INTEGRATED DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

Situation Analysis for

Nyabihu District

Final Version, January 2016

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Mayor’s Foreword ...... 5 Functions and Limitations of the LUP ...... 6 Methodology Applied for Integrated District Development Planning ...... 6 Planning Horizon and Period of Validation ...... 7 Base Map ...... 7 Population Projected per Sector 2012-2017 ...... 8 Observations Census and Projected Population Year 2012 ...... 8 Population Projection 2012 – 2017 ...... 9 National and District Objectives to Be Focused On/ ...... 11 Prioritized/Implemented During the Planning Period 2012-2017 ...... 11 Vision 2020 ...... 11 Economic Development for Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) ...... 12 District Profile and SWOT Analysis ...... 12 Profile: ...... 12 Geographical, population and socio-economic situation ...... 12 Geographical Situation ...... 12 2.2.2 Demography ...... 13 Source: NISR, 2012 Population and Housing Census Report on provisional results. November 2012 ...... 13 2.2 Socio-Economic Situation ...... 13 Swot Analyses ...... 13 Strengths ...... 14 Weakness ...... 14 Opportunities (in the future) ...... 14 Threats ...... 14 Sector Needs Assessment ...... 15 Methodology ...... 15 Performance Indicators and Assessment Tools...... 16 Socio-Economic ...... 18 Administration ...... 18 Housing and Urbanization ...... 19 Mixed Housing interpretation ...... 21 Urban Area Definition ...... 22 District Centre Urban Function ...... 22 Existing LDP alignment with NLUDMP ...... 23 Mixed Housing interpretation ...... 23 Urban Rural Population Distribution ...... 24 Informal Settlement Upgrading ...... 24 Imidugudu Development ...... 25 Education ...... 27 Health ...... 31 Security and Justice ...... 32 Cultural Heritage ...... 33 Commercial (Economic Development and Job Promotion) ...... 33 Tourism ...... 35

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Agriculture ...... 36 price stability ...... 36 Thematic map showing ‘erosion risk 2013’...... 37 Mining...... 38 Thematic map showing ‘Mining 2013’...... 38 Industry...... 39 Forestry ...... 40 Infrastructure ...... 41 Transportation and Road System ...... 42 Power Supply/Energy ...... 43 Information and Communication Technology ...... 45 Water and Sanitation ...... 45 Risk and Suitability Analysis ...... 47 Public Consultation after Situation Analysis ...... 49 Public Awareness ...... 49 Consultation at National Level ...... 50 Public Hearing and Consultations in Relation to the LUP ...... 50 Proposed Land Use Development during the Planning Period 2012-2017 ...... 51 Binding Directives for Land Use Changes of Areasand Hubs of National Interest till 2020 ...... 51 Proposed Projects to Be Implemented During the Planning Period 2012-2017 ...... 51 Equitable Distribution of (National Provision of) Public Services over the Country ...... 52 Implementation of De-concentration Urban Policy ...... 52 Implementation of Sound Imidugudu Policy ...... 52 Implementation of Projects for Improved Agricultural Production ...... 52 Implementation of Projects for Increased Forestry Production ...... 52 Intensification of Mineral Deposit Exploitation ...... 52 Implementation of Projects for Tourism Development ...... 52 Exploitation and Supply of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Resources ...... 52 Revitalization of Transportation System ...... 52 Conservation and Protection of Natural Biodiversity...... 52 Public Consultation for the Draft Plan Proposal...... 52 Plan Finalization, Approval and Appeal Process ...... 52 Protocols for Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 52 Creating an (I)DDP Project Management GIS Application ...... 52 Project Objectives ...... 52 Appendix ...... 52 Vision 2020 ...... 52 EDPRS ...... 52 NICI – PLAN 3 ...... 52 Population Projections 2010-2020 ...... 52 Guidelines for DISTRICT LAND USE PLAN (DLUP) Data Management ...... 52 Binding Directives for Land Use Changes of Areas and Hubs of National Interest till 2020 ...... 52

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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... 53 List of Figures, Maps and Tables ...... 53 List of Boxes ...... 53 List of Photographs ...... 53

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Mayor’s Foreword

‘The Land Use Plan for is a new concept for district development planning aligned and harmonized with the National Land Use and Development Master Plan (NLUDMP) and other national directives. Integrated district development planning is one of the key tools for local government to manage its new developmental role. In contrast to the relatively narrow role planning had in the past, integrated development planning is now seen as a function of District management, as part of an integrated system of planning and delivery. The integrated process is meant to support decisions on issues such as District budgets, land management, promotion of local economic development and institutional transformation, and to achieve this in a consultative, systematic and strategic manner. Integrated District Development Plans, however, will not only inform the District management; they are also supposed to guide the activities of any agency from other spheres of government, corporate service providers, NGOs and the private sector within the District area. The role of the LUP is to give decision makers quick and simple digital access to information in a spatial (map enabled) context. It will thereby contribute to the fulfillment of overall national objectives, e.g. Vision 2020, security, poverty alleviation, gender balance, conflict resolution and environmental protection.Furthermore it will enhance the impact of the NLU DMP by introducing a spatial dimension of the District Development Planning using GIS as a tool. The goal of integrated development planning is to achieve more efficient and more effective delivery of both District and other services to communities, and the creation of a framework for economic and social development in the District. A number of links also exist between integrated development planning and intended developmental outcomes.’

TWAHIRWA Abdoulatif Mayor of NYABIHU District

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Functions and Limitations of the LUP Methodology Applied for Integrated District Development Planning Based on the general methodological approach applied during the preparation of this plan, a tailored methodology to be applied for the LUP preparation is presented. The figure below shows the steps of preparations and it also defines the list of contents of the LUP.

The figure below illustrates a proposed IDDP Planning Process.

Simply, the Plan uses data from the sector planning and applies the information into a land use perspective, normally presented in a map format. The result will be as follows:  Overlapping and many times conflicting sector interests will be visualized, which automatically will prompt for an inter-diciplinary process to reduce land use conflicts.  Overlays of sector layers will display an overlapping and contradictory picture. The reason for this are to be found in sector interests without any synchronization and/or results based on ‘drainpipe’ legislation and lack of coordination between various authorities. And as long as enforcement is weak, these overlapping and contradictory land and water-uses can exist on paper. However, by using GIS, conflicting regulations and land uses become transparent and have to be resolved;  Sector allocation of services between districts can be optimized with comparative analysis. The map format clearly points out deviances and where actions should be prioritized;  The spatial distribution of services will become very transparent and will facilitate for the district to allocate new service points in an optimal way to serve the objective of equal provision of public services;  Hazardous areas not suitable for a specific land use can be identified to prevent future risks and/or unproductive investments.

