjord, 100-165 m, and Badsfjord. Further one specimen is consernd in the Bergen Museum from Bola,ren at the mouth of 03lofjord. » Michael Sars« has taken Rossia macrosoma at the following localities: 1901, slat. 2, Valderoy, Aiesund, 55-85 m. ° 1902, » 50, 61 ° 14' N, 2 13' E, 140 m. » » 106, Borgundfjord, Alesund, ea. 100 m. 1906, » 4, Hjeltefjord, 180 m. » ,, 56a, Hjorundfjord, 253 m. ° » ,, 170, 62° 45' N, 5 40' E. ° » ,, 284, 61° 43' N, 1° 16' E, 190 m, 7,2 C. » » 292, 60° 42' N, 2° 53' E. (Vikingbanken), 180- 190 m, 6,9° C. » » 307, Storeggen, 188-310 m.

Eggs with embryo are at hand from the following times: June 1906 Stavangerfjord; August 7. 1901 Herdlafjord; August 1902 Vikbukten, Sogn; September 1911 Fja,rlandsfjord, Sogn. In the Trondheimsfjord from the following times, taken by 14 Ja mes A. Grieg

N ordgar d: February 13. 1923 Frosta; February 12. 1916 Sund­ nes, Borgundfjord; July 21. 1916 Ilsviken, Trondheim, and October 1910 Stjornfjord. Sepia sp. During the 4th meeting of the Scandinavian naturalists, 1844, Es mark discoursed on the Norwegian cephalopods, and mentio­ ned that he had never met with Sepia ofticinalis, to which B o e ck remarked, that a lot of shells of Sepia were found driven ashore some years ago near Moss, and by the fishers they were sold to the farmacists. Rasch also remarked, that shells of Sepia are often driving ashore in numbers on Hvaloene and the isles off Fredriks­ vern. Several years ago whole animals were also seen thrown ashore on a little islet in the neighbourhood of Fredriksvern. From time to time shells of Sepia happen to drive ashore on our western coast too. 1892 some shells were found at Oodoysund in Bjornefjord. In the spring of 1923 masses of shells occurred along the western coast of Norway. At Herdlavalen great numbers of shells might be found thrown on the shore. N ord g a r d ( 1929) mentions shells of Sepia from Ona, Romsdal. In the beginning of July 1923 he received several shells from the districts of Trond­ heim (Titran) and from Hasvag in flatanger, where similar shells 30-40 years ago were found driven ashore. Later in the summer 1923 Nord g a r d received Sepia-shells from Brasoy, Alstahaug and Asva,r, Helgeland, where they occurred during the last fort­ night of July and the first one of August. Further there are infor­ mations about Sepia from Rodoy and the isles off Tromso. According to S p ar c k masses of Sepia-shells also occurred in the spring of 1923 on the Faroe Islands and at the coast of Northern Scotland, where several Sepia were found thrown on shore alive too. The shells from the Faroe Islands examined by S p ii rck pro­ ved not to belong to Sepia off icinalis, but according to their size (130-180 mm), probably to Sepia filliouxi. The shells examined by Nordgar d measured 160-198 mm. In some shells from Herdla I found a length of 150-190 mm. Unfortunately they were so decomposed that it was impossible to identify them. Possibly they may have belonged to the same species as the shells from the Faroe Islands. Ceplrn!opods from the \Vest Coast of Norway 15

Loligo vu/garis Lamarck 1798. In the elder collections of cephalopods in the Bergen Museum is found a Loligo vulgaris, labelled Bergen. The specimen, a male, which belongs to the typical form, has the following measures: Total length to end of the dorsal arms 507 mm. Ventral length of mantel. ... 327 » Dorsal length of mantel ...... 352 » Breadth of body ...... 75 » Breadth of head across the eye .. 45 » Length of fins ...... 265 » Greatest breadth of fins .. 73 » Length of lst right arm') . . .. 90 » -»- 2nd -»- 122 » -»- 3rd -»- 132 » -»- 4th -»- 110 » -»- right tentacle 370 » The relation between the relative length of the arms is: 3, 2, 4 and 1. The ratio between the length of first arm-pair and the dorsal length of the mantel is 0,253. The suckers in the middle row of the tentacle have a diameter of 11 mm, while in the rows on the edge they measure 4 mm. The former consequently are almost three times as big as the suckers of the edge rows. Loligo vulgaris has not yet been stated from the Norwegian coast. Within the North Sea area it is known from the east coast of England, from Belgium, Holland, the German Bay, the west coast of Denmark, Bohuslan, Skagerak, and the west part of the Baltic (cfr. Grim p e 1925).

