SESA E AND SAFFLOWER
EWSLETTER
Editor J. Fernandez Martinez
Published by The Center of Agrarian Researc !1 and Development, CI DA, of Cordoba, D.G.I.E.A., Junta de Andall.lcfa, Apartado 240, Cordoba, S) ain
No.2 1986 j'
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IMPRIME TIPOGRAFIA CATOLICA Avd. Republica Argentina, 22 DL-CO. 1555 Cordoba, 1.986 COMTBIITS Page
FOREWORD ...... 1 NOTICES TO READERS ...... 2 NORTH AFRICA/NEAR EAST SEMINAR ON OIL CROPS. 3
SHORT PAPERS AND REPORTS IN SESAME
Effects of cultivar and sowing date on yield and yield-related characters in seSame. A. THIANGTRONG and N. THURLING... S
A screening method for resistance of sesame to phytophthora blight, S.H. CHOI, Y.A. CHAE and E.J. LEE •••••••••••••••••• 8
Bacterial Leaf spot and stem maceration of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in some areas of Ethiopia, E. CHUMAEVSKAYA and C. DILBU •••••••••••••••••••• •••••• •••••• 11
Population dinamics of sesame shoot webber and pop borer, Antiqastra catalaunalis DUP. under field conditions, H.V. SING, S. YADAVA and H.R. ROHILLA... 1S
An induced tall seedling mutant in sesame G.S.S. MURTY and D.C. JOSHUA •••••••••••• 16
Multiple disease resistance sources in sesamum (sesamum indicum L.) C.D. KAUSHIK, P. P. GUPTS and G.S. SAHARAN...... 18
Some genetics patterns for the main characteristics of the cultivated sesame, T. KOBASYASHI ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23
Early maturing, short internode varieties of sesame T. KOBAyASHI •••••••••••••••• •• 33
THESIS SUMMARIES
Ecotoxicoiogical studies with carbamate insecticides on peat complex aesamum indicum L., R. CHOUDHARY •••••••••••••••• 36 -11- Page Sesamum indicum L.: Crop origin, •••••••• diversity chemestry and ethnobotany, D. BEDIGIAN ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 43
ABSTRACTS OF NEW PUBLISHED PAPERS IN SESAME
A review of sesamum diseases in India, S.MAITU, M.A. RAOOF, K.S. SASTRY and T. P. YADAVA ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44
Determinate sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) a promising new phenotype, R.D. BRIGHAM 46
Relation between seed yield, oil content and their components in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.),H.E. OSMAN ••••••••••••••••• 47
Heterosis and path coefficient analysis in sesame (S esamum indicum L.), H. E. OSMAN •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48
Evidence for cultivation of sesame in the ancient world, D. BEDIGIAN and J.R. HARLAN ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49
Patterns of morphological variation in Sesamum indicum, D. BEDIGIAN, C.A. SMITH and J. R. HARLAN ••••••••••••••••• 50
Propagation of sesame (!esamum indicum L.) through shoot tip culture, J.I. LEE, Y.H. PART, Y.S. PARK •••••••••••••••••• 51
Breeding of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) for oil quality improvement. IV. Changes of oil content and fatty acid composition of sesame seeds by different plant types C • W. KA N G , J. I. LEE and E. R. SON...... 52
Studies on the flowering and maturity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) III. Grouwth of capsule and grain by different plant types, C.W. KANG, J.I. LEE and E.R. SON. 53
Studies on the flowering and maturity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) IV. Effects of foliage clipping on the seed maturity. J.I. LEE, C.W. KANG and E.R. SON •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 54 -111- P aCJe Studies on the flowering and maturity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) V. Changes of grain weight and CJerminability by maturity in different plant tipes, c.w. KANG, J.I. LEE, E.R. SON and C.Y. YOO... 56
Effect of fertilizer levels on aCJronomic characteristics and yields in mulched sesame cultivation S.T. LEE, J.I. LEE, G.W. KANG and K.H. RYN...... 57
A new disease resistant and hiCJh yieldinCJ sesame variety 'AnsanCJCJae', J. I. LEE, S. T. LEE, C. W• KA NG and H.S. HAM •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 58
Response of sesame varieties to environment in the Sudan central rainlands, H.E. OSMAN and A.M. NOUR •••• 59
SHORT PAPERS AND REPORTS IN SAFFLOWER
All-India coordinated project on oilseeds: ProCJress in safflower research for the period 1980-85, P.S. PATIL, R.E. ZAPE, S.M. MORE G. Y. PARLEKAR and D.A. SHAMBHARKAR ••••• 60
Effect of different NP fertilizers levels on the CJrowth and yield of safflower, S.W. QAYYUM, Z.M. SHAIKH, M.A. RAJPPUT, N.A. RAJPUT and N.A. KHAN. 68
Effect of different row spacinCJ on the CJrowth and yield of safflower, S.M. Qayyum, M.A. RAJPUT, T.M. SODHRO, K.D.L. 1UNiJO and W.A. KHAN ••••••••••• 74
The effect of sowinCJ dates and temperature on phenoloCJical phases and yield of ~afflower, F. INSUA MUNOZ •••• 83
Phytopatological status of safflower in Andalucia (Spain). J. M. MELERO VARA ••• 87
Release of five new safflower varieties, J. FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ and J. DOMINGUEZ JiMENIZ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 89 -IV- Paqe Heterosis in safflower usinq a dominant qene for male sterility, Y.S. NERKA, K.L. BACHUWAR and N.D. JAMBHALE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 91
ABSTRACTS OF NEW PUBLISHED PAPERS IN SAFFLOWER
Use of the sinqle seed descent method in breedinq safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) J. FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, J. DOMINGUEZ, A. JIMENEZ and L. HERNANDEZ. 92
Sclerotinia head rot in safflower: assesment of resistance and effects on yield and oil content, H.H. MUNDEL, H.C. HUANG and G.C. KOZUB •••••••••••••••••••• 92
Saffire safflower, H.H. MUNDEL, H.C. HUANG, L.D. BURCH and F. KIEHN •••••••••• 93
Induced variability in local safflower cultivar GIZA 1 under Sinai conditions by Gamma-rays, M.A. EL-GAYAR and M.T. HEGAB •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 95
Recherches pharmacoloqiques preliminaires sur le Carthamus lanatus L., J. BENEDI, I. IGLESIAS, J. MANZANARES, F. ZARAGOZA.. 96
The effects of phosphorus, nitroqen and row-spacing on the yield and some plant characters of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). E. ESENDAL ••••••••••••• 96
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAFY
I • SAFFLOWER. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 99
II. SESAME...... 105
LIST OF SESAME/SAFFLOWER WORKERS...... 110 PORE WORD
Following the first issue of the Sesame and Safflower Newsletter which had a fair level of participation of researchers around the world, the publication of this second issue will continue with the task of promoting the flow and exchange of information on different aspects of these two important oil crops.
The annual publication of this Newsletter was one Sf the recommendations of the first FAO sesame and safflower expert consultation held in Viterbo, Italy, in December of 1984. This recommendation was accomplished with success in 1985 with the publication of the first combined Newsletter edited by Prof. A. Ashri who made an excelent job.
In the present issue, the level of participation has increased, including a total of 15 reports and short papers and 22 abstract of thesis or new papers. It is hoped that this increasing participation will continue in the future contributing to the improvement of these neglected oil crops.
The structure of the present iS$ue is, in general, similar to the first one. In addition to the articles and abstracts of new papers I have included selected citations of sesame and safflower papers in the period 1984-85 to complete the citations of the first Newsletter which included the period 1980-84. I have also included an additional list of experts in sesame and safflower.
I wish to thank to all the contributors who made possible this second issue and at the same time I would like to ask to the experts arround the world for new publishable material for the coming ones.
I would like to thank specially to Dr. C. Pineda of the FAO who coordinated the obtention of the material of the Newsletter and helped with his suggestions and interest. Thanks are also given to my colleages from the Center of Cordoba Mr. F. Insua and Mr. J. Dominguez for their comments in the preparation of the manuscript and to Mrs. M. Lopez Villarrubia for the typing.
J. Fernandez Martinez, Editor -2-
NOTICES TO READERS
Contributions for the 1987 edition of the sesame and safflower newsletter.
As recommended by the Expert Consultation in December 1984, the Sesame and Safflower Newsletter will appear annually. Contributions are solicited from all sesame and safflower specialists for the 1987 edition of the Newsletter. The contributions should be up to 2 paqes 10nq and describe briefly research findinqs, new techniques, new cu1tivars, promisinq qermp1asm, seeds for distribution, seed requests, technoloqica1 developments, etc. Please send also abstracts of recently published papers (with full citation) and of dissertations and theses. Please send soon all items for the Newsletter to:
Dr. C. Pineda Crop and Grassland Production Service Plant Production and Protection Division FAO, Via delle Terme di Caraca1la 00100 Rome, Italy
Note on the Intercountry variety adaptation trials
AGPC/FAO, informs to the sesame and safflower experts and institutions who answered the quesstionaire for Intercountry sesame/safflower variety adaptation trials, that since most of you can only provide small quantities of seeds, efforts are beinq made to find one or two institutions wi11inq to receive your materials, increase them and distribute seeds to all interested persons.
Note to safflower researchers referinq to the Second International Safflower Conference
The Second International Safflower Conference it fs expected to be held at the beqininq of 1988, Dr. Hans Henninq Muende1 from Canada was nominated 1n the last Conference at Davis, California in 1981, as chair perdon of the continuinq committee for orqanizinq the second one. In order to receive d~tai1s of this second Conference, researchers ar~ kindly requested to send detailed address and workinq responsabilities to:
Dr. Hans-Henninq Muende1 Plant Science Section Research Station ~.O. Box 3000 Main Lethbridqe, Alberta" Canada, T1J4B1 -3-
NORTH AFRICA/NEAR EAST SEMINA~ eN OILSEED CROPS
Under the project RAB/84/011, Req~onal Consultancy Serv~ce and training on Oilseed crops, took place ~n Rabat, Morocco, the North Africa/Near East Seminar on oilseed crops from 14th to 25 th September of 1986.
The general objeetives of the sem1nar were:
1. Prov~de a forum for exona~qe of knowledge and expert~se available in the region.
2. Study the problems ecounterp.d in growing oilseed crops ~n the countr~es of Near East and North Afr~ca.
3. Suqgest possible solut~ons for ~ncreasing a cont1nu1ng cooperat~ve proqramme amonq the countries in the reqion and exchange of 1nformat~on, expert1se and seeds of ~mproverl var1et1es and breeding mater~als.
4. Study of the possih~l~ty of creatinq a continu~ng cooperative proqramme among the countries 1n the reg10n and exchange of information, expert1se and seeds of improved var1et~es and breeding mater1als.
Th~rty o~lseed crops experts from Egypt, Irak, Tun~ss~a and Morocco partic1pated 1n the Sem1nar together w1th two consultants expertR in breed1ng and aqronomy and a techn~cal off~cer from FAO (Rome). Five country reports from partic~pant countries and 14 technical papers on different 01lseeo crops were presented along the Sem1nar.
Major reco~mendations were:
1. There should be a free an~ frequent ~nte~change of informat~on on 01lseed crops between countr~eR of the Reg10n. In order to 1mprove it a Reg10nal Comm1ttee should be created.
2. A b~g effort sho~ld be done in research, extension and tra1ning in oilseed crops as a mean of introduc1ng and adapt modern technolgies in the cultivation of oilseeds crops for increasing yields. H1gh priorit1es are:
a) Improving agronom1c and crop protect~on pract~ces used by farmers through 1ntens1fied programs 1n research and extension. This should be completed w~th programs of tra~ng1ng of experts. -4-
b) Developing suitable breed~ng programs for the different oilseed crops and agricultural situat~ons ~n order to obtain high productive cultivars fo~ the conditions of the Region. Coordinated research studies, interchange of plant mater~al as a mean of incras~ng var~abil~ty and common y~eld trials should be promoted.
c) Developing an effic~ent system of production and distribution of su~table seed mater~al to farmers.
3. It ~s recommended that FAO ass~st the countr~es with technical support, Reg~onal projects etc., to achieve these recommendat~ons. -5-
EFPBCTS OP CULTIVAR AND SOWIBG DAT* OH YIBLD ABD YIBLD-RELATBD CBARACTERBS IN SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.)
A. Tianqtronq and N. ~hurlinq School of Aqriculture, University of Western Australia
There are qood commercial prospects for the cultivation of sesame as irriqated summer crop on the Swan Coastal Plain, particularly on appr~priate soil types to the north of Perth. Preliminary studies with sesame have been undertaken with a view to defininq an optimal variety-manaqement system for this reqion. It is also anticipated that a yield ideotype will also be defined to provide a sound basis for any future breedinq work.
The fi~st exp~riment was conducted durinq the 1984/85 season at the University Research Station, Floreat Park on a freely draininq sandy soil. There were five sowi~qs, spaced two weeks apart, of each of three cultivars, cultivars beinq replicated four times at each sowinq. Cha~acteristics of culti~ars used are qiven in Tabl~ 1. Plots comprised four x 10m rows spaced 25cm apart with plants spaced 10dm apart in the rows. .
This experiment revealed major effects of both cultivar and environment on sesame yield, the highest yield beinq obtainea with the earliest sowinq of cultivar 'Rnan Dun' (Table 2). Delays in sowinq after December 14 were associated with a marked decline in the yiels of all cultivars. However, Hnan Dun was clearly the hiqhest 'yieldinq cultivar in all sowinqs. Hnan Dti~ flowered siqnificantly earlier than the other cultivars in ~ll sowinqs and also had a substantially hiqher harvest index than the other cultivars. Likewise, this cultivar produced a qreat~r number of capsules containinq qreater number of larqer seeds than the other cultivars in all sowinqs. A multiple reqression analysis bf the data (Table 3) showed that harvest index and number of capsules per pl~nt were the most important determinants of seed yield in this experiment. It should be noted here that Hnan Dun accumulated substantially less dry matter prior to flowerinq than the other cultivars, but the dry mat te r incr emen t between flower i nq and final har'vest of the three'cultivars were similar. Thus, Hnan Dun appeared to be far more efficient with respect to dry matter distribution durinq the reproductive phase irrespective bf the environment in which it was qrown., -6-
Table 2. CUltivar and sOwing date means for seed Y1eld and related characters.
Sow1ng Dates Character CUl tivar 14/12 28/12 11/1 25/1 8/2
Seed Y1eld Hnan \")In 1.74 1.64 0.75 0.58 0.19 (t.ha-1 ) Takli 1.66 1.09 0.32 0.27 0.09 Aceitera 1.02 0.67 0.30 0.23 0.05
L. S. 0(0. 05) 0.23 0.29 0.23 o. 17 0.04
Total dry Hnan D.1n 4.91 4.83 2.88 2.50 0.79 weight Takli 5.89 5.06 2.79 2.33 0.75 (t .ha-1 ) Aceitera 6.17 4.98 2.52 2. 11 0.52
L.S.D(0.05) 1.00 0.56 0.95 0.35 0.14
Hnan D.1n 0.36 0.34 0.26 0.23 0.23 Harvest index Takli 0.28 0.21 o. 11 O. 12 o. 13 Ace1tera o. 16 o. 14 0.12 O. 10 0.09
L.S.D(0.05) 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.04
Flo'Wer1ng time Hnan D.1n 47 45 40 35 37 ( days) Takli 56 52 45 43 45 Ace1tera 57 53 46 42 44
L.S.D(0.05) 5 1 1 4 3
No capsules Hnan Dun 49 42 30 24 10 per plant Takli 43 38 18 15 7 Aceitera 35 30 16 14 5
L. S. 0(0.05) 8 10 10 7 3
No seeds per Hnan D.1n 70 68 64 60 53 capsule Takli '63 60 56 53 50 Ace1tera 53 52 47 42 38
: L. S. 0(0. 05) 4. 4 3 3 3
'lbousanc:1 seed Hnan D.1n 2.R5 2.82 2.81 2.80 2.62 weight. Takli 2.52 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.40 ( g) Aceitera 2.49 2.47 a.46 2.45 2.40
L. S. 0(0.50) 0.12 o. 13 O. 13 o. 12 0.17 -7-
TABLE 1: Sesame Cultivar and their characteristics.
Cultivar Country of Characteristics Oriqin
Hnan Dun Burma Branchinq from base of plant
Takli Thailand Branchinq from top of plant
Aceitera Venezuela Non-Branchinq
TABLE 3: Standardized multiple reqression coefficient
T.D.W at H.arvest Flowerinq Capsules Seeds Th'8usand Multi. Final Index Time Per Plant Per Seed Wt. Carre. Harvest Capsule Coeff.
** 0.028 O. 521 0.088 0.726 O. 119 O. 15 1 0.981 -8-
A SCREERING MBTHOD FOR RBSISTAHCB OF SBSAMB TO PBYTOPBTHORA BLIGHT
S • H. Ch 0 i 1, Y. A. Ch a e 2, E. J. Le e 1 1. Pathology Dept. of Institute of Advance Science, RDA, S u w eon, 1 7 0, Ko rea •
2. College of Agriculture of Seoul National University, Suweon, 170, Korea.
Since no control measures are available for the Phytiohthora blight of sesame occuring severely from late July in most sesame growing area in Korea (Choet a1, 1981), this study aimed to find source (s) of resistance in sesame to the disease by development of a screening method. Factors affecting varietal reaction of sesame to Phytophthora blight were investigated to determine: 1) proper plant age for testing 2) inoculum level 3) post-inoculation management using two moderately resistant lines, IS 103 and B-67, and two susceptible lines, Suweon 9 and Suweon 26, selected in a previous stud Y (C hoi eta1, 1982).
Isolate 313 of Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (Dept. of Pathology, lAS) was used and extract plant (sesame seedling 250g + tap water 1000 cc) without agar was used to make inoculum. Inoculum density was adjusted by number of zoosporangia. Each seedling plant was inoculated with 1 m1 of inoculum, while each adult plant was inoculated with 10 m1 of inoculum, containing 2000 zoosporangia per m1 soil infestation and 5 m1 for spraying inoculation. Plants were dugged from the soil and evaluated by observational symptoms on roots, stem, and leaves.
Differentiation of varietal reaction to the Phytophthora blight was possible when twenty day old seedlings were inoculated at spore concentration of 2 x 10 2 sporangium m1 in water and when pots (8 x 16.7cm, 7.2 cm high) with 7-10 sesame seedlings were placed in bigh container (1.5 x 0.5 m, 0.1 m high) filled with water 1-2 cm high. Inoculation by infestation of the soil with Phytophthora inoculum and shading with a bamboo blinder 30 cm above plants inoculated gave good results (Table 1) Spraying or soil inoculation to adult plant was also effective for differentiation of varietal reaction (Table 2.) and these results were well corresponded with that of seedling test (Table 1). -9-
Table 1. Effect of variable factors on disease severity in four sesame varieties when inoculated with suspension of Phytophthora blight pathogen at seedling stage a /.
Variable Disease index b / in 4 sesame varieties Mean factors Suweon 9 Suweon 26 IS-103 B-67 LSD 5\
Inoculation method -Soil inocu lattion 6. 2 9. 0 2.9 1 • 7 2.67 -Spraying 9. 0 9.0 9.0 9.0 NS
Age of plant as inocula tion -0 days 9. 0 9.0 9. 0 9.0 NS -10 days 6. 0 7.7 6.5 3.6 NS -20 days 6.2 9. 0 2.9 1 • 7 2.67
Saturation of soil -Saturated 6.2 9. 0 1 • 9 2.67 -Not-satu- rated 4. 2 O. 6 1 • 4 2.69
Concentration of zoosporan gia - 20 /ml 3. 6 4. 1 0.9 O. 4 1.59 -200/ml 7. 3 9.0 2. 5 2.3 1.94 -2000/ml 9. 0 9. 0 6. 5 5. 7 0.76 a/ Twenty-day old seedling was used. b/ Disease index was based on disease severity from 0 to 9 as follows: O:no symptom or 100 percent of germination, 1: mild discoloration of roots or more than 91 percent of germination, 3: severe discoloration of roots but no external symptom or 71 to 90 percent of germination, 5:discoloration of basal part of stem or 51 to 70 percent of germination, 7: discoloration of stem and wilt or 31 to 50 percent of germination, 9: loding and killed or less than 30 percent of germination. Disease reading was made at 4 days after inoculation -10-
Table 2. Effect of inoculation method on disease incidence in four sesame varieties inoculated with suspension of Phytophthora blight pathogen at adult stagea /.
Disease incidence incoulated by different method Sesame Soil inoculation Spraying entry Percentage of Percentage of Disease index b / leaf area leaf number diseased~/ (\) diseased~/ (\)
Suweon 9 7.9 20. 3 58.0 Suwon 26 8.6 25.2 70.4 IS-103 4. 2 6.7 16. 2 B-67 5.5 6.9 1 8. 9
Mean L.S.D. at 5\ 2. 33 15.08 23.37
~/ Seventy day old seedling was used ~/ Disease symptom were estimated 20 days after inoculation. Disease index was based on disease severity from 0 to 9 as follows: O:no sympton, 1:mild discoloration of roots, 3:severe discoloration of roots but no symptom on stem 5:discoloration of basal part of stem in less than Scm. 7:discoloration of basal of stem is 5-10cm or will symptom, 9:discoloration of basal part of stem is more than 11cm or plants were killed. £/ Disease reading was made at 7 days after inoculation. ~/ Disease reading was made at 5 days, after inoculation.
RBPBRBRCES
1. CHO, E.K., N.Y •• HEO, S.H. CHOI, "and S.c. LEE. 1981. Studies on sesame disease in Korea. I. Incidences of Phytophthora blight. Korean J. Plant Prot. 21: 211-215
2. CHOI, S.H., E.K. CHOI, N.Y. HEO, W.D. CHO, and S.c. LEE. 1982. Study on resistance and epidemiology of sesame diseases. Annual Research Report of lAS, RDA. 357-372. -11-
BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT AND STBM MAC.RATIOR OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) IN SOME AM~AS OP BTHIOPIA
Eshetu Wondimagegne, A.P. Korobko, M.A. Chumaevskaya, and Chemeda Dilbo
Scientific Phytopathological Laboratory (SPL), P • 0 • Box 3 7, Ambo, E t hi 0 pia
Abstract.
Bacterial diseases cause great damage to sesame crop in Ethiopia. Is is established that on sesame there are tow types of bacterial diseases: bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas sesami and Pseudomonas sp.,and stem mac era t 1. 0 n c au sed byE r win i 'a s p • Fro m 7 0 va r i et i est est e d by artificial inoculation-w1t~X. sesami, 29 were or less tolerant, while other varieties showed strong or very strong infestation.
Sesame is very important oil seed crop in Africa, including Ethl.opia, which 1.S the second largest producer next to Sudan, and ranks third as exporter after Sudan and Nigeria (4).
The crop is mainly cultivated in Hararge, Wollo, Gonder, and Tigray administrative regions. It is also grown infrequently in the grain-plough complex of Kaffa, Shoa, Welega and Illubabor. During its growth, sesame is attacked by different diseases, includ1.ng bacterial diseases which are very destructive. In Ethiopia brown angular leaf spots were registered only in Didessa and Hararge (1,3).
The objective of the present work was to determine the destribution of the bacterial diseases of sesame, to isolate and identify the pathogens and to estimate the reaction of 70 varieties of sesame to bacterial diseasest
Materials and M.thods
Samples were collected or received from different places in Ethiopia. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated using common methods in bacteriology. Pathogenicity of strainB·were determined by artificial inoculation of bacterial suspension (10 7 -10 8 cell/ml)on pot plants in the greenhouse. -12-
Morphology of colonies was studied on potato agar medium (2), the bacterial cells-in light and electron microscope.