Furthermore, in the Rwandan context, the Plan utilized modern planning techniques such as Geographic Information System (GIS), which has proven to be an effective tool for a wide range of applications, When combined with other technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and Remote Sensing (RS) further

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provides an enhanced and invaluable tool to use with other databases and spatial information in, various stages of sustainable development planning and management of the environment. An appropriately designed, funded and staffed GIS is able to present complex relationships in a simple and easily understood scenario. The basic analytical methods of GIS tools include:

 Establishing a benchmark measurement of existing conditions to allow decision makers to see where the problems lie. They can then determine whether a new project will help correct these problems or just make them worse;  Forecasting what will happen if a society continues to grow in the same way, then measuring the impacts – whether positive or negative – of alternative land-use scenarios;  Comparing several alternative land-use scenarios in order to help select a preferred alternative for adoption and implementation;  Evaluating policy decisions after they are implemented to ensure that they are meeting the original objectives.

Planning Horizon and Period of Validation A validation period of 5 years (2013-2017) in line with other national and local revolving plans is proposed. Being the first Land Use Plan ever made based on a new concept not previously tested it is likely that that Land Use Plan might need improvement s and other types of revisions during the planning period.

Base Map A Base Map serves as a background layer for the preparation of various sectors or the matic information. It reflects the boundaries of the whole study area, the major roads, settlement pattern/urban-rural and important naming for easy reference and the important natural features such as lakes, streams and rivers. Different types of information may be reflected and overlaid in the base map that would enable the user to visually relate development trends, constraints, etc. in the thematic area of study.

For the District land use planning a District Base Map has been prepared. This map is used in the preparation of needs analysis maps based on population distribution and population projection. The common denominator is the sector administrative area. In a GIS, each thematic sector, such as education, can add layers with data from its own field that will be analyzed and exposed in a comprehensive format. Most of the districts can be presented on the scale of 1:50,000 which is suitable to be placed in a display or to be hanged on the wall in an A1 or A0 paper size.

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The map below presents the Base Map on a reduced scale for NYABIHU District. The Base Map is available with the District Land Officer who can assist with a copy.

Population Projected per Sector 2012-2017

A District’s population and how it is geographically distributed can influence the state of land use through the rate of growth and household formation, access to basic services and infrastructure, age distribution and employment opportunities, rural and urban environment and sustainable use and access to natural resources.The impact of human needs versus available resources, in the context of emerging , leads to increasing constraints to provide the growing population with basic human rights; food, shelter, access to quality social services and infrastructure.

Observations Census and Projected Population Year 2012 Projections are being made based on Census 2002. However, Provisional results from the Census 2012 have been published showing data for the sectors. It is therefore possible to make a comparison between ‘actual’ (Census data) and projected data for year 2012 and draw some conclusions about eventual disparities. The map below presents the difference between actual and projected population.

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In Bigogwe and Karago Sector there is the most apparent deviances between census and projection because there were some people that left this Sectors to be live in because of disasters (People leaving in high in high risk zones for example former Gishwati), in the other Sectors; the reason is that the mobilisation about family planning and reduction of polygamy. There are also some people that left to the Eastern Province for the reason of searching land for farming and .

Population Projection 2012 – 2017

The growth of the population per sector is preferably illustrated by a series of maps showing the increased population density. Population density is a key indicator for economic growth, service and utility provision and risks for environmental degradation. Please observe that areas of lakes and protected areas are always subtracted from the total District area for better representation and the sector is being used for comparative analysis.

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The color coding reflects the density increase for easy comprehension of the data: Light color for low density and increasing hue for higher densities of the sector. Also the average sector density in the District is presented in the middle interval of the density scale.

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National and District Objectives to Be Focused On/ Prioritized/Implemented During the Planning Period 2012-2017 Vision 2020

The Vision 2020 is aspiration and determination of Rwandans, to construct a united, democratic and inclusive Rwandan identity, after so many years of authoritarian and exclusivist dispensation. We aim, through this Vision, to transform our country into middle - income nation in. which Rwandans are healthier, educated and generally more prosperous. The we seek is one that is united and competitive both regional/provincially and locally.

To achieve this, the Vision 2020 identifies six interwoven pillars, including good governance and efficient State, skilled human capital, vibrant private sector, world-class physical infrastructure and modern agriculture and livestock, all geared towards national, regional and global markets.

This Vision is a result of a national consultative process conducted between 1997 and 2000. These discussions and debates involved Rwandans from all walks of life, including leadership of all levels in the business community, government, academia and civil society. Please refer to Appendix 1for the entire Vision 2020.

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A Revision of Indicators and Targets for Vision 2020 has been made, see Appendix 1for more details.

In the LUP preparation an analysis has been made to see which indicators of Vision 2020 have a spatial implication on local level and efforts have been made to show how these indicators can be fulfilled in the planning period. The analysis is found in Appendix 1

Economic Development for Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) Rwanda’s Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) sets out the country’s objectives, priorities and major policies for the period 2008-2012. It provides a road map to government, development partners, the private sector and civil society which indicates where Rwanda wants to go, what it needs to do to get there, how it is going to do it, what the journey is going to cost and how it will be financed. The strategy provides a medium-term framework for achieving the country’s long term development aspirations as embodied in Rwanda Vision 2020, the seven year Government of Rwanda (GoR) programme, and the Millennium Development Goals.

District Profile and SWOT Analysis District profiling is an attempt to present a comprehensive picture of a district’s development potentials. The idea is that the information can guide both public and private investments utilizing this nature driven and man-made capacity to Nyabihu District.

