INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes.

A Australian Volunteers Abdul Aziz Shah, Sultan, 163 International, 147 ageing population, 134n1 Azahari, A.M., 14 alien (pendatang), 112 Alliance Party, 16, 32 B “All Under Heaven”, tianxia, 170, Baba Peranakan, see Peranakan 180n6, 197 Bandung Conference, 25 Aminuddin Baki, 57n6 bangsa-centred bureaucracy, 50 Anderson, Ben, 176, 183n18 Barisan National (BN), 48, 141 Angkor empire, 167, 175 Batavia, massacre in, 80 anti-colonialism, 44 Beiyang College, 186 anti-imperialism, 15, 105 Benda, Harry, 63 anti-Manchu sentiment, 86–87 Berlin, Isaiah, 155 ANZAC (Australia and New Boer War, 104 Zealand Army Corps), 22, 27 Book of Documents (Shangshu), ASEAN (Association of Southeast 128 Asian Nations), 14, 27, Brezhnev doctrine, 207n20 207n21 British colonies, 11, 29 Asia Research Institute, 3 British Commonwealth, see Asian Tigers, 25 Commonwealth of Nation Australian Association of Asian British East Company, 77, Studies Conference, 11 79, 166, 173 Australian National University, 3, British Empire, 6, 78–79, 104–05, 7n2, 20, 63–64, 98 161–63, 169, 176

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British empire and Commonwealth: Chiang Kai-shek, 164, 191 A history for senior forms, The, Chin Peng, 40 180n5 British Empire Exhibition, 41, alliance, forging, 191–92 57n7 “Five-nation republic”, 104 British India, 42, 145, 165 history in, 127–34 , 37–39, 41–43, 52, Peranakan, and, 80–83 82, 89, 100, 107, 159, 164, Republican period, 88–90 179n3, 199 tributary states, 189 Chinese nation, and, 103–06 war against , 128, 205n9 “brothers in arms”, 192 China and the World since 1949: Brunei Revolt, 14 The impact of independence, bumiputera (sons of the soil), 30, modernity and revolution, 7n2 112 China-ASEAN Free Trade Bush, George W., 148 Agreement, 207n21 business dealings, trust and, 125 “China Proper”, 170 Chinese and the 1911 Revolution, C with special reference to Cambridge University, 179n3 and Malaya, The, capitalism, 6, 12, 45, 79, 169, 115n5 175, 182n17 Chinese associations, 122 CCP (Chinese Communist Party), Chinese Communist Party, 26, 106, 154, 164, 190–91, see CCP 197, 199–200 Chinese empire, 159, 165, 167, centralization, 43, 45, 47, 49, 170 52–53 Chinese heritage, and Singapore, 4 Chan Heng Chee, 63–64, 67 Chinese high school, 107 “Changing identities of the Chinese identity, 54, 71, 74–76, Southeast Asian Chinese 79–81, 85, 89, 97–99, 105, since World War II”, 109–12, 114n2, 130 conference, 98, 114n3 Peranakan and, 84–92 chauvinism, 109, 200 “Chinese identity and loyalty in Cheah Boon Kheng, 3, 36 Singapore in the 19th and Chia Siow Yue, 67 20th centuries”, lecture, 97

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Chinese in Malaya, The, 179n3 Comber, Leon, 115n4 Chinese in Southeast Asia, The, Commonwealth of Nations, 22, 179n3 28, 40, 176, 162, 169, 176, Chinese nation, and British 180n5 Malaya, 103–06 communal politics, 16, 20–21, Chinese Peranakan, see Peranakan 23, 37, 40, 106 Chinese secret societies in Malaya: communal tension, 46, 144 A survey of the Triad Society communism, 3, 5, 12, 15, 24–25, from 1800 to 1900, 115n4 109, 128 Chinese Singapore, 111–14 confrontation policy, see Chinese society in 19th century Konfrontasi Singapore, 115n4 Confucian Classics, 130 Chinese surnames, 121–22, Confucian ethics, 6, 63, 104, 126 135n7 “Confucian merchant”, 125 Chinese Totok, 81–83 Confucius, 121, 123, 128, 130 “Chinese world order” 170, constitutional monarchy, 20 181n14, 184, 192 constitutional rights, of Malay Christianity, 151 rulers, 45, 48 “Christians and gold”, 173, 178 Cornell University, 142 Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn corruption, 51 Annals), 128 Covenant of the League of Church and State, 152 Nations, 191 citizenship rights, 11, 45 cross-border identity, 92 civil war, 2, 88, 107, 145, 164–65, Crusades, 173 180n9, 187, 197 Crush (“Ganyang class division, 16 Malaysia”), 109, 142 class war, 21 cultural identity, 90, 108, 112 Clifford, Hugh, 41, 57n7 Cultural Revolution, 3, 7n2, 110, Coedes, Georges, 166, 181n12 135n3, 200 Cold War, 12, 24–25, 27, 36, 68, 106, 177, 197 D Colley, Linda, 176, 183n18 Dai Viet kingdom, 175 colonialism, 44, 54, 124, 143, Decline of constitutional democracy 161 in , 142