Ut1lization of fifteen carbohydrates was determined with Omeliynsky's main medium, to which 0,5% of different sugars was added.
Results and Piscussion
Bacterial diseases were found at Anger, Didessa, Asosa, Gambella, and Gibe as well as in farmers fields along Debre S1na - Debre Birhan road. In the past the disease development varied 1n different seasons. It was very strong specially at Didessa, Asosa and Gambella. The percent of infestation ranged 5 to 100% with great severity.
Symptoms of the disease development on leaves were dark brown spots. Primary small spots developed to large necrotic zones of irregular size (7-10 x 10-20 mm), wich later connected and occupied a third or more of the leaf surface on all leaves. Because of these bacterial spots, the assimilation surface was decreased, and as a result plants were stunted and weak. Brown spots of different size were also found on stems.
Besides, in greenhouse and field at Ambo, we found seedlings whose stem was water soaked and girdled just above the soil surface. The young seedlings died in 3 to 7 days.
From the samples with the symptoms descr1bed _bove, we have isolated and identified Xanthomonas sesami, and Pseudomonas ~., which cause spots on leaves and stem, and Erwinia ~., which cause stem maceration. From 166 samples with leaf spot symptoms collected for analysis, we isolated X. sesam1 and Pseudomonas sp., together from 110 samples and only Pseudomonas~. ~rom 10 samples.
For biological character1zation and identification we used 46 pathogenic strains, including 25 X. sesami, 12 Pseudomonas ~. and 9 Erwinia ~.
!. sesami developed on potato agar yellow, circular and slimy colonies. Cells were short rods, Gram-negative, with one polar flagellum. Hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco leaves was positive. Strains utilized glucose, maltose, sucrose, mannitol, salicin, galactose, xylose and fucose. Besides, they did not utilize lactose, dulcitol, rhamnose, arabinose, sorbose; the strains produced catalase and had respiratory metabolism of flucose. -13-
Pseudomonas EE. developed on potato agar grey, transparent colonies. Cells were Gram-negative rods, utilized maltose, galactose, glycerol, sucrose, rhaffinose, mannitol; did not utilize sorbitol, dulcitol, ramnose, hydrolized gelatine and starch. Stralns had oxidative way utilizing glucose.
Erwin~a ~. developed grey colony on potato agar, with raised center, and were metallic shining. Cells were Gram-negative, coccishape with peritrlchous flagella. Metabolism of glucose was fermentative.
The sensitivity of 70 sesame varieties to X. sesami was studied in greenhouse. The varieties were grouped into four clusters depend1ng on their sens~tivity (Table 1 ) •
Table 1 • Development for bacterial leaf spots after artificial inoculation of the four groups of sesame varieties with X. sesami.
Group Number number of varieties Size of spots in mm
1 29 2-5 2 1 9 5-10 3 1 5 10- 1 5 4 7 15 and more, 9t~ms damaged
The first set consisted of 29 varieties, which wereles8 affected by the X. sesarnl and developed spots of small size (2-Srnrn diameter). There are perspectives of finding tolerant lines among these varieties under field conditions.
At Gambella, two varieties of sesame, Oro selectionand Local-116, r •• c ted differently to bacterial diseases.(The two varietie were sown on the same place, at the same date, July 1, 1985, 20 x 7m plot for each, 40cm between rows and 10c~ between plants). The bacterial leafspot infe.tation was estimated 10\ on Oro selection and 100\ on Local-116. Plants grew in height about 70cm with small s pots on Oro selection, and were stunted, with big spo t s and dry leaves leaves for Local-116. -14-
In screeninq trial usinq Pseudomonas ~. isolate, 2 sesami varieties were found tolerant, namely Oro short and Moroda. The other 20 varieties were moderately affected, and 58 were stronqly affected by the pathoqen.
REPERENCES
1. AWGICHEW KIDANE. 1982. Additional index of Plant Disease in Ethiopia. Institute of Aqricultural Research, Addis Abeba, p.10.
2. KOROBKO, A.P. 1981. Techniques for preparinq potato aqar medium for qrowinq pathoqenic bacteria. EPC Newsletter 14, 8-12.
3. EPC,NEWSLETTER. 1981. New disease found in previus years in Ethiopia - in coffee, tea, oil-crops, trees, shrubs and some other crops. No 12, p. 8.
4. SEEGELER, C.I.P. 1983. Oil plants in Ethiopia, their taxonomy and aqricultural siqnificance. Center for Aqricultural Publishinq and Documentation. Waqeninqen, 248-282. -15-
POPULATION DINAMICS OP SESAMB SHOOT WBBBBR AND POP BORBR, ADtiqastra catalauDalis DUP. UNDBR PIELD CONDI~IORS.
Har vir Singh; Surendra Yadava and H.R. Rohilla Haryana Agric. University, Hisar, India *125004
Population dynamics of A. catalaunalis was observed on sesame genotype HT-1 under field conditions at Hisar, Haryana, Indi~. The crop was sown on 25th July, 1984 under recommended agronomic conditions. Twelve plants were tagged and the changes in pest populations were observed from the germination of crop up to ihe maturity. Pest population was correlated with the abiotic factors prevailing during crop season (july to October).
Incidence of ~. catalaunalis appeared when the crop was four weeks old. Population of larvae per plant remained low up 'to 49 days after sowing. Maximum population of 38 larvae per 12 plants was observed when the crop was 74 days old. Thereafter, the pest population became static owing to maturity and non availability of tender pods on the plant. The average temperature 27.9QC (31.9-232C) and average R.H. 78% (91-65%) was found most favourable for the development of the pest. Initially rainfall favoured the pest multiplication up to 42 days after sowing. Later on, it had adverse effect on the pest population.
Pest population was adversely affected by minimum temperature r,-0.9319, mean temperature r,-0.9431 and evening R.H. r,-O.6473. None of the remaining abiotic factor i.e. maximum temperature morning R.H. and rainfall showed any significant influence en pest incidence. Earlier, Chadha (1974) found tha the A. catalaunalis activity was high when maximun: and minimum temperature was high, followed by low rainfall.
REFERENCES
1. CHADHA, S.S. 174. Effect of some climatic factors on the fluctuation of population of A~tigastra catalaunalis Dup. a pest of Sesamu~ indicum. Somaru Miscellaneous Paper No. 48, 23 pp. (Rev. appl. Entomol., 64 2980). -16-
AN INDUCED TALL SEEDLING MUTANT IN SESAME
G.S.S. Murty and D.C. Joshua Nuclear Agriculture Divsion Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay-400 0084 (India)
It is well known that at the seedling stage sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) competes poorly with weeds, due to its slow rate of growth. Therefore, it was suggested (1) that early seedling vigour and elongated hypocotyl can be helpful in overcoming the competition from weeds. During the course of mutation studies at this Research Centre (2,3), a tall mutant (NO. 129) was isolated in the M2 generation derived from 30kr gamma ray treated population of cultivar N62-32. The mutant is easily identificable 20 days after sowing and even earlier. At 20 days it is significantly taller (16.4~0.2cm). This mutant bred true in the M3 and subsequent generations.
In order to understand the possible causes of seedling elongation, five plants each of NO. 1129 and N62-32 were studied at 20 days after sowing. The length of the first internode i.e internode between cotyledonary leaves and first pair of leaves, in the mutant was 6.3~ 0.4cm compared to 2. 1~0.1cm of the parent. The number of cells in 100 division of the occular micrometer were recorded in the epidermal pealings. The number of cells in 1mm stem length of the pealing were 17.7~0.8 and 19.8+ 1.0 in the mutant and N62-32, respectively. This indicated that the mutant has slightly less number 0 cells per unit length of stem than the parent. Cell length of the mutant was 0.0664~0.0023mm compared to 0.0566~0.0024mm in the parent cultivar. In the early stages of growth, besides the cell l~ngth, rate of cell division may also be faster resulting in tall seedlings.
Comparative agronomical characters of the parent and the mutant at harvest (Table 1) show that although the mutant is taller at the seedling stage, it is equal to N62-32 in height at maturity. The height from base to the first capsule was also similar. These observations indicate that the increased height observed in the seedling stage ceases after some stage of growth. The mutant is agronomically poor and lower in yield and yield components compared to the parent. Nayar and George (4) repoorted an induced tall mutant (TM) in sesame from cultivar R.P.6., having similar features. However, TM was unbranched and nearly one and half times taller than the parent cultivar at maturity. -17-
Table 1. Agronomical characterstics of parent N62-32 and mutant No. 129 (1985-86 winter).
Plant Height No. of lb. of Seed height upto branches capsules yield ( cm) first ( g) capsule ( em)
N62-32 96.8+5.4 29.0+0.7 3+1 58+13 7.9+1.3
No.129 94.6+2.8 28.0+0.8 2+0 22+3 3.7+0.6
The F2 generation of a cross, No. 129 x TC-25 (national chek variety), showed that the mutant phenotype was inherited as monogenic recessive. With the objective of combining seedling vigour and seed yield, selection were made from the above cross in the F2 generation.
REFERENCES
1. ASHRI, A. and P.POETIRAY (convenors) 1981. Sesame: Status and Improvement. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 29. Rome 1980, pp. 192.
2. RAO, N.S., D.C. JOSHUA and G.S.S. MURTY. 1982. Mutation studies on Sesamum. Iraqui Indian Joint Seminar on Nuclear Techniques ~n' Aqricultural Researches, Baqhdad, pp. 68-69.
3. MURTY, G.S.S., D.C. JOSHUA, N.S. RAO and C.R. BHATIA. 1984. Induced mutation in sesame. Second Expert Consultation on Sesame and Safflower (FAO). (IN PRESS).
4. NAYAR, G.G. and K.P. GEORGE. 1969. Radiation induced tall mutant in Sesamum orientale L. Proc. Symp. Radiations and Radiometric Substances in Mutation Breeding. DAE, Bombay pp. 404-409. -18-
MULTIPLE DISEASE RESISTANCE SOURCES IN SESAMUM (Sesamum indicum L.)
C.D. Kaushik, P.P. Gupts and G.S. Saharan Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004
One hundred and seventy five germplasm lines/varieties of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) were screened under field conditions against leaf 'curl, phyllody and root rot diseases. Out of these lines/varieties, Phule Til No.-1, 8-67, HT-12, Ht-16, Jabalpur local, RCR-3, TC-229 were found resistant to all the above mentioned diseases. However, out of 175 germplasm lines 16, 51 and 64 lines were resistant to leaf curl, phyllody and root rot diseases respectively. Rest of the germplasm lines were either moderately resistant or susceptible.
Introduction
Sesamum is one of the important oilseeds crop in India. It occupies an area of about 2.59 million hectares i.e., 14 percent of the total area under oilseeds. It is grown in 16 states of India but Rajasthan U.P. and M.P. account for about 62 percent of total area. This crop is attacked by many diseases such as phyllody (MLO), root rot (Macrophomina phaseoli), leaf curl (virus), Bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas ~.), powdery mildew (Erys1phe sp.) and Phytophthora blight. Among these leaf curl, phyllody and root rot are of major economic importance in Haryana and other states (Satyavir et al, 1974). In the present investigation an attempt haS-be;n made to find out the source of multiple disease resistance in the available germplasm of sesamum at Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.
Material and Methods
Seeds of 175 germplasm lines/varieties were sown in two rows (5 m length) of each line/variety in three replications along with the susceptible checks in randomized block design during 1983, 1984 and 1985. The sowing was done in first week of July as the incidence of the diseases is more on early sown crop. The data for the above mentioned diseases were recorded at various stages of the crop growth. Care was taken to keep the same plant populatiorl ~or each line in each season. The final obBe~vah~ons were recbr~ed at 70 to 80 percent flowering st~ge uhder the foliowitl4 scoring scale: -19-
!!...!.!~. Score Description
1 • 0 No • in f e c t ion.
2 • 1 1- 10 percent plants/area diseased.
3. 2 11 -25 percent plants/area diseased
4. 3 26-50 percent plants/area diseased
5. 4 51-70 percent plants/area diseased
6. 5 / 70 percent plants/area diseased
However, the final score of root rot was recorded at he final stage of crop growth.
In case of leaf curl and phyllody disease intensity was calculated with the following formula:
Disease intensity = Sum of all numerical ratings x 100 No. of plants observed x maximum scale
On the basis of average reaction of there years, these lines/variet1es were grouped 1nto five categories i • e. i mm u n e (s cor eO); Res i s tan t (s cor e - 1 ); mod era tel y resistant (score-2); moderately susceptible (score-3); Susceptible (score-4 and 5).
Results and discussion
None of the germplasm line/variety was found free from infection in all the three years. However, cult1var Ph u 1 e Til No. - 1, B - 6 7, HT - 1 2, HT - 1 6 , Jab alp u r 10 cal , RCR-3, TC-229 were found to possess multiple res1stance to all the these d1seases with score zero and one 1n respective years. The number of l1nes showing resistance to more than one disease were recorded still more.
Out of 175 germplasm lines/variet1es 16,51 and 6~ lines were resistant to leaf curl, phyllody and root rot; 49,41 and 14 were moderately susceptible and rest of the lines were susceptible to the there diseases (Table 1)~
Although there are reports on the evaluation of germplasm lines/var1eties of sesamum against d1fferent diseases (Vir et al,1974; Gemawat and Verma, 1974), no one has ind1cated-multiple disease resistant sources in th1s crop. These sources can effectively be used against more than one disease through hybr1dization programme depending on the occurrence and intensity of each disease in an area. -20-
RBFBRBIiCBS
1. GEMAWAT, P.O. and o.P. VERMA (1974). Root and stem rot of sesamum in Rajasthan Evaluation of varieties. Indian J. Hycol. Pl. Pathol. 4 : 76-77.
2. VIR, S., C.D. KAUSHIK and T.P. YADAVA. (1974). Incidence of root rot, leaf curl and phyllody in sesamum.varieties in Haryana. Madras Aqric. J. 61 47-48. -21-
Table 1. Peacti.al of sesBD'Gm l:il'les/variet:ies to leaf orl, P'lyllcdy and mot rot diseases.
Disease reactial leaf orl Phyl.l.cQy
Pesistant C-6, 8-67, Hr-12, 16, 3), AT-2, 5, 7,a, 8-67, csr-'782, AHr-11, AHl'-38, AT-1, (8:ore 0-1) Jabalpur local, Rlule Til Gujrat Sel-12, 111'-6. Hl'-a, AT-2, 1fr-7, 1fr-a, 9-67, No.-1, R:!R-l, R\lI3S-17-4, Hl'-12, Hr-16, Hl'-22, .:Ilbalpr C-6,C-7, Q1jmt SU-7, 'lC-229, 'lC-289, TIC-1,74, lo::al., JIn'-l, JDl'-7, JIJl'-9, Gujrat Sel-12, Gujrat SBl\, 96 A, ]{a]jj(a. JNr-12, CM'l'-l, lDPL-2, Rlule Sel-38,I«'-4, Hr-6, 111'-8, Til lb. -1, R::R-1, R::R-l, Hr-12, H1'-14, Hl'-lS, FA.t.&3-17-4, 9ll-4, 9ll-R" H1'-16, Hr-22, Hr-24, 'lC-2S, 'lC-26, 'lC-229, 'lC-289, Hr-lO, rs:::-vs-eo, JlJl' TIC-17, TIC-1a, TIC-19, TIC-20, l, JUT-7, ~, JND-12, TIC-2l, TIC-26, TIC-27, TIC-l1, lhule Til lb.-1, IO-l, TIlC-44, TIC-46, TIC-49, TIC-52, sal-S, R::R-1, 'IC-1S, 'IC- TIC-55, TIC-62, TIC-70, TIC-7S, 26, 'lC-1S1, 'lC-229, TIC- Kalikas, AHr-11, AHl'-38, TIC-5, 1, TIC-2, TIC-4, TIC-7, rs:::-vs-eo, 'lC-1S1. TIC-9, TIC-10, TIC-12, 'lIC-16, TIC-26, TIC-27, TIC-ll, TIC-l4, TIC-l6, TIC-41, TIC-54, 'ltC-56, TIC-68, TIC-69, TIC-71, csr-782, TIC-82, 'ltC-eJ, TIC-84, T.ID-91, TI.C-92, TIC-9EiA, 'ltC-99, TIC- 100, Jabalpur lo::al..
Mlder:atel.y Gujrat Sel-7, Hl'-1, Hr-l, 1n'-1, Hr-2, Hl'-4, 1n'-14, Hl'-24, 'lC-24, 'lC-289, CMl'-l, Pesistant H1'-4, Hl'-6, Hr-8, 1n'-14, Hl'-lO, AT-1, TIC-2, TIC-4, l?DP-1-2. lb. Til lb.-1, (s:are-2) Hr-22, ~-\6-80, JI:l'-7, TIC-7, TIC-9, TIC-10, TIC-12, R::R-1, R::R-l, R::R-4, JI:1'-9, 1DR.r2, R:!R-1, TIC-11, TIC-16, TIC-ll, TIC-50, RAtBS-17-4, 'ltC-5, sal-2, Sel-l, sal-S, TIC-5a, TIC-59, TIC-60, TIC-61, TIC-11, TIC-lB, Sel-6, 'lC-2S, TIC-2, TIC-63, TIC-66, TIC-72, 'ltC-74, 'lIC-2l, TIC-22, 'lIC-24, TIC-l7, TIC-96B, TIC-98 TIC-81, TIC-83, TIC-84, TIC-8S, TIC-2S, TIC-2a, TIC-29, TIC-1oo, Ul'-43. TIC-89, TIC-90, TIC-91, 'ltC-92, tttC-l1, 'lIC-l2, 'ltC-lS, TIC-9l, TIC-94, TIC-9EiA, TIC-97, TIC-l7, TIC-40, TIC-42, TIC-98 and 'ltC-1oo. 'lIC-44, TIC-48, TIC-49, TIC-50, TIC-51, TIC-5S, TIC-58, TIC-61, TIC-62, TIC-70, T.ID-72, TIC-74, TIC-7S, TIC-76, TIC-78, TIC-a1, TIC-8S, TIC-87, TIC-eBA, TIC-e88, TIC-89, TIC-94, TIC-9S, TIC-96B, TLC-98, TIC-l01, Hl'-1, NP-6 -22-
Disease :reactial leaf Clrl lbyllody
MJdecaLel.y AT-1, A'l'-S, A'1'-8, HI'-2. C-6, ClljIat &1-7, HI'-3, NP-6, HI'-2, HI'-S, .LT-3, 9JSCle[tibl.e Hl'-S, Hl'-24, NP-6, 00'-3, lb. Til lb.-1, ~-4, Sel-3, Jr-S, Jr-66-9S, (Sco:r:e-3 ) R:R-4, 'If.C-S, 'ltC-9, Sel-6, 'lC-160, TIC-1, 'ltC-1S, J.l'-E6-18, Jl'-77-1-1, TIC-17, TIC-24, TIC-26, 'ltC-22, TIC-34, TIC-36, TIC-37, lb. 14-1, rx:-2S, T1C-27, TIC-33, TIC-34, TI.C-38, TIC-40, 1!C-41, TIC-43, TIC-3, TIC-13, TIC-3S, TIC-36, TIC-41, TIC-4S, TIC-47, 'ltC-48, 'ltC-56, TIC-1S, 1Inand-74, TI.C-44, TIC-4S, TIC-48, 'ltC-57, TIC-6S, TIC-68, TIC-69, 9!1. 4. 'UC-49, TIC-50, TIC-S1, TIC-71, 'ltC-76, 'ltC-78, TIC-88A, 'If.C-52, TIC-53, TIC-SS, TIC-9S, TIC-9EB, C-7, Hr-1S, T1C-56, TIC-S7, TIC-69, rx:-1S, tJr-43, 'ltC-24, '.l'IC-2S, TIC-70, TrC-71, TIC-72, TIC-30, TIC-32. 'lIe-7S, TIC-76, TIC-77, 'l!C-78, TIC-79, TIC-82, TIC-B7, 'l!C-88B, TIC-91, 'l!C-94, 'D:C99, 'l!C-1 01, a:Jr-782, lb. Til lb.-1.
9ls:::ept:.ible AHl'-11, AHl'-38, 1Inand-74, 1i'land-74, SS-5-19-6(B), SS-5-18,6(B), SS-5-19-6 (S::ore+S) 1fr-7, ES-5-19-6(B), ES-5-18-6(G), ES-129, (G), 15-129, Hl'-3, BS-5-18-6(G), BS-129, G.tjrat &1-38, Hr-S, .:!mtJ-2, L-S, L-lS, QJjrat 9!1-12, Qxjrat JtiIW-2, J.r-S, Jr-66-9S, L-4S, Sel-2, Sel-6, Sal-38, Hl'-1S, JLT-3, J.l'-E6-18, J1'-71-1-1, J.l'-7, 'lC-160, 'lC-171, JHW-2, JtO-12, .:Jr-S, lb. 14-1, L-5, L-38, TIC-8, 'l!C-14, TIC-17, JT-66-9S, Jl'-E6-18, L-4S, PlP-1-2, 9!1-2, TrC-19, TIC-20, Jr-71-1-1, Nl.14-1,L-S, 9!l-S, Hl'-7, rx:-171, TIC-23, TIC-30, TIC-lS, L-S, L-38, L-45, BP-1-2, TIC-3, 'ltC-5, 'ltC-8, TI.C-39, Tt:c-4S, TIC-4S, Sel-S, Sel-R" Hl'-7, rx:-1S, TIC-13, 'ltC-21~ TIC-28, T1C-52, T1C-53, TIC-57, 'lC-160, 'lC-171, 'ltC-3, TIC-29, TIC-3S, TIC-39, TIC-59, TIC-60, TIC-63, TIC-4, TIC-7, TIC-8, TIC-42, TIC-S1, 'lLlC-53, TIC-6S, TIC-66, TIC-67, JLT-10,JLT-11, JLT-12, 'l!C-54, TIC-64, TIC-67, TIC-79, 'l!C-80, TIC-90, JDI.'-13, JD1'-14, JD1'-1S, TIC-77, TIC-79, TIC-80, TIC-93, TIC-97, J<'ali'ka JLT-16, -LT-18, .LT-19, TIC-B2, '.l'IC-f!1, TIC-E:'83, and ur-43. JDI.'-20, JDI.'-21, JDI.'-22, 'ltC-101. JIJl'-23, .LT-2S, .LT-28, JCl'-29, JCl'-30, JCl'-31, JLT-32, .LT-38, tLT-39, JD1'-40, JDI.'-42, JCl'-43, JLT-46, JLT-47, JLT-54, JIll'-S8, JIll'-S9, JJll'-S9, JLT-60, .:J:J.r-61, J[,'l'-62, .mr-63, .mr-64, JJlr-6S, .JLT-66, JLT-67, .:t.'l'-68, JIm-SO, JCl'-81, JIll'-83, .n:J.'-94, .LT-8S, J[,T-89, JI.Ir-9O, JD1'-92. Jnr-93, .JLT-97. -23-
SOME GENBTIC PATTERNS POR THB MAIN CHARACTBRISTICS OF THB CULTIVATBD SBSAMB
Teisaku Kobayashi Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology Toyama University, Toyama 930, Japan
The cultivated sesame, Sesamum indicum L. (2n = 26) is distributed in a wide range of different environments extending from 45 0 N to 45 0 S latitude in the world. About 3,000 varieties and strains of this. crops are growing in the world, being well adapted to the regional or loc.l conditions. These varieties and strains are characteristic in their inheritance for traits, such as photo-thermo-sensitivity, growth habit, capsule number per leaf axil, seed coat colour, oil content's, resistance to diseases and drought, etc., even if the genome composition is the same.