Loligo forbesi Steenstrup 1856. Loligo f orbesi has been caught several times in the seas near Bergen. In the Bergen Museum 4 specimens from the Bergensfjord are conserved. August 1929 two specimens were taken in Herdla-

1) The length of the arms is measured from the skin by which they are connected. 16 James A. Orieee bukten ofi the Biological Station. A young specimen was caught September 19. 1900 at Tonningneset in Store Lungegardsvann, Ber­ gen. This specimen, the total length of which is 46 mm, length of mantel 35 mm, is mentioned by Nordg a r d (1912) as Loligo media. April 2. 1930 one specimen was caught in Oranvinfjord, Hardanger. Egg-clusters of this species have twice been fished at Orimo, Sorfjord, Hardanger. In the Norwegian material in the Bergen Museum further some egg-clusters from farsund are preserved, 6 specimens caught July 31. 1925 in mackerel-pursenet off Tanes by Manda!, and some egg-clusters caught May 28. 1899 in frognerkilen near . Loligo forbesi is consequently distributed along the whole southern and western coast of Norway, from Oslofjord to Trondbeimsfjord from which locality one specimen is mentioned by N or d g a r d (1923). Within the North Sea area » Michael Sars« has taken Loligo forbesi at the following localities: 1901, slat. 107, 58° 23' 30" N, 3° 57' E, 84 m. 1904, » 259, 56° 1' N, 4° 49' E, 38 m, 10,8° C. 1906, » 323, 15 minutes N of Hirshals, 70 m.

The measures of a female from Herdla and a male from Oranvinfjord are given below:

I' Herd:-/ cJ' o_ranvi; , fiord �--_------� mm 1 mm Total length to end of the dorsal arms ...... 215 1 498 Ventral length of the mantel·····--···········-·-··-··············-, 1 141 332 Dorsal -.- ...... ! 155 360 Breadth of body...... 36 1· 76 Breadth of head across the eye ...... , 1 31.5 52 Length of fins ...... 102 261) Breadth of fins ...... ·····-·-·····-·-·········- 30 75 Length of lst right arm ...... 37 108 ,, .. 2nd - ,.- ...... 41 124 • - 3rd -.- ...... 54 132 " · · · · ~ I I 51 123 : ;I� ht t�;a�e . :::: :::: :::: : : : :::::::.: ::::::: :: I 136 255 Cephalopods !rem the West Coast of Norway 17

The relation between the relative length of the arms is in the female 3, 4, 2, 1, and in the male 3, 2, 4, I. The relation between length of first arm-pair and dorsal length of the mantel is 0,17 and 0,22 respectively. The suckers in the middle row of the tentacle-heel have a diameter of 3 and 4,5 mm respectively, in the edge rows 2 and 3 mm.

Alloteuthis subu/ata Lamarck 1798. Only one elder specimen of this species from Bergensfjord and a young one from Great Fishing-bank in the North Sea are at hand in the Bergen 1\\useum. The later is by Naef mentioned from Bergen in »Teuthologische Notizen« (1912, p. 748). At the Norwegian coast Alloteutlzis subulata is known only from the Bergen coast and from Oslofjord, from where it wac; first stated by E s mark during the 4th meeting of the Scandi­ navian naturalists, 1844. The specimen from Bergensfjord, a male, measures: Total length to end of the dorsal arms . . 180 mm. Ventral length of mantel ...... 110 » Dorsal -»- ...... 114 » Breadth of body ...... 14 » Breadth of head across the eye. . 12 » Length of fins ...... 83 » Bre:idth of fins ...... 13 » Length of left lst arm ...... 11 » -»- 2nd ,, 20 » -}>- 3rd )) 22 )) -»- 4th » 21 » -»- tentacle 26 » The relation between the relative length of the arms is 3, 4, 2, 1.

