Theras and His Town Chapters I-VI

World History, Part I

Instructor’s Guide and Notes by John & Sarita Holzmann

Major Non-Western Cultures/Introduction/Page

Week 9—Five-Day Schedule Date: Day 1 41 Day 2 42 Day 3 43 Day 4 44 Day 5 45 Bible Reading 2 Chronicles 25 2 Chronicles 26 2 Chronicles 27 2 Chronicles 28 2 Chronicles 29:1-19

Children's Bible Handbook Lesson 9, plus one “To Think About and Do” problem each day.

Memorization Finish memorizing Psalm 15 this week.

History The Story of the World: chap. 28 chap. 29 chap. 30 chap. 30 chap. 31 Ancient Times pp. 220-225 pp. 233-237 pp. 237-240 ❏ ❏ History Guide pp. 7-18 ❏ ❏ ➣ ❏ The Usborne Encyclopedia pp. 190-191 pp. 185-187 pg. 174 pg. 175 of World History History Guide pp. 31-49 Current Events ❏ Readers Archimedes and the Door chaps. 1-2 chaps. 3-4 chaps. 5-6 chaps. 7-10 chaps. 11-end of Science ❏ ➣ ❏ ➣ ❏ Reader Guide pp. 5-6

Read-Aloud(s) The Trojan War Part IV chap. 3 chaps. 4-5 chaps. 6-7 Part V Read-Aloud Guide pp. 71-74 chaps. 1-2 chap. 1 ➣ ❏

Other Notes

World History, Part 1 ♦ Section Two ♦ Week 9 ♦ Schedule

Week 9—Four-Day Schedule Date: Day 1 41 Day 2 42 Day 3 43 Day 4 44 Day 5 45 Bible Reading 2 Chronicles 17 2 Chronicles 18 2 Chronicles 19 2 Chronicles 20

Children's Bible Handbook Lesson 9, plus one “To Think About and Do” problem each day.

Memorization Finish memorizing Psalm 15 this week.

History The Story of the World: chap. 27 chap. 28 chap. 28 chap. 29 Ancient Times pp. 215-220 pp. 220-225 ❏ ➣ ❏ ❏ History Guide pp. 7-18 The Usborne Encyclopedia pg. 184 pp. 188-189 pp. 190-191 pp. 185-187 of World History ➣ ❏ ➣ ❏ History Guide pp. 31-49 Current Events ❏ Readers Theras and His Town chaps. xii-xv chaps. xvi-xviii chaps. xix-xxii chaps. xxiii-xxvii Reader Guide pp. 49-50 ➣ ❏ ➣ ❏ ➣ ❏ ➣ ❏

Read-Aloud(s) The Trojan War Part I chaps. 3-5 Part II chap. 2 Read-Aloud Guide pp. 71-74 chaps. 1-2 chap. 1 ➣ ❏

