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Genetic erosion risk by environmental and antropic factor applied on strategies for Lychnophora ericoides conservation

Chrystian Iezid Maia-Almeida1,3*, Lin Chau Ming1, Marcos Eduardo Paron1, Ernane Ronie Martins2, Claudio Cavariani1, Rodrigo de Castro Tavares3 and Joedna Silva3

1UNESP-FCA, Depto. Produção Vegetal. C.P. 273- 18610-307- Botucatu-SP, Brazil. 2UFMG-ICA – Depto. Fitotecnia, C.P.135-39404-006- Montes Claros – MG, Brazil. 3UFT-Camp. Gurupi - Agronomia, C.P.66-77402-970-Gurupi-TO, Brazil.

Accepted 17 April, 2012

This study evaluated the genetic erosion risk factors and the strategic points for the conservation of Lychnophora ericoides population in “Paraíso Perdido” farm, Serra da Canastra (20° 37’ 54” S; 46° 19’ 37” W; 833 m height) in São João Batista do Glória City, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The number of young and adult plants, the soil and the phenology were evaluated in two sample areas of 125 m2. Information about the species utilization was obtained with local informants. Data on the region were obtained through literature review, in loco evaluation, GPS and geo-referenced map. In addition, local use of the plant for mixtures of drug was evaluated. According to the results obtained, the soil of the population is lithic with a weathered portion of frank-sandy texture, very acidic and dystrophic. The population density is 0.16 individuals/m2, 0.078 young/adult plant. The predominant phenophase was fruiting (100% plants) followed by flowering (21.62% plants). The local community uses the leaves of the plant in the form of hydroalcoholic extracts, as anti-inflammatory. Based on the evaluated parameters, the population is at 73% risk of genetic erosion. The detected key points were the development of activities including the participation of the local community for habitat protection as well as germplasm collection, seedlings production and reintroduction, together with environmental education, supervision, and reduction in the propensity for fire.

Key words: Arnica-da-serra, conservation, genetic resources, germoplasm, medicinal plants.

INTRODUCTION

The genus Lychnophora, which belongs to the subtribe igneous rocks as the predominant species, with Lychnophorinae, has 68 species native to Brazil (Semir, population density of 5.06 plants/m2, which corresponds 1991), and great genetic variability Mansanares (2004). to 44.8% of the local flora (Coile and Jones, 1981; Lychnophora ericoides Mart., popularly known as “arnica- Rizzini, 1997). The pharmacological potential of the da-serra”, is an endemic or micro-endemic medicinal leaves and roots from plants of this genus is attributed to bush of phytophysiognomies “campo rupestre” and the presence of flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, “cerrado de altitude” in the States of Bahia, Minas Gerais, lignans and iso-substituted caffeoylquinic derivatives Federal District, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso and Goiás (Bazon, 1997; Sargenti and Vichnewski, 2000; Cerqueira (Almeida et al., 1998; Semir, 1991; Mansanares, 2004). It et al., 1987; Borsato et al., 2000; Santos et al., 2005). is generally associated with lithic soils in metamorphic According to the Directive Number 37-N, April 03, 1992 – sandstone, quartzite, and ferruginous fields with IBAMA, L. ericoides became one of the several Brazilian conglomerate of iron oxide or “canga nacional” and acid endangered species. During the 1st Technical Meeting on the Conservation of Genetic Resources of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, L. ericoides was considered priority in studies on the conservation (Vieira and Silva, 2002). Eco- *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. geographic data can subsidize the evaluation of genetic

