Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

SOUTH ASIAN-BASED GROUP CRIME IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: (1993 – 2003)

FOCUS GROUP REPORT REVIEW OF FINDINGS

by Alex Tyakoff, M.A. (Community Planning) Primary Researcher, Tyakoff & Associates

Commissioned by Strategic Research and Analysis (SRA) Strategic Policy and Research

BC/Yukon District, Western Region Department of Canadian Heritage,

25 Eddy Street, 12th Floor Gatineau, Québec CANADA K1A 0M5

Reference: SRA-787

For a PDF copy of this report contact us at: [email protected] or Fax: (819) 997-6765

** Information presented in this report reflects the views of the author and does not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Federal Department of Canadian Heritage or other governmental bodies, including law enforcement agencies. It is important to stress that most émigrés entering Canada are peaceful and law-abiding; ethnically based criminals represent only a very small fraction of immigrants from around the world. Likewise, references to criminal activity associated with particular ethnic groups do not suggest that all members of specific ethnic groups are involved in criminal activities, are inherently violent or otherwise pre-disposed to violence.

Economic Research Group1 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the support and assistance of many individuals and agencies in the South Asian community of British Columbia. Specifically, I wish to thank Mrs. Shashi Assanand, Executive Director, Vancouver & Lower Mainland Multicultural Family Support Services Society, Mr. Balwant Sanghera, School Psychologist, and Mr. Param Grewal, Program Manager, Progressive Intercultural Community Services Society. These individuals and their respective agencies as well as many others in the community continue to serve a vital role in promoting the health and welfare of South Asian families and youth in the province of British Columbia.

I wish to express my sincere gratitude for the support and guidance of senior managers and program officers at the Federal Department of Canadian Heritage in Vancouver and Ottawa; namely, Dr. Ravi Pendakur, Mrs. Ferial McCann and Ms. Surya Govender. They are to be commended for their vision and leadership in sponsoring this pioneering work on cross-cultural conflict and for seeking timely and effective solutions in breaking the cycle of youth violence in ethnic communities in Canada.

I would also like to acknowledge the ongoing support of senior police managers of the Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia; namely, Chief Officer David Douglas, Deputy Chief Peter Ditchfield (ret.), Operations, Acting Deputy Chief Brad Parker, and Inspector Mike Ryan, Proceeds of Crime Team.

I wish to express my thanks to Superintendent Lyle Beaudoin, Delta Police Department, Inspector Amrik Virk, Surrey RCMP, Inspector Kash Heed, Vancouver Police Department, Inspector Tony Mahon, Richmond RCMP, and Inspector Axel Hovbrender, Vancouver Police Department for their assistance with this project. Special thanks go to Sgt. Steve Rai, Vancouver Police Department, Cst. Raj Uppal, Richmond RCMP, Cst. Harj Sidhu, Delta Police Department, and Cst. Tish Tarachandra for their assistance and insights in addressing youth violence.

This research study would not have been possible without the valuable and thought-provoking contributions of the focus group participants themselves. Many took time out of their busy work schedules and evening family commitments to share their ideas and solutions in order to improve the social condition for all British Columbians.

Finally, I wish to acknowledge the infinite patience, encouragement, and understanding of my wife and two children as well as the sterling efforts of Ms. Baljit Judge, my research assistant.

Economic Research Group 1 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements...... 1

I. Introduction ...... 6 A. Background ...... 6 B. Crime Statistics...... 6

II. Purpose of the Study ...... 8 A. Scope & Method ...... 9 B. Limitations of the Report...... 11 C. Organization of the Report...... 11

III. Analysis of Findings ...... 11 A. Definitions, Terms & Concepts...... 11 B. Structure & Hierarchy of Group Crime ...... 12 C. Geography of Group Crime...... 13 D. Characteristics & Backgrounds...... 14 E. Group Dynamics & Peer Group Pressure ...... 14 F. Why Do Youth Join Criminal Groups?...... 15

IV. Key Findings...... 19 A. Youth Community Sessions...... 19 B. Adult Community Sessions...... 20 C. Municipal Sessions...... 22 D. Crown Counsel Session...... 23 E. Police Sessions ...... 24

V. Conclusion ...... 25

VI. Recommendations...... 26

Appendix “A”...... 29 Community Reports...... 29 Youth Reports ...... 44 Municipal Reports ...... 49 Crown Report...... 52 Police Reports...... 54 Endnotes...... 66 Discussion Guide ...... 66 Screener Questionnaire ...... 67 Moderator Profiles...... 72 Factors outside the purview of the Federal Department of Canadian Heritage ...... 73

Economic Research Group 2 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Executive Summary

During the past decade there has been a heightened level of violence among South Asian youth in the Greater Vancouver Area of British Columbia (BC). The criminal activity involves a very small percentage of South Asian adolescents and young adults caught up in violent patterns of co-offending. These offenders are typically Indo-Canadian adolescent male youth and young adults from a variety of cultural, social, and economic backgrounds. They are primarily engaged in crimes of opportunity, including drug trafficking and extortion as well as domestic violence. Geographically, the violence has touched the majority of Greater Vancouver Area communities, including the Fraser Valley Region and may potentially spread to other communities throughout Canada.

The violent activity has fueled the public’s fear and magnified possible misconceptions about “Sikh youth violence” and “criminal gang activity.” Contrary to popular opinion, public safety officials in BC have indicated that South Asian-based youth violence and adult crime is not entrenched or sophisticated compared to other crime groups. The violence is not directly related to criminal business organizations; in other words, there is no gang hierarchy present. Instead, it is comprised of loosely-knit and opportunistic groups of roving South Asian male youth and young adults who band together in the pursuit of wealth, status, and power. Many violent crimes are driven by sporadic acts of revenge which has fuelled a tragic cycle of violence that continues to tear away at the fabric of Indo-Canadian society in BC.

Coincident with the rise of South Asian-based youth violence, the province of BC has also witnessed an unprecedented growth in organized criminal activity. British Columbia’s key position as a gateway to Eastern Canada and the northern terminus of the Interstate 5 corridor that stretches south to Mexico, together with comparatively open financial controls, makes the province an important staging ground for organized criminal activity. Consequently, there is ample opportunity for BC’s youth to become involved in criminal activity, including illicit drug production, distribution or exportation as well as serious weapons offences.

A growing number of Indo-Canadians, specifically high school aged males at risk, are embracing a criminal lifestyle. The reasons for this are complex and multifaceted and defy simple explanation. The social composition of young criminals offers up some vital clues. The majority of South Asian male youth and young adults engaged in criminal activity are between the ages of sixteen to twenty-five years, with youth who are members of nuisance groups being younger than those in trouble-making or criminal groups. Most youth belonging to low-level nuisance groups have been exposed to violence before the age of twelve. Crime groups are typically comprised of family members and others may join the group as a result of schoolyard friendships. Some will join crime groups as a result of associations made while in prison or youth detention centres. The high-risk period for most South Asian male youth at risk appears to be when they first enter high school and is likely the result of heightened peer group pressure and wider exposure to criminal opportunities.