Architeuthis dux Steenstrup 1857. Only two specimens of Arc!ziteuthis dux, driven ashore, are known from the neighbourhood of Bergen. The first specimen was caught November 22. 1915 at Leroy, Austreim, some miles north of Bergen. The specimen, a male, described by Prof. B r i n km an n, 18 James A. Grieg

Architeuthis dux from Lerny, Austreim. About 11.s natural size. (After B r i n km an n). Cephalopods from the West Coast of Norway 19

is conserved in the Bergen Museum. A plaster cast of the specimen is exhibited in the collection of the museum. The specimen measures: Length of body to basis of arms. . . . 1550 mm. Ventral length of mantel ...... 1250 » Dorsal -»- . . . . . 1310 » Greatest breadth of body ...... 440 » Breadth of head across the eye 310 » Length of fins . . . . 430 » Breadth of fins ...... 105 » Diameter of eye ...... 84 » Lenght of lst right arm 1780 » -»- 4th right arm 1640 » -»- right tentacle 5600 » 2nd and 3rd arm are defect. The greatest suckers on the arms have a diameter of 18 mm, on the tentacles 23 mm. The second specimen was taken ashore December 13. 1927 at Kalveidoy, . The body measured ea. 1 m, the tentacles 6,5 m. Unfortunately this specimen was not conserved. When driven ashore it was already somewhat destructed, and was immediately cut up. In »Norges naturlige Historie« (p. 34) Pontopp id an men­ tions that a curious sea animal, by him called »kraken«, drove into the Ulvangerfjord, Alstadhaug, 1680. It had antlers or antennae, which it moved like the snails, by drawing them out and in. During the 7th meeting of the Scandinavian naturalists Prof. S t e e n - s t r up discoursed on »Atlanterhavets collosale Blzekspruter«, and called the attention to this animal, »kraken«, which could be nothing but a giant squid. The first true informations of Arclziteutlzis dux from the Nor­ wegian coast are from 1874. This year one specimen, the total length of which is said to be ea. 4 m, drove ashore at Buoy in Foldenfjord. Unfortunately this specimen was not preserved. About 1880 two individuals drove ashore, the one in Kvzen­ angen, the second at Tonsvik in Tromsoysund. Nor these speci­ . mens were conserved. 1896 two individuals were found driven ashore at Kirkseter­ oren, Hevnefjord. The one specimen, a female, April 10., the 20 James A. Grieg second one, a male, Sept. 27. These specimens are both conserved in the Trondheim Museum. The female measures: length cf body 2,5 m, the arms 2,5 m, the tentacles 7,25 m (S t o r m). In the autumn of 1910 or 1911 a giant squid drove ashore at Lundenes, Orytoy, Senjen. The body of this specimen, which was not preserved, had a total length of 1,2 m. The tentacles measured 5 m. February 1912 one specimen with a total length of body of 1,9 m was sent to the Kristiansund Museum. The tentacles measured 6,7 m. The individual was found in shallow water at the fishing station Veiholmen, Smolen. March 17. 1916 one specimen drove ashore at Hellandsjo, west of Hevnefjord. Most of the body was immediately used as bait, and N ord g a r d, who arrived soon after the find, was not able to obtain for the Trondheim Museum more than a little of the front part, tentacles and arms. The tentacles measured 6,2 m (N ordgard, 1926). In November a giant squid drove ashore at 0yvag, Djonna, Helgeland. This specimtn was not attended. March 4. 1928 a specimen drove ashore at Ranheim, ea. S km east of Trondheim. The specimen, a male, was sent to the Trondheim Museum. The measures are as follows: total length of body ea. 7,9 m, length of mantel 1,37 m, the arms 1,4-1.5 m, the tentacles 6,4 m (N o r d g a r d 1929). During the last 60 years 12 Arclziteut!zis dux are with cer­ tainty known from the Norwegian coast. Of these four specimens are conserved in the Trondheim Museum, one in the Kristiansund Museum and one in the Bergen Museum.

