© 2018 IJRAR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) Studies on High Value Medicinal Plant-Origanum vulgare L. : A Review

Sayyed Ashfaqullah1, Sushma Tamta2 Research Scholar1, Associate Professor2 Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University Nainital, India1, 2.

Abstract : Origanum vulgare L. is an important medicinal and culinary herb of the Lamiaceae family. Being the pre-eminent member of over 200 genera in family Lamiaceae, only this species has customarily got the name Oregano. The other names are Himalayan marjoram, wild marjoram, marzanjosh or bantulsi. The plant has been reported to have significant biological activity and is traditionally being implied in different health problems like colic, cough, headaches, nervousness, toothaches, irregular menstrual cycles and is also used as a stimulant, expectorant, diaphoretic, tonic etc. The essential oil from the plant is disclosed to have more than 50 different chemical constituents, dominant one’s being the carvacrol and thymol accounting for antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antihyperglycaemic, antiproliferative, antimelanogenic, anti-inflammatory, radioprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, nematocytic, spasmolytic and insecticidal activities. In this paper an attempt has been made to portray an overview of the studies carried on the titled plant.

Keywords - Origanum vulgare, thymol, carvacrol, pharmacological activities, beliefs regarding OV.

I. Introduction Origanum vulgare L. (OV) commonly known as Himalayan/wild marjoram or Bantulsi (in India) is a member of genus Origanum that belongs to Lamiaceae, the mint family. The genus Origanum is divided into 10 sections having 43 species, 6 sub-species, 3 varieties and 18 natural hybrids that are extensively found in the Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian and Irano-Siberian regions (Ietswart, 1980; Kintzios, 2002; Sahin et al., 2004). India has only one species i.e. O.vulgare (Mukherjee, 1940) mainly found in J&K, HP, UK and Sikkim. Of all the species, it is the only one commonly called as ‘Oregano’ (Greek words Oros-mountain & ganos-joy) i.e. Joy of mountains (Tucker and Maciarello, 1994). It is a woody based aromatic perennial herb that grows upto 80cm having an altitudinal variation of 1500m to 3600m. The biological activity and high aroma of essential oil of the plant had made it economically influential. It has a traditional history of being used in ethno-medicines, cosmetics, culinary and many more other applications. Of over 50 different chemical compounds found in the essential oil, the ones which have an impact are carvacrol and thymol.

II. Morphology & Habitat OV is a perennial, aromatic hairy herb mainly distributed in subtropical, tropical and temperate regions preferring stony slopes and mountains with rocks. Grows in sunlight as well as partial shade with well drained soil and adores a PH range of 4.5 to 8.7. The plant has woody texture containing stalked, entire and ovate leaves. The white or purple bisexual flowers are clumped into dense spikes having four stamens. The corolla is bi-lipped and calyx is penta-toothed. Fruits are small, cylindrical nutlets. The extraordinary morphological criterion of the shoot system is the existence of glandular/non-glandular hairs with reproductive parts having less density (Figure 1 and 2).

Fig.1 and 2 : O.vulgare L. (2 month old plants) growing inside polyhouse in the department.