Profile: Geographical, population and socio-economic situation Geographical Situation

Located in the Western Province of Rwanda and in the west part of the country, Nyabihu District has 12 sectors that are Bagogwe, Jenda, Jomba, Kabatwa, Karago, Kintobo, Mukamira, Mulinga, Rambura, Rugera, Rurembo, and Shyira. These sectors are themselves divided into 73 cells and 473 villages. Taking into account its administrative limits, in the north there is and the Birunga National Park, which separates it with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the South, there is Ngororero and Rutsiro Districts, and in the East there is Gakenke and Musanze Districts. Finally, in the West there is Rubavu District Its geographical relief is characterized by 90% rugged mountains with a slope of more than 55% creating a high risk of erosion so that the need for the establishment of effective mechanisms for control and prevention of erosion and other harms associated with climate change is very high. The characteristic of the is sandy and clay, laterite and volcanic. It is very fertile. Precipitation is almost uniformly over every month and close to 1400 mm per year. It has a temperate climate with an average temperature of 150 C favorable for the growth of the agro-pastoral products throughout the year with less risk of development of bacteria and diseases. In terms of fauna and flora, there is Gishwati natural forest and Volcanoes National Parks that are the home of diverse animal and plant species

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2.2.2 Demography According to the 2012 Census on Population and Housing, the population of Nyabihu district is estimated at 268,367inhabitants with 1% population growth, which is the lowest nationally. Nevertheless, the Nyabihu District has a very high density estimated at 556 inhabitants per square km according to the same source. Concerning the total fertility rate, Nyabihu District has an average rate of 4.9 which is high than the national average which is 4.6. The average age at the first marriage is 21.5 years for girls against 23 years for boys. 62.5% of households have children less than 7 years and 53.2% of households are headed by women. This situation involves significant investments in education sector and specific programs to support for women.

Summary of Demographic situation of Nyabihu District 2012 Sector 2002 Total 2012 Sex Population Average Population Population Population Ratio Change Annual Density (2002-2012) Growth (sq.km) Male Female Total (%) Rate (2002- 2012) (%) BIGOGWE 32,317 15,138 16,504 31,642 92 -2.1 -0.2 606 JENDA 34,679 16,376 18,303 34,679 89 35.1 3.1 725 JOMBA 19,139 9,498 11,149 20,647 85 7.9 0.8 589 KABATWA 14,957 8,906 10,045 18,951 89 26.7 2.4 364 KARAGO 25,498 11,944 13,880 25,824 86 1.3 0.1 677 KINTOBO 15,508 7,108 8,345 15,453 85 -0.4 0 563 MUKAMIRA 25,830 13,508 15,603 29,111 87 12.7 1.2 755 MURINGA 20,175 10,687 12,236 22,923 87 13.6 1.3 336 RAMBURA 26,181 13,167 15,310 28,477 86 8.8 0.8 447 RUGERA 22,962 11,338 12,936 24,274 88 5.7 0.6 589 RUREMBO 23,171 11,109 12,635 23,744 88 2.5 0.2 598 SHYIRA 16,956 9,265 10,590 19,855 87 17.1 1.6 589 NYABIHU 268,367 138,044 157,536 295,580 88 10.1 1 556 Source: NISR, 2012 Population and Housing Census Report on provisional results. November 2012

2.2 Socio-Economic Situation

This sub section focuses on key sector indicator performances achieved and contributed to the District development and welfare improvement of citizen. It highlights the overall challenges to be addressed by the district in five years period in order to ensure better life to Nyabihu population and contribute to national self-reliance goal. This part tries to make the linkage between the causes and effects rooting of the poor and strong performance and from those, the priorities and strategies to overcome challenges are efficiently defined. Source: DDP

Swot Analyses SWOT analysis is a method for analyzing the district, its resources and its environment:

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Strengths  Agriculture The district of Nyabihu has a great agricultural potential, especially in the cultivation of potatoes, corn and as well as of all kinds. However, there is no processing plant for these crops, apart from a corn-processing mill in Mukamira, and the District wants to acquire a processing unit for potatoes as well as honey and milk collection centers.  Commercial and industrial activities

The common commercial activities found in the town’s centre include; general shops, butcheries, restaurants, open air market and bars. Nyabihu District has 2 bank branch (BPR,BK) and 3 Microfinance Institutions. Nyabihu Urban Center has no considerable industrial and manufacturing enterprises. There are a few newly built light industries processing. There are also other light industries processing local products such as Mukamira factory.

Weakness Actually, there is any Hotel located in Nyabihu Urban Center; however, the urban center is located near Volcano National Park. Therefore, the District authorities have to attract investors in this sector.

Opportunities (in the future) The fact that DDP of Nyabihu is to translate the EDPRS 2 target of Accelerating growth, its development considered available opportunities that will continue to boost District development. Following are some opportunities where Nyabihu as the district has advantages. What opportunities exist in the environment, which will prosper the district?  Identify them by their “time frames” Strong untapped potential in tourism (hotel round Lake Karago, Karisimbi antenna in the forest Virunga, Landscape of farm Gishwati and Gishwati, the operation of the thermal energy that is in Kabatwa cell);  potential investments in industries processing agricultural products (maize, milk, apple land, juice cap);  Strong opportunities for small livestock, poultry (chickens) and the production and processing of slaughter of livestock products;  Best position of the District to markets of eastern DRC and Uganda. That present opportunities to increase exports and to facilitate access to raw materials (maize seeds);  Operation of thermal energy Kabatwa lap which could develop medical tourism;  Potential mining including Colombo tantalic, Cassiterite, wolfram, uranium (in Karago Sector);  High consumption of the District population characterized by a high proportion of purchases of consumer goods in the market (83.5%) higher than the national average of 64.62%.  Regional integration and international paved roads Nyabihu-Rubavu to DRC and NYABIHU-MUSANZE- Cyanika to Uganda. Threats Nyabihu District economy can be appropriately described by the following two economic models. On one hand is the modern economic model (or monetary economy) which is predominantly urban and industrial. It is wholly market oriented and is supported by modern commercial, financial, and transport services. Public services, utilities and education facilities are readily available. The modern economic model is innovative and makes use of modern, 14 Nyabihu_Land_Use_Plan_Text_Book_Final_2016.docx INTEGRATED DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

often import, technology. In contrast, the larger traditional economic model, the commonest in Nyabihu District is predominantly rural. It consists of small-scale farmers employing traditional methods of subsistence agriculture but also includes non-agricultural activities such as traditional crafts, cottage industries, petty trade and small-scale construction.