Membership in a criminal group consists of a series of both “pulls” and “pushes,” the result of which may prove difficult for many youth to escape. In essence, pulls relate to the attractiveness or “excitement factor” of the criminal group. Membership can enhance prestige or social standing among friends, and provide defining opportunities to be with them. Group crime activities provide other attractive opportunities such as thrill-seeking and selling illicit drugs and making money. Criminally-entrenched adults view themselves as making a rational choice in deciding to join a criminal association: They see personal advantages to group crime membership, in essence; money, power, and status. Belonging to a delinquent group allows South Asian male youth to rebel against traditional Indian ways, but also affords a degree of security and structure that may be lacking in some family units. It becomes important to maintain friendships and enjoy a common “recreational” activity (e.g. loitering or fighting). Feeling marginal and isolated, they may want to join criminal groups for social relationships that Economic Research Group 3 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques give them a sense of identity or to address salient issues of integration into Canadian society.

Both offender and victim appear to come from the ranks of privileged Indo-Canadian families and economically disadvantaged families, and include recent immigrants from India as well as second generation Indo-Canadians. It remains unclear whether social and economic status, class, poverty, cross-cultural conflict, racism or bullying primarily accounts for the onset of youth group crime. While all of these risk factors have an obvious bearing on the issue, the extent to which any one of these factors acts as a “trigger” or precipitant to the violence remains to be fully ascertained.

Efforts to address the violence are ongoing and have led to the creation of a law enforcement task force. The task force has made important strides toward the suppression of violence. As well, recognized leaders of the Indo-Canadian community have convened a number of violence forums in order to address the problem. Forums have generally raised awareness of the problem and provide an important venue for discussing relevant issues among community members and public safety officials, including police. Action plans have been developed and community-based initiatives such as parent and youth mentorship programs are underway. All levels of government - federal, provincial and municipal - are aware of and increasingly concerned about the violence that has surfaced within parts of the Indo-Canadian community in BC. Significantly, an important consensus has emerged around the need for culturally- appropriate and socially-inclusive solutions that are led by the Indo-Canadian community in partnership with public safety officials, health care providers, social service professionals, and educators.

It is timely to obtain a more detailed understanding of this complex and multifaceted issue. A number of research initiatives have been undertaken – including this study commissioned by the Department of Canadian Heritage – to shed light on the root causes of South Asian-based youth violence. This study makes the following recommendations to address the violence:

· It is recommended the Federal Department of Canadian Heritage liaise with the Department of the Solicitor-General (Canada) and other interested stakeholders, including community officials and police representatives, to assist in the development of an integrated regional plan with specific recommendations to address youth violence and group crime in the Greater Vancouver Area.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage commission a quantitative research study into the risk factors relating to South Asian-based youth violence and group crime in the Greater Vancouver Area. The study would address cross-cultural conflict and integration, with specific attention to the impact of peer pressure on ethnic youth at risk. The study will assist in the design and development of culturally- appropriate interventions for multiple-barrier South Asian youth in the Greater Vancouver Area, and include a needs assessment of crime prevention programs and youth services available in BC. It is further recommended that a benchmark study be undertaken to examine the various interventions available for youth at risk across North America and elsewhere for possible application to BC.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage, in partnership with the Department of the Solicitor-General (Canada), provide guidance, expertise, and shared resources for the effective implementation of community-based youth mentorship programs as well as pre-employment training opportunities for multiple-barrier South Asian male youth in BC.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage promote the development of interactive seminars for South Asian immigrants to address the challenges of integration into Canadian society. This program could be designed, developed, and funded in Economic Research Group 4 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

partnership with federal, provincial, and municipal stakeholders as well as with non- governmental organizations. The program would emphasize family communication as well as school-related issues, with specific attention to addressing cross-cultural conflict and youth violence such as bullying and racism as well as group crime.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage assess the feasibility of developing ethno-specific conflict resolution workshops designed to foster the everyday skills required for effective intercultural communication. Sessions could interactively explore Indo-Canadian perspectives on what constitutes a problem, and when it becomes a conflict that needs to be resolved. This program would be offered to South Asian immigrant families as well as to Canadian justice officials, including police and Crown representatives. This program has the potential to facilitate the exchange of knowledge between people from diverse cultural backgrounds. It also has the potential to assist with the process of negotiating across cultures and empowers people to more effectively engage in everyday informal intercultural exchanges within their own communities.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage and other interested stakeholders provide the expertise and resources necessary for the development of video materials on cross-cultural conflict, drugs, and violence. The material would be prepared by, and for South Asian youth and distributed for viewing at BC public schools as well as at Sikh language schools. It is further recommended the videos be made available in English, Punjabi, and Hindi and/or other South Asian languages. The videos would be shown to groups of South Asian parents, youth, police, and educators and may also include dialog sessions. Videos could also be shown at Temple social gatherings as well as at the various Indo-Canadian violence forums.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage collaborate with BC public school officials and other interested stakeholders, including Indo-Canadian participants, to provide training and resource materials on dealing with cross-cultural conflict and peer group pressure for South Asian male youth before they enter high school. Workshops and materials would cover crime prevention topics (e.g. substance abuse, dating violence, etc) as well as raise awareness of youth services available to young persons in need throughout the South Asian community.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage liaise with the BC Chiefs of Police and/or their designate authority as well as with senior representatives of the Justice Institute of British Columbia (JIBC) and other interested community stakeholders to provide updated resource material for police academy recruits, both locally and nationally. Resources should be specific to issues currently facing South Asian families and youth, and include culturally-appropriate material relating to bullying and racism, dating, honor crimes, child sexual abuse, and domestic violence. This material could be distributed to school liaison officer programs throughout the province of BC.

· It is recommended that the Department of Canadian Heritage liaise with senior officials from the Delta Police Department in order to further develop the intercultural component of their school liaison officer program for possible wider application as a best practice throughout the province of BC.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage assist in the preparation of materials necessary to properly orient South Asian immigrants to existing family programs and services in the Greater Vancouver Area of BC.

Economic Research Group 5 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Over the past decade there has been a heightened level of violence among South Asian adolescents and young adults in the Greater Vancouver Area communities of BC. The reasons for the violence are complex and multifaceted and defy simple explanation. The criminal activity involves a very small percentage of South Asian youth and young adults caught up in violent patterns of co-offending. For the most part, the offenders are Indo-Canadian male youth and young adults from a variety of different cultural, social, and economic backgrounds. They are primarily engaged in crimes of opportunity, including drug trafficking and extortion as well as domestic violence and violent sexual assault.

There is no traditional gang hierarchy present; rather, the offenders are part of randomly-formed delinquent or criminal groups. While the violent activity is not necessarily associated to any particular criminal business organization, it has the potential to become more sophisticated and organized. The violence has spilled over into several communities throughout the Greater Vancouver Area, including the Fraser Valley Region, but is not concentrated in any particular community. Additionally, other major urban centres throughout North America, in particular Toronto, Ontario, Edmonton, Alberta as well as Los Angeles, California are experiencing similar crime problems. Overall, the violence is a domestic matter which is geographically rooted in the Greater Vancouver Area.

B. Crime Statistics

Increased media attention and public outcry has significantly raised the profile of Indo-Canadian based crime in BC over the past decade. This, coupled with the fear of crime and ethnic stereotyping, has inflated the scope and nature of the threat. Official justice statistics sheds light on the violence issue, placing it into a broader context. Homicide statistics collected on South Asian victims since 1994, while indicating a steady increase, are significantly lower compared to the general population. Why then the focus on South Asian minority violence and youth crime? Since 1994, there have been sixty-two homicides of young South Asian males in Greater Vancouver. Table 1 below reveals the increase since 1997 with an effective doubling of South Asian homicides in 1998. This was followed by a plateau in 1999/2000 and then by another increase in homicides for the period between 2001/2002.

