HANDBOOK OF STUDIES

EDITED BY

WILFRED G.E. WATSON AND NICOLAS WYATT

BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON -KOLN 1999 CONTENTS list of Illustrations xi Preface xii WILFRED WATSON - NICOLAS WYATT

Chapter One General Introduction 1 WILFRED WATSON - NICOLAS WYATT Chapter Two Ras Shamra, Minet -Beida and Ras Ibn Hani: The Material Sources 5 ADRIAN CURTIS Chapter Three The Written Sources 28 1 The Syllabic Akkadian Texts 28 WILFRED VAN SOLDT 2 The Alphabetic Ugaritic Tablets 46 WAYNE PITARD 3 The Human and Hittite Texts 58 MANFRIED DIETRICH - WALTER MAYER Chapter Four The Ugaritic Language 76 1 The Decipherment of Ugaritic 76 KEVIN CATHCART 2 The Ugaritic Script 81 MANFRIED DIETRICH - OSWALD LORETZ 3 Ugaritic Grammar 91 JOSEF TROPPER 4 Ugaritic Lexicography 122 WILFRED WATSON 5 Ugaritic Words in Syllabic Texts 134 JOHN HUEHNERGARD Chapter Five Ugaritic Stylistics 140 1 Ugaritic Prose 140 MEINDERT DIJKSTRA 2 Ugaritic Poetry ?. 165 WILFRED WATSON VU1 CONTENTS

Chapter Six The Ugaritic Literary Texts 193 1 The Mythological Texts 193 JOHN GIBSON 2 The Legend of Keret 203 BARUCH MARGALIT 3 The Story of Aqhat 234 NICOLAS WYATT 4 The Rpum Texts 259 WAYNE PITARD 5 The Incantations 270 KLAAS SPRONK Chapter Seven The Ugaritic Cultic Texts 287 1 The Rituals 287 PAOLO MERLO - PAOLO XELLA 2 The Offering Lists and the God Lists 305 GREGORIO DEL OLMO LETE 3 The Omen Texts 353 PAOLO XELLA Chapter Eight The Correspondence of 359 1 The Ugaritic Letters 359 JESUS-LUIS CUNCHILLOS 2 The Akkadian Letters 375 JOHN HUEHNERGARD Chapter Nine The Legal Texts from Ugarit 390 IGNACIO MARQUEZ ROWE 1 Introduction 390 2 The Akkadian Legal Texts 394 3 The Ugaritic Legal Texts 411 4 The Hittite Legal Text 420 Chapter Ten The Economy of Ugarit 423 MICHAEL HELTZER 1 The Administrative Texts 423 2 Commerce 439 3 Crafts and Industries 448 Chapter Eleven . The Society of Ugarit 455 JUAN-PABLO VITA 1 Peoples, Cultures and Social Movements 455 CONTENTS IX

2 The Royal Family, Administration and Commerce .... 467 3 The Family and the Collective 475 4 Crafts and Professions 484 5 The Army 492 Chapter Twelve The Onomastics of Ugarit 499 RICHARD HESS 1 Personal Names and Prosopography 499 2 Ugaritic Place Names 515 Chapter Thirteen The Religion of Ugarit: An Overview 529 NICOLAS WYATT Chapter Fourteen The Iconography of Ugarit 586 IZAK CORNELIUS Chapter Fifteen A Political History of Ugarit 603 ITAMAR SINGER 1 Preliminary Remarks 603 2 Ugarit in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages 608 3 Ugarit under Egyptian Influence 621 4 Ugarit under Hittite Rule 627 5 Ugarit in the Age of 'Pax Hethitica' 646 6 The Weakening Grip of the Hittites 683 7 The Last Years of Ugarit 704 Chapter Sixteen The Tablets and the Computer 734 1 The Current State of Ugaritic Sudies and Technology 734 THEODORE LEWIS - STEVEN WIGGINS 2 Storage and Analysis of the Texts 747 JESUS-LUIS CUNCHILLOS

Rferences 755 Abbreviations 755 Bibliography 761 list of Contributors 824 Indices Index of Topics 827 Index of Personal Names -. 839 Index of Divine Names 843 CONTENTS

Index of Toponyms 844 Index of Ugaritic Words 847 Index of Syllabic Akkadian 850 Index of Various Languages 851 Index of KTU Texts 852 Index of RIH Texts 871 Index of RS Texts 871