further the following material is stored in the Bergen Mu­ seum: A bit of a tentacle and some suckers of a big Arc!ziteut!zis dux from the Atlantic Ocean. (Given by Prof. Steens t r up). A young specimen, taken by »Michael Sars,, 19:)2, driving dead on the surface north of the Faroe Islands. The specimen was in a very bad condition. The head was cut asunder, probably by birds, the arms were defect or failed. The specimen measured: Cephalopods iwm the West Coast of Norway 21

Length of body to basis of the arms .. 76 cm. Dorsal length of mantel . . . . 63 » Breadth of mantel ...... 15 » Length of fins .. 26, 7 » Breadth of fins ...... 8 » Left tentacle ...... 214 » The greatest suckers on the arms have a diameter of 8 mm, on the tentacles 11 mm. A bit of a tentacle of a great individual and a bit of skin of Plzyseler macroceplzalus, with impression of the suckers of Arclziteut!zis dux from Mjofjord, Iceland, August 15., 1903. Prof. Hjort writes about it in »The Depths of the Ocean« (p. 651): »On the 15th August the »Michael Sars« arrived in Mjofjord on the east coast of Iceland, and visited the local whaling station. On the shore were two freshly caught whales, one a north-caper, the other a cacholot. Inspecting the cacholot I saw around its enormous jaws several long parallel stripes (fig. 485), consisting, as closer scruting revealed, of great numbers of circular scars or wounds about 27 mm in diameter. Fig. 186 shows a piece of the skin with these scars. It occurred to me that these scars must have been left by the suckers of a giant squid, and following up this idea I found in the whale's mouth a piece of a squid­ tentacle, 17 cm in maximum diameter. In the stomach of the whale many squid-beaks of various sizes were found, the largest measuring 9 cm in length, besides some fish bones, and the men who had shot the whale told me that in its death-flurry it dis­ gorged the arm of a squid 6 metres long. Similar observations have been recorded from the Azores by the Prince of Monaco« ( cfr. Koefoe d).

Ommatostrephes sagittatus (Lamarck) 1798. Ommatostreplzes sagittatus is distributed along the whole Norwegian coast from Oslofjord to Varangerfjord. From the seas surrounding Bergen it is known from several localities: Husoy at the mouth of Sognefjord, Mangerfjord, Herdlafjord, Bergens­ fjord, Hjeltefjord (Hegholmen and Solsvik), Korsfjord, Bj0rne- 22 James A. Grieg fjord (), Hardangerfjord, where it at any rate occurs to Jondal, and Boknfjord. In most cases it appears during the winter months, from November to March, but also happens to appear earlier in the year, thus one specimen was caught July 1907 at Solsvik, and August 1898 one specimen was taken at Hegholmen. It always appears periodically at our western roast, one year it is very numerous, a second year it wholly fails. This periodicity seems to communicate with the herring . » Michael Sars« has taken Ommatostrephes sagittatus at the following localities: 1900, slat. 7, 63° 6' N, 2° 46' E. Mandibles from the ventricle of Oadus callarias. 1902, » 86, 62 ° 59' N, 10° 37' 30" W, 151 m. Mandibles from the ventricle of Oadus callarias. 1906, » 352, 61 ° 34' N, 1 ° 28' E, 180 m. Two small specimens. The measures of a male from Hjeltefjord are given below: Total length to end of the dorsal arms 775 mm. Dorsal length of mantel . . .. 445 » Breadth of mantel ...... 100 » Breadth of head across the eye 70 » Length of fins ...... 234 » Breadth of fins ...... 143 » Length of right lst arm 223 » -»- 2nd » 265 » -»- 3rd » 283 » -»- 4th » 242 » -»- tentacle 415 » The -relation between the relative length of the arms is: 3, 2, 4, 1. In a specimen, a little larger than the one referred to here, 0 1 a d i u s measured 454 mm. Cephalopods from ihe West Coast of Norway 23