The following analysis with a special emphasize on land use can be presented for Nyabihu District:

Sector Needs Assessment Methodology To have a flexible approach and allow opportunities for sound information products that adopt to various kinds of analyses the data is divided into sector folders which follow international metadata recommendations. Needs Assessments are primary done for socio-economic and infrastructure data while the Risk & Suitability Analysis depends on environment and land management data, see figure below:

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Performance Indicators and Assessment Tools Performance indicators can be developed in line with national visions and targets to assess the implementation of (I)DDP based on the existing situation according to the national or District priorities. Consequently, attribute tables with agreed indicators for services and utilities the District provides have been prepared,

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Performance indicators can be developed in line with national visions and targets to assess the existing situation of the respective District according to the national priorities. The table below illustrates some of the key indicators and assessment tools that can be used in a pilot District context.

The criteria for the indicator can be exemplified in the following way: Comparison between Administrative Comparison between Service/Utility Units Sectors of the District within the District ‘fair’ The situation is acceptable compared to Premises, grounds, structures, equipment, etc. are (green) national visions or a local assessment based in such condition so that services can be on a defined set of criteria. conducted without any serious constraints. ‘poor’ The situation is not up to the standard The condition of premises, grounds, structures, (yellow) compared to national visions or an assessment equipment, etc. are deteriorating so it is likely that based on a defined set of criteria. the facility cannot service the catchment area sufficiently within the planning period. ‘critical’ The situation is in such a poor state that The condition of premises, grounds, structures, (red) national visions cannot be met. equipment, etc. are insufficient and/or so poor already today so that the facility cannot service the catchment area sufficiently.

As this statistics are available for all administrative sectors of the District, the indicators can be compiled on a map with a District overview so that each administrative sector can be analyzed and the sector falling behind can be identified. Likewise, if the common denominator is a feature object (for example a school or a road segment), the same comparison can be done and the features that are not up to standard are easy identifiable.

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Socio-Economic Administration

The following performance indicators have been used:

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Housing and Urbanization

The Imidugudu Policy needs an urban ‘sister’ to prevent accelerated (and uncontrolled) migration to existing urban areas, predominately City. This ‘Umujyi’ Policy aims to counteract unplanned habitation and the increase of informal settlements with poor services and unhealthy conditions. Rwanda is still a low urbanized country and has a unique opportunity to set the standards for sustainable urban development that most African countries fail to do at the moment. The next ten years will be crucial if Rwanda will be a success story in this respect or join the others that have flopped.

Likewise, the urban planning should now take advantage of available spatial data in combination with modern analysis and presentation tools, strengthen the participatory process at local government level, practice conscious and applied direction of public (and private) efforts to develop District centre into urban growth points. In order to make it possible to design a modular alternative of sustainable urban development. (Extract from the National Land Use and Development Master Plan)

Table 1 : District Urbanization Analysis 1

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DISTRICT DISTRICT URBANIZATION Estimated Population ANALYSIS 2010 Built-Up Area Density Land (Pop/ % of total # Unique ID DISTRICT NAME (sqKm)* No sqKm) sqKm Land 1 0507 BUGESERA 1 222 318543 261 13,54 1,1 2 0404 BURERA 566 383003 677 2,46 0,4 3 0402 GAKENKE 703 384536 547 0,91 0,1 4 0102 GASABO 428 467678 1093 41,13 9,6 5 0503 GATSIBO 1 277 338461 265 41,13 3,2 6 0405 GICUMBI 827 429520 519 41,13 5,0 7 0202 GISAGARA 679 309778 456 2,42 0,4 8 0204 HUYE 582 312049 537 10,90 1,9 9 0208 KAMONYI 656 333074 508 1,62 0,2 10 0301 KARONGI 785 250420 319 3,27 0,4 11 0504 KAYONZA 1 365 303237 222 16,79 1,2 12 0103 KICUKIRO 167 273997 1644 30,50 18,3 13 0505 KIREHE 1 155 342955 297 23,57 2,0 14 0207 MUHANGA 648 316956 489 5,16 0,8 15 0403 MUSANZE 404 366667 907 10,61 2,6 16 0506 NGOMA 813 280732 345 9,30 1,1 17 0305 NGORORERO 618 337020 546 1,85 0,3 18 0304 NYABIHU 395 320444 812 3,73 0,9 19 0502 NYAGATARE 1 753 304608 174 15,20 0,9 20 0205 NYAMAGABE 1 090 334343 307 3,03 0,3 21 0307 NYAMASHEKE 733 388105 529 1,22 0,2 22 0201 NYANZA 672 268911 400 3,65 0,5 23 0101 NYARUGENGE 134 345802 2582 17,77 13,3 24 0203 NYARUGURU 792 279635 353 0,94 0,1 25 0303 RUBAVU 179 349443 1951 11,26 6,3 26 0206 RUHANGO 627 293537 468 2,96 0,5 27 0401 RULINDO 567 300025 529 0,75 0,1 28 0306 RUSIZI 560 396366 708 1,79 0,3 29 0302 RUTSIRO 520 315660 607 0,97 0,2 30 0501 RWAMAGANA 655 263291 402 4,81 0,7 TOTAL: 21 571 9 908 796 324,38 AVERAGE 648 10,81 2,4 AVERAGE EXCLUDING KIGALI CITY 563 8,70 1,2

Rwanda is still a low urbanized country and has a unique opportunity to set the standards for sustainable urban development that most African countries fail to do at the moment. The next ten years will be crucial if Rwanda will be a success story in this respect or join the other countries that have flopped. Likewise, the urban planning should now take advantage of available spatial data in combination with modern analysis and presentation tools strengthen the participatory process at local government level to make it possible to design a modular alternative of sustainable urban development. Conscious and Applied Direction of Public (and Private) efforts to develop District centre into urban growth points.

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Mixed Housing interpretation Mixed housing means that in a new area there should be opportunities for all income groups to settle. In this model area we propose that a new housing area of reasonable size should be divided in 25% for high income, 25% for medium income group and 50% for the low income group. However, as no official definition of the incomes groups has been found but the assumption is that a major share of the area should be reserved for families with a low income.