Knowing the genetic patterns or inheritance of morphological and pbysiologic~l characters is very .1mportant for the sesame breeder, and for the ·improvement of this crop. Increasing yield production per unit area depends on the yield ability of the varieties or strains which is related to their genetic characteristics. Therefore, establishment of a fundamental genet.1c pattern and relationship of this characteristics is needed to improve the crop.
This paper describes preliminary some genetic patterns and relationships of the main characters of the cultivated sesames. The results obtained till now are summarized in the following table. (Table 1).
Selected references in sesame genetics and cxt~netics:
1. ABRAHAM, A. 1945. Cytogenetical studies on Sesamum. Proc. 32nd. In~ian Sci. Congr., Abst.46, 80.
2. HILTEBRANDT, V.N. 1932. Sesamum indicum L. Bull. App. Bot. Gen. and Pl •• Br. Leningrad. Series IX: No .• 2, 3-107 (English Summary 109-114).
3. JOHN, C.M. and RAO, U.N. 1941. Chromosome number of Sesamum radiatum, Schum and Thonn.Besks. Curr. Sci. 10, 364. -24-
4. JOHN, C.M., NARAYANA" G.V." 'and SESHADRI, C.R. 1950. The wild gingelly of Malabar. Madras Agric. J., 37, 47-50.
5. KEDARNATH, S. 1950. A note on the chromosome numbers of some plants. Indian J. Genet. & Pl. Breed. 10, 96.
6. KOBAYASHI, T. and SHIMAMURA, T. 1947. On the artificial polyploid os Sesamum indicum L. Jap. Jour. Genet. 22, 29.
7. 1949. Secondary pairing in S. indicum. Bot Mag. Tok yo. 62, 71.
8. and SHIMAMURA,T. 1952. Morphological and cytological studies on induced polyploidy in S. indicum L. Jap. Jour. Genet. 27, 157-171.
9. 1956. Sesame. Sci. Res. Jap. Exp. Nepal Himalaya. 2, 176-185.
10. 1958. Radiation genetics of sesame. Part I. Meiotic chromosome aberrations induced by absorbed radioact1ve phosphorus. Jap. Jour. Genet. 33, 1-12.
11. 1958. Radiation genetics of sesame. Part II. Effects of X-rays on meiotic chromosomes. Jap. Jour. Genet. 33, 37-41.
12. 1958. Radiation genetics of sesame. Part III. Morphological changes and mutants induced by ionizing radiations. Jap. Jour. Genet. 33, 239-261.
1 3. 1964. Radiation-induced beneficial mutants of sesame cultivated in Japan. The use of induced mutations in plant breed1ng (FAO/IAEA, Rome). 399-403.
14. 1975. Induced beneficial mutants of cultivated sesames affecting quantitative characters. Peaceful use of atomic energy for scientific and economic development (Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, Baaghdad) 37-46.
15. 1977. Breeding for high yield sesame by induced mutations. Proc. III SABRAO Congress (Camberra). 2, 9-32.
16. 1978. On the evolution of cultivated sesame (!. indicum) based on induced mutant types. Proc. xiv Int'l Cong. of Genetic (Moscow). 2, 242. -25-
17. KOBAYASHI, T. 1981. The type classification of cultivated sesames based on genetic characters. Sesame: Status & Improvement. Proc. I. (FAO, Rome) 86.
18. 1981. Some useful sesame mutants induced by radiations. Sesame: Status & Improvement. Porc. I (FAO, Rome) 146.
19. 1981. The wild and cultivated species in the genus Sesamum. Sesame: Status & Improvement. Proc. I. (FAO, Rome) 157.
20. 1982. Typedivers1ty and evolution in Sesamum. Proc. of IV International Congress of SABRAO (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), Vol •. 11. 225.
21. 1985. The new sesame varieties for early maturing and high seed yield. Proc. of V International Congress of SABRAO (Bangkok, Thailand), Abstracts 102.
22. KUMAR, L.S.S. and ABRAHAM, A. 1941. A cytological study of sterility in S. orientale. Indian J. Genet. & Pl. Breed. 1, 41-60.
23. LANGHAM, D.G. 1945. Genetics of sesame I. J.Hered. 36, 135-142.
24. 1945. Genetics of sesame II. Inheritance of seed pod number, aphid resistance, yellow leaf and wrinkled leaves.J. Hered. 36, 245-253.
25. 1945. Genetics of sesame III. Open sesame and motted leaf. J. Hered. 37, 149-152.
26. 1947. Genetics of sesame IV. Some genetic variation in the colour of the sesame flower. J. Hered. 38, 221-224.
27. 1947. Genetics of sesame V. Some morphological differences of the sesame flower indicum). J. Hered. 38, 347-350.
28. 1947. Genetics of sesame VI. Some genetic variation in plant colour in sesame. J. Hered. 38, 350-352.
29. 1947. Seedling characters in sesame (!. indicum). Genetics 32, 94 (Abst.). -26-
32. MAZZAN I, B. 1962. Me joramiento de 1 Aj on jo Ii en Venezuela (Monografia 3). Min. de Agric. y Cria. Cent. de Inves. Agric. Maracay.
33. MORINAGA, T., FUKUSHIMA, E., KANO, T and YAMASAKI, Y. 1929. Chromosome numbers or cultivated plants II. Bot. Mag. To k yo. 4 3, 5 8 9 •
34. NAYAR, N.M. and MEHRA, K.L. 1970. Sesame: its uses, botany, cytogenetics and or~gin. Econ. Bot. 24 20-31.
35. NA YA R , N. M• 1 976. S e sam e. Ev 01 uti 0 n 0 f c r 0 p PIa n t s • Longman, 67 (231-233).
36. NOHARA, S. 1933. Genetical studies on Sesamum indicum L. Jour. ColI. Agric. Tokyo Imp. Un i v. 1 2, 227 - 386 •
37. 1934. Gametogenesis and embryogeny of Sesamum ~ndicum L. Jour. ColI Agric. Tokyo Imp. Univ. 13, 9-25.
38. PARTHASARATHY, N. and KEDHARNATH, S. 1949. The improvement of the sesame crop in india. Indian J. Genet & Pl. Breed. 9, 59-71.
39. RAGHAVAN, T.S. and KRISHNAMURTY, K.V. 1947. Cytogenetical studies in Sesamum Part. I. Cytology of the parents !. orientale and !. prostratum Retz. and cytology of the sterile hybrid between them and that of the fertile amph~diploid. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. Ser. B 6, 236-275.
40. RAMANUJAM, S. 1941. Chromosome number of S. prostratum Rets. Curr. Sci. 10, 439-440.
41. 1941. An interspecific hybrid in Sesamum, !. orientale X S. prostratum. Curr. Sci. 11, 426-428.
42. RAMANUJAM, S. and JOSHI, A.B. 1948. Chromosome number of S. laciniatum Klein. Nature 161, 99-100.
43. 1951. The use of wild species in breeding improved variet~es of cultivated Til (!. orientale L.) and some cons~derations on the origin and distributions of !. orientale. Indian J. Genet. & Pl. Breed. 11, 100-104. -27-
44. RICHHARIA, R.H. 1936. Some observations of S. indicum L. Nagpur Agric. Coll. Mag. II. 1-15
45. RICHHARIA, R.H. and PARSAI, D. P. 1940. Tetraplo1d Til (!. orientale L.) from colchicine treatment. Curr. Sci. 9,542.
46. SIKKA, S.M. and GUPTA, N.D. 1948. Inheritance studies in Sesamum orientale L. Indian J. Genet. & Pl. Breed. 7-8, 35-42.
47. THISTLETON-DYER, W.T. 1904. Flora capensis. Vol. IV. Sect. 2. -28-
Fig. 1. Comparison of five useful sesame varieties obtained by mutation and selection. Left to right 3M - 784(mutant, 3BO type), 3M - 669(mutant, 3BO), 35 - 663(3BO), 3S - 677(3BO) and 35 - 672(3BO, with leaves).
.1J
Three other varieties namely, 3S-663. 35-677 and 38-672, were obtained by selection after cross breeding among the same 3BO type populations. These selected three varieties ripened more uniformly and were on the average, 5 - 10 days earlier than any their mther variety. The higher seed yield of the 35-677 and 38-672 seems be due to altered plant shape (compact type) enabling it to set larger number of capsules on stem with shorter internodes. Furthermore, the oil content of these two varieties was also increased. -29- Table 1.
SJ.m1ary of Cbnint-mc:es.give relaticnship in h~rldi2atiO'1 for the major genetic characters of the cultivated sesan:!.
character cXm:inant recessive renarks
1. plant shape many tranche1 sinlle staJrned branch:i..ng type, gItlWil'Y:J in tropics, (micululm) oorrelated wlth glabrous leaf, fib.ro\:s root and bicarpe1led capsule (BAN type), resistant to dJ:olght.
2. stEm
1) gta.\th habit m:ect prostrate or intel:mediate.
2) plant height. tall &erf &erf, cmrelat:e::l wlth early matlrity, resistant to l.oC.kJin:J. 3) shape (cross quadrangular gl.oD.iiar or intez:med.iate. selectien)
4) CDlour coloured I1CJI11.li1l (gmen) linked wlth col.olred petiole, ooroUa, (pJrple) and seed coat. - 5) internode l.a¥j short or intez:med.iate, o:ntrolleld by p:>l.iqenes length
6) stra.iqhtness straight zLgm 7) hairiness haiIY( villose) glabrous or mealy haiIy; resistant to aprides ard soil hunidity. 8) factiat:ien nm:mal fasciated linJed wlth quadricarp!llEd. 3. toot fom fibroos root tap root (nat) oorrelated wlth plant fom and dl:o\:ght- (systen) (dense mat) resistance • 4. leaf 1) {ilyllotaKis alternate or og:os1te or intenned.iate, spiral; a:n::relat.ed wlth spiral quadricarpellEd ard faci at j en. 2) shape d:intc:a::r;tlicwlth lanoeolate, the wlld sesane, mostly splitted. 3 5 divisial entire 3) CDlo1r coloured dark gteen dark gxeen, sOOvs high chloroplast (prple) dEnsyty. 4) p:!tiole colou:red nm:mal lineJed wl th' stan colour. colo\r (prple) 5) CDlo1r at nm:mal }!ellow lineJed wlth }!ellcw capsules at harvest. harvest thick leaf, linJed wlth dark gr:een. -30-- 6) thickness nmmal thick thick leaf, linked wi.th dark gr:een. 7) hairiness hait.y C}1.abrous 5. flOier 1) Slap! S}'Il'letrical as}Inetrical ~. corolla, linked 'With 380 tipe. 2) mlour ooloured wute special wute is dcminant over oolaJred 3)~ presence absence( gteen) linked wi.th ~ CXlIOlla of CXlIOlla (p.Jrp1.e) matg'in 4) l:sa.:ring \tBy dcMlW!rd upw1!'d correlated wi.th short inteI:loJes in axil. (nmmal) of 380 and 300 typ!. 5) r&:l11b!r per ale three axil (];ndcmi.nantly) 6) pistil 2-partited 3 4-partited l.inJed 'With carp!l nuriber per capsule stigrca stigna 7) hairiness hairy C}1.abroli9 8) height of high low' high typ!, correlet.ed wLth many ist flo.er branching: lOW'typ!, 'With sirqle or capsule ste:nmed respectively. 6. E!Ktrafl.oral nectary 1) stipe stipitated sessiled 2) mlolr dark plt'p:!l }el.l.cM 3) r&:l11b!r per t\tO axil. (p:-eCbninant:ly) missirq missing type: insted, detelop into extra. flo.er or capsule £ron each nectary. 7. capsule 1) Slape lalq, narrow short, broad, or inteIrnedi.ate lak beak deltoided acuninated 2) runber: per Ole three (p:-ecbninan- . oorrelated wLth nUl'lb!r of nectary per adl tly) axil. -31- 3) runber of 2--c:arp!1le:l 3 4-ca:r:pill.e:l ~l 4) nunber of 4-l.txulated 6 8-lccu1.ated Ol'mt:enne.:l.iate l.cx:ulus 5) p:!d\l1Cle lxild, sOOrt nar:row, lcn:J or int:enn.a:liate 6) a:>lour at green }ellow l.in1ed with ~llow leaf at harvest harvest 7) S:iffness hard !Dft. or int:enne.:l.iate 8) cap;ule wlll thick( hal'd) thine pap!r!ihell) thin or p!p!t'Slelle:l CCII;Sules: oorrelated with t:I'e ~llow ones at harvest 9) engle of opm or int:enne.:l.iate tlu'ee capsu- les par axil 10) dehis::ency dehis::ent semi- or SBni- or indehis::ent: cmrelated with 3 4- indehis::ent carpllle:l. 11) pla::ental rot attacted attaclEd the seeds attach to axial pla:enta ~ the cap;ule opmed. 8. seed 1) sim large snall or int:enn.a:liate, correlated with seedling (CDtyle:lcn) vigar. 2) Slape cblCDJ cblCUlar or or mt:enne.:l.iate OIate 3) r.im rinlai rot rjrnsi timed, COt'1'elated W1.th t:I'e l~ see ooat. 4) texbre rll'Joee( mase) sncoth or int:enne.:l.iate 5) p!f!ling peele:l rotpeele:l cm:related with t:I'e coat tr1cki.ng' 6) thickness thick thin of coat 7) thickness bllded flated or inteunedJ.ate of ootyle:k:n 8) essential m.i::h little cbrt'elated with seed ctiBt thicmeSs oil. (flaver) 11'\ seed coat -32- '. J ('. , J r ...:- t · ~ 9: "~'''''-l £ It" . - -... (: 9. Ihotop:n:iodi city ~'~rajnl"tI :~.~~,~-:~-, ,~:.~"--T - 10. maturity 1ate"'-lruf,sm:t,.j". :r1Y ",oJ ,.c jJ;:~~br~r wi:~_h9.lml' «' J:r~N''!.6d Jf, JG!~J \lx)I (~:':.l ({if:"- f~r;.,~ n.LI. ! ';,-;:'i.l9{ i tr~:!.t"Ji! 1 {d i ,f i ~.)::tsL~·,:'tm \ E,,:"JlJa"!£'~ b.J Hg~t: i£Cp.l,! '10 rU:.ri:; (fnrr. j:bJ.n:J I 'J::?:9V·Xi:'.. "'f ::I~ 2~).f'in '.'\oLhJl! aJU Jijjw t :to. 9J.Pf'!5 ~;::.::q.. '=..) .!):;:r.d:t 1.: :.0; '.i.t5.-.;' r-..!:l ··f.. ,>1 ti::''':f;:1:.ts eb900 9tb • ~:·r)l !9"-.F) D.!.JJr:·q.;:,~) .~~.j 1C ~1fJ li:.n.t: :.t':l 9..i'.;~jC .~~~ f:.:::::c.Jt::,!J'1 s:-!j rtjJw f:':':':!,f,t~/l' 11.)(.' I hml.i:t , J-:.o,:., 98scf.lblr::! ; \' ;'1::h'.rti~tt)".) ~,~ 9.Ltl'1.( ('10'./5 n) Le· .. jt~~'O (;ogre hi -33- EARLY MATURING, SHORT INTERNODE VARIETIES OF SESAME Teisaku Kobayashi Institute of Genetics, Departmen of Biology Toyama University, Toyama 930, Japan Most of cultivated sesame, especially when growing in tropical conditions, exhib~ts many branches and require a long growing period. If compact growth hab1t mutants or varieties, with non-branching and with short internode, could be obtained in the outstanding commercial cultivars, these would be of inmediate practical value for dense planting and easy harvesting. In order to tackle this problem, breeding work have been carried out in sesame for many years using rad~ation and cross breeding. By mutat~on induction and selection follow~ng gamma-radiation treatments and hybridization, the new compact sesame varieties were finally obtained. The comparison of the various characteristics of the varieties obtained from treated and bred progenies are showed in Table 1 and Fig. 1 respect~vely. The mutant 3M-784 and 3M-669 were developed following 1rradiation of 3BO type line in 1975 and 1976 respectively. The mutant 3M-784 exh~bited more compact type and shorter plant height than the initial material and the mutant 3M-669. Both mutants r~pened, on the average, 10 - 15 earlier the orig~nal line and had considerable higher seed yield Iable 1. O:rnparsic.r. of ~haracterl.Stl.CS of t..he cxmpact vanet.l..e5 cbtal.ned t7t rmr..at lL'lO arrl selE!C.'t u::n breErll t'IJ. -- variety Year breed.in;J type plant days to yielCVplant all cxntent 1000 gtain seed o:liit method height(an) maturity (g) (\) \eight(g) cx::ll.our :Jl1-784 1975 mutatiO'l 3BO 83.5 70 15.8 52.8 2.41 light. brow"l :14-669 1976 II II 90.1 75 16.7 53.4 2.82 black ------3S-E63 1974 selectiO'l II 120.2 80 18.2 53.2 2.70 gmy 35-677 1978 n II 122.1 82 17.7 54.0 2.91 \ s-672 1m II II 130.2 85 21.0 53.6 2.65 ~ - -:34- The compact mutant types and varieties are also more resistant to lodging in humid years or typhoons, due to its reduced plant height and lesser or non-branching. The early maturing compact varieties are also suited for double or triple cropping per year, for narrow or dense planting and for easy harvest~ng, specially when using combine. SELECTED REFERENCES: 1. KOBAYASHI, T. 1958. Radiation genetics of sesame. Part I. Meiotic chromosome aberrations induced by absorbed radioactive phosphorus. Jap. Jour. Genet., 33 1-12. 2. 1958. Radiation genetics of sesame. Part. II. Effe~ts of X-rays on meiotic chromosomes. Jap. Jour. Genet., 33 37-41. 3. 1958. Radiation genetics of sesame. Part. III. Morphological changes and mutants induced by ionizing radiations. Jap. Jour. Genet., 33 239-261. 4. 1964. Radiation-induced beneficial mutants of sesame cultivated in· Japan. The use of induced mutations in plant breeding (FAO/IAEA, Rome). 399-404. 5. 1975. Induced beneficial mutants of cultivated sesames affecting quantitative characters. Peaceful use of atomic energy for scientific and economic development Prod. Iraq Atomic Energy Commission (Baghdad) 37-46. 6. 1977. Breeding for high yield sesame by induced mutations. Proc. III, SABRAO Congress (Canberra), 9-32. 7. 1~78. On the evolution of cultivated Sesame (!. indicum) based on induced mutant types. Proc. XIV Int'l Congress of Genetic (Moscow) II. 242. 8. 1981. Type divercity and evolution in Sesamum. Proc. IV SABRAO Congress (Kuala Lumpur) II. 14. 9. 1981. The type classification of cultivated sesames based on genetic characters. Sesame: Status & Imptovemeht. Proc. I. (FAO, Rome) 86. -35- 10. 1981. Some useful sesame mutants induced by radiations. Sesame: Status & Improvement. Pore. I. (FAO, Rome) 146. 11. 1981. The wild and cultivated species in the genus Sesamum. Sesame: Status & Improvement. Proc. I. (FAO, Rome) 157. 12. 1982. Type diversity and evolution in Sesamum. Proc. of IV International Conqress of SAB~AO (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), Vol It. 225. 13. 1985. The new sesame varieties for early matUring and high seed yield. Proc. of V International Conqress of SABRAO (Bangkok, Thailand), Abstracts 102. -36- -ECOTOXICOLOGIAL STUDIES WITH CAR9AMATi INSECTICIDES OM PEST COMPL*~ OP Sesamum indicum L.- R. Choudhary Synopsis of Thesis submitted to P.C. Shool, IARI, NEW DELHI Oilseeds production assumes greater. importance in India because of the gap in demand and supply. Unfortunately this gap is continously widening cauSing a heavy loss to our precious foreign exhange. At present, our country produces approximately 12.8 m tonnes tor the approaching 2000 A.D. Naturally to meet the demand we ha~e to somehow double our productivity per unit area. In India sesamum is one of the important edible oilseed crops and it is being used as a source of oil from time immemorial. Existing area of sesamum is about 2.2 mha. Present level of productivity per unit area is very low 2.8 q/ha (1983-84) against highest average yield of 20 q/ha in Yugoslavia. It has been estimated that about 40\ yield loss is due to pest and diseases. Efficient pest management strategies, therefore, need to be evolved to incorporate in the farming system of this crop to realize its maximum productivity. The principles of pest management are very interesting and appealing but its application in field situation is really difficult, primarily because of inadequate informations on pest complex (Pradhan, 1 97 1 ) • Therefore, need for intensive studies on the life economy of each insect pest and their natural enemies has been realised. Swaminathan (1977) emphasized that there is need for appropriate blending of agronomical, genetical biological and chemical methods of pest management to minimize the cost of production as well as for avoiding the toxicity problem of harmful pesticides. Therefore, with a view to evolve economically feasible and sociologically acceptable appropriate ecologically seund pest management strategies, the ecotoxicological investigations on sesame were undertaken at Indian Agricultural Research Institute durirtg kharif, 1983 and 1984. -37- The pest complex of sesamum, their succession with regard to crop phenology and the influence of weather parameters both individually and collectively on the population build-up of various insects including the biotic agents regulating the pest population were ascertained. The status of pest in relation to critical (vulnerable) stage of crop growth was studied with the help of yield-infestation relationship. Economic injury level for the key pest was worked out. Sequential sampling plan was formulated and management strategies were evolved employing the tact~cs of insecticide and intercropping within the framework of ecology-cum-economics based agriculture. Finally insecticidal residues were"estimated. An improved cultivar (JT 7)of sesamum was grown as a sole crop and in intercrop system with pigeonpea (Pusa 78) and groundnut (MH 2). The efficacy of furrow application of carbofuran 3G at the rate of 0.5kg a.i. ha-1 and carbaryl 50 WP applied fortnightly under a spray schedule at 0.2 per cent concentration (1000 l/ha) commencing from the flowering period were also evaluated. Changing pattern of pests Sesamum was found to be ~nfested by twenty species of insect and mite. Among these, jassid, O.albicinctus; leafwebber-cum-capsule borer, ~. catalaunalis; semilooper, P. orichalcea; Eihar hairy caterpillar, !. obliqua; hawk moth, A. styx; geen stink bug, !. viridula myrid bug, C. tenuis; red cotton bug, D. koenigii, blister beetle, M. pustulata and mite, P. latus, black beetle, C. cognata, shoot borer, M. obt~ and flower beetle, o. albopunctata ere the regular pests, however the last three pests mentioned appeared only during kharif 1984. Surface grass hopper, £. trachypterus and white fly, E. tabaci were the sporadic pest and remained active in seedling stage and active vegetative stages of crop, respectively. Aphids, M. persicae and ~. gossypii, thrips (unidentified), grey weevil, M. undecimpunctata var. maculosus (appeared only during 1983); coreid bug, £. gibbosa and gram caterpillar, ~. armigera were recorded in stray instances. Out of the thirteen regular pests only four, viz., jassid, leafwebber-cum-capsule borer, Eihar hairy caterpillar and mite had a significant bearing on the yield and were, therefore, designated as "major" pests and rest nine regular and tww sporadic pests were designated as "minor" pests. Insect pests, viz., leafhopper, E. terminatus and Exibianus sp.; semi looper P. orichalcea; white fly E. tabaci; coreid bugh, £. g~bbosa; red cotton bug D. koenigii, bl~ster beetle, M. pustulata; grey weevil, ~. undecimpunctata maculosus and black beetle, C. cognata -38- which have never been reported so far on this crop any where except E. tabaci from Nigeria were recorded for the first time. The pattern of pest incidence revealed that C. trachypterus attacked at seedling stage while M. pustulata and o. albopunctata were confined from flowering to pod setting stages. Only A. catalaunalis was a potential constraint from seedling to maturaty stage and rest all were limited to active vegetative staqe ·~f the crop. Biotic agents regulating pest population. Out of twelve biotic agents, viz., egg parasite Trichogramma sp. and larval parasite Zyqobothria sp. on A. styx; Apanteles sp. on !. obliqua; Trathala noxiosa noxiosa Moorley and Crematus flavoorbitalis Cam. parasites of !. catalaunalis predators, viz., spiders (unidentified) black ant, !. simplex; lace wing, £. scelestes; yellow wasp, !. hebreauss coccinelid beetle, Erumus sp; pentatomid bug, £. furcellanta; staphilinid beetle and a fungus Aspergillus flavus Link., the four viz., egg parasite Trichogramma sp.; larval parasite Zygobothria sp.; predator staphilinid beetle (unidentifed) and P. herbreaus has been reported for the first time on sesamum pests, !. styx and A. catalaunalid. Effect of abiotc factors Most of the insects showed a negative association with the maximum daily temperature, wind speed and sun shine, while the daily minimum temperature, rainfall and relative humidity had a positive bearing on the population build-up in case of most of the insects and because of this positive association, jassids, hairy caterpillars and leafwebber-cum-capsule borer population was very high during 1983 which destroyed the crop completely. The multiple linear regression model predicted that increase in maximum daily temperature by one degree, there was a considerable decline in A. catalaunalis and s. obliqua population, respectively. Yield infestation relationship: Yield infestation r~latiohsh1ps were studied with the help of linear, loq linear and quadratic form of equation, which indicated that during 1983 crop passed through a critical period during 29-64 DAS; 57 DAS and 57-64 DAS, respectively, for the attack by o. albicinctus, A. catalaunalis and S. obliqua. Though all these thre~ cr~at~d ~ !I9nificant-eu~ulati~e effect on -39- the yield but had non-signif~cant effect individually. During 1984, jassids d~d not affect sign~f~cantly and Eihar