Table 1: South Asian-based Homicides in the Greater Vancouver Area: 1994 - June, 2003

Year Number of Homicides 1994 3 1995 2 1996 2 1997 5 1998 10 1999 7 2000 6 2001 11 2002 14 2003 (Jan-June) 2 TOTAL 62 Source: Vancouver Police Department, 2003

Economic Research Group 6 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

While crime statistics on Indo-Canadian adolescents and young adults are comparatively low, there is heightened anxiety and concern among public safety officials and front-line social workers that the violence will increase. Significantly, Indo-Canadian youth and young adults are being violently targeted by predatory groups of Indo-Canadian youth. This has the potential to further tear away at the fabric of Indo-Canadian society in BC and create the pre-conditions for the establishment of organized crime. Significantly, it threatens to create a lost generation of South Asian youth in a traditional Eastern culture that is currently experiencing an unprecedented level of decline in Western society.

South Asian homicides and the tragic circumstances surrounding the shootings and deaths require a degree of explanation. In terms of fatalities, the manner of homicide varied considerably, however most victims were shot to death. Three victims were burned to death, six were stabbed and others were strangled and beaten to death. The bodies of four victims were never recovered and are presumed dead. Twenty-six of these homicides occurred in a public place, while ten occurred at the victim’s residence and the others at varied locations. The methods of homicide were not entirely atypical of the type used by other ethnically-based criminals, including Canadian-born criminals of European ethnic origin. Qualitatively, the level of violence reported is significant and, in severe cases, has set South Asian group-based perpetrators apart from other groups of violent offenders in BC.

The following crime statistics report on national crime trends, violent crime, including homicide rates as well as youth crime rates for the two latest census periods: 1996 and 2001. It examines violent crime rates at the provincial and national levels, and also explores the violent crime rate for 2002. As such, it attempts to place the historic South Asian crime rate in BC into a broader context vis-à-vis other crime rates in Canada.

The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics indicates that since 1993, violent crime in Canada has been generally declining. Violent crime incidents include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual assault, other assaults, other sexual offences, abduction, and robbery. In Canada, the violent crime rate declined by 2.2 per cent in 1996, marking the fourth consecutive annual decrease. Prior to these declines, the violent crime rate increased over a period of fifteen straight years. 1 Homicide includes first and second-degree murder, manslaughter, and infanticide. In 1996, there were 633 homicides and 848 attempted murders reported to authorities. Together these crimes continue to account for less than one per cent of reported violent incidents. After four years of consecutive decreases, the homicide rate increased (+6.4 %) in 1996, and was pegged at 2.1 homicides per 100,000 population. In 1996, there were 125 reported homicides in BC. 2 There were two South Asian homicide victims reported in 1996, an estimated 1.6 per cent of total homicides in BC.

In 2001, the violent crime rate increased (+1%) in Canada for the second straight year, after having declined in each of the previous seven years. 3 Despite the national increase, BC reported a decrease (-3%) in violent crime in 2001. In 2001, there were 554 homicides and 721 attempted murders in Canada. Together, these crimes account for less than half of one per cent of the reported violent incidents in Canada. The homicide rate remained stable in 2001 for the third consecutive year. In BC, the homicide rate for 2001 continued to remain stable from the previous year. In 2001, there were eighty-five reported homicides in BC. 4 In 2001, eleven South Asian homicides were reported to authorities, an estimated 12.9 per cent of total homicides in BC. While still low in terms of the overall BC homicide rate, this represents a significant increase since 1996, precisely at a time when homicide rates across Canada were reported to be in decline.

Economic Research Group 7 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

After two years of relative stability, the homicide rate jumped by four per cent in 2002. The increase in the number of homicides at the national level was driven by a large increase in the province of BC, up from eighty-five homicides in 2001 to 126 in 2002. Part of this increase is a result of homicide investigations undertaken by the Missing Women’s Task Force in Port Coquitlam, BC which resulted in fifteen homicides being reported by law enforcement authorities in 2002. 5 Another part of this increase is the result of fourteen reported homicides of South Asians in the Greater Vancouver Area. When compared to the BC homicide rate, South Asians made up eleven per cent of reported victims for 2002, a slight drop from the previous year.

While the homicide rate for South Asians is much lower compared to the general population in BC, it has steadily increased over the past decade. This is reflective of the steady population growth of South Asians in the Greater Vancouver Area. It is also indicative of the heightened levels of violence that faces all British Columbians, including persons of South Asian heritage.

II. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Tyakoff & Associates was commissioned in 2003 by the Federal Department of Canadian Heritage to conduct focus group sessions with the South Asian community in BC as well as with social service providers and public safety officials on the issue of group violence. The Department of Canadian Heritage decided to adopt a pro-active stance in dealing with this matter based upon its strategic mission in fostering multiculturalism and diversity relations in Canada. The Mission and Strategic Mandate (April 2002) of the Department of Canadian Heritage mandate of the Department of Canadian Heritage is as follows:

Canadian Content

· Promoting the creation, dissemination, and preservation of diverse Canadian cultural works, stories, and symbols reflective of our past and expressive of our values and aspirations

Cultural Participation

· Fostering access to and participation in Canada’s cultural life

Connections

· Fostering and strengthening connections among Canadians and deepening understanding across diverse communities

Active Citizenship and Civic Participation

· Promoting understanding of the rights and responsibilities of shared citizenship and fostering opportunities to participate in Canada’s civic life

The Department of Canadian Heritage is well-positioned to play a significant role in addressing cross-cultural conflict and integration issues within impacted minority communities in Canada. This focus group report attempts to draw together a wide range of informed opinion on the emergence of youth violence in the South Asian community in BC. The purpose of this research study is to identify a specific role for the Department of Canadian Heritage in addressing the violence issue in collaboration with the local Indo-Canadian community and all other interested stakeholders in BC.

Economic Research Group 8 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

This research study is intended to shed light on the underlying nature of group crime and youth violence that has surfaced in parts of the South Asian community in BC over the past decade. It may potentially serve as an important baseline by which to assist in the design, development, and delivery of intervention programs and services to impacted communities. The focus group study endeavours to: (1) obtain a more sophisticated understanding of the research problem; (2) test the feasibility of pursuing additional qualitative study; and (3) assist in the development of a quantitative survey instrument for potential use in future research.

A. Scope & Method

Focus group sessions were conducted with members of the South Asian community in BC as well as with police officials, Crown prosecutors, social workers, multicultural planners, and park board youth workers. Overall, six focus group sessions were held with members of the Indo-Canadian community. In terms of composition and demographics, South Asian participants either resided or worked in the municipalities of Vancouver, Surrey, Burnaby, Richmond, or Delta. Participants were recruited from Greater Vancouver communities that experienced the majority of violent crime over the past ten years.

An important consideration of the focus group research method involved the development of a representative sample source drawn from the various social, economic, and cultural groupings of Indo-Canadian society. It was important to include both secular and non-secular members of the community. Furthermore, social, economic, age, and gender criteria were considered. A random sample of participants was drawn from across a broad spectrum of the local Indo- Canadian community in order to garner the fullest possible perspective of the violence issue.

Each session was comprised of at least ten individuals from secular and non-secular populations of the Indo-Canadian community. A representative cross-section of participants from the Indo-Canadian community in BC was enlisted, with particular emphasis on youth participation. The following community-based focus group categories were developed: (1) young males; (2) young females; (3) white-collar professionals; (4) community leaders; (5) single mothers; and (6) Indo-Canadian social workers. There was, of course, some minor overlap in the backgrounds of various participants. This was accounted for in the participation matrix.