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decolonization, 5, 12, 24, 27, 39, “family of nations”, 190–92, 194, 83, 109, 126, 139, 149, 160, 200 163, 169, 201 Federated Malay States (FMS), 39, Southeast Asia, and, 83–84 41, 199 “deimperialized”, 163 see also Unfederated Malay States Deng Xiaoping, 32, 68, 192, 202 Federation of Malaya, 11, 14, 16, Desker, Barry, 72n1 18, 23, 37–39, 45, 47–48, 51, divergent policies, 141–46 55, 106 “Divisive modernity”, lecture, 5 Federation of Malaysia, 20, 27, Dutch East India Company, 36–38, 61–62, 141–45 77–78, 173 Feith, Herb, 5, 139–45, 147–49, Dutch revolt, against , 78, 151–52, 155 95n6 filial piety, 125 dynastic system, end of, 130 financial crisis, 51 First World War, see World War I E “Five-nation republic”, 104 East Asian Institute (EAI), 66–67 five tigers shrine, 115n4 East Malaysia, 48–49 “Former Ford Factory”, 56n2 election, 15–16, 20–21, 50, 156n1 four categories of knowledge, 130 Elements of International Law, 193 French empire, 175 Emergency, 20, 46–47, 54 French Enlightenment, 78 Emerson, Rupert, 164, 180n8 French Revolution, 78 Emperor’s Four Treasuries, 130 Empire Day, 163 G empires, end of, 159–79 Gadjah Mada University, 148 endowment fund, 66 “Ganyang Malaysia” (Crush English East India Company, see Malaysia), 109, 142 British East India Company Gestapu coup, 26–27 English schools, 107 globalization, 119, 150 Goh Keng Swee, 1–2, 4, 61–71, F 93n1 Fairbank, John King, 170, 192, Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait, 71n1 195 Goh Keng Swee: A Public Career Falungong, 151–54 Remembered, 72n1

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governance-centred heritage, 127 I Great Leap Forward, 26 Identities of Southeast Asian Great : Fifty remarkable Chinese since World War II, lives, 114n5 114n3 Great Powers, 79, 184–88, identity, and loyalty, 4, 97–101 190–91, 193, 196–98 Illustrated Guide to British Malaya, Greater Malaysia, 4, 38 41, 57n7 Greco-Roman tradition, 120 immigrant states, 29 Gu Hongming, 87, 104 Imperial Catalogue, 130 Guomindang (GMD), 82, 199– imperialism, 13, 79, 105, 144, 200, 206n13 166, 175, 182n17 guoyu, national language, 105 In lieu of ideology: The intellectual Gurney, Henry, 164 biography of Goh Keng Swee, 71n1 H Industrial Revolution, 77–78, 173 Haiguo tuzhi, 188 Inside Indonesia, 148 Hall, D.G.E., 175, 182n16 Institute of East Asian Han Chinese, 81, 86, 101, 104 Philosophies, 64 Han dynasty, 130 Institute of East Asian Political hanjian (traitors), 112 Economy (IEAPE), 64–65, 67, Herb Feith Foundation, 139 72n1 “Heritage and History”, lecture, Institute of Southeast Asian 118 Studies, establishment of, 62, Heritage Science Conference, 118 64, 67 History of Nation-Building Series, “international family”, 193 67 international law, 194–95, Hobsbawn, Eric, 176, 183n18 201–02 Holy Book, 130 Iranian revolution, 145 Holy Land, 173 Iskandar Shah, Sultan, 163 Home Is Not Here, 7n1 Islam, 30, 50–51, 145–46, 150–51 Housing Development Board, 66 Hsu, Immanuel, 190 J huaqiao (overseas Chinese), 82, Jackson, James C., 3, 11 88–89, 103, 114n2 Jackson Memorial Lecture, 11