hairy caterpillar was not allowed to infest the crop. Through multiple regression, A. catalaunalis was found to be the key pest, bringing s~gn~ficant cumulative and indiv~dual effect on the y~eld at the var~ous stages of crop growth, viz., 37 DAS to 77 DAS and the best model which explained well was quadratic ~.e. Y = 64.2312 3.2441 x + 0.0415 x 2 This model prenicted and yield loss of sesamum ranging from 152 kg to 552 kg ha-1 for correspond~ng ~nfestation level rang~ng from 5 to 25 per cent. Economic injury level (ElL): Economic injury level is directly related to the cost of control and ~nversely to the market price the produce. It helps the decision maker for applying control measures at a desirable level of pest infestion for control measures. The ElL of A. catalaunalis for the two recommended insecticides and at the wholesale market price of sesamum were estimated w~th the help of above mentioned quadratic form of regress~on equation. Endosulfan which is comparatively costl~er insectic~de yielded relatively higher ElL value (2.75) than that (1.75) withcarbaryl and gave a common ElL value of 2.25 per cen. However, ElL value ~n general were low wh~ch could be attributed to h~gh market price of sesamum and severe nature of damage by th~s pest. ElL for two insecticides were calculated with a view to providing of an alternate affective control measure, in case the cheaper one is not evailable. Assessment of loss. a) Estimation of yiel loss. The y~eld infestation equation Y = 64.2312 - 3.2441 x + 0.0415 x 2 explained the quantitative effect of A. catalaunalis infestation and was choosen to estimate yield values at different specific infestat~on level. The per cent yield losses corresponding to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 per cent infestation level were estimated to be 23.66, 44.22, 61,65, 75.98, 87.19 and 95.28 per cent, respectively. High monetary values in respect to per cent loss estimates indicated the significance of control measures against ~. catalaunalis in sesamum crop. b) Estimation of economic loss: Economic lo~s in the present study has been defined as the difference between the yield at economic injury -40- level (ElL) and the yield at any specific per c~nt infestation. The estimates so obtained in relation to different pretection cost ranged from 11.84 to 94.84 per cent. The economic loss in value terms and the benefit/cost ratio explained the justif1cation ot controlling this important pest on sesamum. Dispersion pattern and sequential sampling plan: Different parameters for testing of distribution pattern of Antigastra infestation were used. An approximation was made by applying mean/variance ratio test and finally the x2 test confirmed the agreement with negative binomial distribution. The value of this clumping parameter 'K' were less than 8 also indicated the contagious nature of the pest. The common 'Kc' calculated toa be used in formulating the sequential plan was found to be accurate. After having ascertained the negative binomial distribution followed by!. catalaunalis infestation, a sequential sampling plan was formulated with the help oa a common ElL (2.25) and a 'Kc' value (2.21). The risk factor 0( and ~ where 0( = probability of recommending an unnecessary treatment and ~ = probability of failin~ to recommend a needed treatment were set at 0.1. The decision lines were: Liqht Vs. Severe (1/3 ElL Vs. 2/3 ElL) dO = 1.068 n - 4.703 d1 = 1.068 n + 4.703 where dO and d1 are the cumulative per cent infestation levels for the lower and upper lines~ respectively and 'n' is the number of samples. The sequential plant, thus developed explained that only few samples are required to take a decision at very low or high infestation levels more number of samples are needed to take a correct decision for rejecting or accepting the hypotheses. The operating characteristic (ae) and average sample number (ASN) curves gave the probability of committing error and predicting the probable number of samples required at different mean infestation levels. These curves suggest that the sequential sampling plan thus fbrmulated was effective and accurate. Effect of insecticides: The combined evaluation of the use of two carbamate insecticides viz., carbofuran and carbaryl as insecticidal tactic in the management of sesamum pests showed that basal application of carbofuran 3G at 0.5 kg a.i. ha- 1 and 0.2 per cent concentration of carbaryl 50 WP -41- sprays (at spray v6lume of 1000 1 h~-1) ~t 45 DAS + 60 DAS took care of most of the' in~ect pests (both major and minor) and phyllody disease as well and were adequate in realising higher yield. However, in view of the results obtained from yield infestation studies with only spray of carbaryl, there sprays at 30 DAS + 45 DAS + 60 DAS could be recommended to realise maximum yield. Effect of intercropping Intercropping of sesamum with groundnut or pigeonpea had a suppressing effect on population of most of the pest and in bringing out profitable returns. Intercropping with groundnut or pigeonpea can serve as sesamum crop insurance. If sesamum crop is completely damaged by insects, farmers are assured of significant profit i.e. Rs. 4,624.98 ha- 1 and Rs. 4,233.32 ha- 1 with pigeonpea and groundnut intercrops, respectively. Hence, intercropping with groundnut or pigeonpea is far better than sole crop of sesamum both from'entomological and agronomical point of view. Interation effect At 57 DAS, among significant interactive effects, the groundnut intercrop and basal application of carbofuran + carbaryl sprays at 45 DAS + 60 DAS were found to be the best in reducing the population of o. albicinctus (2.68/plant) and A. catalaunalis (0.79/plant) during kharif 1983. Effect of insecticide and cropping system on yield monetary return and economics of control. Maximum monetary returns of Rs. 5,174.98 ha- 1 was obtained from the treatment sesamum + groundnut cropping system with insecticidal application, carbofuran basal + carbaryl sprays at 45 DAS + 60 DAS as compared to sole crop (Rs. 2,474.99 ha- 1 ) with same insecticidal treatment. Best effect on yield with carbaryl spray was recorded from the treatm~nt having three sprays .(30 DAS + 45 DAS + 60 DAS), wherein net profit was maximum. While calculating the economics of treatm~nts, it was observed that the highest net profit of Rs. 2,047.90 was obtained from only sesamun seed produce with the insecticidal treatment carbofuran basal + carba,ryl sprays at 45 DAS + 60 DAS in seamum + groundnut cropping system over sole untreated crop of sesamum. -42- If the effect of intercropping on the yield of sesamum was excluded, highest net profit of Rs. 1,638.40 was obtained from insecticidal treatment of carbofuran basal application + carbaryl sprays at 45 DAS + 60 DAS whereas, net profit only by intercropping affect on sesamum yield without use of any insecticide was obtained to be Rs. 409.50 ha- 1 and Rs •• 376.74 ha- 1 for groundnut and pigeonpea intercrops, respectively. Three sprayings of carbaryl at 30 DAS + 45 DAS + 60 CAS produced highest net profit of Rs. 1,624.80 ha- 1 in the experiment which was conducted to study the yield infestation relation by creating differential population of Antigastra through carbaryl sprays only at 15 days interval. Dissipation of insecticides. Dissipation studies of two carbamates, applied at the rates recommendaded above showed that both carbofuran and carbaryl were safe from consumers safety point of view due to quick dissipation of these insecticides in soil and plants. Green leaves sprayed with carbaryl were safe just after 7 days during 1983 and 12 days during 1984, Curing kharif 1984, comparatively less rainy days resulted into longer persistence of residue of insecticides in plant and in the soil. When crop was harvested after 20 days of carbaryl spray, no residue was detected in oil or cake of sesamum. Conclusion. From critical and analytical studies, it can reasonably be inferred that sesamum should be cultivated with either groundnut or pigeonpea intercrops, preferably groundnut, with basal application of carbofuran 3G at the rate of 0.5 kg a.i. ha- 1 , followed by 3 sprays of carbaryl 50 WP (0.2\) at the rate of 1000 1 ha- 1 at fortnightly interval from the stage of crop growth when ~. catalaunalis infestation has reached ElL i.e. 2.25, per cent infestation using the sequential sample plan during kharif season. These tactics would help in minimizing the pest incidence and maximizing sesamum yield with minimum expenditure on insecticidal crop protection and ensuring favourable ecological, economical and sociological aspects of pest management. -43- Sesamum .indicum L.: CROP ORIGIN, DIVERSITY CHEMISTRY AND ETHNOBOTANY Dorothea Bedigian Ph.D. Dissertation abstract, University of Illinois URBANA, IL, USA There is a remarkably high level of variation within cultivated sesame in the Nuba Mountains of Suda. The Nuba people are geographically isolated and culturally diverse in religion, language, material inventory and agricultural practices, and this contributes to the diversity in their cultivars. Cultivars of sesame from twenty countries were sampled for morphological variability. Taximetric methods, including factor, clusters, descriminant, and principal components analyses, established patterns of similarities and were used to generate groupings among the taxa. Eight major groups can be discerned. Plants with tetracarpellate capsules comprise the intitial separation on the dendI:ogram. The .second branch is a group of purple tinged plants from India. A short, bushy, early-maturing genotype consists of predominantly Turkish cultivars. Another group, composed primarily of Korean accessions, consists o£ monostem plants with strap-shaped leaves. Two lignans, sesamin. and sesamolin occur in sesame oil. Cultivars of sesame were scre~ned to determine how widely lignans Qccur. All lines tested contained sesamin and sesamolin. Their occurre~ce in other species of Sesamum and other genera of Ped.liaceae varied. The absence of lign.ans from both !. alatum and !. capense is noteworthy as both. are .species with winged s~eds in the sect~o~ Sesamoptetis, that is relatively isolated within the genus •.. Sesamolin is ,also absent in !. radiatum. This fact was used to correct the indentification of an unusual morphotype in the sesame germplasm collection The nearest w~ld relative of cultivated sesame is the taxon. known i.n India as the wild gingelly of Malabar, named Sesamum orientale var. malabaricum Nar. in the original description (1950). This taxon is the probabl.e ancestor of the crop. Like cultivated sesame, it contains both sesamin and sesamolin. Numerical analyses confirm the Similarity between this wild Indian variety and the crop. Reciprocal crosses with the crop were fully fertile -44- using var. ma1abaricum as both male and female parent. The chromosome number of S. orientale ~ar. ma1abaricum is reported to be 2n=26, the same as the crop Sesamum 1atifo1ium has been suggested as the ancestor of sesame.This species occurs in East Africa and is widely distributed throughout the Sudan. The chromosome sumber of S.latifo1ium is reported to be 2n=32. Reciprocal crosses between the crop and !. 1atifo1ium have b~en attempted without success. Seeds of S. 1atifo1ium consistently lack sesamo1in. Sesamum 1atifo1ium has been suggested as the ancestor of sesame. This species occurs in East Africa and is widely distributed throughout the Sudan. The chromosome sumber of !. 1atifo1ium is reported to be 2n=32. Reciprocal crosses between the crop and !. 1atifo1ium have been attempted without success. Seeds of S. 1atifolium consistently lack sesamo1in. A REVIEW OF SESAMUM DISEASES 1ft INDIA S. Maiti, M.A. Raoof, K.S. Sastry and T.P. Yadava Directorate of Oi1seeds Research. Rajendranagar, Hiderabad 500 030, India Current status of sesamum disease in India is reviewed. Sesamum phy110dy is the most destructive disease in India. Leaf curl is also responsible for heavy losses when it infects at early growth stages of the crop. Bacterial leaf spot, Pseudomonas sesami causes considerable yield reduction whenever it infects the sesamum crop. Bacterial blight, Xanthomonas sesami, is serious during the monsoon and to young plants. Among the fungal diseases, leaf blight, Alternaria sesami, 1eafspot, Cercospora sp., and leaf blight, Phytophthora parasitica, are important. Charcoat rot, Macromophomina phaseo1ina, is widespread and destructive but difficult to control. Mildew is not a serious disease. A number of organisms have been reported to cause this disease. Reports on the occurrence of several minor disease have also been listed. -45- Minor diseases of sesamum in India Name of the disease Pathoqen Leaf spots bliqht Alternaria sesamicola (Kaw.) Hans. Corynespora cassicola (Berk and Curti) Wei. Cercoseptoria sesami (Hansf) Deiqhton. Bliqht Botryosphaeria ribis Gross and Duqq. Cladosporium sp. Macrosporium sp. Phoma exiqua Desm. Phoma variosporeae. ~phaeronema sesami Sehqal and Daftari. Wet rot Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk and Rev.). Thaxt. Seedlinq rot Fusarium equiseui (Corda) Sacc. Leaf qall !ynchytrium sesami Sinha and Gu Gupta !. sesamicola Lacy. Anthracnose Collectrotrichum sp. Dampinq off Thielavia terricola (Gilman and Abboutt). Emmons Yare minor Rayas and Borutt. ~~ aphanidermatum (Eds) Filz. Stem rot Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Pellicularia filamentosa (pat) Rogers. Wilt P ud monas solanaceaurum Smith Funqus nematode S ch trium sesamicole Lacy complex ind Rhabitoid sp. *The full paper was pb.blishid' in Tropical Pest MAnaqemertt (1985), 31 (4) : 317-323_ -46- DETERMINATE SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.), A PROMISING NBW PHENOTYPE·. Raimond D. Brigham Texas A and M University Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Lubbock, Texas. Sesame plants with a new type of plan architecture were fist grown in the Western Hemisphere at Lubbock, Texas, 1n 1984. These short-statured, determinate plants averaged 25 inches in height compared with 52-60 inches for Eva, an indeterninate cultivar. In the determinate line, designated dt45, the main stem plus the primary and secondary branches terminate in clusters of 5-7 capsules. Seed set is good, seeds are large, and the dehiscent capsule mature within a few days of each other. All seeds on the plant are therefore near the same age, in contrast to seeds produced on indeterminate plants. Using the determinate trait as a marker gene, outcrossing of dt45 in 1984 plantings was 10.2., with a population of 323 plants. Thrips and other insects appear to be responsible for transfer of pollen. The new plant type is being transferred to dehiscent and indehiscent genotype by crossing in the greenhouse and in the field. If the indehiscent capsule trait can be combined with determinate types that are high yielding, growers may be able to completely mechanize harvest by direct combining standing plants. U.S. grower can then furnish our domestic needs, and imports can be discontinued. * Abstract published in the Proceedings of the 62th annual meeting of the southwestern and Roky mountain Division of the American Association for the advancement of Science and the 57th annual meeting of the Colorado-Wyoming Academy of Science, Boulder, Colorado. Aphil 1-5, 1986. -47- RELATION BETWEEN SEED YIELD, OIL CONTENT AND THEIR COMPONENTS IN SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) H. E. OSMAN Dept. of Arid Land Agriculture King Abdulaziz University Jeddah - Saudi Arabia Eleven male - sterile X male - fertile sesame (Sesamun indicum L.) hybrids, and their eleven parents were evaluated for one season at the USDA Cotton Reserarch Station in Shafter, California. Oil content and yield per acre (as dependent variables) and seven of the~r components were determined and used to compute partial and multiple regressions as well as multiple correlation coefficients in both the F,'S and their parents. Number of capsules per plant and plant and height accounted for 87.2** (in the F,'s) and 95.0**' (in the parents) of the variability in yield. Partial regression analysis ind~cated that, when average heights of 253 cm in the F,'S and 2'7 cm in the parents were maintained, number of capsules per plant was the most important character - followed by number and weight of seeds per capsule - to be considered in selecting high yielding strains. Apart fom few exceptions, all of the regression and correlation coefficients computed for oil content were e~ther low or non-significant, indicating the difficulties encountered in selecting for this trait. -48- HETEROSIS AND PATH COBFFICIB.~ A.ALISYS IN SBSAMB (!esamum indicum "L.) H.E. OSMAN Department of Arid Land Agriculture King Absulaziz Univesity Jeddah - Saudi Arabia Eleven male-sterile X male-fertile hybrids and their eleven parents were evaluated for one season at the USDA Cotton Research Station in Shafter, California. Number of capsules per plant, capsule length, numbet of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, yield per plant, yield per hectare and oil content were determined. The average yield per hectare of the hybrids was 51.3\ above that of the fertile parents. Other traits with the exception of seed yield per plant exhibited non-significant heterotic effects. The correlations between yield per hectare of the fertile parent and the yield of the F1 (r = 0.752**) generations indicated that superior fertile parents could have been selected phonotypically. Number of capsules per plant and of seeds per capsule in the F1'S and of capsules per plant in the parents were tha most important yield contributing characters. -49- EVIDENCE FOR CULTIVATION OF SESAME IN THE ANCIENT WORLD* Dorothea Bedigian Department of Biology, Washington University ST. LOUIS MO, 63130 USA and Jack R. Harlan Department Agronomy, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA There is botanical and textual evidence for sesame cultivation throughout the ancient world. Excavations at the Indus civilization site of Harappa have yielded charred sesame from a stratun atributed to 3050-3500 B.C. The Verdic scriptures (ca. 1000 B.C.) contain frequent references to sesame. The existence and identity of Sesamun indicum L. as Mesopotamian oil source have been controversial since 1966, when H. Helbaek reported that not a single seed of sesame had been found in the Near East from earl~er than Islamic tines. The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary and some other cuneiformists subseqently have translated se-gis-i as 'linseed' (=flax, genus Linum, named by Linneaus). Helbaed's assertion that no ancient sesame remains have been excavated is inaccurate, but the reported finds (Karmir Blur in Armenia, (ancient Urartu), ca. 600 B.C. Hajar Bin Humeid in South Arabia, ca. 450 B.C.) are late. Sesame was a major item of agriculture in the Urartian economy, and that Kingdom was a northern neighbor of Mesopotamia. In the fifth century, B.C., Herodotus wrote that sesame was the only oil used in Babylonia. The crop was well known to ancient Greek and Roman authors. Records of sesame in Egypt and China are late (ca. 3rd c. B.C.). New evidence suggests that the Mesopotamian oil plant se-gis-i is sesame, and that the crop and, one name for its oil, ellu, were introduced from India. A cuneiform text indicates that the barley harvest (in spring) was followed by the sowing of se-gis-i, a summer crop in Mesopotamia. Sesame can be distinguished clearly from flax, a cool-season crop, and their growing seasons differ as would be expected. *The full paper was published in: Economic Botany (1986), 40 137-154. -50- PATTERNS OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN Se.amum indicum* Dorothea Bedigian, C.A. Smyth and Jack R. Harlan Department of Agronomy, Univesity of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Cultivar of sesame from 20 countries were sampled for morphological variability. Taximetric methods, includ~ng factor, cluster, discr~minant, and principal components analyses, established patterns of similarities and were used to generate groupings among the taxa. The complementary results of the analyses indicate that 8 major groups can be discerned. Plants with tetracarpellate capsules have a distinctive form and comprise the initial separation from the entire collection on the dendrogram. The second branch is a group of purple-tinged plants from India that also includes the proposed progenitor. A short, bushy, early-maturing genotype consists of predominantly Turksh cultivars. Another group, composed primarily of Korean accessions, consists of unbranched plants with strap-shaped leaves. Other groups are less easily typified. *The full paper was published ~n: Economic Botany (1986), 40 353-365. -51- PROPAGATION OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) THROUGH SHOOT TIP CULTURE •• Jung 11 Lee, Yong Hwan Park, Young Sin Park (Crop Experiment Station, Suwon, Korea) and Byeong Gi 1m (Seoul Woman's University) This study was conducted to study the effect of NAA, IAA, 2,4-0, BA and kinetin on the callus induction and the organogenesis from the shoot tip of the sesame. In single treatment of NAA and IAA, NAA was better in shoot differentiation than IAA, but IAA was better in root differentiation. Among the various hormones used, kinetin 2.0 mg/l was found to be the h~ghest in shoot differentiation and NAA 0.5 mg/l in whole plant induction percentage. The whole plant induction percentages were 86% and 29% in the combinations of NAA 0.5 mg/l + Kinetin 1.0 mg/l and NAA 0.5 mg/l + BA 1.0 mg/l, respectively. Due to the interaction between NAA and kinetin, increase of NAA concentration reduced the shoot differentiation, but did not influence the root differentiation significantly. The most desirable medium was the MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l IAA and 2.0 mg/l kinetin, The whole plant induction percentage was 93% in this medium. *The full paper was published (in Korean) in: Korean Journal of piant Breeding (1985), 17 (4) 367-372. -52- BREEDING OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) FOR OIL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT. IV. CHANGES OP OIL CONTENT AND PATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF SESAME SEEDS BY DIPFERENT PLANT TYPES·. Chul Whan kang, Jung Il Lee (Crop Experiment Station, Suwon) and Eung Ryong Son (Korea University, Seoul) The study was conducted to provide basic information to breeders and agronomists working with sesame. The oil content and quality of fatty acid composition were investigated for eight plant types identified and classified by branching habit, capsules per aX1l, and carpels and loculi of a capsule. Each plant types had two typical cultivars