Indo-Canadian moderators were invited to hold focus group sessions with the South Asian community. Some sessions were conducted in Punjabi in order to reach all social and economic groups, especially recent immigrants from India. The moderators are highly respected social service providers and are active in their community. Both are familiar with the issues facing multi-barrier Indo-Canadian youth and young adults and are experienced in assisting South Asian immigrants. The female moderator is well known for her expertise in addressing cross- cultural conflict and domestic violence in the South Asian community.

Additionally, five focus group sessions were conducted with a representative sample of both sworn and non-sworn law enforcement officials. Police sessions were carried out with members of the Surrey and Richmond Detachments of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia (OCA BC), the Vancouver Police Department (VPD) and the Delta Police Department (DPD). These law enforcement agencies were selected because of their involvement in policing Greater Vancouver communities with the highest level violence involving South Asian-based offenders.

Police focus group sessions were comprised of at least five members each with varying levels of service and operational experience. Members were recruited from a variety of ranks and investigative sections, namely; drugs, gangs, homicide, criminal intelligence, general duty as well

Economic Research Group 9 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

as community police, school liaison and diversity relations. This elicited a wide range of opinion on the issue of youth violence, in particular family violence, extortion, and homicide. Significantly, police participants were drawn from a variety of different cultural, social, and economic backgrounds, and included members from the Indo-Canadian community in BC. This afforded unique insight into the violence problem from both a law enforcement perspective as well as a cultural perspective.

Additionally, a focus group session was conducted with five Crown prosecutors based at Surrey Courts. These legal professionals are experienced in prosecuting a variety of major criminal offences relating to accused Indo-Canadians, ranging from homicide to domestic violence and sex offences. Crown participants included both male and female prosecutors, each with varying levels of experience in the courtroom setting. A focus group session was held with multicultural planners from the City of Vancouver Social Planning Department as well as with youth workers from the City of Vancouver Parks and Recreation Department.

An important element in the focus group study was the preparation of a screener questionnaire. The utilization of this pre-focus group tool enabled the appropriate selection of eligible participants for the study sessions. Screener questionnaires consisted of specific filtering questions designed to determine whether contacts were qualified to attend the session. It was developed with input from the moderators, both of whom utilized the tool in the final participant selection process. A separate screener questionnaire was prepared for public safety officials and used to select potential participants. In addition, a discussion guide was developed for the question and answer component of the focus group sessions. Like the screener questionnaire, the discussion guide ensured the standardization of question format for each focus group session and was prepared in consultation with the moderators.

Extra participants were recruited in the possible event of cancellation. However, cancellations were infrequent, demonstrating a high level of interest in addressing the issue of community violence. In addition, a participation matrix was developed in order to ensure the proper participant balance for each focus group session. A similar approach was utilized for the public safety and municipal focus group sessions, however, different selection criteria were employed.

The following standardized, open-ended questions were asked of all focus group participants.

· Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based group/gang activity and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? In your opinion has the problem been overstated?

· Question 2: What social and economic forces push Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of group/gang violence and criminal activity? What are the roots of the violence?

· Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temple in responding to the group/gang activity and violence that has surfaced in the Indo-Canadian community?

· Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug, and educational counseling programs available to Indo-Canadian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the Indo-Canadian community?

· Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

Community sessions were recorded by the research assistant and reviewed by the moderators as well as by the primary researcher in order to ensure the accuracy of findings. Sessions were

Economic Research Group 10 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

translated where necessary and a debriefing was held at the conclusion of each session. Draft reports were made available to the moderators and others for review and comment.

B. Limitations of the Report

The focus group approach is a qualitative research instrument designed to reflect informed opinion based upon a standardized set of open-ended questions. The findings contained in this report should not be regarded as definitive or necessarily conclusive; rather, they represent a collection of perspectives based on expert interviews. They represent a preliminary review and assessment of the possible risk factors of violence among multiple-barrier South Asian youth. Importantly, this report lays the essential groundwork for any serious future research on the topic of youth violence in ethnic communities.

Since approximately five to ten individuals took part in each focus group session, a wide range of opinion was encountered. Varying opinions or conflicting perspectives enriched the process of knowledge discovery on such a complex topic, and probed beneath the surface of assumptions. This led to a much deeper understanding of the issue. Every effort was made to report differences of opinion in an ethical and accurate manner. Each focus group session is included in the Appendix. The following Section incorporates the key findings into a single, comprehensive report.

C. Organization of the Report

This report is arranged in the following manner: Section I contains an introduction to the research topic. Section II outlines the purpose of the study, and examines the scope, method, and limitations of the research. Section III contains the analysis of findings, which explores definitions used in the report, the structure and hierarchy of group crime, the geography of crime, the backgrounds and characteristics of offenders as well as the dynamics of group crime and why youth and young adults join criminal groups. Section IV offers a summary of key findings. Section V provides a concluding statement and Section VI contains a list of recommendations. The Appendix includes all the focus group reports as well as the discussion guide, the screener questionnaire, and the moderator profiles.

III. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

A. Definitions, Terms & Concepts

Over the past ten years there has been a heightened level of violence among South Asian- based adolescent male youth and young adults in the Greater Vancouver Area of BC. The reasons for the violence are both complex and multi-faceted, there is no single explanation. The violent activity has fueled the public’s fear and magnified possible misconceptions about “Sikh youth violence” and “criminal gang activity.” While misconceptions about the violence continue to surface in the public domain, police and justice officials in BC have indicated that South Asian-based criminal groups are not organized or sophisticated compared to other crime groups in Vancouver. The violence is not directly related to youth gangs or criminal business organizations; rather, it is a community-based manifestation of group crime or more accurately violent group crime.

It has been proven empirically for quite some time now that a great deal of crime is committed in groups. Nevertheless, the group aspect of crime and deviance continues to receive comparatively little attention by the criminal justice system and by researchers in the academic community. This may be based on the fact that group dynamics is far more difficult to examine

Economic Research Group 11 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

than the nature and characteristics of lone offenders. Group crime is not unique to offenders in the Indo-Canadian population as other ethnically-based criminals, including Canadian-born criminals of European ethnic origin are also involved in criminal activities. It does, however, represent a more accurate way to categorize and explain the scope, nature, and impact of youth co-offending, particularly within ethnic communities that are socially-defined by group-based activities.

There are several important points to be made regarding the nature of youth group crime and youth gang activity in Canada, the latter of which has been the topic of much intense study. A majority of crime is committed in Canada by groups, criminal associations or social networks rather than by lone offenders. Youth crime in particular is a social event, marked by offending in groups or co-offending. Group crimes are of particular interest to the media, which often confuses them with youth gangs. It is important to note that not every youth group is necessarily a delinquent group. In fact, young people have many different personal reasons or motivations for forming a group. Moreover, not every delinquent youth group is necessarily a street gang or large criminal entity. In light of these essential distinctions, it makes sense to consider Indo- Canadian based youth crime as part of group crime rather that attempt to define it. This can confuse concerned agencies, including those in the community, as they struggle to separate gangs into neat categories that often do not exist.

Therefore, for the purpose of this report Indo-Canadian youth and young adults at risk may be broadly classified into the following four domains: (1) nuisance groups; (2) trouble-making groups; (3) criminal groups; and (4) contemporary youth gangs. A group is viewed as three or more young people who regularly associate with one another. The differences between the types of groups are related to whether the group members are engaged in purely symbolic or ritualistic activities, cause nuisance or trouble, or take part in criminal activity. However, this distinction is not as simple as it would first appear; a degree of caution is advised. For example, behaviors such as hanging out in a group and causing trouble is often associated with groups of young people who are not necessarily involved in crime, but criminal groups display this same behaviour. Despite these limitations, group crime research has enormous potential as a conceptual framework by which to examine the reasons for co-offending among youth and young adults, particularly within impacted South Asian communities.