➣ ❏ Favorite Poems pp. 106-108 pp. 109-112 pp. 113-115 pp. 116-121 Old and New

Other Notes

World History, Part 1 ♦ Section Two ♦ Week 9 ♦ Schedule

The Olmec of Central America, or “Mesoamerica,” lived For amusement, Romans would watch the gladiators in Mexico (ca. 1200-900 BC). They built dirt pyramids, perform in the arena. These performances were often and created enormous statues of heads nine feet tall. blood-baths, with men (often prisoners from conquests) killing each other. Chapter 27 Chapter 29 Rome founded (753 BC) Punic Wars (264-146 BC) ➣ Rome; Italy Hannibal (ca. 247-182 BC) Events and Comments for Study and Discussion Hannibal crossed Alps with elephants (218 BC) A king put his grandsons, Romulus and Remus, into Events and Comments for Study and Discussion baskets on the Tiber River to keep them from coming to power. A wolf found the two babies and suckled Carthage and Rome went to war. Both cities wanted to them until a shepherd adopted them. When the boys control trade on the Mediterranean. were grown, they came to seven hills. The brothers Carthage had the early advantage because they had a thought it would be shrewd to build a city on hills, navy and Rome did not even know how to make ships. since such a city would be hard to attack. Romulus But when a Carthaginian ship wrecked on the Italian declared himself king of the town, but Remus coast, the Romans studied it and figured out how to challenged him. Romulus then killed Remus and copy it. named his city “Rome,” after himself (753 BC). Thus, © 2005 by Sonlight Curriculum,2005 by Sonlight © Rome was founded. Hannibal crossed the Alps with forty elephants, specially trained to fight. The Romans fled in terror, and The Etruscans lived in northern Italy (ca. 800 BC). They Hannibal fought up and down Italy. traveled to Greece, and learned Greek culture. Under Roman general Scipio, the Romans sailed to The Romans sought to control all of Italy and Carthage and attacked. Hannibal returned home to conquered the Etruscans. The Etruscans taught the help his city, but his soldiers were defeated. Carthage Romans Greek culture. finally surrendered. (The First Punic War was from 264- In Rome, only rich and powerful men could vote. They 241 BC; the Second Punic War was from 218-202 BC.) Ltd. All rights reserved. were the patricians. Two patricians were elected to control the city, called the consuls. Chapter 30 Chapter 28 Aryans control Indus Valley (1500-500 BC) Gautama Buddha (563-483 BC) founds Buddhism Events and Comments for Study and Discussion (ca. 500 BC) The Romans worshipped the same gods as the Greeks, but renamed them. For example, Zeus became Jupiter; ➣ Ganges River Poseidon became Neptune; and Aphrodite became Venus. Events and Comments for Study and Discussion Once the Romans controlled all of Italy, they built roads Settlers, called “Aryans,” came to the Indus Valley (ca. so they could govern well. They first dug wide ditches, 1500 BC, with the high point of civilization ca. 500 BC). then filled the ditches with sand, poured small stones They worshipped the gods Shiva and Ganga, some of on top of the sand, and poured concrete over the the gods of Hinduism. stones. They put paving stones on top of the concrete, All Hindu believers worship the Ganges River. and set up mile markers between cities. Some of Rome’s roads are still in use today. In Hinduism, the story of creation begins with an enormous man, named Purusha. The gods divide up his The Romans were the first to use concrete; they built body and it becomes the earth. For example, the head apartment houses up to five stories tall. becomes the sky and the eyes the sun. The Romans also designed a way to get water into the Different castes also came from Purusha. The Brahmin cities. They built aqueducts, or bridges that transport caste came from Purusha’s mouth. They were the water. priests, people of honor, wealth, and intelligence. The warriors came from Purusha’s arms. They protected

14 ♦ World History, Part 1 ♦ History Study Guide ♦ The Story of the World: Ancient Times

pg. 185 These fights took place in amphitheatres, including the Coliseum, which held 50,000 people. Events and Comments for Study and Discussion There were also dangerous chariot races and plays for The Punic Wars began in 264 BC between Rome and Romans to enjoy. These plays were mainly comedies Carthage and lasted until Carthage was destroyed in with lots of music and dancing. 146 BC. The Romans then conquered all the lands Romans played board and gambling games and around the Mediterranean. relaxed in public parks and gardens. General Julius Caesar seized power of Rome in 49 BC, but some senators stabbed him when they thought he wanted to make himself king. pg. 192 In 31 BC Augustus defeated Mark Anthony and became ➣ Judea Rome’s first emperor. Events and Comments for Study and Discussion pp. 186-187 Christianity began with Jesus, who picked twelve disciples in AD 30 and began healing people and Events and Comments for Study and Discussion preaching about the kingdom of God. Over the next 150 years the Romans built a huge empire. It Jesus was arrested and crucified because the Jewish was at its largest under Emperor Trajan in AD 117. religious leaders and Romans were afraid his ideas might lead to a rebellion.