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© 2018 IJRAR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) III. Phytochemicals of the plant Different studies carried out on the chemical components of the plant after extraction of essential oil, either by GC-MS or HPLC techniques, revealed existence of over more than 50 distinct compounds belonging to a group of alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, gums and mucilage, proteins and amino acids, steroids and sterols, fixed oils and fats, triterpenoids, terpenes, resins etc. (Prathyusha et al., 2009). The composites of essential oil of OV identified from various investigations so far are Santolinatriene, α-Thujene, α-Pinene, Camphene, Sabinene, β-Pinene, 3-Octanone, β-Myrcene, 3-Octanol, α-Phellendrene, α- Terpenine, p-Cymene, Limonene, 1,8-Cineole, cis-Ocimene, trans-Ocimene, ɤ-Terpinene, cis-Sabinene hydrate, Linalool, 3- Octanolacetate, Borneol, Terpinen-4-ol, α-Terpineol, Thymolmethyl ether, Carvacrol methyl ether, Bornyl acetate, Thymol, Carvacrol, ɤ-Elemene, Thymylacetate, α-Copaene, β-Bourbonene, cis-α-Bergamotene, β-Caryophyllene, α-Humulene, Germacrene D, ɤ-Selinene, epi-Cubibol, α-Fernesene, β-Bisabolene, ɤ-Cadinene, Elemol, cis-Muurol-5-en-4-2-ol, Germacrene D-4-ol, Spathulenol, Caryophyllene oxide, 10-epi-ɤ-Eudesmol, epi-α-Cadinol, α-Cadinol, α-bisabolol, Myristic acid, Methyl palmitate, Palmitic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, curcumene, Phytol, Oleic acid, Stearic acid, 1-octen-3-ol, carvacryl acetate (El-Gengaihi et al., 2006; Gurudatt et al., 2010; Pande et al., 2012;). All these compounds contribute to the multifarious pharmaceutical properties of the plant. The impact components or the most biologically active compounds in the essential oil are Carvacrol (2 methyl-5-(1- methylethyl)phenol) and Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl phenol) (Putievsky et al.,1985; Ojha et al., 2013; Coccimiglio et al., 2016) followed by ɤ-terpenine, p-cymene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol and sabinene hydrate (Kokkini et al., 1997; Skoula and Harborne, 2002). The biosynthetic precursors of the phenolic monoterpenes (carvacrol and thymol) are supposed to be ɤ-terpinene and p-cymene and were found to be inactive in subspecies hirtum (Sivropoulou et al., 1996). The percentage essential oil composition of the OV differs according to growing conditions, cultivar, environmental conditions and soil type. Different studies reported different percentages of the compounds of the essential oil. The percentage of dominant compounds identified by Milos et al., (2000) was 40.4% -thymol, 24.8%-carvacrol, 16.8%-p-cymene. The phytochemical screening by Prieto et al., (2007) disclosed 41 compounds in the essential oil contributing to about 99.6% to the total oil and the percentage of the impact compounds carvacrol was 54.7% and that of thymol was 22.1%. Dimitrijevic et al., (2007) documented the amount of carvacrol to be 33.51% and thymol to be 5.67% in the OV essential oil. The comparative study made by Rodrigues et al., (2004) regarding the percentage amount of active compounds between cultivated and commercial OV essential oil showed carvacrol to be 33mgL-1 and thymol to be 3.5mgL-1 approximately in cultivated sample and in commercial sample no change was recorded in case of carvacrol but thymol was found to be slightly higher i.e. 3.7mgL-1. The percentage of the main compounds in the essential oil of different samples of OV collected by Pande et al., (2012) from Kumaun region of Uttarakhand was found as thymol-29.7% to 35.1%, carvacrol- 12.4% to 20%, ɤ- terpinene- 12.37% to 14% and p-cymene-6.69% to 9.8%.

III. In vitro studies Tissue culture is the first and foremost step for investigating any type of in vitro phenomenon. Kumari et al., (1992) regenerated the plant of OV in vitro, disclosing that cotyledonary explant on B5 medium supplemented with 2,4-D (10-7M ) to be the best combination for callus induction. Shoot and root induction excelled best when medium was augmented with BAP (10-6M) + NAA (10-6M) and IBA & NAA separately at 10-6M respectively. Leelavathi et al., (2013) developed OV in vitro -when apical buds cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP at 8.88 µM and 2,4-D at 2.26 µM together induced friable callus which regenerated into whole plant after repeated subcultures. Megta et al., (2014) regenerated OV from nodes through BAP (1mg/l) + NAA (0.25 mg/l) in MS medium for shoot initiation and fortified the same medium but half strength with BAP (1mg/l) and 1mg/l of NAA or IAA for subsequent shoot elongation and rooting. Callus was obtained by Al-Jibouri et al., (2012) from leaf discus of OV on Murashige and Skoog Basal Medium (MSBM) under the influence of 2,4-D & BA at concentrations of 0.5mg/L and 3mg/L respectively. Due to the evolving commercial importance of secondary metabolites, the technique which has gained attention of many researchers in recent years, is altering or enhancing the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Only a few studies regarding elicitation in OV have been carried like those by Al-Jibouri et al., (2012) & Hadeer et al., (2015).