The concept of “at risk” youth requires some elaboration, particularly in relation to the Indo- Canadian community. For the purposes of this study, the definition of risk broadly encompasses negative outcomes for the child as a result of developmental delays, exposure to conflicts (e.g. family, cross-cultural or peer-related), and economic deprivation. Other factors of risk include the higher probability of having negative developmental outcomes; these include: difficulties in social adaptations and integration, academic success and exposure to violent or delinquent situations. The degree of risk varies with the child’s exposure to such factors, as well as with the child’s resiliency and the extent to which protective measures can mitigate the influence of risk factors. Protective measures could be formal or informal, institutionally-based or community- centred.

For the purpose of this study, violence is broadly categorized as “community violence” which includes all types of criminal violence, including domestic violence and sexual assault.

B. Structure & Hierarchy of Group Crime

In committing crimes together, Indo-Canadian youth groups are not necessarily large or well structured. The majority are believed to be part of loosely-knit and randomly-formed groups, in which some young people become briefly involved. The majority of crime is committed by

Economic Research Group 12 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

deviant groups of three or more persons. There is no discernible gang structure or criminal business organization present however this may potentially change. It remains to be seen whether Indo-Canadian based group crime will fade away or evolve into a hard core youth gang with ties to organized crime. While Indo-Canadian based group crime should not necessarily be viewed as a major criminal enterprise, it has the potential to expand if certain conditions are met.

Presently, it is comprised of a seamless and evolving web of opportunistic Indo-Canadian adolescent male youth and young adults who are largely motivated by wealth and status as well as by an underlying desire to exert power and control over their adversaries. Their adversaries are, for the most part, other groups of offending Indo-Canadian male youth. Some groups are engaged in criminal profiteering and can be characterized by their volatile membership, as loyalties can become instant rivalries. Others are attempting to forge a “wannabe” criminal identity for themselves, elements of which are shaped by misperceptions of the Sikh religion and by popular media images of African-American street gangs. This identity is also shaped by the ongoing glorification of the alleged local criminal, Bindy Johal (deceased), who even today continues to be a source of fascination among Indo-Canadian youth.

It appears that many South Asian-based violent crimes are driven by acts of revenge or “saving face” and have escalated into a brutal cycle of violence that frequently ends with tragic consequences. These incidents are, for the most part, severe and cyclic in nature as witnessed in the shootings, homicides, and home invasions throughout Greater Vancouver. This, in turn, begets more violence through an ongoing cycle of retaliation which is often perpetrated by the survivors themselves, by their inner circle of friends, extended family members or by their criminal associates.

C. Geography of Group Crime

Several factors have contributed to a heightened level of youth violence among Indo-Canadians in BC. Over the past decade, the province of BC has witnessed a steady growth in organized crime. British Columbia’s key position as a gateway to Eastern Canada and the northern terminus of the Interstate 5 corridor that stretches south to Mexico, together with comparatively open financial controls, makes the province an important staging ground for organized criminal activity. Given BC’s proximity to the United States, strong Pacific Rim connections and central transportation hubs and water ports, the province will likely continue to be utilized by organized crime as a transit and distribution point for all types of contraband, including illicit drugs and weapons. It is further anticipated that organized crime will become even more entrenched and widespread as Greater Vancouver approaches the 2010 Winter Olympics.

The flow of heroin and cocaine through Greater Vancouver continues to be a major problem, despite recent law enforcement successes. This, coupled with the rise of criminal enterprises such as marihuana grow operations, clandestine methamphetamine laboratories, and ecstasy production sites has greatly complicated the problem. Consequently, there is ample opportunity for Indo-Canadian youth and young adults to become involved in criminal activity, including illicit drug production, distribution, or exportation. In addition, there is a corresponding rise in the availability of restricted and prohibited weapons in the Greater Vancouver Area, contributing to an already dangerous situation for all British Columbians.

Indo-Canadian based criminal groups are active in several communities throughout the Greater Vancouver Area of BC, including the Fraser Valley Region. There have been homicides and shootings related to some of these criminal groups in the communities of Richmond, Surrey, Vancouver, New Westminster, Burnaby, Port Moody, and Delta. Significantly, Indo-Canadian Economic Research Group 13 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

based crime is not unique to the Greater Vancouver Area of BC and has surfaced in many other major urban centres throughout North America, including Toronto, Ontario and Edmonton, Alberta as well as Los Angeles, California.

There are a number of geographic aspects to consider in relation to Indo-Canadian based group crime and youth violence. Since the criminal power base may shift at any given time, there is a marked absence of any defined gang territory or “turf” of the sort that is commonly associated with contemporary American street gangs. However, there is a dynamic zone of influence in respect of those areas frequented by Indo-Canadian based criminals, in particular school grounds, community parks, bars, and nightclubs. Generally, however, its members prefer to drift through communities in the Greater Vancouver Area, including the Fraser Valley Region in the ongoing pursuit of criminal opportunities.

D. Characteristics & Backgrounds

Both offender and victim appear to come from privileged Indo-Canadian families as well as economically disadvantaged families, and include recent immigrants from India as well as second generation Indo-Canadians. It is not clear whether status, class, poverty, cross-cultural conflict, racism or bullying primarily accounts for the prevalence of youth group crime. While all of these factors have a bearing on the issue, the extent to which any one of these factors contributes to the violence remains to be fully ascertained. Additional empirical research is required before any definitive conclusions can be made.

The following general observations can be offered at this time: Most Indo-Canadian youth and young adults engaged in either delinquent or criminal behaviors are between the ages of sixteen to twenty-five years, with multiple-barrier youth who are members of nuisance groups being younger than those in trouble-making or criminal groups. Many of the youth belonging to nuisance groups have been exposed to violence in the home before the age of twelve and exhibit high aggressive behaviour. A growing number of Indo-Canadians, specifically high school aged males, are embracing a criminal lifestyle. This is likely the result of increased peer pressure and wider exposure to criminal opportunities. There are more South Asian boys involved in youth crime than girls, but if girls commit offences, they are more likely to do so together with others. Female delinquency is reportedly on the rise among multiple-barrier South Asian girls in suburban communities of Greater Vancouver, resulting in a greater degree of teenage prostitution.

Serious criminal youths, also widely perceived as gang members, commit offences more often in cooperation with others than other young people would, and the average group size is larger. These individuals are generally older and more entrenched in crime. They have been introduced to criminal associations through male family ties, in particular wayward brothers and cousins. Membership is comprised of family connections while others join the crime group as a result of schoolyard friendships or criminal relations formed while in a custodial setting. These crime groups are mainly comprised of ethnic members from the South Asian community, in particular the local Indo-Canadian community. In rare instances, members of other ethnic groups or “outsiders,” including Canadian-born criminals of European ethnic origin, are allowed to take part in the criminal activities of the group.