Maia-Almeida et al. 4025

erosion risks, which will also direct actions for the social, determined the species rarity and endemism by using the economical and environmental development in the number of individuals and their distribution, which led to occupation and conscious utilization of ecosystems the reclassification of 17 areas into preservation zones (Guarino, 1995; Maxted et al., 2000). The quantification for endemic species in the SCNP. Thus, for rarity and of these risks involves the attribution of grades to the distribution effect, the low reproductive efficiency of L. presence or absence of certain risk source, besides its ericoides based on the low germinability (<1%) of its eventual severity, reversibility and duration (Guarino, achenes, reported by Maia-Almeida (2006), associated 1995). For Martins (2000) and Souza and Martins (2004), with the data (Table 2) observed in the present work the pondered analysis of risk factors is an indicator of reaffirms the vulnerability of the studied population. As higher or lower propensity for genetic erosion. However, regards the phenological stage, 21.62% of the individuals those studies analyzed the risk related to the taxon; a were at flowering and 100% at fruiting stage. Thus, there method by Guarino (1995) was used to analyze an was overlap of phenological stages (flowering and ecosystem. Thus, the present work is innovative as it fruiting) (Table 2). complements that research line, which is still new in The period of the year in which these phenophases Brazil, and reports a case that considers conservability were observed (May) was different from those reported intrinsic to a specific population. Therefore, the aim of this by Almeida et al. (1998) for L. ericoides (December to work was to evaluate the genetic erosion risk factors and January and/or June to October) and by Silva (1998) for to identify strategic points for actions directed to the Lychnophora pinaster with regard to flowering (August to conservation of a L. ericoides Mart. population in Serra October) and fruit dispersion (December to February). da Canastra, São João Batista do Gloria, Minas Gerais, According to those authors, the preponderant factor on Brazil. the temporal distribution of flowering in this species is climatic and altimetric variation. The regions where Almeida et al. (1998) and Silva (1998) observed the MATERIALS AND METHODS phenology of L. ericoides and L. pinaster, respectively, are different from that of the current study. The trip for collection of data on the experimental place (South of According to Silva (1998), the determinant climatic Minas Gerais State, Brazil) was in May 2004. The population was located based on reports by local factors for L. pinaster are the beginning of rainy seasons inhabitants, who also gave information about it, as recommended associated with the beginning of temperature rises. by Painting (2000a, b) and Martins and Oliveira (2004), Lawrence Piccolo and Grergolin (1980) and Fournier (1976) et al (1995). Genetic erosion risk factors were evaluated by using a reported that the phenology distribution of a plant species method adapted from that of Souza and Martins (2004), Brown and reflects its adaptation to edaphoclimatic variations. Briggs (1991), Giacometti (1984), in which the relative risk level is determined by the sum of each factor risk grade and calculated as Among the several environmental components, the the percentage relative to the maximum level of the sum of all rhythm of flowering and fruiting in tropical plants has factors (130 or 100%) (Table 1). The geographic coordinates as been attributed to the oscillations in rainfall and well as the altitude and the geo-referenced map were obtained with thermoperiodism (Rathcke and Lacey 1985). However, it the aid of GPS and “Map source” software. The number of young is a factor dependent on the plant endogenous rhythm and adult individuals and the soil physicochemical characteristics (Bünning, 1973) and phenotypic plasticity. Water deficit (at random, next to the roots of five plants/area) were evaluated in two sample areas of 125 m2 each. Based on these data, the density reduces transpiration and photosynthate translocation, (DPOP = individuals/m2) and the number of young per adult plants determining growth speed, fruit formation and (RJOVAD) were calculated, and the soil was analyzed and reproductive rate (Hsiao, 1973; Taiz and Zeiger, 2004; classified according to the soil fertility parameters reported by Van- Larcher, 2000). Raij et al. (2001). Data were subjected to descriptive analysis of The occurrence of fires can affect L. ericoides natural mean and standard deviation with the aid of the program SAEG V. propagation once, according to Medeiros and Fiedler 5.1 (UFV). (2004), fire of anthropic origin is common between June and October, covering areas of 1,000 to 50,000 ha, and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION that of natural origin (lightning) concentrates between July and April with higher incidence from September to The evaluated L. ericoides population was located inside November, covering areas of up until 500 ha in most of a farm named “Paraíso Perdido” (20°37'22.11"S; the cases. This is probably the concomitant of L. 46°19'9.59"W) in the city of São João Batista do Glória, ericoides fruit dispersion as the period in which fires Minas Gerais (20°38'6.38"S; 46°30'22.69"W at 833 m occur precedes summer, the most favorable season altitude) DATUM SAD 69, CM 45, FUSO 23 (Figure 1). which, as observed, is posterior to the beginning of new The mean population density (DPOP) was 0.16 fruits maturing (Table 2). Paron (2002) reported that the individuals/m2, 31.6-fold higher than that observed by dispersion of L. ericoides achenes in a population located Rizzini (1997). The number of young per adult plants in Serra da Canastra, in the region of Delfinopolis (20° (RJOVAD) was 0.078 (Table 3). In Serra da Canastra 32’ S; 47° 08’ W at 900 m altitude), occurred from National Park (SCNP), Romero and Nakajima (1999) September to November 1998. Therefore, there is