The design gives the following flexibility:  There is a standard plot size of 600 SqM which should accommodate 120 SqM building area;  The vertical directives imply that the structures will be in two or three storeys;  The housing unit for a family with a low income will be 30 SqM floor area, which will means that with three storey building, the plot will accommodate 12 housing units;  The housing unit for a household with medium income will be 120 SqM floor area divided in two storeys, which will means that with a two storey building, the plot will accommodate two housing units;  The housing unit for a household with high income will be 240 SqM floor area divided in two storeys, which will means that with a two storey building, the plot will accommodate one housing unit. Sustainable District Centre Development Urban functions are defined as a subsystem in order to facilitate a discussion of environmental and socio- economic issues related to specific activities within, housing, service, commercial, industry and other functions. The planning of urban areas with regard to urban functions strongly relates to the economic and social aspects of sustainability including demographic issues as well as the inclusion of unregulated settlements and poor people in the planning process. The increasing number of people moving into urban areas, as well as the structure of the population, must be considered in combination with the dimensioning, location, planning and design of housing and residential areas. Urban functions are normally defined as residential, commercial, educational, industrial production and other vital urban functions.

The challenge of bringing housing and other urban functions for poor migrants into the overall planning procedure must not be underestimated and calls for multi-stakeholder involvement including representatives of poor women and men. As pointed out before the Imidugudu policy needs to be complemented with a ‘decentralized’ modular urbanization strategy, ‘Umujyi,’ to prevent hazardous and uncontrolled migration from the rural areas into Kigali City. Attractive Districts Centres have to be established to meet people’s expectation on a life with a quality.

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Urban Area Definition  An Urban Area in Rwanda is defined as a built-up agglomeration which exceeds 20 sqKm and has a population of more than 10,000 permanent living resulting in a population density of more than 1000 persons/sqKm;  The function can, but must not be, administrative. If so, the following administrative roles can be assigned: Capital City is an urban area that holds authorities and institutions for central governance; Provincial Centre is an urban area that holds authorities and institutions for provincial governance; District Centre is an urban area that holds authorities and institutions for local governance; Sector Centre is an urban area that holds authorities and institutions for local governance.  It can be a gazetted urban area, which means that an urban development plan has been approved to steer the development of the area;  The area should be supplied with basic urban services and utilities as regard to housing, education, health, recreation, transportation, ICT, energy, water and sanitation, etc.;  Besides from Kigali City, other urban areas are not a judicial entity - they are merely an urban component of a district.

District Centre Urban Function An Urban Development Plan (UDP) shall be prepared for the layout of the District Centre, consulted and approved following the guidelines in the NLUDMP: Location: The Centre shall be located on non-fertile soil and no new permanent buildings will be allowed on slopes more than 20 degrees or where flooding occurs. Population: The Centre should accommodate more than 10,000 inhabitants and correspond to about 15 % of the respective district total population by 2020. Housing: Areas of Low, medium and (moderate) high residential density should be zoned for in a mixed context. Education: (At least) One tertiary education facility: University branch, technical college, etc. should be located in the Centre. Health: A district hospital shall provide secondary health services to the Centre and the district population. Administration: District office with an inviting and ‘transparent’ architectural design and a multi-purpose community hall should be found in the District Centre. Commercial: A pedestrian friendly shopping area with a market place should be centrally located in the Centre. Culture, sport and recreation: A sport and recreation area shall be zoned, accommodating an arena for sports and culture, swimming pool and creative playground. A multi-purposed hall shall be constructed for major cultural and official events. Protection: A district court, a district police station and a fire station would be the basis for a secure and safe living environment for the Centre and the District as a whole. Industrial: Areas with non-polluting small-scale industries should be included to have sufficient production of basic goods and exploiting local human and natural resources found specifically in the district.. Transportation: Regular public transport with gas powered vehicles shall be provided for the inhabitants. A bus terminal for regional public transportation should be zoned for at a conflict free location. ICT. The Centre shall be provided with a fiber optic network. Energy: The Centre shall be connected with the national electrical grid. Local energy production: Biogas, hydro, solar panels, etc. shall be generated. Water: Potable water will be distributed to all due via pipes or water posts. Rain water harvesting shall be a mandatory requirement for construction of new housing. Sewerage: A functional system built-up offers good hygienic standard shall be provided. Solid waste: A landfill area with a biogas digester and a recycle centre shall be located in an environmentally 22safe place.

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The following features are proposed for a modern District Centre by year 2017: As regard to Nyabihu District the following urban functions are not in place 2013: A ‘Local Development Plan’ has been prepared by a consultant under the supervision of RHA in 2012. It has not yet been approved by the Parliament. The Planning Horizon of the LDP is 2012-2025

In the DLUP the demarcation of the District Centre planning area of the LDP has been inserted. The urban area is 2000ha and represents 3.7% of the District total area.

Existing LDP alignment with NLUDMP The Law Relating to Land Use and Development Planning in Rwanda stipulates that ‘Land use and development plans and urban area plans which were adopted before this law shall remain in force but subjected to amendments that will align them with the National Land Use and Development Master Plan’.

Mixed housing: Actually, the habitat within Nyabihu Urban Center is largely dominated by construction of low and medium standing houses. Those houses are mainly built using local building materials. The survey revealed that 95.3% of houses are built with non-durable materials, and 55.6 % of houses use tiles for roofing. Source: socio economic survey, 2012

The following issues of the LDP are not aligned with the NLUDMP:  No financial plan for the implementation of the plan is enclosed. Informal Settlement upgrading has been tackled in the LDP

 70 Hectares Site for Potential Reorganization A 70-hectare site to be restructured has been identified and studied in details. The restructuring cannot be undertaken without having to demolish certain houses and move people or businesses. This is the case of Nyabihu Urban Center; however, it attempts to maintain the major existing infrastructure. The flooding area located near Tea plantation should be conserved.

 30 Hectares Site for Resettlement Plan A 30 hectares site has been identified as a residential resettlement site. This is a new residential area that should be serviced in order to relocate the residents from the zone to be restructured. The subdivision of this of land also provides an example of planned development which makes easy public utilities provision (electricity, drinking water and sewers), and that respects the existing situation. Source: Nyabihu Local Development Plan, 2012

Mixed Housing interpretation Mixed housing means that in a new area of reasonable size there should be opportunities for all income groups to settle. In this model area we propose that a new housing area of reasonable size should be divided in 25% for high income, 25% for medium income group and 50% for the low income group.