E. Group Dynamics & Peer Group Pressure

Youth crime is often a direct consequence of dynamics which occur in a group, defined as “peer group pressure,” where the quest for thrill-seeking and impulsive behaviour is more easily manifested. Young people can also encourage each other to cross certain ethical and legal

Economic Research Group 14 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques thresholds. The formation of a deviant group is often more of a coincidence than a purposeful act, especially at the nuisance and trouble-making stage. The motives for membership in a criminal group are money, power, and status while the age factor also plays an important role. Belonging to a criminal group allows South Asian male youth or young adults to rebel against traditional Indian ways, but also offers a degree of security and structure that is found lacking in the dysfunctional family unit. It becomes important to maintain friendships and enjoy a common “recreational” activity (e.g. loitering or fighting). Departure from a group is primarily related to reaching a certain age, which holds particularly true of those groups which cause trouble. This type of group in particular ceases to exist after a while, with only a small fraction of such groups surviving.

Life within a deviant group includes two endemic features: violence and alcohol. Since alcohol is an integral aspect of socializing within a group, drinking acts as a social lubricant to maintain not only the cohesion and social solidarity of the group, but also to affirm masculinity. Partying is a focal event in group crime-related activities in which binge drinking is an integral component. Partying overlaps with members socially hanging out and member’s party both at nightclubs and bars. These drinking venues also provide the member with an opportunity to show off his material spoils. Additionally, it provides the member with the opportunity to mock or repudiate traditional Indian ways. Other examples of group crime activities associated with drinking include fighting between members because of rivalries, tensions, or more likely bad deals. Tensions may arise when two members or cliques aggressively vie for power or status within the group or when two members compete over the affection of another. After bouts of drinking and possible steroid abuse, these simmering rivalries may erupt, and fighting often occurs. In such cases, alcohol works to create a ritualized context for fighting and violent confrontations, whether physical or verbal, and can quickly escalate out of control especially when saving face is involved.

In symbolic terms, some Indo-Canadian crime groups have a group name which functions as a collective identity, but also distinguishes the entity from other groups. The media and police play a major role in the creation of group names, spurred on by popular images of contemporary African-American street gangs. The reaction by police and society towards young people who are perceived as belonging to an ethnically-based criminal group often works as a powerful stigma and can even reinforce criminal behaviors or delinquent patterns.

F. Why Do Youth Join Criminal Groups?

Membership in a criminal group consists of a series of both “pulls” and “pushes,” the result of which may prove difficult to resist. In essence, pulls relate to the notoriety and attractiveness of the criminal group. Membership can enhance prestige or standing among friends and peers and provide opportunities to bond with them. Group crime activities provide other attractive opportunities such as thrill-seeking and selling illicit drugs and making money. Indo-Canadian young adults that are criminally-entrenched see themselves as making a rational choice in deciding to join a criminal association: They envision personal advantages to group crime membership. Indo-Canadian youth at risk tend to join deviant groups for protection against endemic racism or bullying. Feeling marginal or isolated, Indo-Canadian youth also join criminal groups for social relationships that impart a sense of identity or to solve social adjustment problems (e.g. integration).

There are many reasons why Indo-Canadian male youth and young adults engage in violent acts of co-offending, as is the case with all other offenders, including Canadian-born criminals of European ethnic origin. The following table is not meant to be an exhaustive list of contributing factors relating to Indo-Canadian group-based violence. Rather, it represents a framework of

Economic Research Group 15 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques possible risk factors (e.g. environmental, behavioral, and structural) and institutional barriers as identified by the focus group participants themselves.

The information is categorized into seven principal domains. They are: (1) community; (2) Temple; (3) family; (4) school; (5) peer group (6) individual; and (7) institutional. The presence of multiple risk factors produces the greatest level of risk. There is some minor overlap of risk factors given the complex and multifaceted nature of the problem. They are loosely-ranked in descending order of priority and are grouped in the following domains:

Table 2: Possible Risk Factors & Institutional Barriers Contributing to Group Crime Membership among South Asian Male Youth in the Greater Vancouver Area of BC

Domain Risk Factors Sources

Community Presence of organized crime Police, Crown

Availability of illicit drugs Police, Crown

Availability of weapons Police, Crown

Integration issues All sessions

Cross-cultural conflict All sessions

Conflict with public safety Police, Crown institutions; criminal justice system

Temple Lack of coordination and prioritization All sessions of resources

Absence of consistent, credible, and Community participatory programs

Lack of adult seminars, parenting Community skills programs and forums on social issues

Gender inequality Many sessions Spiritual decline among youth All sessions

Dwindling youth attendance All sessions

Erosion of the Punjabi Community language

Family Financial pressures All sessions

Communication barriers All sessions

Lack of adult male All sessions role models Lack of parental role All sessions

Economic Research Group 16 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

models

Domestic violence; All sessions broken homes

Family members involved Police, Crown in criminal activity

Social marginalization All sessions

Denial of crime Police, Crown

School Racism; bullying All sessions

Labeling; negative stereotyping Youth

Lack of parental involvement All sessions

Educational frustration Community

Academic failure Community

Peer Group Interaction with delinquent peers All sessions

Boredom; lack of positive choices All sessions

Thrill-seeking; fighting and All sessions loitering

Friends who abuse drugs and alcohol Police Friends who are drug distributors Police or have access to weapons

Individual Desire for status, power, All sessions and control

Desire for group rewards, such All sessions as identity, self-esteem and protection

Desire for financial rewards All sessions

Proclivity for excitement and trouble Police, Crown

Problem behaviours, externalizing Community behaviours, poor refusal skills

Defiant; lack of remorse Crown

Save face; protect honour All sessions

Alcohol and drug use All sessions Spoiled; pandered to Crown

Economic Research Group 17 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Institutional Erosion of social programs All sessions and services

Service gaps; increased Community demand for service

Culturally-insensitive programs Community

Lack of early intervention programs Community

Erosion of services for single Community mothers on fixed incomes

Shortage of professionally-trained and Community culturally-sensitive counselors

Lack of broader program coordination; Police insufficient best practices

Slow or ineffective court process Community

Police insensitivity to cultural needs Community

Ineffective school liaison Community officer program

The perspectives of focus group sessions differed significantly from each other in several important respects. These were evident between public safety officials and Indo-Canadian participants and represent an underlying thread throughout the sessions. Police and Crown prosecutors consistently maintain that Indo-Canadian parents continue to deny the existence of the violence problem, contributing to a wall of silence. In effect, this has acted to hamper the overall success of investigations.

Indo-Canadian participants observed that while denial continues to be a problem, it has been largely overstated by public safety officials. They further stated that police need to be more culturally-sensitive and responsive to the needs of the South Asian community. Additionally, there appears to be a fundamental difference of opinion regarding the overall effectiveness of the school liaison officer program in most jurisdictions. To a large extent, the Indo-Canadian community has questioned the efficacy of the program within the context of ethnic communities. Police maintain that school liaison officer program has potential, but needs to be evaluated, properly-funded, and accepted by the Indo-Canadian community. According to many police officials, this has not happened in any appreciable manner and barriers continue to exist. On the face of it, these essential differences appear to be divisive. However, they are being addressed with increased efforts at community-building.

There are some differences of opinion within the Indo-Canadian community on the issue of youth violence, its causes and potential solutions. These differences are expressed along social, economic, age, and gender lines. For example, some youth feel alienated from traditional Indian ways and from the family unit in particular. Youth reportedly felt pressured into doing things they do not wish to do or to conform to traditional expectations. This is evident when it comes to Temple activities, marriage, and career choices. Significantly, most youth expressed interest in taking part in the development of their community, but felt voiceless and disconnected Economic Research Group 18 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

from the leadership. This is particularly evident among young South Asian females, in particular university-educated women, and a growing segment of the community. The leadership has repeatedly encouraged the participation of South Asian youth in community-building exercises for the abatement of violence. An appropriate level of funding has purportedly been set aside for community development projects, but the leadership continually point to a lack of interest on the part of young adults. South Asian single mothers felt distanced from the leadership and the community, in particular the Temple leadership, for largely different reasons. They argue that any discussion of violence should, by necessity, include domestic violence and spousal abuse. This view was not shared by any other South Asian focus group aside from the panel of Indo- Canadian social workers, but was supported by public safety officials, including police.