The Romans won many wars because they had a Curriculum,2005 by Sonlight © strong, well-organized army who fought in disciplined After he was crucified Jesus rose from the dead and his groups. They surrounded cities and then used clever followers spread his message. techniques to conquer them. Romans built many strong roads to help soldiers travel pg. 193 long distances easily. Events and Comments for Study and Discussion

pp. 188-189 Christianity spread quickly but many early Christians Ltd. All rights reserved. were tortured and killed because emperors saw the ➣ Pompeii Christians as rebels. Christians often met in secret and used secret symbols Events and Comments for Study and Discussion to distinguish themselves. When Rome conquered a land, they installed a In AD 312 Emperor Constantine accepted the Christian governor and made sure people paid taxes and faith after seeing a cross in the sky before battle. He followed Roman rules. helped Christianity spread across Europe and built the New well-planned Roman towns with temples and first great churches. baths were built all over the empire. In AD 391 Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the Rich people in Rome had fancy, spacious, houses with official religion of the Roman Empire. gardens, central heating, and their own water supply. Romans built aqueducts because they needed water pg. 194 for public baths and fountains. These pipes carried water a great distance across hills and valleys. ➣ Constantinople The wealthy town Pompeii in southern Italy was buried Events and Comments for Study and Discussion under ash and scorching lava in AD 79 when Mount Vesuvius erupted. Rome weakened in AD 200 when the Roman armies chose their own emperors and fighting broke out among the soldiers. pp. 190-191 At this time the barbarians attacked Rome. Events and Comments for Study and Discussion General Diocletian reorganized the army and made it Gladiators were slaves or criminals who entertained bigger. In AD 286 Diocletian split the Roman Empire in crowds. Thousands were killed in this sport. two.

38 ♦ World History, Part 1 ♦ History Study Guide ♦ The Usborne Encyclopedia of World History

Archimedes and the Door of Science Setting What allows the Greeks to devote themselves to learning and the arts? (slaves do all the tasks in the empire) Sicily; 200s BC Chapters 3-4 Overview ➣ Alexandria E (map 1) Archimedes (ca. 287-212 BC) Archimedes, born on the island of Sicily, was perhaps General Comprehension Questions the greatest mathematician in the history of the world. Why does Archimedes go to Alexandria? (to attend the He began the science of mechanics, which deals with Museum—or University—established by Ptolemy, the first the actions of forces on things, hydrostatics (the government-sponsored scientific institution, which paid pressure of liquids), the laws of the lever and pulleys, for scientists to study) the principle of buoyancy, how to measure specific gravity, the Archimedean screw, an astronomical Why are Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius famous? machine that showed the eclipses and estimated a (the three greatest mathematicians of the ancient world, year’s length, used numbers bigger than imaginable, all learned at the Museum) started the road to calculus, and gave the world a way What is a machine? (any mechanical device that helps us to think about mathematics. This book describes these do work, even a screw) finds in greater detail, as well as telling about the end of his life: his war machines and his death. What is work, scientifically speaking? (any movement) What is force? (a push or a pull) General Comprehension Question What is the difference between a tool, an engine or motor, and a generator? (a tool is a machine with no moving Which of Archimedes’ inventions or discoveries do you parts, an engine or motor changes one kind of energy into like the most? Which do you (personally) use? mechanical power that moves things, and a generator Ltd. All rights reserved. Ltd. All rights reserved. changes mechanical power into electrical power) Chapters 1-2 Chapters 5-6 ➣ Siracusa (Syracuse) Q; Sicily W (map 1) Tell the story of the word, “Eureka!” (King Hiero wanted General Comprehension Questions to know if his new crown was pure gold, so he asked Archimedes, who puzzled for days; when he got into his

©2005 by Sonlight Curriculum, Curriculum, by Sonlight ©2005 How is a new baby welcomed into the world in 287 BC bath, he realized that the water he displaced showed his in Greece? (an olive branch hangs outside the door, a density, and he ran through the streets naked shouting slave dips him in water and oil and wraps him in a woolen “Eureka! I have found it!”) band, when he is five days old, the nurse runs around the household’s hearth with all the rest of the household How does a density test work? (a specific weight of gold running behind, and the family has a party to name the will displace a certain amount of water; silver, a less dense baby at ten days of age) metal, will displace more water with the same weight; each substance has its own specific density) Why does Archimedes not write about algebra? (algebra cannot exist without zero, and no one thought of Why does a ball of steel sink to the bottom of the ocean, zero for hundreds of years) but a steel ship can float? (a floating object displaces its own weight in water; a steel ball is too heavy for the water, but Why does the world seem smaller today, even though if the steel spreads itself out throughout much water, it floats) we know about the whole world? (we can travel much more quickly than the ancients could) How could Archimedes predict when an eclipse would happen? (he built a model of the heavens that turned by Do the Greeks like questions and arguments? (yes: water power; the planets rotated accurately) wondering is the beginning of thinking, and if one listens in an argument as well as talk, one shares ideas and does not grow angry) Chapters 7-10 What is the greatest ideal of the Greeks? (self-restraint: What is pi and how does Archimedes find it? (the ratio self-control, discipline, order in thinking and acting) between the diameter of a circle and its circumference; he