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However, as no official definition of the incomes groups has been found but the assumption is that a major share of the area should be reserved for families with a low income.

The design gives the following flexibility: There is a standard plot size of 600 SqM which should accommodate 120 SqM building area; The vertical directives imply that the structures will be in two or three storeys; The housing unit for a family with a low income will be 30 SqM floor area, which will means that with three storey building, the plot will accommodate 12 housing units; The housing unit for a household with medium income will be 120 SqM floor area divided in two storeys, which will means that with a two storey building, the plot will accommodate two housing units; The housing unit for a household with high income will be 240 SqM floor area divided in two storeys, which will means that with a two storey building, the plot will accommodate one housing unit. Urban Rural Population Distribution Use the following table to calculate the distribution of urban rural population by 2017: ‘UrbanizationAnalysis_Nyabihu District_ Nyabihu District Projected Population 2017 = 418107 URBAN/RURAL SCENARIOS % Nos URBAN 30 125432 District Centres 25 104526 Other Urban Areas 5 20905 RURAL 70 292675 Imidigdugu 70 292675 Scattered 0 0 TOTAL: 418107

Informal Settlement Upgrading Informal Settlement Upgrading is regarding to be an issue to be handled in the Urban Development Plan. If this not has been cared for in the LDP for the District centre it will be notified.

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Imidugudu Development The development of a sustainable human settlement policy in Rwanda aimed at Umudugudu-oriented planning based on a participatory approach and an urban planning requiring land security and area allocations. The projected policy is likely to reduce the existing gap in accessing infrastructure and social services; to involve and make local authorities and the community more aware of their responsibilities with regard to the development and management of the settlement by means of endogenous building technologies and production of cheap, sufficient and decent local materials. Umudugudu is defined as a mode of planned settlement made of between 100 and 200 houses by site in rural areas. Measurements of plot reserved for « Umudugudu » range from 10 to 20 hectares with a possibility or capacity of extension and as far as possible a space provided for various nonagricultural activities so as to allow the population to earn their lives. The combination of all these elements constitutes the Umudugudu. As far as the plot size is concerned, the plot size usually varies between 25*30m and 20*30 meters which seems to use a lot of space. In order to densify the parcels and use the small land we have more efficiently the plot size should be revised and be used on big percentage in order to accommodate more people in sustainable manner. The new urban planning and building code stipulates that the single house residential should not exceed 15*20 meters.

It’s in that regards that the traditional and detached house types can develop and change according to the needs of households as illustrated on figure below.

Figure: Umudugudu Village in Nyabihu District, Bigogwe Sector

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In order to consolidate the land used for settlement, model houses using small parcels are proposed, that will facilitate to increase the number of households by hectare. The proposed plot size can go even to the parcel of 15*20m or 15*15m, the usually used plot size can accommodate more houses which also help to avail land for other activities mainly agricultural land and land reserved for socio-economic infrastructures.

Figure: Model densified parcel and Village.

Consolidation of villages and rural centers aims at providing facilities and other supporting infrastructure in these sites. The objective of this programme is to bring all the sites in Umidugudu to an acceptable level in terms of access to social and economic services. Lack of access to clean water has been cited as the main complaint against most of the first imidugudu established in the past in Nyabihu District. Priority must therefore be given to water supply in the villages and existing rural centers. Water supply networks established in the framework of scattered settlement system must be readapted to this new fact. The largest proportion of Nyabihu population is rural based with just a small percentage living in urban areas. EICV3 indicates that 93% of people in Nyabihu are rural based.

Housing construction and Umudugudu Policy Guidelines  No more new house will be allowed outside the planned settlement area  the plot size should be revised and twins house should be encouraged in rural settlements (imidugudu)  Housing cooperatives to be encouraged for commercial and apartments buildings  Buildings should be designed in a more sustainable, ecological and energy-saving way, not forgetting tradition, climate and environment  Local and environmental friendly materials should be used  Water should be conserved and recycled  A modern banking system should be introduced in order to facilitate for families with an ordinary income to afford a house or dwelling of their own.  Market incentive systems should be introduced in order to promote private contracting firms and a more efficient building industry

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Thematic map showing

‘Proposed Sites and Condition for Existing Imidugudu Villages, 201 2017.

The following performance indicators have been used Indicator Physical condition: Electricity: Piped Primary Health Internet critical; poor; fair Yes; No water; Yes: School: Center: Connection: Analysis No Yes; No Yes; No Yes; No Fair Fair Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Poor Poor Yes Yes No No No Critical Critical No No No No No Education The thematic maps should, based on available attribute data, answer the following questions:  What existing schools should be prioritized for upgrading and condition improvements?  What sectors are not sufficiently provided with education facilities?  Present optimum locations for new schools.

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Thematic map showing ‘Existing and Proposed Sites for Secondary Schools, 2013-2017’.

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Thematic map showing ‘Primary, Secondary School and Tertiary Education Distribution 2013.

The following performance indicators have been used: VISION 2020 Indicator Status in 2000 Current status Vision 2020 target Proposed new Target 43.A Pupils –qualified teacher ratio in None 58 46 40 Primary 43.B Pupils –qualified teacher ratio in None 37 30 30 Secondary The following performance indicators have been used:

Primary School Pupil/ Qualified Teacher Pupil/Classroom Planning Standard 40 <=46 Fair <=40 47-70 Poor >40<60 71-99 Critical >=60 >100

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Secondary School Pupil/ Qualified Teacher Pupil/Classroom Planning Standard 30 <=46 Fair <=30 47-70 Poor >30<40 71-99 Critical >=40 >=100

Health The thematic maps should, based on available attribute data, answer the following questions:  What existing health facilities should be prioritized for upgrading and condition improvements?  What areas are not sufficiently provided with health facilities?  Present optimum locations for new health facilities. Existing and Proposed Sites for Primary Health Facilities, 2013-2017’

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Security and Justice Thematic map showing ‘Security and Justice Facilities Condition 2013’.

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Cultural Heritage Thematic map showing ‘Cultural Heritage 2013’.

Commercial (Economic Development and Job Promotion) Trading Centres 11 sites with existing market and trade centre – Prioritized ‘(Rural) Market Centres’ – have been identified and is found on the Plan’s Directives Map’.