IV. KEY FINDINGS

A. Youth Community Sessions

Growth of Violence: Youth stated the problem of violence among South Asians has been overstated and sensationalized by the local media. Crime appears to be severe, but cyclic and revenge is one of the primary motives. The majority of youth participants did not see a gang connection to the problem; rather, they viewed it as a group of friends and peers hanging out. Fighting and loitering are characteristic of the activities of these delinquent groups. They are comprised primarily of Indo-Canadian male youth at risk and are, therefore, labeled as gangs and often stereotyped as violent. Some youth associate with gang members, but the majority is not affiliated.

Roots of Violence: Youth observed that violence among South Asians is primarily about power, status, and control and less about money and drugs. Peer pressure, bullying as well as racism appear to be major contributing factors. Issues are prevalent among Indo-Canadian male youth at risk when they enter high school and are heightened by cross-cultural conflict and domestic strife within the family unit. The existence of communication barriers among male family members are another contributing factor, thereby adding to the burden on South Asian families.

The majority of South Asian-based criminal groups in the Greater Vancouver Area are comprised of ethnic members of the local Indo-Canadian community. However, Indian cultural groups are split as youth tend to divide themselves along ethnic and regional lines. Fighting appears to be an accepted part of co-offending among South Asian youth and is even encouraged by some male family members. Increasingly, more Indo-Canadian female youth are engaged in group crime-related activities, including teenage prostitution.

Role of the Family & Temple: Youth observed that most parents are working hard to provide for their children and consequently there is little time left over for families. This has contributed to a breakdown in family communication, especially between father and son. This is complicated by a fundamental division between Indian and Western cultures as Indo-Canadian youth are constantly bombarded conflicting morals and beliefs. Youth frequently stated that parents, Temple leaders, and families need to become more aware of, and better educated about the issues facing youth and less judgmental. Youth expressed the desire to make their own independent life choices and stated they do not wish to be pressured into doing something they do not want to do. All of these issues were viewed by youth as eroding self-esteem and personal identity, potentially contributing to alienation, delinquency, and crime if left unchecked.

Adequacy of Social Programs: Youth claimed there is a lack of resources and few programs and services that are consistently available for Indo-Canadian youth. The few that do exist, in particular cultural camps, have been poorly-advertised. It was held that sessions should be

Economic Research Group 19 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

delivered in a user-friendly manner and free of the lecture format. Youth added that Indo- Canadian parents should make the time available to attend parent/youth sessions, especially forums on youth violence.

Conclusion: Youth argued that parents should try to become better educated on the issue of youth violence, and be more accepting of potential solutions as identified by the youth themselves.

B. Adult Community Sessions

Growth of Violence: Adult participants believed that group violence among South Asian male youth has increased over the past ten years. They observed that male youth in elementary schools are increasingly engaged in conflict before the age of thirteen. Racism and bullying is viewed as significant contributing factor, and there is fear in the community. Many believed the violence issue has been overstated by the media and stereotyping has hurt the image of the local Indo-Canadian community. However, a small minority of participants applauded the efforts of the media for their coverage of events as it raised the level of awareness among South Asians and others in the Greater Vancouver Area.

A number of female participants observed that domestic violence has increased within the Indo- Canadian community. They stated that domestic violence has the potential to spill over into the community, thereby substantially adding to the problem. Some observed that family violence has become an accepted form of conflict resolution in the South Asian community, displacing the more acceptable forms of peaceful mediation. Single Indo-Canadian women felt voiceless and powerless to express their feelings on the issue of violence, especially domestic violence.

Participants stated that violence among multiple-barrier South Asian youth is not necessarily a gang-related problem; rather, it is about one group trying to control another. The underlying conflict is believed to be about power, not drugs and is motivated by revenge. Indo-Canadian social workers observed that children tend to be recruited at an early age. Therefore, early intervention is crucial, ideally from birth to five years of age.

It was observed that Indo-Canadian parents should strive to improve their parenting skills and act to strengthen their role within the family unit. Many felt police should become more involved in addressing youth violence and be more culturally-sensitive to the needs of the local South Asian community.

Roots of Violence: Adult participants maintained that because of significant economic and educational obstacles, a number of immigrants from India are experiencing difficulties with integrating into Canadian society. It was held that immigrants from India are too busy earning a living and there was little time left over for family matters. This is particularly true for single South Asian mothers on income assistance, many of whom lack a consistent level of extended family support.

It was observed that Indo-Canadian parents are not fully aware of the challenges of raising children in Western societies. While traditional values are consistent in India, they appear distorted in Canadian society. Children are handed one set of values at home and are introduced to different and sometimes conflicting values in the Canadian school system. An increasing number of South Asian parents with limited means of support are struggling to adapt to Canadian society. Many do not understand the Canadian school system and feel displaced as most come from rural villages or agrarian societies in India. Adult participants stated that multiple-barrier South Asian youth lack a consistent source for Economic Research Group 20 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

empowerment and positive identity-building within their own circles. Self-esteem tends to suffer and peer pressure becomes a mounting problem. Some youth lack appropriate refusal skills, thereby complicating the problem. There are not enough strong role models in the local South Asian community that are willing to step forward to assist troubled youth, particularly among the ranks of young professionals. There is an absence of trusting relationships and open communication in many South Asian families in distress, particularly between father and son. Some youth feel particularly marginalized when dealing with family problems such as domestic violence, separation, and divorce. It was felt that poverty erodes self-esteem and the ensuing hopelessness may potentially contribute to alienation and juvenile delinquency.

Many adult participants observed that boys and girls are treated differently in South Asian families, thereby resulting in mixed messages. At a general level, schools teach South Asian youth about equality, while domestic experiences may reinforce the notion of inequality. As a result, Indo-Canadian youth become confused, alienated, and isolated.

Adult participants maintained that Indo-Canadian parents should strive to become more involved in the lives of their children. Due to feelings of alienation and neglect, many South Asian youth at risk are receiving failing grades at school and become involved with delinquent groups. As well, Indo-Canadian youth do not attend Temple services on a regular basis and a declining number are able to speak Punjabi at a fluent level. Consequently, youth are unable to communicate with their parents in Punjabi and appear to have lost touch with important Indian spiritual values. Many adults fear the erosion of Punjabi culture and urged more cultural and language programs for South Asian youth.

Role of Family & Temple: Adults maintained that Indo-Canadian families should make raising children a priority. Parents need to support youth in a variety of activities, including sports and recreational programs. However, volunteerism is not considered highly in the Indo-Canadian culture, thereby reducing the potential for community-based activism. Participants further observed that South Asian parents should become more involved with their child’s educational development at school and urged a consistent level of participation at parent-teacher meetings.

Temples are not widely seen as the central gathering place they used to be. It was observed that Temple programs need to be more consistent, credible, and participatory in order to attract a younger following of adherents. In particular, more frequent adult seminars and educational sessions were urged as well as support groups for Indian women. It was stated that Temples are able to play a significant role within the context of their religious guidelines, and possess sufficient numbers within the congregation itself in order to address the violence within their community.