IV. Pharmacological activities.

4.1 Antimicrobial Ojha et al., (2013) while validating the antimicrobial potential documented that the essential oil extracted from samples of OV from IHR (Indian Himalayan Region) depicted high biological and antimicrobial activity against seven microorganisms namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces candidus and Candida albican. All the tested microorganisms were significantly inhibited by the essential oil. Effect of OV carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis biofilms was worked out by Nostro et al., (2007), there by establishing the antibacterial activity of OV essential oil. Falco et al., (2013) evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of oregano against the gram-positive pathogens especially Bacillus cereus and B.subtilis. Kumari et al., (2011) in his investigations also concluded that OV represents a source mixture of antibacterial constituents that can be effective modern medicine to combat pathogenic micro-organism. OV essential oil could be a novel antimicrobial with capability to suppress some physiological characteristics, in addition can inhibit the growth and survival of pathogen bacteria in foods, particularly S.aureus (Barros et al., 2009). Mallet et al., (2014) presented that oil from OV exhibit inhibitory effect against some food pathogens and can be used as an alternative for microbiological control in food. A Newsletter of Medical News Today (2008) reported that the researchers together from India and UK (University of the west of England, Bristol) unfurled that antibacterial potential of the essential oil of Himalayan oregano can eradicate the hospital superbug MRSA and was found effective against as many as 41 strains of food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes by Portuguese researchers.

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© 2018 IJRAR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) Adam et al., (1998) documented that the essential oil of OV exhibited the highest antifungal activity against human pathogens i.e. Mlassezia furfur, Trichophyton rubrun and Trichosporon beigelli. The OV essential oil also portrayed 18-40mm inhibition zone against Candida glabrata isolates procured from vulvovagical candidiasis patient & MIC value obtained were 0.5-1100µg/ml (Khosravi et al., 2011)

4.2 Antioxidant The antioxidant activities of OV leaves can inhibit all places of lipid per-oxidative processes (Cervato et al., 2000). Kaurinovic et al., (2011) evaluated the O.vulgare and O.basilicum extracts for antioxidant activity and reported that the EtOAc (ethylacetate), n- BuoH (n-butanol) and H2O (water) extracts expressed high antioxidant effect and further aqueous extract of OV posses strongest inhibitory effect for O2-- radical neutralization. The OV extract (methanolic & aqueous) derived from 0.1 to 1mg of dried leaves inhibited all the stages of peroxidative process like free radical neutralization, peroxidative catalyst blockage and interrupting lipid- radical chain reaction. Spiridon et al., (2010) while evaluating the antioxidant potential of OV unfolded that the extract of the plant was highly effective in DPPH radical scavenging in comparison to Melissa officinalis and Lavendula angustifolia extract.

4.3 Anti-cancer Kubalka et al., (2017) revealed that lyophilized oregano at low doses inhibited tumour frequency, tumour incidence & tumour volume by 55.5%, 44% & 44.5%, respectively in breast cancer model compared to control rats thereby demonstrating tumour- supressive effect for the first time in OV. Antioxidant function of OV ingredients could be helpful agent in the treatment of cancer, heart diseases and high blood pressure (Chesti et al., 2013).

4.4 Antihyperglycaemic Lemhadri et al., (2004) unclosed that 20mg/kg oral administration of OV leaf aqueous extract caused a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in streptozotocin diabetic rats and further showed no changes in the concentration of basal plasma insulin.

4.5 Antiproliferative The OV essential oil is a significant source of biologically active compounds that have cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity in vitro (Grbovic et al., 2013).