The selection criteria are as follows:  The centre must be located in close proximity to a main (national/district?) road; at least 10 Km away from a centre of similar function.

 A site within what has been defined for urban development of District Centres is recommended to have priority over adjacent location.

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The centre must have at least one substantial value-added manufacturing enterprise or large scale distribution depot within its boundary which "exports" goods or services to its hinterland.

Thematic map showing ‘Rural Market Centres Condition 2013’.

The following performance indicators have been used Indicator Physical Electricity: Piped water; Waste Parking Analysis condition: Yes; No Yes: No management: fair; arrangement: fair; critical; poor; fair poor; critical poor; critical Fair Fair Yes Yes Fair Fair Poor Poor Yes Yes Poor Poor Critical Critical No No Critical Critical

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Tourism Thematic map showing ‘Tourist Attraction 2013’.

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Agriculture Like in other parts of the country, the socio-economic survey revealed that 83.6 % of Nyabihu Urban Center residents are farmers. The District of Nyabihu has a great agricultural potential, especially in the cultivation of potatoes, corn and wheat as well as vegetables of all kinds. However, there is no processing plant for these crops, apart from a corn-processing mill in Mukamira, and the district wants to acquire a processing unit for potatoes as well as honey and milk collection centers. Crop storage silos are also needed for and price stability

Soil

The of Nyabihu District are ashy and drifted from lavas. During the dry season they are quite dusty while, during the rainy season, they filter the water rather than holding it. Because they don’t contain any clay, they are not compact at all. The lava is so altered that it resulted in good black soils, silty, rich in humus and very fertile but with high porosity. In some places, the lava is intact and presents itself in various sizes, from pebbles to blocks of 100 kg, and even more. The bedrock can sometimes be found at a depth of less than one meter.

The relief of Nyabihu District is characterized by two major natural regions, the flat volcanic area, and the mountainous region, which can be classified in to three categories: 1. Low slope zones (0-5 % slope), which correspond to flow lines or valley lines (talwegs) 2. Average zones (5-15% slope) 3. Steep hilly areas (greater than 15% slope

Nyabihu District is mainly composed by steep hilly areas, which makes it very vulnerable to erosion and this has a very big impact on agricultural activities.

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Thematic map showing ‘erosion risk 2013’.

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Mining Thematic map showing ‘Mining 2013’.

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Industry Thematic map showing ‘Industry 2013 - 2017’

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Forestry VISION 2020 Indicator Status in 2000 Current status Vision 2020 target Proposed new Target 19. Forest cover (% of None 22.4 None 30 land area)

Thematic map showing ‘Forest 2013 - 2017’

The following table from NLUDMP can be of interest: Slope Degree Forest Cover >20 >25 >30 >35 >40 SqKm Existing forest 2010 incl. Agagera Nature Park 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Proposed Corridor to protect and create biodiversity 0,33% 0,33% 0,33% 0,33% 0,33% 79.46

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Planting in Gishwati within Protected Area 1,14% 1,14% 1,14% 1,14% 1,14% 270.86 Area (SqKm) for forest by Slope Degree 23,05% 14,47% 7,4% 2,74% 0,76% Area (SqKm) with poor suitability for 0% 0% 1,1% 5,8% 7,8% agriculture below 30 degree slope needed for forest plantationto meet Vision 2020 objectives of 30% land area. Total Area for Forestation 2020 44,5% 35,9% 30% 30% 30%

Which has been simplified and applied to the District level: Forest Cover in District

Existing forest 2013 incl. Protected Area(s), SqKm 114.49 Proposed Corridor to protect and create biodiversity, SqKm 10.13 Area (SqKm) for proposed forestation>=30 >=40Slope Degree, SqKm Area (SqKm) for proposed forestation 20-29 Slope Degree, SqKm 12.97 Area (SqKm) with poor suitability for agriculture below 20degree slope needed for forest plantationto meet Vision 2020 objectives of 30% land area, SqKm Total Area for Forestation 2017, SqKm 137.59 Total District Area, SqKm 531.5 Total Forest Cover of TotalDistrict Area, 2017, % 25.9

Infrastructure

For infrastructure utilities (that often is defined as polylines in the GIS) it is also to be observed the difference between a ‘Planning Reserve’ and a ‘Right of Way’ (RoW): The planning reserve is the buffer zone along the proposed centre line of a utility (road, power grid, optic fiber network, etc.) which are subject to palling activities. The width of the reserve is ‘generous’ in order to allow alignment changes caused by various reasons during the planning and the preparation stages. This is a temporary restriction and once the infrastructure is in place, the planning reserve will be replaced by a more ‘narrow’ RoW. The width of the RoW is a permanent restriction for other land uses and will be defined by safety precautions, maintenance operations and drawbacks such as emissions. For example, the planning reserve for the proposed railway suggests a corridor of 500 M on both sides of the planned rail while the RoW is 20 M once the railway been constructed and is being used.

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Transportation and Road System Thematic map showing ‘Road Condition 2013’.

The following performance indicators have been used: Indicator Physical condition: critical; poor; fair Analysis Fair Fair Poor Poor Critical Critical

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Power Supply/Energy According to EICV3 report, only 10% of households have access to electricity. However, it is projected to increase this percentage till to 75% at the end of 2018. These households are deprived to watch TV, to use Internet and to enjoy lighting. For cooking, Nyabihu District uses wood and charcoal. This situation makes the district the second most user of charcoal with 10.5% after Rubavu district (25.5%) in the western province. It is important to note that 88.7% of households use wood as a source of energy in Nyabihu District. 15 The lack of energy in the district increases a strong use of natural resources, puts pressure on forests and land. The use of wood for cooking and lighting degrades the status of the health of the human being, increases dropout rate in school when children spend hours to look for wood. In the context of deteriorating human being health status, the production of carbon dioxide because of the use of wood may increase respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and pulmonary TBC then increases household income spending, desertification due to global warming, decrease of precipitation which is necessary for an agro-pastoral productivity, source of food security and farmers' income. The use of other sources of energy is needed including biogas which is still in its embryonic stage although it is a priority for the country to deal with the consequences mentioned above. Only 0.02%, or 13 households use this source of energy, very low compared to the national forecast of 50% of households by 2017. Achieving this goal would reduce the use of wood as an energy source up to 50% of households.