chosen from 527 gene pools. Oil content incresed quickly up from 10th to 25th day after flowering of 25 to 30% and then showed almost maximum to 35th day after flowering. Significant differences between the plant types were not detected in oil content and fatty acid composition, but grains of upper capsules were much lower in oil content than those of middle or lower capsules. Unsaturated, Linoleic acid tended to increase up to physiological maturity with peak on 45th day after flowering and quickly up from 10th to 25th day after flowering of 30% to 35%. Unsaturated, Oleic acid content was about 60% on 10th day after flowering and then reduced slowly. Saturared, Palmitic acid content was about 20% on 10th day after flowering and then reduced quickly upto 25th day after flowering of about 10%, and stearic fatty acid did not show much change in content from beginning of maturity till harvesting. Arachidic, Linolenic and Erucic, acids contents were about 5% on 10th day after flowering and then disappeared on 25th day after flowering. Thus this period was considered to be a critical for determining excellent sesame oil quality. *The full paper was published (in Korean) in: Korean Journal of Plant Breeding (1985), 17 (4) 373-379. -53- STUDIBS OM THB FLOWBRIMG ABD MA~URI~Y XM SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) XII GROW~B OF CAPSULE ABD GRAIB BY DIFFERER~ PLAM~ ~IPES. Chul Whan Kanq, Junq 11 Lee (Crop Experiment Station, RDA, Suwon 170, Korea) and Eung Ryong Son (Korea Univesity, Seoul 132, Korea) The objetive of the study was to investigate growth pattern of capsule and grain to improve grain filling during the grain filling period in sesame. Growth patterns of capsule and grain from anthesis to maturity were measured and compared by different plant types. Growth of capsule length started to grow just after anthesis and recorded maximum point at 35 days after flowering, and then decreased gradually. Growth of higher part capsule was worse than lower and middle capsules. Capsule growth of 2 carpels 4 loculi type showed better than 4 capels 8 loculi type and BTB (branch, 3 capsules, 3 carpels, 4 loculi) type showed good growth due to its small reduction of higher part capsule length compared to those of lower and middle parts. The order of growth of capsule length were considered to be center capsule in main stem> center capsule in branch> side capsule in main stem> side capsule in branch. Growth of capsule width also showed maximum at 35 days after anthesis and then reduced. The order of growth of capsule width were lower part> middle part~higher part. Higher part capsule width of 3 capsules 4 carpels 8 loculi type showed serious decrease at late reproductive growth stage same as those of capsule length. Fresh one thousand grain weight showed peak at 35 days after anthesis and then reduced. The order of grain growth were appeared as lower part/middle part> higher part. Growth of fresh one thousand grain weight of branch and side capsule were lower than those of main stem center capsule, and 4 carpels 8 loculi type was deeply decreased at late flowering time in higher part such as the growth of capsule length and width. BTB (b~an~h~ 3,2/4) type didn't show much decrease in higher part fresh grain weight compared to those of other plant types in spite of its profitable character of lots 6f sink capacity. BTB type appeared to be ide~i for improving grain filling and yield productivity in growing sesame in Korea. *The full paper was published (in Korean) in: Korean Journal of Crop Science (1985), 30 (2) 158-164. -54- STUDIES ON THE FLOWERING AND MATURITY IN SESAM~ (Sesamum indicum L.) IV. EFFECTS OF FOLIAGE ~LIP~~~G ON TKE SEED MATURITY· Jung II Lee, Chul Whan Kang ( Crop Ex per i men t Station, R0 A , S u wo n 1 7 0 ,K 0 rea) and Eung Ryong Son (Korea University, Seoul 132, Korea) The objetives of the study were to investigate the effects of foliage clipping on photosynthesis and gr~in filling for branch and non branch types under the polyethylene tilmmulch and non mulch conditions in. mC?no cropping and second cropping after barley in ses~me ' (Sesamum indicum L.), and to improve poor grain filling at later flowering time utilizing these data. One thousand grain weight was more decreased in branch type than in non branch type, in polyethylene film mulch condition than in non mulch condicion, and in second cropping after barley than in mono cropping by clipping lower part foliage. Twenty five percent clipping of lower part foliage showed a little increase than no clipping. Matured grain rate also showed same tendency between branch and non branch type and between mono cropping and second cropping after barley as well as 1000 'grain weight except for poliethyL~ri~ film much. " Matured grain rate of 25% foliage c11pping at 30 days after flowering in non branch type presented a , little increase but decreased in branch type. Clippirig of higher part leaves were so serious decrease of matured grain rate that higher part leaves at late matuiing time have a major role in photosynthesis. Matured grain rate of foliage clipping at 10 days after flowering was' . decreased in all treatments. Chlorophyll content of higher part leaves at 50% lower part foliage clipping presented 39% 1ncrease compared to same positioned leaves of non treatment, and 66% increase by 50% higher part foliage clipping in lower part leaves. Photosynthetic, activity was 56% more increased in 50% lower part foliage clipping than no clipping, but seriously de~rea~~d in 50% higher part foliage clipping. Therefore, photosy~tha~es of remained lower part leaves could not only: support their own demands,· but also any contribution to" translocation of phot6synthates from source to sinl(' ~t late maturing t1me. Harvest index was 28% inci~~s~4 i~, 25% lower part foliage clipping and 13% decreased'in 50% -55- foliage clipping compared to no clipping. Leaf area was 48\ increased in 50\ lower part foliage clipping compared to the same positioned leaves of no clipping, and only 5% increased in higher part foliage clipping. Productivity by foliage clipping compared to non treatment, was h1ghly decreased in branch type than in non branch type, in second cropping after barley than in mono cropping. Little difference was detected between polyethylene film mulch and non mulch conditions. Twenty five percentage of lower part fo11age clipping on mono cropping of non branch type appeared 5\ and 8\ yield increase in each of polyethylene film mulch and non mulch conditions compared to no clipping, and all decreased in other treatments. Mean loss of productivity by foliage clipping at 10 days, after flowering was serious than clipping at 30 days after flowering. As the result, contribution to photosynthesis of source at 10 days after flowering are large than that at 30 days after flowering in sesame. Fifty percent lower part foliage clipping at 10 days after flowering showed so the most serious yield decrease than lower part leaves at that time were considered as the main role leaves for phototosyntesis. Table 1. Treatment for the effect of fo11age clipping degrees on maturity and photosynthesis of different plant types in sesame under different cultural methods and plant times. Foliage clip Cultural Planting ping degrees Remarks method time ( \ ) Non mulch May 15 o Foliage (control) clipping at 25 days after Polyethylene 25 flowering film mulch Ju ne 15 30 from lower part by alternate -56- Table 2. Treat for the chanqes of maturity and photosynthesis by foliaqe clippinq deqrees and parts of different plant types in sesame under different clippinq times. Foliaqe Foliaqe clippinq parts clippinq and deqrees Remarks time 10 days o (control) Split plot after 25% of alterate, lower desiqn with flowerlnq part and hiqher part, 3 replica 50% of alterate, lower tions 30 days part and hiqher part, after flowerinq *The full paper was published (in Korean) in: Korean Journal of Crop Science (1985), 30 (2) 165-173. STUDIES OR THE PLOWERING ARD MATURITY IR SBSAMB (Sesamun indicum L.) V. CHARGES OP GRAIN WEIGHT AMD GBRMIRABILITY BY MATURITY 1M DIPPERBRT PLANT TIPES· Chul Whan Kanq, Junq 11 Lee (Crop Experiment Station, RDA, Suwon 170, Korea) and Eunq Ryonq Son and Chanq Yunq Yoo (Colleqe of Aqriculture, Korea University, Seoul 132, Korea) The study was conducted to provide basic information to breeders and aqronomists workinq with sesame. The qrain weiqht and qerminability were investiqated for eiqht plant types clasified by branchinq habit, capsules per axil, and carpels and loculi of a capsule. Two typical cultivars were chosen for each plant type amonq 527 qene pools. -57- Dry weight of one thousand grains was increased rapidly from 25th to 35th day after flowering, and reached peak on 40th day after flowering in upper part capsules and 45th day after flowering in lower and middle part capsules, so that this period was considered to be of physiological maturity in each capsule bearing part. Side capsules on main stem and branch capsules were lightger than central ones of main stem, and upper capsules of four carpels eight loculi type decreased more seriously. BTB type demonstrated relatively better growth compared to the growth of BTQ type in one thousand grain weight. The maximum grain filli~g duration for germination percentage increased rapidly up to 40th day after flowering. Above 70\ germinability was obtained physiological maturity was considered to be 45th day after flowering with peaks of 2.14 9 of one thousand grain weight, 26\ of grain water content and 90\ of germinability. *The full paper was published (in Korean)in: Korean Journal of Crop Science (1985), 30 (4) 436-441. BPFECT OP PERTILIZER LEVELS OR AGROROMIC CHARACTERISTICS ABO YIELD IR MULCHED SESAME CULTIVATIOR· S • T. Le e, J. I. Le e, C. w. Ka n 9 (Crop Experiment Station, Suweon, Korea) and K.H. Ryn (Research Bureau, RDA, Suweon, Korea) This experiment was conducted to determine optimum fertilizer levels in polyethylene film mulching on the upland field and newly developed hilland. The fertilizer application levels for polyethylene film mulching were 40, 60 and 80 kg/ha in nitrogen, 20, 40 and 80 kg/ha in P20S, and 30, 60 and 90 kq/ha in K20 at the normal upland field, and 60, 80 and 100 kg/ha of nitroqen, 1S0, 250 and 3S0 kg/ha of P20S, and 120, 160 and 240 kg/ha of K20 in the newly developed hilland. 80-40-90 kq/ha (N-P20S-K20) was considered the most optimum fertilizer application level on mon cropping polyethylene film mulch cultivation in sesame. It showed -58- 880 kg/ha productivity an 31% yield increase compared to those of 60-40-30 kg/ha (N-P205-K20) of non-mulch conventional culture. 80-80-60 kg/ha (N-P205-K20) appeared the most optimum fertilization level on after barley polyethylene film mulch cultivation, and produced 600 kg/ha of 30\ yield increase compared to those of 60-40-30 kg/ha (N-P205-K20) of non-mulch conventional culture. 90-250-120 kg/ha (N-P205-K20) appeared the most optimum fertilization level on mono cropping polyethylene film mulch cultivation and showed 930 kg/ha of 7\ yield increase compared to those of 60-250-120 kg/ha of non-mulch conventional culture. *The full paper was published (in Korean) in: Research Reports, RDA, Crops (1985), 27 (1) 180-184. A NEW DISEASE RESISTANT AND HIGH YIELDING SESAME VARIETY IANSANGGAE'· J. I. Le e, S. T. Le e, C. W. Ka n g, S. G. Oh, N.S. Seong and Y.S. Ham (Crops Experiment Station, Suweon, Korea) A new high-yielding sesame variety "Ansanggage" was developed by mutation breeding at Crops Experiment Station in 1984. The mutation breeding using X-ray 20KR irradiation with the object of inducing usable mutants resistant or tolerant to disease has been attempted since 1978, resulting in development of "Ansanggae" originated from "Early Russian" cultivar. Ansanggae was moderately resistant to seedling blight including Fusarium and Rhizoctonia blights, and also resistant to Corynespora leaf blight, Phytophthora blight and Fusarium wilt. The cultivar was widely adaptable to monocropping and to after barley cropping except Gangwon province, performing well when planted early and late in Central and Southern part of Korea. It was a branching and mono capsule type cultivar with bicarpels and quadrilo culi capsule. It had a good oil quality being 54 percent in oil content and 46.9 percent in linoleic acid content. *The full paper was published (in Korean) in: Research Reports, RDA, Crops (1985) 27 (2) 199-202. -59- RESPONSE OF SESAME VARIETIES TO ENVIRONMENT IN THE SUDAN CENTRAL RAINLANDS. H.E. Osman and A.M. Nour Kenana Research Station, Abu Naama, Sudan Twenty seven sesame varieties from Sudan and USA were grown in replicated trials 1n the Sudan Central rainlands from 1979 to 1982. Regxession coefficients were calculated giving response to environmental indices based on location and year mean yield. Entries with h1gh mean yields generally had regression coefficients exceeding unity and were equal to or better than entries having smaller response even in poor environments. Few lines were identified as desirable varieties which combined relatively high yield and stability of performance, thereby deserving a place in both commercial production and future breeding programmes. *Published in J. Agric. Sci., Camb. (1985), 104 565-569. Printed in Great Britain. -60- ALL-INDIA COORDINATBD RESEARCH PROJECT OW OILSEEDS: PROGRBSS IN SAPPLOWER RESBARCH POR THB PERIOD 1980-1985* P.S. Patil, R.E. Zape, S.M. More, G.Y. Parlekar and D.A. Shambharkar. Geneticist, Pl. Physiologist, Agronomist, Entomologist and Pl. Pathologist. Solapur-413002, Maharashtra, India A) General information: 1 • Name and Location All-India Co-ordinated Research of the Centre. Project on Oilseeds (Safflower) Solapur-413002 (Maharashtra) 2. Date of Establisment: 1-4-1980 3. Aims and objects of the project: i) Breeding varieties for: a) high yield and high oil content. b) insect pest and disease resistance. c) earliness and d) drought tolerance ii) To study the Physiological aspects of safflower. iii) To develop suitable Agrotechniques for increasing production under dryland conditions. iv) To find out effective and economical control measures against insect pests of safflower. v) To find out effective and economical control measures against diseases of safflower. B) Achievements made from 1980 to 1985: 1) Plant Breeding: 1. Isolation distance of Bhima: The mean cross pollination at 1 meter and 30 meter distance was observed to be 19.67\ and 1.46\, respectively. As the distance increased the percen tage of cross pollination decreased. 2. Out crossing percentage: The strains viz JLA 1954, SLY 1080 and JLA 1149 showed the lowest (00\) out crossing. The strain JLA 2125 showed the highest (19.89\) out crossing. -61- 3. Through hybridization developed a line viz SSF 3 (seed yield 1370 kg/ha) having aphid tolerance and highest seed weight (75 to 85 g/1000 seeds). It gave 7.7% higher seed yield over Bhima (1272 kg/ha). 4. The lines SSF 31 and SSF 33 gave the yield of 1991 kg/ha and 1814 kg/ha and stood first and second respectively in the Initial Evaluation Trial conduc ted at 10 centres in India during Rabi 1984-85. SSF 33 gave 17.32 and 6.89 per cent 1ncrease in yield over the local check Bhima (1697 kg/ha) respectively. 5. Number of lines in different generation are in pipe line giving higher yields over Bhima. 11 ) PI ant Ph y s i 0 log y : 6. Based on the one year data, the outer involucral bracteoles were observed to contribute 46 per cent to the final yield. 111) Agronomy: 7. Based on the results of three years, 50 kg N and 25 kg P205 per hectare is recommended. 8. At present, sole cropping of safflower is recommended. But it was also observed that intercro pping of safflower in gram in 2: 1 or 3: 1 propositions also gives good results. Based on four years results (1981-85) Mean Net B.C. Particulars seed Returns Ratio LER yield (Rs/ha) (kg/ha) Sole Crop Safllower 772 1877 Gram 673 1 2 1 2 Intergropping 2: 1 Gram 430 183 1 2. 06 1 • 19 Safflower 431 3: 1 Gr am 560 2178 2. 39 1 • 30 Safflower 347 -62- Per cent increase in seed yield due to intercropping over sole croping of safflower and gram is 15.00 and 31.00 respectively. Intercropping o~ gram+safflower gave net monetary returns of Rs.2005/ ha which was 7.00 and 65.02 percent more over sole cropping of safflower and gram respectively. 9. Demostrations: Safflower Research Project, Solapur conducts 8 to 10 field demos~rations on cultivators fields every year. The results of last four years are as under. Based on four years results (1981-85) Mean Per No. of Particulars yield cent demonstra (kg/ha) inc tions rease i) Impact of variety Improved variety Bhima 722 15 7 Local variety 627 ii) Impact of Fertilizers Full recommended dose 887 81 7 of fertilizers Half recommended dose 647 32 of fertilizers No fertilizers 490 iii) Impact of Plant Protection With plant prQtection 739 21 7 iv) Graded level of fertilizers Full recommended dose 891 143 5 Half recommended dose 586 60 No fertilizers 3~. v) Protective Irrigation With only one protective irrigation at 60 to 65 days after sowing gave 46\ increase in seed yield. Based on two years results (1982-84) Mean Per No. of Irrigation yield cent demonstra- (kg/ha) increase tions One irrigation at 1672 46 3 60-65 days No Irrigation 1142 -63- IV) Plant Pathology 10. Sowing of safflower in the second fortnight of Septe~ber recorded the least disease intensity and highest yield. Hence, sowing of safflower in the second fortnight of Septemb~r is recommended depending on the actual receipt of the first soaking rains. Baaed on three years resultas (1982-85) Sowing period Disease Mean \ decrease Grade Yield in yield (0-9 ( kg/hal scale) First fortnight of 8. 0 1051 11 September Second fortnight of 5. 0 1201 September * First fortnight of 3. 7 768 36 October * Second fortnight 3. 0 409 66 October *Yields are low due to the moisture stress. 11. One spray of Dithane M-45 (0.25\) immediately after the first incidence of Alternaria leaf spot disease proved to be the most effective and economical in controlling the disease and increasing the yields. Based on three years results (1982-85) Frequency Mean Cost of Addition- B.C. Net mone- of spray of yield spray al yield ratio tary retur Dithane (kg/ha) (Rs/ha) (kg/ha) nS(Rs/haT M-45 g One 1222 136 176 5.5 565 Two 1315 273 269 4. 1 769 Control 1046 12. The yield losses due to Alternaria leaf spot varied from 10 to 25\ (average 17.5%) in without fertilizers and 1.2 to 15\ (average 13.5\) in with fertilizers treatments. -64- Application of fertilizers and spray .~~ Dithan e M-45 (0.25%) is recommended for the control of Alternaria leaf spot. Based on three years results (1982-85) Particulars Mean yield Per cent (kg/ha) yield loss L.M. I. 720 17. 2 L.M.I. + P.P. 870 L.M.I. + Fertilizers 11 3 1 13. 6 L.M. I. + Fertilizers + P. P. 1309 Note: L.M.I. = Low monetary inputs and P.P. = Recommended plant protection. 13. Identified a line viz. JLA 1753 (Pl-305174) as tolerant to Alternaria leaf spot. V) Entomology: 14. Sowing of safflower in the secon~ fortnight of September exhibited comparatively lower aphid population than sown in October and also gives higher seed yield than earlier and late sown crop. Hence it is recommended. Based on three years results (1982-85) Aphid pupula- Mean Per cent Sowing period tion on 1 0 yield dec·reas e cm apical (kg/ha) in yield tWig/ plant First fortnight of Sept. 168. 3 649 2 1. 3 Second fortnight of Sept. 192.0 825 First fortnight of Oct. 398.2 558 32.4 Second firtnight of Oct. 507.4 285 65. 5 15. Imposing chemical control measures i.e. Dimethoate (0.05%) against aphids just after their first 1ncidence to three weeks after first incidence i.e. branch initiation to first flowering stages of the crop controls aphids best effectively and gives higher seed yields when the sowing is done at optimum sowing time. -65- Baaed on three years results (1982-85) Aphid Mean \ decrease Staqes of sprays of popula yield in yield Dimethoate tion on (kq/ha) over fully 10 em protected apical plots tWiq/plant At first incidence of aphids 54.5 936 One week after first incidence 73.6 890 4.8 Two weeks after first incidence 141.9 892 4.6 Three weeks after first 156.7 907 3.0 incidence Untreated control 237. 1 674 28.0 16. The reduction in yield upto 25\ was observed due to aphids. By sprayinq 0.05\ Dimethoate (a) 825 ml. in 500 lit. of water/ha for two times at an interval of 15 days reduced the aphids population and increased the yields. Based on three years results (1982-85) Particulars Total No. of Mean , decrease aphids on 10cm yield in yiel apical twiq/plant (kq/ha) over corre pondinq pro tected plots L.M.I. 2 11 452 24.8 L.M.I. + P.P. 59 601 L.M.I. + Fertilizers 175 664 24.7 L.M.I. + Fertilizers 61 881 + P. P. Note: L.M.I. Low monetary inputs, P.P. a Plant Protection. Improved packaqe of practices under dryland conditions. Sr.No. Item Particulars 1. Soil type Medium deep, deep soils, well drained. 2. Preparatoty Plouqhinq once in three years. tillaqe 2-3 harrowinqs. -66- 3. Manures and 12.5 C.L.FYM/ha once in three fertilizers years. 50 kq N +25 kqP205 per hectare at sowinq. 4. Sowinq time Second fortniqht of September 5. Variety Bhima 6. Seed rate 10 (kq/Ha) 7. Seed treatment Treat the seed (a) 3q kq of seed with any mercury compound viz. Aqroson, Monoson, Capton or Thiram. 8. Spacinq and 45 cm between two rows and 20 plant popula cm between two plants in a row tion 1 to 1.25 lakh/ha. 9. Intercultiva Thinninq should be carried out tion 10 days after qermination. One healthy plant at each hill should be retained. Weedinq and hoeinq operations should be carried out as and when required. 10. Plant protec For Altenaria leaf spot, tion sprayinq of Dithane M - 45 (0.25\) or Copper oxychloride (0.3\) 1250 q or 1500 lit. of water/ha respectively should be undertaken. For the control of aphids, 0.05\ Dimethoate should be sprayed twice at an interval of 15 days (a) 825 ml in 500 lit. of water/ ha. Dustinq of 10\ B.H.C. (a) 20 kq per ha at an interval of 15 days also control the aphids. 1 1 • Harvestinq When the leaves and capitula becames yellow and dry, the crop is ready for harvest. Harvestinq should be carried out by cuttinq the plants at qround level early in the morninq. Seeds should be separated by beatinq the crop by sticks. -67- 12. Yield 10 to 12 quintals/ha in medium soils 15 to 18 quintals/ha in deep soils and 15 to 18 quintals/ha with two irrigations on medium soils. 