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Japanese empire, 159–60, 163, Lin Zexu, 188 167 lineage traditions, 121 Japanese occupation, 39, 43–45, lingua franca, 77 83, 105, 107, 126 Long, Joey, 24 Jesuits, 188 “Look East”, 50 “lost colonies”, 199 K loyalty, and identity, 4, 97–101 Kang Youwei, 115n5 Kesavapany, K., 67 M Khoo Seok Wan, 115n5 Macartney, Lord, 188 kinship system, 127 Macgregor, Ian A., 181n10 Kissinger, Henry, 31 Mackie, Jamie, 33n2, 147 knowledge, four categories of, Mahathir Mohamad, 57n6 130 Majapahit empire, 167, 174 Konfrontasi, 13–14, 25–26, 142 Empire, 163, 167, 174, Konfrontasi: The Indonesia- 180n7 Malaysia dispute, 1963–1966, Malay Annals (Sejarah Melayu), 33n2 180n7 Kong family, 121 Malay Archipelago, 17 Korean War, 46 Malay Land (Tanah Melayu), 15, Koxinga, 172 37, 41, 47–52, 54 Kwa Chong Guan, 72n1, 93n1 Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya, see PKMM L Malay power, 17, 23, 70 League of Nations, 191, 196 Malay rulers, constitutional rights , 91 of, 45, 48 Lee Kam Hing, 93n1 Malaya , 17, 117n11, 143 capital and labour in, 42–43, Lee Poh Ping, 115n4 45–46 Legge, John, 63, 140, 147 Singapore in, 38–41 Liddle, Bill, 14 state, as a, 43–47 Lim Boon Keng, 71, 87, 104, see also Malaysia 115n5 “Malaya and New Paths to Lim Pin, 65–66 Nationhood”, lecture, 36

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“Malaya belonging to England”, Marxist-Leninist doctrines, 130 37 May Fourth Movement, 105 Malaya: The and Meiji Restoration, 189 the Federated and Unfederated Melayu Raya (Malaya with Malay States, 41 Indonesia), 55n1 Malaya with Indonesia (Melayu meritocracy, 53–54 Raya), 55n1 Ming dynasty, 7n2, 76, 130, Malayan Chinese Association, 71 182n14, 187, 188–89 Malayan Communist Party, 14, Ming History, 188 40, 42, 46–47 Ministry of Education, 134n1 Malayan identity, 61 Ministry of External Affairs, 20 Malayan People’s Socialist Front, monarchy, 50–51 16 Monash University, 5, 139–40, Malayan Union, 37–39, 41, 44, 142 52, 56n4, 106 Mongol, 104 Malaysia mother tongue, 77 break-up of, 148 multicultural society, 3, 29–31, formation, 11, 37, 48 39, 53, 109, 126, 128, 144, nation building, 28 148 Singapore separation from, Muslim Hui, 104 2, 5, 20, 22–23, 28, 33, 37–38, 41, 50, 52 N see also Malaya Nanhai (South China Sea), 7n2 Malaysia: A Survey, 13, 61–62 “Nanhai trade, The”, 182n16 Malaysia Day, 19 Nanyang (South Seas) Malaysia and Singapore Society Communist Party, 41 of Australia, 3, 11 Nanyang Technological Malaysian Malaysia, 20–23, 29 University, 118 Manchu, 80–81, 86–87, 101–04, Nanyang University, 108, 117n9 124, 161, 172, 175, 187–88 Nanyang University Curriculum Mao Zedong, 3, 7n2, 26, 31, 70, Review Committee, 62, 72n3 110, 191–92, 200–01, 207n18 Napoleonic wars, 53 maritime trade, 25, 67, 70, 168, nation building, beginnings of, 174, 176 94n6