VISION 2020 Indicator Status in 2000 Current status Vision 2020 target Proposed new Target 21.Access to electricity 2 10.8 35 75 (% of population)

Indicator Percent of Housing Units Analysis connected with electricity Fair 75 Poor 35 Critical 10

\

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Thematic map showing ‘Energy 2013 - 2017’.

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Information and Communication Technology Thematic map showing ‘Information and Communication Technology 2013’.

Water and Sanitation VISION 2020 Indicator Status in 2000 Current status Vision 2020 target Proposed new Target 28. Access to improved sanitation 20 72.55 100 100 facilities (% of population.) 29. Access to clean water (% of 52 77.95 100 100 population.)

Indicator Access to improved sanitation Access to clean water (% of Analysis facilities (% od Sector population) Sector population.) Fair 100 100 Poor 75-99 75-99 Critical <75 <75

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Risk and Suitability Analysis Figure 1 Risk and Suitability Analysis

Overlay risk and suitability analysis is the process of putting two or more baseline layers on top of each other in the GIS to determine areas of convergence of certain features contributing to give a comprehensive picture to a particular purpose and conversely, or to eliminate or screen out features that are not suitable for that purpose.

The analysis can be extended further into determining appropriate policy interventions. Policy interventions need not be limited to targeting the negative implications of observed conditions. Positive implications need to be maintained and strengthened through policies that seek to sustain the beneficent effects. Nonetheless, policies intended to remedy the negative implications by eliminating the causative factors deserve priority attention.

Overlays of the indicator layers will probably display an overlapping and contradictory picture. The reason for this are to be found in sector interests without any synchronization and/or results based on ‘drainpipe’ legislation and lack of coordination between various authorities. And as long as enforcement is weak, these

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overlapping and contradictory land and water-uses can exist on paper. However, by using GIS, conflicting regulations become transparent and have to be resolved. In order to find areas for urban expansion the result might be that not all ecosystems can be preserved, not all natural hazards can be avoided and not all regulations can be respected – it has to be compromises. In the next step: considerations and feasible ‘compromises’ will be made, ‘What if’’ and ‘Making the best out of it’ will present pragmatic conclusive alternatives.

The following indicators have been used to show areas not suitable for built-up areas: Flood Prone Area = Lake, wetland, river with a buffer of 100 meters. Land Slide Prone Area = Area with a slope >20 degrees.

Regarding drought prone, earth quake and volcanic active parts of the country please refer to the chapter ‘Hazards’ in the

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For risk prone existing built-up areas, the residents in these areas should be informed about the risks and special concerns will be taken at any type of land use change that requires a building permit.

Public Consultation after Situation Analysis Public Awareness Dissemination of information is of basic importance to the increase in public awareness regarding urban and environmental issues. The development of learning programs is especially important for the future, programs that include not only technical knowledge on specific aspects, but also on the holistic and integrated system approach. Besides from ad hoc consultations during plan preparation there should be two official Consultation Periods:

After Situation Analysis Once the draft LUP has been prepared.

Figure 2 Planning is a process where dissemination of information is very important

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Consultation at National Level (The procedure here not yet discussed with and not yet decided by RNRA) Public Hearing and Consultations in Relation to the LUP

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Proposed Land Use Development during the Planning Period 2012-2017 Binding Directives for Land Use Changes of Areasand Hubs of National Interest till 2020 Proposed Legislation’, specifies the purpose in the following way (article 8):

‘ All government organs, including a district, City of Kigali or similarly entrusted administrative entity, shall be bound by the Rwanda Land Use and Development Master Plan to adhere to its binding aspects of land use and development planning. These aspects concern land use and development and its distribution affecting also sector interest management, be they spatial or process orientated, or, otherwise, where overall national interests must precede local ones. All government organs, including the district, City of Kigali or similarly entrusted administrative entity shall be guided by the Rwanda Land Use and Development Master Plan. Such guidance concerns land uses and sector interests management, be they spatial or process orientated or otherwise, where overall national interests do not need to precede local ones, and where the latter may be encouraged to utilize their local natural and human resource characteristics to enhance the character of local context land uses. ‘

The demarcated areas and hubs of National Interest on the Map presenting the Final Plan (1:250,000) determine and designate the location and/or nature of guiding and binding land use development 2010-2020 indicate that the specified land use has the highest priority in the concerned areas and that other land uses have to respect that. It also implies that the national sector (strategic) plans, (Integrated) District Development Plans and Urban Development Plans must show in an explicit way that they have observed the guiding and binding aspects of the Plan and the reasons behind. Once the Plan has been approved by the parliament, the responsible authorities must not propose, adopt or implement any land use in their plans that will be in conflict with the areas and hubs of national interest pointed out in the Final Plan, Land use and infrastructure development influencing or connecting to neighboring districts should be coordinated, that is aligned and harmonized, before adoption/approval of the (Integrated) District Development Plans respectively.

Proposed Projects to Be Implemented During the Planning Period 2012-2017 The task for the (I)DDP is to find out/decide what projects that are being discussed, have been decided, are in the pipe-line and or are under implementation and for the LUP to map them in order just to identify them physically, to find out that they are not overlapping in a negative way.

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Equitable Distribution of (National Provision of) Public Services over the Country Implementation of De-concentration Urban Policy Implementation of Sound Imidugudu Policy Implementation of Projects for Improved Agricultural Production Implementation of Projects for Increased Forestry Production Intensification of Mineral Deposit Exploitation Implementation of Projects for Tourism Development Exploitation and Supply of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Resources Revitalization of Transportation System Conservation and Protection of Natural Biodiversity

Public Consultation for the Draft Plan Proposal (Similar approach as for ‘after Situation Analysis’. Check also what the legislation says.)

Plan Finalization, Approval and Appeal Process (Check what the legislation says.)

Protocols for Monitoring and Evaluation Creating an (I)DDP Project Management GIS Application Project Objectives (Depending on time available this will be elaborated on in the LUP)

Appendix Vision 2020 EDPRS NICI – PLAN 3 Population Projections 2010-2020 Guidelines for DISTRICT LAND USE PLAN (DLUP) Data Management Binding Directives for Land Use Changes of Areas and Hubs of National Interest till 2020

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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Figures, Maps and Tables

List of Boxes

List of Photographs

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