20 to 22 qUintals/ha with two irrigations on deep soils. *Extracted from Technical Bulletin No.1 on Progress in saffl~wer research, of All-India. Co-ordinated Research Proyect on Oils~eds(Safflower). -68- EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NP FERTILIZER LEVELS ON THB GROWTH AND YIELD OF SAFFLOWER. *Qayyum, S.M; *Shaikh, Z.Mi **Rajpput, M.A; *Rajput, N.A and *Khan, W.A. *Department of Agronomy, Sind Agr1culture University Tandojam. **Division of Plant Genetics, Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tandojam Abstract: To investigate the influence of different NP fertilizer combination levels on the growth and yield of two safflower varieties an experiment was conducted in split plot disign with four replications. The fertilizer levels applied produced no significant effect on the characters studied indicating not much variation fue to applied fertilizers. The variety Gila (sp1ny) performed better for yield and yield components than variety Local (spineless). Introduction: Pakistan is facing acute shortage of edible oils and huge quantity is being imported every year. Import bill of edible oil is exclating at the rate of 13-15% per annum. This dismel situation could be rectified by enhancing local production of edible 01ls, either by bringing more acreage under oil-seed crops or by getting higher yield per unit area. Under eX1sting condictions it looks impossible to increase the acreage under oil seeds due to heavy load of food crops. However, there is great scope of improving yield per unit area by adopting various inputs including improved and fertilizer responsive varieties, plant protection coverage, judicious application of fertilizers and cultural cum agronomic practices. To achieve self-sufficiency in edible-oils, among the newly introduced oil seed crops, safflower has bright future of successful cultivation in Sind, specially in dubari areas where land ramain fellow after rice harvesting. However, as safflower in Pakistan is still in introductory stage very little is known about its optimum fertilizer, irrigation, and allied agronomic requirements. In order to workout optimum fertilizer needs and varietal response to different NP fertilizer combinations, the present study was under-taken at -69- Students Farm, Sind Agricultural University, Tandojam to determine the effect of fertilizer combination levels on the growth and yield of sp1ny and spineless safflower varieties. Material and methods: The experimental material comparised two safflower varieties of diverse origin namely Gila (spiny) introduced from America, and well adapted spineless variety Local. The fertilizer treatments consisted 6 NP combination levels (Fl 80-0, F2 80-40, F3 80-80, F4 100-0, FS 100-40 and F6 100-80 lbs/acre). The experiment was conducted in split plot design assigning fertilizers levels to main plots and varieties to sub plots with four replications. The plot size was kept 2.2Sm x 4.8m. The seed was drilled 1n 4Scm apart rows. The plant to plant distance was ma~ntained 7.Scm after first irrigation. In all six irr~gations were applied at the interval of 20 days. The full dose of phosphorus and half dose of nitrogen was applied at the time of sowing. Remining half dose of nitrogen was applied at the time of first irr1gation. At flowering stage, five normal looking plants were tagged from the ~nner rows of each treatments in all replications, for recording observations. In this paper effect of different NP fertilizer levels on the growth and yield of safflower is discussed. Results and discussion: Plant height The results showed that there was no significant difference in plant height in spite of increased level of fertilizer application in both the varieties. Although the trend of increase in plant height was observed at different levels of Nand P both, which indicates that higher level of N combined with h~gher level of P induces more increase in plant height. Thus with 100-80 NP the average plant height of Gila (spiny) was 112.8cm and that of Local (spineless) was 123.8cm (Table-l). The average varietal height was significantly different (P ~ .01). The variety Local is taller (117.09cm) than the variety was not significantly different which indicated that similar trend of 1ncrease ~n height due to fertilizer levels was found in both the varieties. Nasr ~ ~ (1978) have reported similar trend of increase in plant height and Hoag et al (1968) studied the effect of N,P and K fertilizers and have observed significant increase 1n plant height. -70- Biolog1cal weight per plant: The fertilizer levels had no significant effect on biological weight (Table-2). The varieties however, were significantly different at P <.01. The variety Gila (spiny) produced more biolog1~al we1ght per plant (50.70 gm) than variety Local (40.37 gm). Higher b10loq1cal yield of variety Gila (spiny)" than var1ety Local could be because of bold, more number of seeds per plant and higher yield potential as already reported by Chaudhry and Qadeer (1975). There was no interaction of fertilizer levels with varieties, which revealed that the fert1lizer effect was similar in both the varieiies. Seed yield per plant: The fertilizer effect on seed yield per plant was not significantly different. Seed yield per plant in var1ety Gila (spiny) was sign1ficantly higher (P £ .05) than that of var1ety Local. Gila (spineless) being significantly higher in biological yield (Table 2) also produced s1gnificantly higher grain yield (Table 3) ind1cating that variety G1la had very high harvest index. Seed yield of both the varieties was not signif1cantly different. Non-siqnifica~t interaction of fertilizer with var1eties indicated similar effect of fertilizers on both the varieties. Number of seeds per plant: The fertilizer levels had no sign1ficant effect on number of seeds per plant (Table 4). Although the number of seeds/plant increased 1n variety Local with higher fert111zer levels but could not attain the level of sign1ficance. The variety Gila had s1gnificantly more seeds per plant than variety Local (P ~ .01). There was no interact10n of ferti11zer w1th varieties, wh1ch indicated that the fert1lizer effect was s1milar in both the varieties. Seed yield/acre: Increase in seed yield was recorded with increased level of NP fertilizers but the trend was qu~te irregular in both the varieties and the yield difference did not attain the level of significance (Table 5). Similar response of NP fertilizers on safflower has earlier been reported by Knowles et al (1965). Seed yield of both the varieties was also not signif1cantly different. The interaction of fertilizers with varieties was not significant wh1ch revealed that the effect of fert1lizers on seed yield was similar in both the varieties. -71- RBPBRBIICBS 1. CHAUDHRY, A.H. and FARID, S.A.Q. 1975. Introduction of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Sind. Pak. Jour. Scientific Res. 27 (1-4) 41-48. 2. HOAG, B.K. ~ ZUBRISKI, T.C. and GEISLER, G.N. 1968. Effect of fertilizer treatment and row spacinq on yield, quality, and physio1oqica1 response of safflower. Aqron. Jour. 60 (2) 198-200. 3. NASR, H. G.; KAL-KHUDA, N. and TANNIR, L. 1978. Effect of N fertilizer on population rate, and spacinq on safflower yield and other characteristics. Aqron. Jour 70 (4) 683-685. 4. KNOWLES, P.F. and MILLER, M. 1965. Fertilizer application on safflower crop. Cali. Aqri. Expt. Sta. Ser. 532 & 12-13. Table 1. Effect of NP fertilizer on plant heiqht (cm) in safflower. NP.ferti1izer Varieties Averaqe of NP c'()1Dbi na t ion V1=Gi1a V2=Loca1 fertilizer levels levels (spined) (Spineless) 1b/ac F 1 = 80-0 107.00 113.35 1 10. 17 F2 = 80-40 107.55 116.55 112.05 F3 = 80-80 109.15 116.05 112.60 F4 = 100-0 106.50 116.15 111.32 F5 = 100-40 109.90 116.65 113.27 F6 = 100-80 112.80 123.80 118.30 Averaqe of varieties 108.82 117.09 NP fertilizer Varieties Interaction levels m SE :::: 3.77 Cdi = 5.04 S.E = 4.16 Cdii= 6.91 -72- Table 2. Effect of NP fertilizer on biolog~cal weight per p 1 ant (g m ) in' sa f flo we r • NP.Fertilizer Varieties Mean of NP comb~nation V1=Gila V2=Local fertilizer levels (spined) (spineless) levels lb/ac F 1 = 80-0 52.00 41 • 25 46.62 F2 = 80-40 50.25 32.75 41.50 F3 = 80-80 49.00 33.25 4 1 • 12 F4 = 100-0 49.00 39.00 44.00 F5 = 100-40 54.25 42.25 48. 25 F6 = 100-80 49.75 53.75 51.75 Average of varieties 50.70 40.37 NP fertilizer Varieties Interaction levels S.E = 3.55 Cdi = 5.91 S.E = 4.87 Cdii= 8.10 Table 3. Effect of NP fertilizer on seed yield per plant (gm) in safflower. NP.Fertilizer Varieties Average of NP conbination V 1 =Gi 1a V2=Local fertilizer levels (spined) (spineless) levels lb/ac F 1 = 80-0 9. 12 7. 67 8. 39 F2 = 80-40 9. 7 1 6.02 7.87 F3 = 80-80 9.83 3.95 6.89 F4 = 100-0 9.73 7. 28 8.51 F5 = 100-40 8. 37 8. 29 8. 33 F6 = 100-80 9. 16 1 O. 18 9.67 Average of varieties 9.32 7. 23 NP fertilizer Varieties Interaction levels S.E = 0.96 Cdi = 1.79 S.E = 1.47 -73- Table 4. Effect of NP fertilizer on number of seeds per plant in safflower. NP.Fertilizer Varieties Average of NP combination -----Vl=Gila V2=Local fertilizer '1 eve 1 s (sp~ned) (spineless) levels lb/ac Fl = 80-0 324.25 195.25 259.75 F2 = 80-40 295.50 171.75 233.62 F3 = 80-80 274.25 116.00 195. 1 2" F4 = 100-0 302.25 198.00 250.12 F5 = 100-40 270.25 208.50 239.37 F6 = 100-80 291.00 287.25 289.12 Average of varieties 292.92 196.12 NP fertilizer Varieties Interaction levels S.E = 26.89 Cdi = 50.95 S.E = 40.02 Cdii= 69.88 Table 5. Effect of NP fertilizer on seed y~eld per acre (kg) in safflower. NP.Fertil~zer Vareties Average of NP combination Vl=Gila V2=Local fertilizer levelsd (sp~ned) (spineless) levels lb/ac F 1 = 80-0 154.27 231.41 192.84 F2 = 80-40 272.24 353.91 313.08 F3 80-80 281.31 213.25 247.28 F4 = 100-0 226.86 240.48 233.67 F5 = 100-40 353.92 36 1 • 1 8 357.55 F6 = 100-80 254.09 372.07 313.08 Average of varieties 257.12 295.38 NP fertilizer Varieties Interaction levels S.E. = 40.80 S.E = 15.26 S.E. = 38.85 -74- EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ROW SPACING ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF SAFFLOWER. S.M. Qayyum*; M.A. Rajput**; T.M. Sodhro*; K.D.L. Tunio* and W.A. Khan* *Department of Agronomy, Sind Agricult~re University, Tandojam. **Div~sion of Plant Genetics, Atom~c Enerqy Agricultural Research Centre, Tandojam. Abstract: To evaluate the effect of row spacings on the growth and yield of two safflower var~~ties four inter-row spac~ngs (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) were stuo~ed, in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangements hav~nq four replications. The results showed that narrow row spac~ng favoured almost all the growth and yieln characteristics i.e. plant he~ght, branches/plant, capitula per plant, cap~tulum g~rth, seeds/cap~tulum and seed yield per hectare. See~ weight per ~apitulum slightly increased under wider row spac~ng. As per results of this study it is concluded that closer row spac~ng (20 cm) could be safely recommended for getting max~mum yield in safflower under Tandojam condit~ons. Introduction: Increasing edible oil requ~rements of Pakistan call for inmed~ate mobil~zation of var~ous resources to cope-up with this ever ~ncreas~ng demand of edible oils. To achieve self-sufficiency, besides exploiting the yield potential of the conventional o~l seed crops, recently some new crops like sunflower, soybean and safflower have been introduced. Among these new oil seed crops, safflower has shown good y~eld potential (Beg,1983). As safflower is comparat~vely new crop very little is known about its agronom~c requirements under Pak~stan conditions. Among cultural cum agronom~c pract~ces, spac~ng ~s one of the most important agronom~c factors that have great ~mpact on growth and yield. Many workers out-side Pakistan, like W~lliams (1963), Peterson (1965), Beech et al (1966), Hoag et al (1963), Nasr et al (1978) have reported that spacing-ha;e great bear~ng-o;-the growth and yield of safflower. -75- The present studies were conducted to investigate the effects of row spacing on growth and grain yield of safflower under Tandojam conditions. Material and methods: To assess the influence of row spacings on the growth and yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) an experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangements in four replications. Two safflower varieties Gila (spiny) and Local (spineless) were included in the present studies. Four inter-row spacings were 20, 30 40 and SO cm. The plot size was kept 6x4 m per treatment. All cultural operations (pre and post planting) were carried out as per recommendatio~s of Agricultural Department. The thinning of crop was done before first irrigation keeping intra-plant distance about 7-8 cm. At maturity 10 normal looking plants per treatment in all the populations were labelled at random and pulled along-with roots for recording observations on growth and yield characteristics. In the present paper effect of row spacing on plant height, branches per plant, number of capitula per plant, capitulum girth, seeds per capitulum seed weight per capitulum, and seed yield per hectare are discussed. Results and discussion: Plant height The plant height at maturity is depicted in Table 1. Row spacing and their interactions have no significant effect on plant height in both the varieties. However, at closest row spacing (20 cm) in both the varieties plant height was maximum as compared to wider row spacing. Probably due to lack of enough space for lateral growth, plants grew vertically, resulting into taller plants. These results agree the findings of Nasr et a1 (1978) and Bhatti (1981). Branches per plant There was no significant difference in the average nu~ber- of branches per plant in both the varieties (Table 2). The row spacing has significant effect on the average number of branches per plant. MinimUm row spacing (20 cm) produced on an average maximum number of branches (8.88). -76- Increased spacing has decreas~ng effect on the number of branches. This effect is however, not similar in both the varieties. This is indicated ~n the s~gn~ficant d iff ere n c e (P =. 0 1) i nth e i n t era c t ion 0 f va r i e,t i e s wit h row spac~ng. In var~ety Local (spineless) increased spacing beyond 20 cm has depress~ng effect on number of branches, whereas, the variety Gila (spiny) d~d not show regular increase or decrease in the number of branches. On the contrary Peterson (1965) and Memon (1969) observed increas~ng effect with increase ~nrow spacing. This contrad~ct~on is probably because of a wide difference in row spacing and mater~al used. Capitula per plant The average number of cap~tula did not differ sign~ficantly in the varieties (Table 3). Further, the row spacing has not significantly decreas~nq affect on the average number of cap~tula per plant of two var~et~es. The results ind~cate that 20 cm spac~ng produce more capitula per plant than the wider spacing ~n variety Local (spineless). The decreas~ng trend of spacing on capitula ~s s~gnificantly different (P=.05) in the var~et~es. This effect is pronounced in Local (spineless) variety in which 20 cm row spac~ng produced 22.45 capitula per plant wh~ch is s~gn~ficantly more than the capitula observed ~n other spacings. In variety Gila (spiny) the spac~ng had not sign~ficant effect on a number of capitula per plant. Girth of cap~tulum The average girth of capitulum of each variety was not s i g n i of i can t 1 y d iff ere n t. A1 sot h e spa c i n 9 had no significant effect on the average g~rth of capitulum of both the varieties (Table 4). The effect of spacing on capitulum g~rth of each variety was also similar in both the var~eties. These find~ngs are in confirmation with tho s e 0 f Bh at t ~ (1 981 ) • Seeds per capitulum The number of seeds per cap~tulum in both the varieties did not differ s~gn~ficantly (Table 5). The effect of row spacing was also not s~gn~f~cantly different in the average number of seeds per cap~tulum of both the var~eties. However, the effect of spacing on each variety was significantly different at 5% level of significance. The sp?c~ng has decreasing effect w~th increased spac~ng ~n var~ety Gila (sp~ny) and viceversa in var~ety Local (spineless). These results conf~rm the -77- f~ndings of William (1963) and Nasr ~ ~ (1978), but d~sagree with the findings of Hoag ~ ~ (1968). This contradit~on is probably because of difference ~n env~ronment and material used. Seed weight per Cap~tu1um The seed weight per capitulum differ sign~ficantly (P=.05) ~n the varieties (Table 6). The mean seed weight per capitulum of Gila (spiny) variety was 0.57 gm while that of Local (spineless) was 0.38 gm. The spacing had significant effect (P=.05) on the average seed weight per capitulum of both the varieties. The 40 cm row spacing gave on average the highest yield per capitu1um(O.66 gm) which is significantly greater than all the other spacings. The effect of spacing on the seed weight per capitulum was similar in both the varieties. The 40 cm spac~ng produced highest seed weight per capitulum ~.e. 0.75 gm in variety Gila (spiny) and 0.57 gm in variety Local (spineless). The findings of Bhatti and Hoag ~ !l (1969) confirmed our results. Seed yield per hectare Seed y~e1d is presented in Table 7. As per results seed yield is not affected significantly by row spacings and var~eties. Their interactions were also non-significant. Maximum yield 508.33 kg/ha was obtained with 20 cm row spacing followed by 30 cm row spacing (412.5 kg/hal. The lowest mean grain yield (379.17 kg/hal was recorded ~n 40 cm row spacing. As per results of this investigation closer row spacings (20 cm) could be safely recommended for getting max~mum grain yield in safflower. Many workers have reported s~milar findings. Beech and Norman (1966) have adavocated narrow row spacing for higher yields. Hoag et al (1968) concluded that spacing of 15 to 53 cm between rows is conductive to better yield. Peterson (1965) obta~ned h~gher grain yield ~n relatively narrow row spacing, and have suggested that planting of safflower in 10 cm rows apart rather wider row widths, results in signif~cant ~ncrease in grain yield. -78- REPERENCES 1. BEECH, D.F. and NORMAN, M.J.T. 1966. The effect of plant dens~ty on the productive structure of safflower ~n the Ord. R~ver Valley. Aust. Expt. Agric. Anim. Husb. 6 255-260. 2 • BEG, A. 1983. Exploring product~on potent~al of Oil seed crops. Proq. Farming 3 (6) 14-19. 3. BHATTI, M. A. 1981. Effect of row spac~ng on the growth and y~eld of safflower. M. Sc. (Aqr.) Thesis, S~nd. Agr. Un~v. Tandojam pp. 1-65. 4. HOAG, B. K. 1ZUBRISKI, T.C. and GEISLER, G.N. 1968. Effect of fertil~zer treatment and row spacing on Y1eld quality ann phys~ological response of safflower. Agrom J. 60 (2) 198-200. 5. MEMON, M. I. 1969. Sow~nq date cum Manur~al cum Spacing trial of safflower. M. Sc. (Agr.) Thesis Univ. Sind Hyderabad, pp. 1-49. 6. MOUNTILLA, D. 1968. Effect of d~fferent spacings on Y1eld and plant he~ght of safflower. F~eld Crop Abst.1969 Nov. 224 : 426. 7. NASR, H. G.1 KATKHUDA, N. and TANNIR, L. 1978. Effect of N fertilizer, Populat~on rate and Spac1ng on safflower yield and other characteristics. Agron. J. 70 (4) 683-685. 8. PETERSON, W.F. 1965. Safflower culture in the West Central Pins. ARS. USDA and Nebraska. Agr. Expt. Sta. Agr. Infor. Bull. 300 pp. 24. 9. WILLIAMS, J. H. 1963. Influence of plant spacing anti flower position on o~l content of safflower. Crop Sci. 2 475-477. -79- Table 1. Plant height (cm) at maturity as influenced by row spacing, cm safflower. Variet~es Mean of row Row ___V 1 __--+ ___ V 2 _____ spacings spac~ngs· Spiny Spineless (Gila) (Local) 51= 20 cms 105. 4 119.58 112.49 52= 30 cms 103. 1 5 100.80 101.98 53= 40 cms 97. 8 99. 55 98.68 54= 50 cms 103.25 109.50 106.38 Mean of varieties 102.4 107.36 Row spac~ng Varieties Interaction S.E=17.97 S.E.=12.70 5.E=25.41 Table 2. Number of branches per plant as influenced by row spacings ~n safflower. Variet~es Mean of rows Row ______V 1 V 2 ______spac~nqs spacings Spiny Spineless (Gila) (Local) 51= 20 cm 7. 85 9.90 8.88 52= 30 cm 8.70 6.85 7.78 53= 40 cm 6.65 7. 55 7. 10 54= 50 cm 7.20 7.20 7.20 Mean of varieties 7.6 7.88 Row spacing Varieties Interaction 5.E=0.24 Cdi= 0.70 -80- Table 3. Number of capitula per plant as influenced by row spacings in safflower. Varieties Row __V 1 V2 Mean of row spacings sp1ny Spineless spacings (G11a) (Local) Sl= 20 cm 12 • 30 22.45 17. 38 S2= 30 cm 15. 1 0 11 • 50 13.30 S 3= 40 cm 12 • 50 11 .75 12. 1 3 S 4= 50 cm 11 .10 13.40 12.25 Mean of varieties 12.75 14.78 Row spacings Varieties Interaction S.E= 1.47 S.E= 1.04 Cdi= 6.10 Cd 11=A.29 Table 4. Capitulum g1rth (cm) as influenced by row spac1ngs in safflower. Varieties Row _V1 ______~-- ___ V2------Mean of row spacings Sp1ny Spineless spac1ngs (G11a) (Local) Sl= 20 cm 1.91 1 .71 1.81 S2= 30 cm 1.69 1.68 1.69 S3= 40 cm 1.79 1.89 1.84 S 4= 50 cm 1.73 1.67 1.68 Mean of varieties 1.78 1.74 Row spacing Variet1es Interaction S.E= 0.10 S.E= 0.07 S.E= 0.14 -81- Table 5. Seeds 'per capitulum as,'influenced by row spacings, in safflower. Varieties Row __V 1 __-+ ___ V 2 _____ Mean of row spacl.ng Spiny Spineless spacings (G1.1a) (Local) S1= 20 cm 17. 25 7. 08 12 • 17 S2= 30 cm 11.51 9.08 10. 30 S3= 40 cm 13.99 18. 00 16. 00 S4= 50 cm 13.84 9.73 11.79 Mean of varieties 14. 1 510. 97 Row spacings Varieties Inte~action Table 6. Seed weight per capitulum (gm) as influenced by row spacings, in safflower. Varieties Row ~ ___V_1 ____~ ______V__ 2 ______Mean of row spacing Spiny Spineless spacings (Gila) (Local) S,= 20 cm o. 59 O. 29 O. 44 92= 30 cm 0.45 0.28 0.36 S3= 40 cm 0.75 o. 57 0.66 S4= 50 cm 0.49 o. 35 0.42 Mean of varieties 0.57 0.38 Row spacings Varieties Interactlon S.E= 0.0673 -82- Table 7. Seed yield (kg/ha) as affected in different riw spacings in safflower. Varl.eties Row ___ v1 ______~------V2~--- Mean of row spacings Spl.ny Spineless spacings (Gila) (Local) S 1 = 20 cm 533.33 479.17 508.33 S2 = 30 cm 450.00 375.00 412.50 S3 = 40 cm 316. 68 437.50 379.17 S4 = 50 cm 416.67 375.00 395.63 Mean of varieties 429.17 416.67 Row spacing Varieties Interaction S.E = 62.5 S.E = 41.67 S.E = 87.50 -83- THE EFECT OF SOWING DATBS AND TEMPEATURB ON PHBNOLOGICAL PHASBS AND YIBLD OF SAFFLOWER F. Insua Munoz Department of Water and Soil, Centro de Cordoba C.I.D.A., D.G.I.E.A. Junta de Andalucla, Apartado 240 Cordoba, Spain. It is necessary to know how safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) respond to different sowing dates and temperature regimes, for studing the adaptation of this crop to dryland Southern Spain. Zimmerman (1973) found that temperature and day lenght affected the duration of the rossette stage under controlled environment. Abel (1975) reported the same effects on field experiments. The objet~ve of the work described in this paper was to evaluate the effect of four sowing dates on yield and lengh of phenological stages of safflower, during three years (different temperature regimes) in the conditions of Southern Spain- Materials and methods: Safflower span~sh cultivar 'Alcaidia' was sown in all the seasons (1982-83, 1983-84 and 1984-85) at four differents sowing dates. The small diferences in days between planting dates in different seasons were originated for the variable rainfall. All "the experiments were located in similar soils and had the Same field management. The experimental design wa9 a randomized block with four replications. The elemental plot had an atea of 2.5 x 5 m. The rows was harvested. The effect of this factors on phenological phases and yield have been reported in other conditions. Corleto et a1. (1980) obtained signif~cant differences in yield and b~omass production under different planting dates. Data on days to emergence, rossette stage duration and days to flower are presented in Table 1. -84- 0 0 N M ....::r an CO CO CO I I I N M ....::r CO CO CO (J) (J) (J) 0:: ~ ~ ~ w ~ 1 cp 9 L.... I 0 t- I I If) >- ro .c. 0 0 --01 .