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National Central University, 2, O 164 Ohio State University, 148 national empire, 82, 166, 170, One Hundred Years’ History of 174–77, 182n17, 197, 202 the Chinese in Singapore, 97, Peranakan living in, 77–80 114n1 National Front, see Barisan Ong Pang Boon, 62 National Ooi Kee Beng, 71n1 National Heritage Board, 118 opium trade, 174 national identity, 75, 79, 89, 93, Our Place in Time: Exploring 105, 109–13, 133 heritage and memory in National Library, 97–98 Singapore, 134n1 National Library Prominent overseas Chinese (huaqiao), 82, Speaker Series, 97 88–89, 103, 114n2 national religion, 146 Owyang, Hsuan, 66 nationalism, 18, 30, 44–45, 47, 54, 71, 78, 81–88, 105, 107, P 112, 126, 128, 197–203 Pancasila doctrine, 151 Nationalist Party, 170 Pan-Malayan Islamic Party Nations and Nationalism, 94n6 (PMIP), see PAS native (xiangtu) culture, 101, 121 PAP (People’s Action Party), natural law, 193 17–18, 24, 69, 141 neo-colonialism, 143, 161 Parkinson, Cyril Northcote, 165, neo-imperialism, 161 174 Netherlands East Indies, 88 PAS (Parti Islam Se-Malaysia), 16, New World, 29 146 NGO (non-governmental patriotism, 107, 109 organization), 123, 149–50, pendatang (alien), 112 157n8 People’s Liberation Army, 2 Nixon, Richard, 31 Peranakan, 4, 17, 71, 73–76, non-communal polity, 20 80–81, 83–84, 99, 104–05, NUS (National University of 114n1, 123–24, 126 Singapore), 3, 36, 62–67, 73 Chinese identity, and, 84–92 see also University of Singapore early Singapore, in, 101–03

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national empires, living in, R 77–80 racism, 124 nationalistic China, and, 80–83 Radio Sarawak, 114n2 pre-national origins, 76–77 Raja Bendahara, 163 Peranakan Association, 74, 91 Red Guards, 135n3 Peranakan Chinese in a Globalizing Reframing Singapore: Memory — Southeast Asia, 73 Identity — Transregionalism, Peranakan Museum, 74, 91 115n3 Peranakan phenomenon, 75–76, regionalism, 202, 207n21 85, 93 republicanism, 18 PKI (Parti Kommunis Indonesia), Revolution of 1911, 81 25, 27, 110 riots, 20, 50, 54, 142 PKMM (Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Roman Empire, 78–79, 162 Malaya), 55n1 Royal Asiatic Society, 3, 36, 41 plural society, 20, 42, 48, 50, ruler-subject relationship, 123 52–54, 101, 108–09, 112, 126 Russian Empire, 177 political engineering, 22 Ryukyu islands, 189, 205n9 political exiles, 107 political identity, 44, 106 S post-national identity, 85, 92 Sabah, 12, 17, 19, 21–24, 29, 37, pribumi, 48 47–49, 144 proto-national community, “sacred sites”, 135n3 75–76, 83, 86 Sandhu, Kernial Singh, 63 proto-national identity, 84, 87 Sarawak, 12, 17, 19, 21–24, 29, Purcell, Victor, 162, 179n3 37, 47–49, 144 SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Q Organization), 24 Qianlong Emperor, 188, 205n9 Second World War, see World Qin-Han Empire, 129, 171 War II Qing dynasty, 7n2, 70, 76, 80, secret “brotherhoods”, 102 85–88, 101–03, 124, 161, secret society, 86, 100, 102 188–89 secular divide, 151–55 qigong, 153 secularism, 54, 151–53

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Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals), socialism, 27, 154 180n7 “soft power”, 30 self-government, 44 Song dynasty, 122, 130, 171 September 30 Movement, 26, 110 Song Ong Siang, 97, 114n1, shi-history, 128–31 115n5 Short History of the Nanyang sons of the soil (bumiputera), 30, Chinese, A, 114n2 112 shuguo (tributary states), 189 Soong Mei-ling, 207n18 Siamese empire, 167, 175 South Seas (Nanyang) Silverstein, Josef, 63 Communist Party, 41 Singapore Southeast Asia, and Chinese heritage, and, 4 decolonization, 83–84 heritage in, 119–27 “Southeast Asia: Past, present and identity, 113 future”, conference, 159–60 Malaya, in, 38–41 Southeast Asia Treaty nation-state, global city, 107–11 Organization (SEATO), 24 Peranakan in, 101–03 Southeastern University, 159 separation from Malaysia, 2, 5, Soviet Union, 14, 25–26, 30, 106, 20, 22–23, 28, 33, 37–38, 177, 191–92, 201 41, 50, 52 Spain, Dutch revolt against, 78, Singapore Chinese, 111–14 95n6 Singapore Chronicles, 136n11 Special Economic Zones, 64 Singapore Heritage Society, 134n1 Spring and Autumn Annals Singapore problem, 19 (Chunqiu), 128 Singapore story, 124 Sri Vijaya empire, 167–68, 174 sinkheh, 81, 87–89, 99, 102 state-system, 193 Sino-Indian relations, 25 Stokes, Eric, 165 Sino-Indonesian relations, 31–32 Straits Chinese, see Peranakan Sino-Japanese War, 71 Straits Chinese Magazine: Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, A Quarterly Journal of Oriental Alliance and Mutual and Occidental Culture, The, Assistance, 192 115n5 Sizhou ji, 188 Straits Settlements, 11, 15, 17, 38, Snow, Edgar, 207n18 42–43, 53, 73, 82, 124–25