P. S. After this paper had been sent in print the Bergen Museum received a bundle of egg-clusters of a Loligo, taken on a fishing line April 8. 1933 about 3 kilometres south of Norheimsund, Hardanger. The bundle contained 30 clusters of eggs fastened on a small, dead twig. The clusters are sausage-shaped, greyish, little transparent, 118-120 mm long, 15-20 mm broad. In a 120 mm long cluster I found about 50 eggs. The eggs are little conspicuous, oval (3,5 X 3,1 mm). According to Or i m p e (1925, p. 36 and 43, figs. 8 a and b; cfr. Ja t ta 1896 p. 175, tab. 8, fig. I) these clusters of eggs may be referred to Loligo vulgaris and not to Loligo forbesi, in which the eggs are more conspicuous and of dark yellowish colour. 24 James A. Grieg

Bibliography.

Appello!: Orn Bergemfjordenes iaunistiske prreg. Bergens Mus. Arsberetn., 1891, nr. 2. - Teuthologische Beitrage. 4. Ueber einen fall van doppelseitiger Hekto­ kotylisation bei Eledone cirrhosa (Lam.) D'Orb. Op. cit. 1892, nr. I. Arndt: Zoologische Ergebnisse der I. Lehrexpedition der Dr. P. Schott- liindischen Jubilaums Stiftung. II. Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Yater!. Cultur 1913 (1914). Berry: Cephalopoda of the Kermadec Islands. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila­ delphia, vol. 68, 1916. - On. A1oschites verrucosa (Verrill) and its Allies. Op. cit. vol. 69, 1917. Brinkmann: Kjempeblrekspruten {Architeutus dux Stp.) i Bergens Museum. Naturen 19!6. Esmark: Norske Cephalopoder. forhandl. Skand. Naturiorskeres 4. 1\l0de i Christiania. 1847. Grieg: Bidrag til kundskaben om Vestlandets mollusker. Bergens Mus. Arb. 1896, nr. 10. Bidrag til kundskaben om Hardangerfjordens fauna. Op. cit. 1913 nr. t. The Cephalopod fauna of Svalbard. Troms0 11\us. Arsh., vol. 53, nr. I, 1933. Grimpe: Teuthologische Mitteilungen. 8. Systemalische Obersicht der Nordseecephalopoden. Zoo!. Anz., vol. 52, 1921. Systematische Obersicht der europiiischenCephalopoden. Sitzber. naturf. Ges. Leipzig, 1918-1921 (1922). Die Cephalopodenfauna der Nordsee. Wiss. Meeresuntersuch. Abt. Helgo­ land. N. f., vol. 16, nr. 3, 1925. Die Cephalopoden des arktischen Gebietes. fauna Arctica, Bd. 6, 1933. Havn0: En sjelden blekksprut. Naturen 1930. Hoyle: Repvrt on the Cephalopoda collected by H. M. S. ,Challenger, during the years 1873-76. Vay. of the ,Challenger,, Zoo!., vol. 16, 1886. - Reports on the Cephalopoda. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., vol. 43, no. 1, 1904. J all a: Cepalopodi viventi nel GoHo di Napoli. fauna und flora des Galles van Neapel, vol. 23, 1896. Jou bin: Cephalopodes recueillis au cours des croisieres de S. A. S. le Prince de Monaco. 5• Nate. Alosc!zites verrucosa (Verrill). Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco, nr. 339, 1918. Contributions a !'elude des Cephalopodes de L'Atlantique Nord ( 4• Serie). Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, fasc. 67, 1924. Cepha'opods from the West Coast of Norway 25