World History, Part 1 ♦ Reader Study Guide ♦ Archimedes and the Door of Science ♦ 5

Theras and His Town

Chapters I-VI General Comprehension Questions ➣ Athens Q; Troy W; Delphi E; Olympia R; Hymettos What is Chios? (an island in the sea where slaves are Mountain T (map 1) bought and sold) General Comprehension Questions When Pheidon goes to war, how is he dressed? (he wears a cuirass, a piece of armor to protect his chest and What is a pedagogue? (a slave who goes with an Athenian back; a short skirt like a kilt, made of leather covered with boy to school; the pedagogue accompanies the boy, carries metal; metal leggings, and sandals; he carries a shield and the wax tablet [his writing pad], his stylus [his pencil], and wears a helmet with a horsehair crest) lyre; the pedagogue also punishes the boy if necessary) How does a trireme look? (it is long and narrow; near the How large are Athenian schools? (Athens has many waterline are portholes for men to row; above these is another small schools, with perhaps thirty students or less) row with more portholes, and above these is a third level; the three banks of oars all row at the same time) What subjects do boys study? (they must learn to read and write, to play the lyre, and to sing the two great poems of Homer) Chapters XVI-XVIII What do boys do on the athletic field? (they run, wrestle, ➣ Sparta {; Aigaleos Hill }; Bay of Salamis q; Eleusis w; jump, and throw) Megara e; Skironian Rocks r (map 1) How does an Athenian man spend his time? (none work in business; a man might own a farm or ships, but slaves General Comprehension Questions do the labor, not he; Athenians instead work for the city. A man might be a judge, and a sponsor for a choir, for example. When the ship sinks, the farm fails, and her husband All men have to exercise every day, since all men are dies, what can Arethusa do? (nothing; Athenian women fighters and must be ready to protect the city at all times) are not allowed to work; she must sit and rely on the care Ltd. All rights reserved. Ltd. All rights reserved. of her relatives) Who are Harmodios and Aristogeiton? (two young men who lived under a tyrant who would not let the Athenians How is travel different for Athenians than for Spartans? vote; these two young men hid swords in myrtle branches (Athenians talk with each other and share stories, which and killed the king during a festival; they were makes the time go quickly; Spartans say nothing) immediately killed by the king’s guard, but all Athens What are the Skironian Rocks? (traditionally a hiding became free as a result) place for robbers; Skiron, the first robber, threw people off the rocks to his pet tortoise who would eat them; another ©2005 by Sonlight Curriculum, Curriculum, by Sonlight ©2005 Chapters VII-XI robber, Procrustes, put his victims on a bed; if they are too tall, he would cut off the legs; if too short, he would pull Does Athens have any defense other than the men- the legs out; the hero Theseus had killed both men) fighters? (a wall around Athens protects the city) Who is the most important “person” in Athens? Chapters XIX-XXII (Athena; all the Athenians believe in her, and trust that she loves Athens more than any other city) ➣ Corinth (Isthmus of Corinth) t; Gulf of Corinth y; Aegean Sea u; Tegea J; Taygetos Mountains K (map 1) Are Athenian statues decorated? (they are painted with lifelike colors so they look alive) ➣ Scotland Q (map 2) What does Phidias make? (an enormous statue of Athena, made of gold and ivory) General Comprehension Questions What is the most beautiful building in Athens? (the Why does Theras not tell Hippias that Skyllis was Parthenon, which is still beautiful, even broken down and asleep? (“everybody hates the teller of evil stories. Even missing a roof) those who want to hear the story hate him who tells”) Do you believe this? If you do, I think you will have better Chapters XII-XV control of your tongue than most! Why do the Greeks desire to bury their dead? (because ➣ Piraeus Y; Chios U; Ephesus I; Samos O; Miletus P unburied dead roam the earth forever as ghosts, wishing (map 1) they could rest)