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Table 1. Risk factors evaluated in a L. ericoides Mart. population in Serra da Canastra, São João Batista do Glória, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Risk factor Scale 1. Risk factors related to the species / population 50 Rare 10 Taxon distribution Common 05 Abundant 00

< 1 pl.m-2 15 *Population density 1.1 - 5 pl.m-2 05 > 5.1 pl.m-2 10

Industrial (Pharmaceutics, cosmetics, timber, energy, etc). 10 Species use/exploration Local (folk medicine, religion, food) 05 No use 01

The entire plant (roots + shoot) 15 Roots 15 Used plant part Shoot (leaves, flowers, stem, husk) 10 No part 01

2. Risk factors related to the population habitat 50 Prone 10 Fire Not prone 00

Not present in areas under protection 10 Population conservation status Present in areas under poor or unknown protection 05 Present in areas under efficient protection 01

Industrial 15 Exploration by neighboring populations (wood collection for several uses, non-monitored touristic exploration) 10 Species/population habitat use/exploration Touristic activities, collections and extractivism (all monitored by specialized personnel) 05 No use due to the area complete protection 01

Intensive activity within the population 15 Farming activity pressure on the population Appropriate or inappropriate lands with farming activity and / or at up to 3 km from the population 10 habitat Inappropriate lands 01

Maia-Almeida et al. 4027

Table 1. Contd.

3. Risk factors related to the population occurrence region 30 < 20 km 10 Distance from the greatest human population center 21 - 50 km 05 > 51 km 01

< 10 km 10 Distance from main roads 10 - 30 km 05 > 30 km 01

< 20 km 10 Distance from developing projects (irrigated perimeters, touristic complexes, 21 - 30 km 05 mining, hydroelectric plants, social tension areas with land disputes) > 50 km 01

Maximum value equivalent to 100% risk 130

Adapted from Souza and Martins (2004); *, The reference of L. ericoides population density was 5.06 pl/m2, reported by Rizzini (1997).