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“Study of Chinese Identities in Tenney, C.D., 186 Southeast Asia, The”, 114n3 terrorism, 148, 150 Suharto, 26, 31, 67, 140, 149 think-tank, 65 Sukarno, 5, 12–13, 24–27, 30, 32, Thirteen Colonies, 29 67, 109, 142–43 Three Principles of the People, 130 Sultan of Brunei, 18, 24 tianxia, “All Under Heaven”, 170, Sulu, 189, 205n9 180n6, 197 Sun Yat-sen, 81–82, 87–88, 104, Tibetan, 104 115n5, 130, 170, 186–87, Tongmeng Hui, 187 191, 193 Totok Chinese, 81–83 surname genealogy, 121–23 Trade in the Eastern Seas, 1793– surname organizations, 122–23 1813, 174 Suryadinata, Leo, 73, 91 trade union, 46 Swettenham, Frank, 41, 57n7 traitors (hanjian), 112 Syonan-to, 39, 52, 56n2 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 191 T Treaty of Pangkor, 103 Taiping Rebellion, 87, 102 Treaty of Shimonoseki, 205n9 , 25, 108, 110, 170, 172, tributary states (shuguo), 189 189, 193, 197, 202 tributary system, 166, 185, , 71, 73, 84, 187–88, 192–93, 197–98 93n1 trust, and business dealings, 125 Tan Kah Kee, 88, 104, 107, 116n6 Tun Razak, 31 Tan Keng Yam, Tony, 66 , 11–12, 17, , 69 21, 38, 142, 145 Tan Siok Sun, 69, 71n1 Tanah Melayu (Malay Land), 15, U 37, 41, 47–52, 54 UMNO (United Malays National Tang dynasty, 171 Organization), 17, 20, 50, Tarling, Nicholas, 5–6, 159, 146 160–62, 164–66, 169, 173–74, “unequal treaties”, 193, 206n13 176, 178 UNESCO, 119, 133 Taylor, Keith, 182n16 Unfederated Malay States, 41, 43 Temple of Confucius, 135n3 see also Federated Malay States

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United Nations, 31, 117n9, 184, Winstedt, Richard, 41, 57n7 191, 194, 201 Wolters, Oliver, 166, 168, 181n12 United Nations Security Council, Wong, John, 64–66 192, 194, 197 “world order”, 199 University of Auckland, 159 World War I, 191 University of , 63–64 World War II, 1, 3, 18, 38, 56n4, University of Malaya, 11–12, 20, 83, 98, 126, 161, 177, 200 39, 61, 70, 140, 165 University of Singapore, 62, 109 X see also NUS Xiamen University, 88 University of West Sydney, 11 xiangtu (native) culture, 101, 121 Xie Qinggao, 188 V Xu Jiyu, 188 Versailles Treaty, 205n13 Victorian imperialism, 165 Y Vietnam, as proto-nation, 175, Yen Ching-hwang, 115n5 182n16 Yeo, George, 67 Yinghuan zhilue, 188 W Yongle, emperor, 171 Wang Chonghui, 186 Yuan dynasty, 171 Wang Dahai, 188 Yuan Shikai, 186–87, 191 War in the Eastern Seas, 1793– 1815, 174 Z war of independence, 79 Zhang Tingyu, 188 warlords, 88 Zheng Chenggong, 172 Warring States, 195 Zheng He, 171 Wealth of East Asian Nations, 71n1 Zheng Yongnian, 66 Wei Yuan, 188 Zhonghuaminzu, 104 West Malaysia, 48 Zhou Enlai, 31 Wheaton, Henry, 193, 195–96 Zhu Rongji, 207n21 Williamson, James A., 180n5 Zhuang Qinyong, 115n4

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