4.6 Antimelanogenic Liang et al., (2010) investigated origanoside (a phenolic glycoside from OV) for skin whitening capacity and disclosed that origanoside significantly exhibit antimelanogenic effect by reducing expression of MITF (Micropthalmia-associated transcription factor), tyrosine & TRP-2 (Tyrosine related proteins 2) in vitro and in vivo.

4.7 Anti-inflammatory Ocana-Fuentes et al., (2010) explicited that fraction of supercritical extract from OV reduced the synthesis of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β & IL-6 cytokines and expatiated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production when tested on activated THP-1 human cells.

4.8 Radioprotective OV extract plays a protective role against genotoxicity induced by radiopharmaceutical administration specifically by Radioiodine (131I) commonly used for thyroid treatment (Arami et al., 2013). The study disclosed that 100µg/ml extract exhibited highest protective effects and also caused maximum reduction in micronuclei frequency in human blood lymphocytes.

4.9 Nephroprotective Abd et al., (2016) demonstrated that distinct OV extracts and vitamin E reduced levels of serum in urea, creatinine, TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) and Tissue MDA (malondialdehyde) levels thereby preventing nephrotoxicity in rats induced by venomycin.

4.10 Hepatoprotective OV leaf extract showed protective activity against CCI (4)-induced hepatotoxicity when studied by Sikander et al., (2012) in wister rats.

4.11 Nematicidal The essential oil from OV and some other plants when mixed in sandy soil at concentrations of 100 and 200mg/kg reduced the root galling of cucumber seedlings in pot experiments which indicate that main components may serve as nematicide (Oka et al., 2000).

4.12 Insecticidal Shaaya et al., (1991) proved the fumigant toxicity and effect of OV essential oils for store-product insects and revealed that components of essential oil exhibited hundred percent mortality against Oryzaephilus surinamensis at 10µl/litre.

Besides, Oregano covers various ailments like odontalgia, stomach disorders, cold, cough, swelling and lesions. Along with wine oregano could overcome stings of opium, venomous beasts, hemlock etc. and can be applied directly for scabs and itching and used

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© 2018 IJRAR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) with milk for ear disorder. It is also used against cardiac-swouning (Gerard and John, 1975). Aristotle assisted that if snake inhaled tortoise and ate oregano, it would survive (Bremness and Lesley, 1988; Small and Ernest, 1997).

V. Culinary Uses. The naturally existing traits like essential oil, fixed oils, flavonoids etc. are responsible for aromatic, culinary and pharmacological attributes making this plant high-value. Oregano has an ancient history of being used in cuisine for flavouring meat, fish, vegetables wine (Kitiki and Ayse, 1997) and was an important constituent in beers and ales. Customarily O.vulgare and O.marjoram have also been used in making tea (Grieve, 1931; Belsinger et al., 1984; Facciola and Stephen, 1998).

VI. Other uses Mixture of oregano, marjoram, rosemary and lavender was used in linen and bath sachets by Romans (Belsinger et al., 1984). The oil from wild marjoram has also been used by food industries to prolong the shelf life of food products (Busatta et al., 2007).

VII. Beliefs regarding OV There is a thought that if O.vulgare and O.marjoram are carried by an individual or kept in a house or cultivated in a backyard it would shield you against evil and are also kept in amulets to cure cold. Further they are considered to accumulate wealth if kept in sachets (Cunningham and Scott, 2000). In Greece, it is believed that if wild marjoram is seen growing on a grave it will lead to a undisturbed sleep and assumes delighted afterlife for the dead (Grieve, 1931; Northcote and Rosalind, L. 1971; Small and Ernest, 1997).

VIII. Conclusion O.vulgare L. is an exemplary incomparable high class medicinal plant having eminent culinary and cosmetic applications with epic historical background. Probably, each part of the herb has been utilized for innumerable ailments from decades. Modern techniques assessed the plant to have high biological activity credited to the ingredients of the essential oil. Further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations on the OV will establish it as an authentic multi-disease control plant beyond the doubt. Furthermore, there is a need to enhance the accumulation of secondary metabolites using in vitro techniques for pro-conservation of the species.

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