-3 -3 an increasing need of in situ research on L. <5 mg dm ); Ca (low <3 mmolc dm ); Mg (low < 4 mycotrophic, associated with a great variety of -3 -3 erocoides reproduction, associated with phenolo- mmolc dm ); K (medium 1.5 to 3.0 mmolc dm ); S arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi identified in gical standards and anthropic activity. (medium 4 to 7 mg dm-3). Micronutrients showed rhizospheric soil of natural environment. The soil at the place is lithic, originated from medium availability level, possibly due to the low According to that author, the absence of such quartzite, which corroborates the characteristics of pH and organic matter content (Table 3). interaction reduces the growth of L. ericoides Serra da Canastra geologic formation in the basin From an agronomical point of view, the studied seedlings. The activity, the diversity and the region of the medium “Rio Grande”, Southeast of soil is limiting to the complete development of efficiency of the mycorrhizal interaction is strongly Minas Gerais, reported by Barbosa et al. (2003). cultivated plants; however, plants native to such affected by the soil management, utilization and Results of the soil physicochemical analysis environment have physiological and ecological fertility (Siqueira and Franco, 1988). In the region showed that it is of sandy type, frank-sandy mechanisms that favor the acquisition and use of where the present study was carried out, fires are subtype (Table 3), highly acid and dystrophic, water and nutrients. intense and frequent, which may negatively affect according to the classificatory levels of Van-Raij et Maia-Almeida (2006) and Maia-Almeida et al. the efficiency of the symbiotic interaction between al. (2001). (2008) considered L. ericoides growth slow but mycorrhiza and L. ericoides, hindering the The observed levels included the following efficient in the use and management of nutrients, development and consequently the survival of classes: Highly acid (pH <4.3), with high mainly phosphorus “P”. For that author, the young plants. The characteristics of the soil of the -3 aluminum content (>5 mmolc dm ) and poor in activity of the enzyme acid phosphatase showed population in “Paraíso Perdido” farm in São João nutrients (dystrophic), presenting low CTC to be an important physiological mechanism in the Batista do Glória, Minas Gerais (Table 4), are (capacity of cation change) and V% (basis management of this mineral for improving L. similar to those of the soil of L. ericoides saturation) (very low <25% of CTC). Each nutrient ericoides growth rate and phytomass production. population in Delfinopolis city, Minas Gerais, studied was included in the following classes: P (very low Paron (2002) characterized the species as by Paron (2002), except for organic matter

4028 J. Med. Plants Res.

Rodovia

Figure 1. Geo-referenced map location of the population of L.ericoides denominated Paraíso Perdido (PP), Serra da Canastra, São João Batista do Glória, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, on 29/05/2004.

Table 2. Demographic and phenologic data of L. ericoides plants evaluated in two sample areas of 125 m2 in Paraíso Perdido, Serra da Canastra, São João Batista do Glória, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, on 29/05/2004.

Flower Fruit Rep TotInd Nad Nyo Ryovad DPOP N (%) N (%) A 1 16 15 1 1 6.67 15 100 0.067 0.128 A 2 24 22 2 7 31.81 22 100 0.091 0.192 MED 20 18.5 1.5 4 21.62 18.5 100 0.079 0.16

Rep, Sample replicate of 125 m2; TotInd, total number of individuals; Nad, number of adult individuals; Nyo, number of young individuals; Flower, number of individuals presenting flowers; Fruit, number of individuals presenting fruits; Ryovad, ratio between young / adult individual numbers; DPOP, population density of total individuals per m2; MED, arithmetic mean.

content, which was lower. It must be highlighted that both activity of ecotourism (approximately 800 m area of populations are located in Serra da Canastra geologic camping activities) and with recent incidences of fire, formation. Based on the general analysis of the adopted Romero and Nakajima (1999) identified fire and non- parameters, the genetic erosion risk for the population in monitored tourism as critical points of vulnerability in “Paraíso Perdido” is of 73%. The key management points SCNP and surroundings. Medeiros and Fiedler (2004) to revert this situation are actions related to the species evaluated the effect of frequent fires on the biodiversity in and/or the population (Table 4: item 1) as well as to the the fields of Serra da Canastra National Park and population habitat (Table 4: item 2). The risk posed by detected that, besides being common, 47% fire cases are the factors associated with the region is extremely critical criminal and have great impact on the local biodiversity. (Table 4: item 3); however, these are factors of lower As stated by those authors, fires are related to those in management potential. As L. ericoides population in pasture and crops because farmers and cattle raisers are “Paraíso Perdido” is inside an area with characteristics of not trained to manage fire and there is lack of environmental risk of genetic erosion due to the anthropic supervision, among other factors. As observed in Table 4,

Maia-Almeida et al. 4029

Table 3. The mean of chemical characteristics and granulometric composition of the soil from L. ericoides population in Paraíso Perdido, Serra da Canastra, São João Batista do Glória, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, on 29/05/2004.