World History, Part 1 ♦ Reader Study Guide ♦ Theras and His Town ♦ 49 Theras and His Town - Map 1 : O I o W U T u } F Q Y q w [ E r e t { J p y A i S ] R K P D G H L

The Trojan War Part I, Chapter 1 Chapter 3 Nature Studies Question ➣ Ithaca Q (map 1) What is a cuttlefish? (cuttlefish is a soft, boneless animal Comprehension Question related to the squid. It is found in most seas except those surrounding the Americas. It usually lives on the sea Was Helen the only cause of the Trojan War? (no—also, bottom near the shore. The cuttlefish ranges in size from the Greeks disliked the commercial advantage of Troy and about 3 inches [8 centimeters] to about 5 feet [1.5 meters] wished to gain supremacy) long. Its oval body is commonly brown with crossbands and purple spots. It is brilliantly metallic in the sunlight Narration Question and often changes color. The cuttlefish’s body is surrounded with a frilled fin. The cuttlefish has eight short Describe Palamedes’ shrewd scheme and why it was arms and two long armlike tentacles that surround the necessary. mouth. Both arms and the tentacles have rows of hard and rough suckers. The tentacles can be pulled into pockets behind the eyes. The cuttlefish uses its arms to Chapter 4 attach itself to objects. The cuttlefish can use its tentacles Cultural Literacy Question and arms to capture prey such as prawns, crabs, and fish. The cuttlefish has an internal shell called the cuttlebone. Who are the Fates? (Fates were three goddesses who The broad cuttlebone is porous and chalky. It is often used ruled people’s lives. According to Greek and Roman in making toothpaste. The cuttlefish moves by using its fin mythology, the goddesses spun and cut the thread of life. or by forcing water from a funnellike organ on its The Fates were usually described as stern, gloomy, elderly backside. To hide from enemies, the cuttlefish can bury goddesses. But in ancient Greece, they were also worshiped itself in the sand, camouflage itself, or darken the water by sometimes as goddesses who helped with childbirth and a Ltd. All rights reserved. Ltd. All rights reserved. pouring out an inky substance. This substance contains successful harvest [source: 2003 World Book]) the brown pigment called sepia. Ink made from sepia was widely used in ancient times [source: 2003 World Book]) Chapter 5 Comprehension Question Comprehension Question Why does Paris choose Aphrodite? (he is too overawed Why are the Greeks not outraged at Iphigenia’s death? by Hera, too simple for Athene, but understands love and (they think of their future glory, not the murder) ©2005 by Sonlight Curriculum, Curriculum, by Sonlight ©2005 beauty, so chooses Aphrodite’s gifts) Critical Thinking Question Chapter 2 Compare Agamemnon’s sacrifice of Iphigenia with Abraham’s near sacrifice of Isaac (found in Genesis 22). Geography Question Locate a map with various ancient locations: Troy in Asia, Menelaus’ Greece, and others in this book. (see Part II, Chapter 1 www.geocities.com/tmartiac//thalassa ➣ Thebe and the Pillars of Heracles (Hercules) W (map 1) /ancgreecemap.htm if you can’t find one) Comprehension Question Comprehension Question What is Cassandra’s gift and punishment? (she can Of what treacheries is the fleeing couple guilty? (Helen foretell the future, but is never believed) treacherously leaves her husband; Paris, a guest, robs his host) Critical Thinking Question Chapter 2 Menelaus acknowledges that each man has a different Comprehension Question gift, and Paris defends his as more divinely blessed because beauty and grace come only from the gods. How do Protesilaus’ parents think differently about What do you think of this argument? time than Laodamia? (the parents know that time passes, though slowly; Laodamia thinks time will never pass)

World History, Part 1 ♦ Read-Aloud Study Guide ♦ The Trojan War ♦ 71 The Trojan War - Map 1 W E Q