-- ::s:::: 0 0 0 0 a 0 a Q a Q M N .-- -85- Results and discussion: Table 1. Soil temperature, and number of days to emergence, in the rossette stage, and to flower for safflower cu1tivar planted at four dates. Number of Days Planting Soil To In To Year Date Temperature Emergence Rossette Flower °c 1982-83 10.12.82 0 C 3 1 64 144 30.12.82 5.8 29 55 129 17.01.83 7.6 24 49 117 31.01.83 8. 0 24 39 103 1983-84 05.12.83 8.2 22 86 17 1 04.01.84 7.8 19 64 149 24.01.84 8.4 20 53 130 20.02.84 12. 0 12 40 1 14 1984-85 14.12.84 8.6 19 68 149 02.01.85 7.4 23 59 136 17.01.85 8.0 19 51 126 01.02.85 11 • 8 14 43 116 These date (Table 1) show that emergence depends on soil temperature and, as it was expected, it was more rapid for the last planting date, when soils temperature were higher, and fasten seed germination. The number of days of rossette stage was shorter with higher temperatures. This period was specially high in the first sowing in 1983-84 (5 Dec 1983) reaching 86 days which is longer than normal in this sowing date (see Table 1). This increase was due to occurence of 16 frosts in this period in 1983-84 instead of the normal average of nine. There was a decrease in the number of days to flowering in later sowings in comparison with earlier ones, as expected. This decrease was probably due to the shorter rossette stage and higher temperatures. Yield was significantly higher for earlier plantings in the three years. Conclusions: Differences in dates of planting and temperature affect plant development and yield of safflower cu1tivar. -86- Lower temperature during winter leqhten the rossette period and thus the vegetative growth stage. This effect is associated with h1gher yields (Grafic 1) which is explained from increase in both yield components, number of heads and number of seeds for head. In Southern Spain the most appropiated period of planting, is, according to our data, from 10th of December to the 10th of January. REFERENCES i 1. ABEL, G.N. 1975. Growth and yield of Safflower in three temperature regimes. Agronomy Journal, 67 639-642. 2. CORLETO et ale 1980. Primi risultati sperimentalli sull'adttamento e la produzz10ne di una pianta da olio mell'Italia meridionale (Carthamus~ t1nctorius L.). Estracto da l'Informatore Agrario Verona, 36 (6) 9.045-9.057. 3. ZIMMERMAN, L.N. 1973. Effect of photoperiod and tempera ture on rossette habit in Safflower. C. Sci. 13 80-81. -87- PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL STATUS OF SAFFLOWER IN ANDALUCIA (SPAIN) J.M. Melero Vara Department of Plant Protect10n, C.I.D.A. de Cordoba, D.G.I.E.A., Apartado 240, 14071-Cordoba,Spain Phytopathological surveys of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) fields carried out in Andalucia (Spain) since 1980 showed that the most important diseases are rust (Puccin1a cartham1), leaf blight (Alternaria carthami) and broomrape (Orobanche sp.). Besides, wilt 1nduced by Verticillium dahliae is occas1onally important in restr1cted areas (mainly in irrigated areas previusly cropped to susceptible hosts such as cotton). Sometimes, foliar mosaic symptoms are observed associated with aphids infestations, that suggests the presence of viral agent (s). Finally, powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) was found only once, affecting a few plants, in the course of the surveys. Considerations on the three diseases of safflower in Andaluc1a in relat10n to their importance and evolution through the period 1980-1984, and a brief descript10n our current research on them, follow. !~~. Seedlings infections, leading to plant death before flowering, occur w1th low incidence. Foliar infections are much more frequent (occurr1ng 1n two thirds of the prospected fields) but disease severity is usually low and var1able with the year, probably as result of unsuitable environmental conditions, which fluctuates from year to year. About 400 plant introductions from the Safflower World Collection were evaluated for their susceptib1lity to P. carthami following art1ficial inoculation of seedlings. Eleven these were selected as resistant. Leaf blight. Disease incidence and severity, usually very low, were high in 1984. In this year, 60% of the surveyed fields had more than 50% of the plants severely affectd with generalized necrosis 1n leaves and bracts caused by A. carthami. The epidemic outbreak was related to the unusual rainy wather during late spring. Broomrape. The importance of this disease has been continously increassing 1n the period considered, the frequency of affected fields reaching 73% in 1984. Moderate and severe infections (with 5-10 and 10 emerged -88- bromrapes/m2 , respectively) were f1rst observed in 1983. A drastic effect·of Orobanche on safflower production, frenquently leading to plant death, has been widely occurr1ng in the last years. Consequently, and due to the long viabi11ty of seeds of the paras1te in the soil, several approaches for controlling the disease are under study in our laboratory. 1. Herbicide control of infections, consisting mainly in the application of low doses of glyphosate in a tolerant stage of the crop development, at which the parasite is already established in the roots of safflower. 2. Two cultural practices have pre11minary shown to reduce incidence of broomrape and could be used together as an integrated method to control the disease, mainly in s01ls w1th low-moderate inoculum density. The first practice is to delay planting date. We have observed that early plantings (January-begining of February) greatly increase broomerape incidence. The other factor is to avoid planting of very susceptible cultivars such as 'Alcaidia' and 'CT-109'. Interaction of these two management practices under a moderate range of inoculum dens1ties will probably prov1de a reasonable control under some conditions. 3. Development of genetically resistant material. In 1985, evaluation of 1500 plant introductions from the Safflower World Collection under natural infection of broomrape allowed to identify and select nine disease free entries. These selections were selfed and the S1 generation is being evaluated in 1986 in order to select for resistance to the parasite and to study 1tS 1nher1tance. Once the gene (s) conferrinq resistance to this parasite have been identified, a breeding progran to incorporate them to the best commercial varieties will be started. -89- RELEASE' 'OF· ·F:rVE· ·NEW SA'F,FLOWER VAR·IETIES J. Fernandez-Martinez and J. Dominguez-Gimenez Dep a r tme n t of B ree d·i n 9 ,and Agronom y , Centro de Cordoba, ·C.I.·D.A., D.G. I.E.A., J un tad e And a 1· u cia, . A par tad 0 2 4 0 , ·14071-Cordoba, SPAIN Five· new s a f flo we r . va r ~ e t ~ e s h a ve bee n r e cent 1 y released by the Department· of Breedi:ng and Agronomy. of our Center. These five variet~es were obtained from a program started in 1978 using the s~ngle seed method of selection (Fernandez-Martinez et al., 1986). A spanish safflower cult~var ISH 202 ,. :'well ,ada:pted to ,the safflower c r 0 p p e dare a and ., Ole i c Lee d', a: h i g hoI e ic . c u It i va r ieleased by the Un~versity of Cali.fornia, ~ere used as parents. Both cultivars are s~milar .in blooming time and height alt·hough SH-202 is h~·g·her ·in see.d yi-eld a.nd .oleic.. Leed is higher in o~l content under spanish conditions. SH-202 and Oleic Leed were crossed and the former was used as the recurrent parent in two backdrosses to obtain BC 2F 1 generati0t:1.:~".~ .. SU!b:~~'q.u~ent generations from BC2F1 plants were obtained using the sse procedure adapted to safflower (Fernandez-Martinez et al., 1986). BC2F4 and BC2FS lines were evaluated ~n the field for agronomic characteristics, yield, o~l content and fatty acid compOsitj,;:on;. Th'e'be:s't BC"2F6 ~.li.ne;s' ;~:fe:l',ect'ed;'f,rom: these trialsha's' 'bee'n"li,cfEfn'g'ed":i'n' Spain: Y~eld and oil content of the released varieties in comparison to check varieties are given ~n Table 1. -90- Table 1. Performance of safflower varieties in three locations in Sevilla (Spain). 1982. Yield (kg/ha) Oil ( % ) Varl.ety Loc. 1 Loc. 2 Loc. 3 Loc. 1 Loc. 2 Loc. 3 Torn.ejil 2587 2140 3630 42.9 43. 1 45. 4 Rancho 2345 2150 3663 43. 0 43. 1 44. 3 Merced 1962 2207 3581 42. 5 43. 5 44.8 Alameda 1772 2297 3297 44. 5 45.4 46. 0 Rl.nconada 2005 1892 3957 46. 1 46.6 47.6 Check varieties Gila 1840 1947 3080 42. 0 43. 0 40.8 SH -202 1467 2030 2896 41.4 42.0 41. 7 S-541 1792 2170 3610 44. 5 45. 1 44. 1 5-918 2517 2145 3582 42. 4 43.0 45.4 REPERENCES 1. FERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ, J., J. DOMINGUEZ-GIMENEZ, A. JIMENEZ and L. HERNANDEZ. 1986. Use of the single seed descend method in breeding safflower varieties. Z. Planzenzuchtg (in press). 2. KNOWLES, P.F. and A.B. HILL. 1964. Inheritance of fatty acid content in the seed oil of a safflower introductl.on from Iran. Crop Science 4.4. -91- HETEROSIS IN SAFFLOWER USING A DOMINANT GENE FOR MALE STERILITY Y.S. Nerka, K.L. Bachuwar and N.D. Jambhale Department of Genetic and Plant Breeding, Mar at h wad a A g r l. cuI t u r a 1 . Un i ve r s i y , Parbhani 431402, India. The present investigation on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was undertaken with the objetives of estimating heterosis for yield and several yield components using one source of gentic male sterility controlled by a dominant gene. The experimental material consisted of 17 entries, viz the male sterile line, MS-3, and its maintainer line (male fertile), 7 male parents, their 7 hybrids and a check variety. The experiment was raised in a randomized block design with three replications during winter season of 1984. The crosses MS-3 x Bly 1020, MS-3 x HUS 304, MS-3 x NS 133 and MS-3 x S 4 expressed a hl.gh degree of heterosis over both, better parents and standard check, for seed yield per plant (Table 1) number of capsules per plant, length of involucral bract and number of prl.mary branches per plant. Two of these crosses, MS-3 z Bly 1020 and MS-3 x S 4, expressed also a high degree or heterotic effects for number of seeds per capsule. The crosses MS-3 x HUS 304, MS-3 x NS 133 and MS-3 x S 4 expressed singificant heterosis for 100-seed weight. In general, heterotic effects for number of days to 50 per cent flowering and number of days to complete maturity were low. Table 1. Heterosis for seed yield per plant. Sr • Mean yield Heterosl.s Heterosis No. Cross ( gm/ pIa n t ) over hetter over stan parent dard check ( \ ) ( \ ) 1 • MS-3xBly 1020 56 158.83 134.24 2. MS-3xNS 1 0 16 40 84.96 67.39 3 • MS-3xHUS 304 51 131.70 112.30 4. MS-3xNS 133 46 115.91 95.39 5. MS-3xBly 1035 48 67.29 103.85 6. MS -3xNDS-1 41 92.36 74.08 7. MS-3xS 4 78 229.97 229.97 8. S 4 (Std check) 24 -92- USB OF TBB··SINGLB SBBD DBSCBNT MBTROD IN BRBBDING SAPPLOWBR (Carthamus tinctorius L.)* J. Fernandez-Martinez, J. Dominquez-Gimenez, A. Jimenez and L. Hernandez Department of Breedinq and Aqronomy, S.I.A., D.G.I.E.A. Junta de Andalucia-Cordoba (Spain) The sinqle seed descent (SSD) method of selection has been evaluated in safflower (Carthamus tinctoriu8 L.) .The initial population of this study was a BC2F, from a cross between a well adapted and a hiqh oil cultivar. Transqressive seqreqation for yield and oil content producinq lines with considerably hiqher values than the better parent was observed in BC2F4 and BC2FS qenerations. These results and the qreat savinq of time and effort makes the SSD method a very desirable tool for safflower breeders. *Full paper published in J. Plant Breedinq (Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenzuchtunq), '9S6 (in press). SCLBROTINIA RBAD ROT IN SAPPLOWBR: ASSBSSMBNT OP RBSISTANCB AND BPPBCTS ON YIBLD AND OIL CONTBNT H.H.Mundel, H.C. Huanq, and G.C.Kozub Research Station, Aqriculture Canada, Lethbridqe, Alberta T1J 4Bl Field experiments were conducted in '9S2 and '9S3 to screen 20 lines of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for resistance to head rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Plot were artificially infested with sclerotia of !. sclerotiorum at seedinq and irriqated durinq the qrowinq season to maintain adequate moisture for carpoqenic qermination of sclerotia and production of apothecia. The reaction of each line to S. 8clerotiorum was similar for the 2 years. Severity of - head rot varied siqnificantly amonq the 20 lines tested, ranqinq from 6\ for Lesaf 34C-OO to 62\ for Gila in '9S2 and from 0.3\ for Lesaf 34C-OO to 3'\ for PCA in '~S3. -93- Level of resistance was not related to the level of maturity of the lines. Yield losses ranged from 81 kg/ha for Lesaf 34C-OO to 678 kg/ha for Gila in 1982 and from 14 kg/ha for Lesaf 34C-OO to 935 kg/ha for PCA in 1983. Healthy plants averaged 4.4% more oil in the seed than did the corresponding parental lines. Th1s study has demonstrated the possibility of developing early maturing safflower lines resistance to sclerotinia head rot for production on the Canadian Prairies. *Full paper publisched in Canadian Journal of Plant Science (1985), 65 259-265. SAFFIRE SAFFLOWER H.H. Munde1 1 , H.C. Huang 1 , L.D. Burch 2 , and F. K1ehn 3 1 Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4Bl; 2Canadian Grain Comm1ssion, Gra1n Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C; and 3Research Stat1on, Agriculture Canada,Morden, Man, ROG lJ 0 Saffire is the first Canad1an cult1var of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). It has early maturity, with seed yields exceeding those of the u.S. cult1var 5-208 by 10% and equal to those of the Montana-bred cultivar Hartman, and has a high level of resistance to sclerotinia head rot. The shiny whitish seed pericarp and low oil levels make Saffire suitable mainly for the birdseed market. 5affire is adapted to the drier southern regions of the prairie provinces. -94- Table 2. Comparison of safflower cultivars Saff~res, S- 208 and Hartman for maturity, other agronomic character~stics and reaction to diseases under prair~e dryland cond~tions (1980-1984). Days to maturity He~ght Capitulal Lodging2 Mean (cm) plant ( 1 - 5 ) Cultivar Range ( 23 ) 1 ( 1 0 ) ( 7 ) ( 5 ) Saffier q9-141 1 18 64 6.6 1 • 0 S -208 107-156 127 64 4. 3 1 • 1 Hartman 104-156 126 70 4. 7 2. 0 Test Seed Sclerot~nia Alternaria weight weight head rot Rust blight (kg/hL) (g/1000) ( , ) 3 (1-9)4 (1-9)4 Cultivar ( 1 0 ) ( 9 ) (3 ) ( 6 ) (2 ) Saffire 54. 1 34.6 5 6.7 2.8 S-208 53. 0 36. 7 41 7. 1 4.6 Hartman 51. 7 36.7 17 5. 1 2. 0 No. of station-years of data. Rating from 1 = upright to 5 = flat on the ground. Percentage of diseased cap~tula. Disease rating for rust and alternaria blight: 1 = healthy, 9 = very severe. 'Iable t. Average Y1elds (1~-1984) and seed quality (1931-1984) of saffla...er cultivars Slff.u:e, S-208 and Hirbnan U'lder prairie dryland cxnditims Seed quality (' dry Wl.ght bas~) Yield (Jig/ha) Fatty acids Alberta Sasktchelr.an MmitOba M:!an 01.1 Oleic u.ooleic a-0tem2 (11) 1 (3 ) (6) (20) (23) (12) (12) (12) Slff.u:e 1846 2137 1969 1927 31.8 9.9 81.5 18.4 S-208 1788 1936 1580 1748 37.0 10.9 79.9 17.5 H:lrtman 1818 2011 2016 1906 35.2 1. N:>. of statl.m-years if data. 2. W10le seed protein: N x 6.25: averaqe of dllpll.Cate Kjeldahl analyses. Rlblished in: Omadian a,urnal of Plant SCie.n.o:! (1935), 65: 1079-1081 -95- INDUCED VARIA~ILITY IN LOCAL SAFFLOWER CULTIVAR GIZA 1 UNDER SINAI COND~TIONS BY GAMMA-RAYS EI-Gayar, M.A. and Hegab, M.T. Desert Institute, EI-Matariya, Cairo, Egypt. The local safflower cultivar Giza-1 (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was subjected to irradiation treatments of 2, 4,8 and 16 kr. of gamma-rays to induce a wide range or variability. Results revealed that appreciable high degree of variability was generated in M2 and M3 generations for the characters viz., plant height, number of effective branches, number of fertile heads and seed yield per plant. Frequency distribution for these characters shifted in negative as well as positive directions. Genotypic variance, heritability and expected genetic advance estimated for the quantitive characters on 34 mutant lines in M4 and 29 mutant lines in MS generations, indicates the high magnitude of genotypic va ria n c e (a:'~ ) ina 11 c h a r a c l e r sin M 4 g en e r at ion. T h 1 S magnitude wa\ reduced in MS generation as a result of the select10n. But enough a;q , were found only in four characters viz., plant neight, seeds/plant, seed wight and seed yield. The genetic coefficient of variability in MS was considerably high for number of effective branches, number of heads and number of seeds per plant as well as seed yield. High heritability estimates accompanied by high genet1c advance were observed for number of seeds and seed yield per plant. While moderate heritability estimates accompanied by high genetic advance value were observed for number of branches and heads per plant. Ten promising mutant lines were chosen in MS generation. Their superiority, mainly, due to improvement of number of seeds/plant in addition to one or one of the characters; number of heads/plant, seed weight, or number of branches/plant. *Full paper published in: Bulletin of Desert Institut, Eg y P t, 24/8 S • -96- RECHBRCHBS PHARMACOLOGIQUBS PRBLIMINAIRES "SUR LB Carthamus lanatus L.* J. Senedl., I. Iglesias, J. Manzanares, F. Zaragoza Departamento de Farmacognosia y Farmacodinamia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Computense, Madrid The capaitulums and the leaves of Carthamus lanatus contain vainilll.c, p-hidroxybenzol.c, and p-cumaric acids, in the same way as lutheoline, kaempferol and other flavonoids. The capitulums and the leaves were studied as for their sedatl.ve power. *The full paper was published in: Plantes Medicinales et phytotherapie (1986), XX (1) 25-30. THE EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS, NITROGEN, ABD ROW-SPACING ON THB YIBLD AND SOMB PLANT CHARACTERS OF THE SAPPLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Enver Esendal Ondokuzmayis University Ziraat Fackultesi Samsum, Turkey Experiments were conducted in 1975, 1976, and 1979 on the alluvial soils of the Experimental Farm of AtatUrk University, College of Agriculture, at Erzurum Valley, to study the effects of row-spacing, phosphorus, and nitrogen on the yield and some characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), under irrigation. The experimental design was a split-split-plot wl.th 4 replications, in randomized blooks; main plots having phosphorus levels (0, 70, and 140 kg P205/ha) sub-plots nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N/ha and sub-sub-plots row spacing (18, 54, and 90 cm). -97- The experimental area is in the vicinity of Erzurum P r i n vic e, h a v i n g anal tit u d'e' 0 f ' 1 8 7 0 m, and the 1 at tit u d e of 39 0 55 1 N, and a longitude of 41 0 16 1 E.' Because the expeimental soils were not so poor in the phosphorus content, and safflower does not need so much phosphorus, applied levels of this nutrient element did noot exert a significant effect on any of the characters studied in this work. Nitrogen application, generally shortened the period from sowing to 50%' flowering. It did not have any significant effect on plant height, while it thickened the stems of safflower plants. Branching was significantly increased by nitrogen application, consequently the safflower had more heads per plant, in number. A significant effect was found on the number of seeds produced per head, due to the nitrogen application. The effect was positve in direction. Thousand seed weight increased as the applied nitrogen rates increased, while no significant effect due to nitrogen was found on the oil content of the seed. However, the protein content of the seed was influenced significantly by nitrogen, and the highest protein content was obtained on the 180 kg N application per hectare. Nitrogen rates consistently and significantly increased the seed yield, respective yields obtained from 0, 69, 120, and 180 kg N/ha rates being 1863, 2009, 2074, and 2179 kg seed per hectare. As a consequence of the seed increase, increase in protein and oil yield were obtained, due to the nitrogen fertilization. Number of days required for 50% flowering, plant height, stem width, the number of branches and heads per plant, the diameter, the number of seeds per head, and also 1000-seed weight were increased as the distance between the rows were increased, while the oil content and -to some extend- the protein content of the seed were decreased. -98- Seed, o~l and protein yields showed significant decreases, as the row distances were increased from 18 to 90 cm. The seed yield obtained from 18, 54, and 90 cm rows being 1841, 1998, and 2356 kq/ha respectively. It was concluded that, under the ecological conditions of Erzurum, 18 cm row-widths, and application of nitrogen 180 kg/ha would give the highest seed, 011, and protein yield. Phosphorus should not be applied unless a real deficiency is determined in the soils where saffloweri is grown. -99- SBLECTBD BIBLIOGRAPY, 1~84-85. I. SAFFLOWER. 1. AH ME D , Z ., S. ME DE KA Ran d S. M0 HAM MAD. 1 9 8 5 • Res po n s e 0 f safflower to nitrogen and phosphorous. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 30 (1) 128-130. 2. AHMED, F.A., R.O. OSMAN and F.A. KHALIL. 1984. Biochemical studies of the effect of Bq (growth regulator) on safflower plant. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, 22 (1) 427-436. 3. ALBA, E., I. GRECO and C.DE PAGE. 1984. Diversity analysis of safflower, (Cartamus tintorius L.) populations of different geographical origin. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenzuchtung, 93 (1) :56-64. 4. ALBA, E., I. GRECO and G. Lorusso. 1984. Safflower varieties bred within the plan of the MAF. In for mat 0 reA 9 r a rio, 40 (2 1 ): 6 3 - 64 • 5. ANDERSON, R.L. 1985. Chlorsulfuron for weed control in safflower (Carthamus tintorius).Weed Science, 33 (6 ) 840-842. 