Characteristics X ± σ Characteristics ± σ

pH (CaCl2) 3.7 ± 0.13 ****m 20.2 ± 1.11 *D.M. 31.7 ± 4.89 **Boron 0.7 ± 0.41 **P resin 4.0 ± 0.48 **Cupper 0.2 ± 0.14 ***AL+3 8.1 ± 1.59 **Iron 87.7 ± 39.28 ***H+Al 38.0 ± 8.91 **Manganese 1.3 ± 1.62 ***K 0.6 ± 0.26 **Zinc 0.6 ± 0.44 ***Ca 1.3 ± 0.00 *Coarse sand 22 ± 6.23 ***Mg 0.5 ± 0.08 *Fine sand 799 ± 27.28

***SB 2.4 ± 0.32 *Total sand (>0.05mm) 821 ± 23.6

***CTC 40.4 ± 9.10 *Clay (< 0.002 mm) 43 ± 5.71

****V 6.2 ± 1.14 *Silt (0.05 – 0.002 mm) 136 ± 23.75

-3 -3 -3 *g dm ; ** mg dm ; ***mmolc dm ; **** % Saturation with aluminum.

Table 4. Risk levels observed in a L. ericoides Mart. population in Serra da Canastra, São João Batista do Glória, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, on 29/05/2004.

Risk factor Scale 1. Risk factors related to the species / population 35 Taxon distribution Common 05 *Population density < 1 pl.m-2 15 Species use/exploration Local ( folk medicine, religion, food) 05 Used plant part Shoot (leaves, flowers, stem, husk) 10

2. Risk factors related to the population habitat 35 Fire Prone 10 Population conservation status Present in areas under poor or unknown protection 05

Exploration by neighboring populations (wood collection for Species/population habitat use/exploration 10 several uses, non-monitored touristic exploration)

Appropriate or inappropriate lands with farming activity and Farming activity pressure on the population habitat 10 / or at up to 3 km from the population

3. Risk factors related to the population occurrence region 25 Distance from the greatest human population center 21 - 50 km 05 Distance from main roads < 10 km 10 Distance from developing projects (irrigated perimeters, touristic complexes, mining, hydroelectric plants, social < 20 km 10 tension areas with land disputes)

Sum of the observed risk notes 95 Relative risk level (100% risk corresponds to grade 130) 73%

fires constitute important risk factors for the genetic habitat” as the main risk factor due to the presence of resources of L. ericoides population in “Paraíso Perdido”. coffee crops next to the population area. Oliveira and Martins (2002), studying a population of Corroborating such data, in L. ericoides population in ipecac (Psychotria ipecacuanha Stadl.), detected the “Paraíso Perdido” t his fact was also considered very sub-item 2.4, “pressure of agricultural activity on the wild important for the management since it is a direct risk due

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to deforestation and soil preparation, among others, and collection, seedlings production and reintroduction, an indirect risk as it is the origin of fires. together with environmental education about fires, Souza and Martins (2004) evaluated 32 populations of utilization, management and conservation of the flora and Dimorphandra mollis Benth. in the north of Minas Gerais native species, especially L. ericoides. State and identified as main risk factors: extractivism, lack of habitat protection and propensity for fire. Thus, actions must be directed to the increase in population ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS density and to the protection against fire and anthropic activities inside and next to the population area. In this The authors thank the researcher Lenita Lima Haber for context, agronomical studies about the species, collection the support during data collection; FAPEMIG CAPES and of genetically representative germplasm, development of CNPq for financial grants; and FCA – UNESP, Botucatu, an active bank for seedlings production and for the support and infrastructure. reintroduction, and “in situ” studies directed to the elaboration of plants for the extractivism and tourism REFERENCES management and for the soil utilization and occupation are the key to mitigate anthropic impacts and conserve Almeida SP, Proença CEB, Sano SM, Ribeiro JF (1998). Cerrado: the genetic resources of the population in “Paraíso Espécies vegetais úteis. EMBRAPA – CPAC, Planaltina, p. 400. Perdido”, considering the priorities and techniques Barbosa AM, Soares JV, Medeiros JS (2003). 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