Koefoed: Notiser om nordkaper og kaskelot. Naturen 1905. Lonnberg: Ofversigt ofver Sveriges Cephalopoder. Bihang K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand!. Bd. 17, Aid. 4, nr. 6, 1891. Murray and Hjort: The Depths of the Ocean. 1912. Naef: Teuthologische Notizen. I. Die Familien der Myopsiden, 2. Die Oat­ tungen der Sepioliden, 3. Die Arlen der Oattungen Sepiola und Sepietta, 4. Die Oattungen der Loligonidae, 5. Die Arlen der Oattung Teuthis, 6. Europaische Arlen der Oattung Eledone Auct.-Moschites Schneider 1784. Zoo!. Anz., vol. 39, 1912, 7. Zur Morphologie und Systematik der Sepiola- und Sepietta-Arten. Zoo!. Anz., vol. 40, 1912. Die Cephalopoden. I. Tei!, I. Band. Systematik. Fauna e Flora de! OoHo di Napoli, vol. 35, 1923. Nielsen: Cephalopoda. Zoology of the Faroe�, nr. 56, 1930. N ordgard: Faunistiske og biologiske iagttagelser ved den biologiske station i Bergen. Kg!. n. Vid. Selsk. Skr. •911 nr. 6 (1912). The Cephalopoda Dibranchiata observed outside and in the Trondhjems­ fjord. Op. cit. 1922 (1923). Faunistic Notes on Marine Evertebrates, nr. 2 & 3. Kg!. n. Vid. Selsk. Forhandl. Bd. I nr. 17 & 26, 1929. Pfeifer: Die Cephalopoden. Nordisches Plankton. Lief. 9, 1908. Pontoppidan: Norges naturlige Historie, 1752. Posse!!: Cephalopoda. Vidensk. Udbytte af Kanobaaden ,Hauch,s Togter i Aarene 1883�86 (1891). Robson: The Deep-Sea Octopoda. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, 1925. - A Monograph of the recent Cephalopoda. Part 1, 1929; Part 2, 1932. Rudolph: Die Sepioliden der Adria. Zoo!. Anz., vol. IOI, 1932. Sars: Mollusca Regionis Arcticre Norvegire, 187d. Spa rck: En pludselig masseforekomst af Sepia-skaller ved Frernerne i for­ aret 1923. Vidensk. Meddel., vol. i6, 1932. Steens t ru p: Atlanterhavets colossale Blrekspruter. For hand!. Skand. Natur­ forskeres 7. Mode i Christiania 1857. Storm: Orn 2 udenfor Trondhjemsijorden fundne blrekspruter.Naturen 1897. Thomsen: Remarks on the Distribution and Systematic Position of Oraneledone verrucosa (Verrill). Vidensk. Meddel., vol. 92, 1931. Ver r i11: Report on the Cephalopods and some additional Species dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer ,fish Hawk, during the Season of 1830. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., vol. 8, no. 5. 1881. The Cephalopods of the North-Eastern Coast of America. Part 2. Trans. Connecticut Acad., vol. 5, 1831. Report on the Cephalopoda of the North-Eastern Coast of America. Ann. Rep. of the Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1879 (t882). Second Catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the Fauna of the New England Coast and the adjacent Parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of Deep-Sea Species with Notes of others previously recorded. Tran,. Connecticut Acad. vol. 6, 1834. Explanation of the Plates.

Plate 1 and 2. Eledone cirrosa (Lam.), female from the Herdlasund, 20-40 m, August 1924. 1. From the dorsal side. 2. From the mouth. " 3 and 4. Oraneledone verrucosa (Verr.). 3. Fe­ male from theHerdlabukt, 100-200m, May 15. 1931. 4. Female from the Sretreos, 120-130m, April 27. 1931. Bergens Museums Arbok 1933. Naturvidensk. rekke nr. 4. Plate I. Bergens Museums Arbok 1933. Naturvidensk. rekke nr. 4. Plate II. Bergens Museums Arbok 1933. Naturvidensk. rekke nr. 4. Plate III. Bergens Museums Arbok 1933. Naturvidensk. rekke nr. 4. Plate IV.