6. AYYAVOO, R. and N. SHANMUGAM. 1984. Control of Alternaria leaf spot of safflower (Carthamus tin tor ius) • Pe s tic i de s, 1 8 (1) 60. 7. BAN GAL, D • B., V. A • PA TIL and B. B. J A DAA V • 1 9 8 4 • ReI at i v e salt tolerance of safflower cultivars (Carthamus tintorius L.)at germination. Agricultural Science Digest, India, 4 (4) : 211-214. 8. BERGMAN, J.W., G. CARLSON, G. KUS~NAK, N.R. RIVELAND and G. STALLKNECHT. 1985. Registration of "Oker" safflower. Crop Science, 25 (6) 1127-1128. 9. BHATTI, M.A.R., M.A. RANDHAWA and S. ALI. 1985. Chemical control of fungi occurring on safflower seed. Pakistan Journal of scientific and industrial research, 28 (1) 31-32. 1 0 • B ROW S E, J. and C. R.. 'S ~ AC K.· 1 98 5 • Fat t y a c ids y nth e sis in plastids from maturing safflower and linseed cotyledons. Planta~ 166 (1) 74-80. 11. PRAKASH and K. MALLIKARJUNARDHYA. 1984. Inheritance of seed yield, oil and hull content in safflower (Carthamus tintorius L.) Genetica Agraria, 38 (4) 369-377. ;. H -100- 12. CHAUDHRY, A.H. and J.M~ SHAIKH. 1984. Safflower as dobari crop. Progressive Farming. 4 (6) 30-32. 13. CORLETO, A. 1984. Safflower :The crop and its prospects. Italia Agricola, 121 (1) 197-206. 14. DEOKAR, A.B., B.S. MANKE, B.N. NAKHEDE, P.S. PATIL, S.M .NIKAM and M.S. MUNDE. 1984. "Bhima", a new safflower variety. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 9 (3) 351-352 15. DEOKAR, A.B., N.D. PATIL, B.S. MANKE and M.S. MUNDE. 1984. Response of safflower varieties to different dates of sowing. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Univ.ersities, 9 (1) 67-69. 1 6 • DE 0 KA R , A • B ., S. T. PA WA R, and M. B. PAT I L • 1 984 • Correlations of aphid incidence with spininess and seed yield of safflower. Pesticides, 18 (5) 42-43. 17. DEOKAR, A.B., B.N. NARKHEDE, S.T. PAWAR and J.V. PATIL. 1985. Heterosis in safflower. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 9 (3) 272-274. 18. FREDIANI, D. and M. PINZAUTI. 1984. Observations on insect pollination of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Sementi Elette, 30 (5) 13-16. 19. GOWDA, M.C., R. RAMIAH and S.F.I. RAJ. 1984. A study on size frequency distribution of safflower seeds. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 18 (1) 43-49. 20. GU, Z.H. and B.M. XU 1984. Studies on germination physiology and vigor of safflower seeds. Acta Phytophysiologica Sinica, 10 (4) 305-314. 21. HADJICHRISTODOULOU, A. 1985. Variety, sowing date and seed rate trials of safflower in Cyprus. Technical Bulletin, Agricultural Research Institute, Cyprus, N2 63,11 pp. 22. HANG, A.N. and D.W. EVANS. 1985. Deficit sprinkler irrigation of sunflower and safflower. Agronomy Journ~l, 77 (4) 588-592. 23. HAYASHI, H. and K. HANADA. 1985. Effects of soil water deficit on seed yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) plants. Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 54 (2) 346-352. 24. HELM, J.L., N. RIVELAND, A. SCHNITER and F. SOBOLIK. 1985. Safflower production. North Dacota Agric. Experimental Station Bulletin, 870 1-4. -101- 25. HERITAGE, A.D. and E.K. S. HARRINGA, 1984. Environmental factors inf1uencinq safflower screeninq for resistance to Phytophthora criptoqea. Plant Desease, 68 (9) 767-769. 26. HODGSON, A.S. and K.Y. CHAN. 1984. Deep moisture extraction and crack formation by wheat and safflower in a vertiso1 fo11owinq irriqated cotton rotations. Reviews Rural Science,S: 299-304. 2 7. J ACT A P , A • B ., B • D. G HU LEa n d A. B. DE 0 KA R • 1 985. Comparative susceptibility of promisinq safflower cu1tivars to aphids. Journal of Maharashtra Aqricu1tura1 universities, 10 (3) 341-342. 2 8 • JAM B HAL E, N. D • and Y. S. NE R KA R • 1 98 5 • Ani n due e d dominant qene contro11inq male sterility in safflower. Zeitschrift fur Pf1anzenzunchtunq, 95 (2) 185-188. 29. JOSHI, B. P., M.V. THOMBE, B.S. MANKE and P.N. CHAUDARI. 1985. Construction of selection indices for varietal selection in safflower. Journal of Maharashtra Aqricu1tura1 Universities, 10 (2) 142-143. 30. KUMAR, H., R.S. PILLAI and R.B. SINGH. 1984. Induction of unreduced microspore formation in safflower. Eqyptian Journal of Genetic and Cito1oqy, 13 (1) 19-24. 31. LATHA, T.S. and V. PAKASH. 1984. Studies on the proteins of safflower seed. Journal of Aqricu1tura1 and Food Chemestry (Amer. Chem. Soc.), 32 (6) 142-1415. 32. MA, C. and M.A. SZMITH. 1985. Physical and qenetic mappinq of safflower chloroplast DNA. Location of psbA, rbc1, atpA and rrnA. Plant Molecular Bio1oqy, 4 (6) 385-388. 33. MA, C. and M.A. SMITH. 1985. Construction and mappinq of safflower chloroplast DNA recombinants and location of selected qene markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 70 (6) : 620-627. 34. MAHABALESWARAPPA, K.B. 1984. Studies on leaf spot of safflower. (Carthamus tintorius L.) caused by Alternaria carthami chowdhury. Hysore Journal of Aqricultural Sciences, 18 (2) 171. 35. MCRAE, C.F. and E.K.S. HARRINGAN. 1984. A quantitative method of inoculatinq safflower seedlinq with mycelium of Phytophthora cryptoqea. Appaustra1asian Plant Phatho1oqy, 13 (1) 6-8. -lO~- 36. MCRAE, C.F., E.K.S. HARRIGAN and J.B. BROWN. 1984. Effect of temperature, dew period, and inoculum density on bliqht of safflower caused by Alte£naria carthami. Plant Disease, 68 (5) 408-410. 37. MUNDEL, H.H., H.C. HUANG and G.C. KOZUB. 1985. Selerotinia head rot in safflower: Assessment of resistance and effects on yield and oil content. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 65 (2) 259-265. 38. NARKHEDE, B.N., A.B. DEOKAR and J.V. PATIL. 1984. Phenotypic stability for seed yield in safflower. Journal of Maharashtra Aqricultural Universities, 9 (2) 179-181. 39. NARKHEDE, B.N., J.V. PATIL and A.B. DEOKAR. 1984. Linex tester analysis in safflower. Journal of Maharashtra Aqricultural Universities, 9 (3) 334-336. 40. NARKHEDE, B.N., J.V. PATIL and A.B. DEOKAR. 1985. Estimates of variability parameters in safflower. Journal of Maharashtra Aqricultura Universsities, 10 (1 ) 97-98. 41. NERKAR, Y.S. and N.D. JAMBHALE. 1985. Genetic male esteriles in safflower: their scope in crop improvement. Journal of Maharashtra Aqricultural Un i ve r sit i e s , 10 ( 1) : 7 1 -74. 42. NIKAM, S.M., N. Y. PATIL and A.B. DEOKAR. 1985. Performance of safflower-based double croppinq sequences under rainfed conditions. Indian Journal of Aqricultural Sciences, 55(3): 160-166. 43. NIKAM, S.M., V.G. PATIL, N.Y. PATIL and A.B. DEOKAR. 1984.Intercroppinq of linseed and qram in safflower with different plantinq patterns. Indian Journal of A q ron om y, 2 9 (2) 2 2 5 - 2 3 0 • 44. PALIWAL, R.V. and Z.S. SOLANKI. 1984. Path coefficient analysis in safflower. Madras Agricultural Journal; 71 (4) 257-258. 45. PARAMESWARAPPA, K.G. 1984. Genetic analysis of oil, yield and other quantitative characters in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Mysore Journal of Aqricultural Sciences, 17 (1) : 83. 46. PATIL, F.B. 1985. Correlation of some yield components in safflower. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Un i ve r sit i e s, 1 0 (1) : 82- 8 3. 47. PATIL, V.A. and D.B. BAMGAL. 1~84. Influence of seed weight on germination and s~edling vigour in safflower cultivars. Seed Research, 12 (2) 104-106. -103- 48. PATIL, F.B., D.C. MORE and M.V. THOMBRE. Genetic diverqence In sa~f10wer. Jou~na1 of Maharashtra Aqricu1tura1 Universities, 9 (1-) 12-15. 49. PAWAR, C.S., V.S. BH~TNAGAR and D.R. JADHAV. 1985. He1iotis species and their larval parasitoids on sol and intercrop safflower in India. Insect Science and its Application (Enq1and), 6 (6) 701-704. 50. PURDUY, R.H. 1985. Stability of hiqh oleic sunflower and safflower oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemestry Society, 62 (3) 523-524. 51. QUADRI, S.M.H. and K.S. DESHPANDE. 1985. Funqicida1 control of foliar b1iqht of safflower. Pesticides, 19 (3) 26-27. 52. RALPH, W. 1984. Overcominq safflower disease problems Rural Research, 122 15-16. 53. RAAMACHANDRAM, M. and J.V. COUD. 1984. Combininq ability and heterosis for some economic characters in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, L.) Mysore Journal of Aqricu1tura1 Sciences, 18 (2) 113-117. 54. RAMACHANDRAM, M. and V. RANGARAO. 1984. Seed settinq as influenced by differences in anther dehiscence in safflower. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breedinq, 44 (1) 113-116. 55. RAO, V.R. 1985. Maximizinq safflower production: constraints and opportunities. In: Oilseed production. Edited by A.C. Srivastava, H.C. Bhask~ ram, S.Vatsya and K.K.G.Menon. Oxford and IBH Pu b1isshinq Co., 147-158. 56. REDDY, B.G.S. 1985. Studies on heterosis, combininq ability, correlations and qenetic parameters of yield and yield contributinq characters in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Mysore Journal of Aqricu1tura1 Sciences, 17 (4) 393-394. 57. SATHE, A., Y •• SEETHAMBARAM and M.B. RAO. 1984. Root activity studies of some safflower varieties in black soil. Journal of Nuclear Aqricu1ture and Bio10qy, 13 (4) 141-142. 58. SIDDARAMAIH, A.L., S.A. DESAI. 1984. Evaluation of funqicides aqainst Alternaria leaf spots of cotton an Ramu1aria leaf spots of safflower in vitro. Pesticides, 18 (6) 38-39. 59. SIDDARAMAIH, A.L., S.A. DESAI and R.K. HEDGE. 1984. Chemical control of bud b1iqht disease of safflower. Pesticides, 18 (1) 58-59. -104- 60. SI~G~, U.R. and U.B. SINGH. 1984. Response of safflower to different inter-row spacinqs and various levels of fertility. Indian Journal of Aqronomy, 29 (1) 90-93. 61. SMITH, M.A. and C.MA. 1985. Restriction endonuclease cleavaqe site map of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) chloroplast. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 70 (1) 32-41. 62. UMRANI, N.K. and P.G. BHOI. 1984. Effect of plant density on qrowth and yield of safflower under two rainfall situations. Indian Journal of Aqronomy, 29 (3 ) 282-286. 63. VENKATARAMAN, S. 1985. Aqrometeoroloqical processinq of Crop water-use data: a case for safflower. Journal of Maharashtra Aqricultural Universities, 10 (1) 83-85. 64. WATANABE, S. 1984. Surface structure of floral orqans in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Journal of the Yamaqata Aqriculture and Forestry Society, 41 9-15. 65. ZAZZERINI, A., C. CAPPELLLI and L. PHNATONI. 1985. Use of hot-water treatment as a means of controllinq Alternaria spp. on safflower seeds. Plant Disease, 69 (4) 350-351. -105- II. SESAME. 1. ARANACHALAM, L. and G. VENKATESAN. 1984. Water management studies in sesamum. Madras Agricultural Journal, 71 (5) 339-340. 2. BEDIGIAN, D. D.S. SEIGLER and HARLAN. 1985. Sesamin, sesamolin and origin of sesame. Biochemical Sistematics and Ecology, 13 (2) 133-139. 3. CHATTERJEE, B.N., P.K. CHAKRABORTY, R.K. GHOSH and K.K. BHATTACHARYYA. 1985. Effect 0 seed treatment on Sesamum production. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 55 (4) 262-264. 4. CHAUDHARI, F.R., R.M. SHAH and I.D. PATEL. 1984. Heterosis and combining ability in sesamum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54 (11) 962-966. 5. CHAUDARI, P.N., R.E. ZOPE, D.M. PATEL and B.P. JOSHI. 1984. Combining ability in sesame. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 9 (3) 270-271. 6. CHAUDRAMONY, D. and N. K. NAYAR. 1985. Genetic variability in sesamum. Indial Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 55 (2) 769-770. 7. DES A I, N. M., R • M. S HA Han d M. U. K U KA D I A • 1 98 4. H Yb rid vigour in sesame. Guajarat Agricultural University Research Journal, 9 (2) 69-71. 8. DJIGMA, A. 1984. Genetic conditioning of characters linked to yield in sesame (Sesamum indicum). Oleagineux 39 (4) 217-225. 9. DJIGMA, A. 1985. Synthesis of results acquired from research on sesame in Burkina Faso. Oleagineux, 40 (8/9) 443-449. 10. DOLLE, U.V. 1984. Studies on leaf blight of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) caused by Alternaria sesami (Kawamura) Mohanty and Behera.Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18 (1) 89-90. 11. DOLLE, U. V. and R. K. HEGDE. 1984. Epidemiology and control of leaf blight of sesame caused by Alternaria sesami (Kawamura)Mohanty and Behera. Pla.nt Pathology Newsletter, 2 (1) 10. -106- 12. FERNANDEZ, E., E. VINENT and A. VIERA. 1984. Sesame (Sesamun indicum) a crop resistant to Me1oidogyne ingognita. (In Spanish) Ciencia y Tecnica en 1a Agricu1tura, Horta1izas, Papa, Granos y Fibras, 3 (1) 13-21. 13. GHOSH, D.C. and S.K. 1984. Influence of irrigation and straw mulch on the growth and yield of sesamum growth in summer season. Indian Agriculturist, 28 (4) 275-279. 14. GUERRA, M.S. W.G. JAFFA and E. SANGROMS. 1984. Obtention of protein fractions from commercial sesame and seed cake (Sesamun indicum). In Spanish. Archivo 1atino-americanos de nutricion, 34 (3) 477-487. 15. GUPTA, B.S. and D.P. CHOPRA. 1984. Genetic variability correlation and path-coefficien analysis in sesamum Indian Journal of Agricu1tura Sciences, 54 (2) 1030-1032. 16. HU, T. K. 1985. Studies on inheritance and breeding in sesame I. The use of different cultivated types in the improvement of yield. In Chinese Journal of the Agricultural Association of China, 130 44-51. 17. HU, T.K. 1984. Studies on inheritance and breeding in sesame II. A dia11e1 analysis of yield components in F1 progeny. In Chinese Journal of the Agricultural Association of China, 131 24-34. 18. KAMALA,' T. and S. SASIKALA. 1985. Gamma-ray and Colchicine-induced mutants of • TM V 5' and • I S 103 • sesamum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 55, (3) 151-155. 19. KRISHNASAMY, V. and A.S. PONNUSAMY. 1984. Upgrading the quality of seeds of sesamum. Newsletter, Tamil Na d u A9 ric u 1 t u r a 1 Un i ve r sit y, 1 4 ( 7 ) 3. 20. KUROZAWA, C., J. NAKAGAWA, T. DOl and E. MELOTO. 1985. Behavior of 13 sesame (Sesamum indicum) cu1tivars to Cercospora sesami, its transmissibility by seed and control. Fitopato1ogia Brasi1eira 10 (1) 123-128. 21. KRISHNASWAMI, S., A.V. RAO and R. APPADURAI. 1984. Resistance to powdery-mildew in Sesamum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54 (8) 666-668. -107- 22. LEE, J. I., G. W. KA NG and S. T. LEE. 1 984 • B r e e din 9 sesame for improved oil quality. 3. Variations in fatty acid composition in M2 mutant populations. Research Reports, Office of Rural Development, S. Korea, Crop 26 (1) 134-14. 23. LEE, J.I. S.T. LEE, C.E. KANG, S.G. OH, N.S. SEONG and Y. S. HAM. 1985. A new disease-resistant and highyielding sesame variety, Ansanggae. Research Reports, Rural Development Administration, Korea Republic. Crops, 27 (2) 199-202. 24. LEE, J.I., S.T. LEE, C.W. KANG and N.S. SEONG. 1985. Yuseonggae, a new high-yielding sesame variety with black pericarp. Research Reports, Rural Developement Administration, Korea Republic, Crops, 27 (2) 203-206. 25. LI, G.S. and J. XIAO. 1984. A study of sesame yield and its climatic productivity model. (In Chinese). Meteorological Monthly 8 : 28-30. 26. MANDAL, B.K. and T.K. GHOSH. 1984. Effect of mulches on the growth and yi~ld of sesame. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 29 (4) 549-552. 27. MOSIDIS, J.A. and D.M. YERMANOS. Maternal effects and cytoplasmic inheritance of oleic and linoleic contents in sesame. Euphytica, 33 (2f 427-432. 28. MOSIDIS, J.A. and D.M. YERMANOS. Plant position effect on seed weight, oil content, and oil composition in sesame. Euphytica, 34 (1) 193-199. 29. OSMAN, H.E. and A.M. NOUR. 1985. Response of sesame varieties to environment in the Sudan Central rainlands. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, U.K. 104 (3) 565-569. 30. RASPUROHIT, F.S., N. PRASAD and P.D. GEMAWAT. 1984. Evaluation of fungicides against Alternaria sesami causing Alternaria blight of sesame in vitro. Pesticides, 18 (1) 57. 31. RANI, V.U., T.S. KINGAN and V. THIRUPATHAIAH. 1985. Bending of stem in sesame. A new symptom caused by Alternaria alternata. Indian· Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 14 (1) 98-99. -108- 32. RAO, K.N., R.S. RAO and M.A. RAO. 1985. Effect of herbicides on weed control in (Sesamum indicum) gingelly. In Abstracts of papers, annual conference of Indian Society of Weed Science. 33. RATAIAH, Y. 1984. Diseases of sesamum in Assam. Indian Farming, 34 (2) 30-32. 34. RATHNASWAMY, R. and D. JAGATHESAN. 1984. Selection of superior early generation crosses in Sesamum indicum L. based on combining ability study. Zeitscrift fUr PflanzenzUchtung, 93 (3) 184-190. 35. REDDY, P.G. 1984. Studies on induced mutagenesis in sesame (Seamum indicum) through gamma irradiation. (Abstract). Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18 (2) 167-168. 36. REDDY. M.B., M.V. REDDY and B.S. RANA. 1984. Combining ability studies in sesame. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 44 (2) 314-318. 37. SAAD, L. and G. PEREZ. 1984. Study on the functional Sand nutritional properties of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) modified proteins. In Spanish. Archivos latinoamericanos de nutricion, 34 (4) 749-754. 38. SA H A, S. N • and S. C. B HA R GA VA • 1 984 • An e val u a t ion 0 f the oil concentration in sesaame seeds in relation to developmental stage, node position and capsule age. Experimental Agriculture, 20 (2) 129-134. 39. SASIKALA, S. and T. KAMALA. 1985. Ethidium bromide EB) induced mutants in gingelly (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivar ·Vinayak'. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 70 (4) 338-339. 40. SCHRODTER, G.N. and J.E. RAWSON. 1984. Herbicide evaluation studies in sesame. Australian Weeds, 3 (2) 47-49. 41. SHARMA, S.M. 1985. Constraints and opportunities for increasing productivity and production of sesame in India. In Oilseed Produc·tion. Constrainst and opportunities. Edited by H.C. Srivastava, S. Bhaskaram, B. Vatsya and K.K. G. Menon. Oxford and I B H Pub 1 ish i n 9 Co., 1 6 5 - 1 7 9 • 42. SHARMA, R.L. and B.P.S. CHAUHAN. 1984. Genetic architecture of yield and its components in sesame Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54 (1): 1- 5. -109- 43. SHARMA, R.L. and B. P.S. CHAUHAN. 1984. Path analysis in sesame. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. 9 (2) 158-160 44. SHUKLA, V. 1984. Chemical weed control in sesame. Pesticides, 18 (3) 13-14. 45. SINGH. O.P. and S.S. JAKHMOLA. 1984. Efficacy of new insecticides in the control of sesamum 1eaf-webbes and capsule-borer. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54 (6) 509-511. 46. VERMA, O.P. and L.N. DAFTARI. Effect of phy1lody on plant yield, germination, test weight and oil content of sesame seeds. Indian Botanical Re p 0 r t e r, 4 (1) 6 2 - 6 3 • 47. VYAS, S.P., S. KATHJU, B.K. GARG and A.N. LAHIRI. 1985. Performance and metabolic alterations in Sesamum indicum L. under different intensities of water stress. Annals of Botany. Academy Press, London, 56 (3) 323-332. 48. YANG, H.Y. and C. ZHOU. 1984. Observations on megasporogenesis and megagametophyte development in Paulownia Spa and Sesamum indicum by enzymatic maceration technique. In Chinese. Acta Botanicc -. Sinica, 26 (4) 355-358. -110- LIST OF SESAME/SAFFLOWER WORKERS AND INSTITUTIONS. DIRECTOR GENERAL (IDCI) HANDLEY, John R. Institut de Developpment Manager Rural Operations Des Cultures Industrielles Meggitt Limited B.P. 14 Said-Haundine, Alger P.O. Box 199 ALGERIA Parramatta NSW 2150 AUSTRALIA CHOLDY, Leonidas IMRIE, Bruce Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuart~ CSIRO Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria The Cunningham Labora~orv Estafeta Postal no. 9 Mill Road 5800 Rio Cuarto St. Lucia 1067 ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA BAILEY, David LOW, Alistair Continental Grain Co. Division of Irrigation Industrial Drive Research Moree, New South Wales 2400 Griffith, NSW 2680 AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA JACKSON, Kenneth James BUZZA, Gregory 25 Buckland Street Plant Breeding Section Biloela, Queensland 4715 Animal Research Institute AUSTRALIA Dept. of Agriculture Werribee, Victoria, 3030 AUSTRALIA TANASCH, Laila DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE Inst. f. Pflanzenbau u. Department of Primary Industries Pflanzenzuechtung G.P.O. Box 46 Universitaet fuer Bodenkultur Brisbane, QLD 4001 Gregor Mendel - Str. 33 AUSTRALIA A-1180 Vienna AUSTRIA GOULTER, Ken RAI, B.K. Pacific Seeds Caribbean Agricultural Cnr. Anzac Avenue and Research and Development Alderley Street, Toowoomba Institute Queensland 4350 P.O. Box 2 AUSTRALIA Ministry of Agriculture, Belmopan, BELICE • This is an additional list of names of sesame and safflower workers and institutions to the one appeared in Newsletter NQ 1 of 1985. Names of issue N2 1 do not appear in the present list. -111- INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACION Y DE GROOT, Kirk EXPERIMENTACIONES DE NORDESTE EXCAN (IPEANE) 800, 360 Main C.P. 205 Winnipeg, Manitoba Engenho Curado, Recife Pernambuco CANADA R3C 3Z3 BRAZIL ANGELOV, Yordan Milkov DE MARCH, G. Institut of Plant Introduction Research Station and Genetic Resources Research Branch, 4122 Sadovo, Ploudiv Agriculture Canada B ULG A.RI A 107 Science Crescent Saskatoon, Saskatchewan CANADA S7N OX2 ALDERSON, Dale SeCan Assoc~ation DOWNEY, R.K. 45 Columbia Drive Research Station, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Agriculture C~nada CANADA S 7K lE6 107 Science Crescent Saskatoon, Sask. S7N OX2 CANADA BELISLE, Deanne Plant Industry Branch DRYSDALE, Robert M. Saskatchewan Agriculture Technical Editor Walter Scott Building IORC, Ottawa, Box 8500 3085 Albert Street CANADA llG 3H 9 Regina, Saskatchewan CANADA S 48 OB 1 BURCH, Lynda D. DROOG, Torn Canadian Grain Commission Alberta Sunflower Seeds Ltd. Grain Research Laboratory P.O. Box 767 1312 - 303 Main Street Bow Island, Alberta Winnipeg, Man~toba CANADA TOK OGO CANADA R3C 3G9 HALL, R. CRANE, Brian Department of Environmental Balfour Guthrie and Company Biology 167 Lombard Avenue Univerity of Guelph Winnipeg, Manitoba Guelph, Ontario CANADA R3B OV3 CANADA N1G 2W1 HUANG, Henry C. CRANE, Don Agriculture Canada Allstate Grain Company Research Station 8431 160th Street Lethbridge, Alberta Surrey, British Columbia CANADA T 1J 4B 1 CANADA V3S 3T9 -112-' . KOTECHA, Ashok TISDALE, Rob. Department of Plant Science Northern Sales Co • Ltd. Univerity of Guelph 5th Floor, 200 Portage Ave. Guelph, Ontario' Winnipeg Manitoba CANADA CANADA R3C' 3·X2 TSUKAMOTTO, Joe Y. HAWTIN, Geoffrey Charles Soils & Crops Branch Associate Director, Crops & Manitoba Department of An1mals Production Agriculture lORe, 5990 Iona Drive Marketing and Production Vancouver BC V6T 1L4 Division CANADA 1129 Queens, Ave. Brandon, Manitoba CANADA R7A 1L9 KIEHN, Ferdinand Agriculture Canada WHITE, Larry R.. Research Station SeCan Association P.O. Box 3001 . 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