Adequacy of Social Programs: Numerous gaps and shortcomings in social programs and services were identified in the Greater Vancouver Area. Adult participants stated there are no plans underway to expand drug and alcohol treatment programs for members of the Indo- Canadian community. Most participants agreed there is a chronic lack of resources available to South Asians, especially in terms of early age intervention. Many believed that school liaison officer programs were of limited practical value and questioned its ability to effectively address youth violence in minority communities.

Indo-Canadian social workers observed that mainstream social programs and services do not always meet the needs of Indo-Canadians, a number of which are delivered in a culturally- insensitive manner. Many South Asians do not know where to go for assistance, especially recent arrivals from India. There is an urgent need for more community-based support services for South Asian single parent families, daycares, and inexpensive extra-curricular programs for

Economic Research Group 21 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques children and youth. Overall, adult participants cited an inadequate level of program funding as well as a critical shortage of culturally-sensitive and linguistically-trained counselors to meet the needs of South Asians in the Greater Vancouver Area.

Conclusion: Adult participants made the following suggestions to address youth violence in the South Asian community: mentoring and peer-to-peer activities; father, parent, grandparent, and youth awareness groups; a resource center; Punjabi language classes; educational videos and brochure material; Indian social and cultural activities such as Bhangra dances and dramas; youth seminars; sport activities; visual arts; and fundraising walks and dinners. Intervention efforts should be properly coordinated, adequately resourced, and accessible to all South Asians in the Greater Vancouver Area.

C. Municipal Sessions

Growth of Violence: Youth workers observed there has been a growth of Indo-Canadian based youth crime over the past decade. To a large extent, the violence is perceived to be an outgrowth of group-based crime. Social planners believed the numbers of Indo-Canadian youth involved in criminal activity is very low compared to the general population. It was felt the media has sensationalized the problem to a large extent, and emphasized a cultural component which focuses almost exclusively on Indo-Canadian male youth. It was observed that all youth are being exploited in relation to crime issues, regardless of ethnicity. Social planners maintained the issue primarily centres around power and control, rather than on criminal gangs or drugs. It was felt that racism and bullying has contributed to the problem, thereby placing an enormous amount of pressure on minority youth to conform.

Roots of Violence: There are many factors that have contributed to the emergence of violence among South Asian youth. Social planners felt the question had to be examined within the larger context of youth violence in Canadian society. One major factor to consider is economics. Many new immigrants from India are struggling to make ends meet with low paying jobs. This places a great strain on the family unit. Inter-generational conflict also has a bearing on the problem as Indo-Canadian youth are trying to find their identity in Canadian society. Youth workers maintained there is a lack of suitable adult role models in the Indo-Canadian community and few restraints placed on boys. These factors, coupled with a propensity for thrill-seeking and material possessions, have greatly complicated the problem.

Role of Family & Temple: Youth workers observed that Indo-Canadian youth are falling away from Temple life, they feel increasingly disconnected from religious services. Social planners maintained the Temple has an important role to play, however the potential is not fully realized. Youth workers added that a cohesive approach was required and that more Temple resources should be diverted to the South Asian community. Social planners maintained that a greater level of civic activism is required by the Indo-Canadian community, especially at the municipal level.

Adequacy of Social Programs: Social planners stated the decentralized service model does not always meet the needs of Indo-Canadians. The City of Vancouver supports services for ethno- cultural communities, including ethno-specific type services. Presently, most services for Indo- Canadians are provided through general service organizations such as Neighbourhood Houses.

Social planners observed that more mentors are required in the community. The mentorship programs should be community-based and developed by, and for Indo-Canadian youth. It was felt the school liaison officer program could be more effective with additional education on the Economic Research Group 22 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

issue or a different approach to dealing with youth at risk. Overall, more youth-driven programs are required. Resources should be made available to youth on a consistent basis and families need to be more fully supported.

Conclusion: Social planners felt there appears to be a lack of resources and positive youth role models in the community. It is important to let youth know there are other possibilities for them, and the system needs to provide a forum for youth to address the issues openly.

D. Crown Counsel Session

Growth of Violence: Prosecutors stated that while the crime rate for South Asians in BC is low compared to the general population, the level of violence has increased dramatically over the past decade. There are two related streams of violent crime that are manifest among South Asian accused. They are: criminal violence (e.g. homicides) and domestic violence (e.g. spousal assault). The two, they argue, can’t be separated. The term “gang” is believed to be a misnomer; it has never been properly qualified.

Roots of Violence: Prosecutors observed that violence among South Asian youth and young adults is not driven entirely by the profit motive. It is motivated, to a large extent, by an underlying sense of power, control, and retribution. The violence appears to be systemic and deeply-rooted. This holds particularly true for Indo-Canadian youth in conflict with the law, the majority of who are rudderless and spoiled. There is a sense of entitlement and a lack of social responsibility among the young accused. The machismo and bravado that is characteristic of South Asian youth in conflict with the law seems to be supported by family members. Many parents deny the existence of the problem, even in the face of overwhelming evidence. South Asian offenders believe they are above the law and many do not expect to be caught. The low conviction rate for serious offences in BC has contributed to this perception. There is little remorse shown toward the victim and his/her family by the offender, and the punishment is taken too lightly.

Role of Family & Temple: Prosecutors believed that endemic racism has contributed to violence in the local Indo-Canadian community. Greater levels of integration into Canadian society would create a stronger, more enduring sense of community as well as respect for the rule of law. Prosecutors held that South Asians need to modernize, or at least change the existing value system in order to become part of Canadian society. It was observed the Temple has a major role to play in addressing youth violence, but has failed the community in this important regard. Prosecutors added there needs to be a collective agreement or a social contract on the part of South Asians to abide by the morals that are consistent with the laws of the Government of Canada.

Adequacy of Social Programs: In conclusion, prosecutors maintained that additional levels of adult supervision are required for Indo-Canadian youth, especially for boys at risk. Parenting courses have to be interventionist, but delivered in a culturally-appropriate manner. As well, there needs to be early intervention programs aggressively targeted to children between birth and five years of age. Finally, more consistent levels of funding should be made available for school-based programs and services for multiple-barrier South Asian children and youth.

Economic Research Group 23 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

E. Police Sessions

Growth of Violence: Police observed the violent crime that has been perpetrated by South Asian-based crime groups has touched the majority of communities within the Greater Vancouver Area. There have been homicides and shootings related to some of these crime groups in the Greater Vancouver municipalities of Richmond, Surrey, Vancouver, New Westminster, Burnaby, Port Moody, and Delta.

Increasingly, Indo-Canadian male youth at risk are exposed to violence and criminal opportunities, specifically illicit drug trafficking activities. Some have been introduced to criminal associations through male family ties, in particular brothers and cousins. Police maintained that South Asian-based violent groups are primarily comprised of family members, but others may join the group as a result of schoolyard friendships or criminal associations formed in prison. While Indo-Canadian based criminals have been known to allow outsiders into their circle of influence, the majority are comprised of ethnic members of the local South Asian community.

Police observed there has been a heightened level of violence among South Asian males in the past ten years. It was stated that Indo-Canadian based crime groups are not as sophisticated compared to other crime groups in the Greater Vancouver Area. For the most part, South Asian- based group crime is a seamless and ever-changing phenomenon. A small minority of criminals are associated to youth gangs while the majority is part of loosely-knit and randomly-formed criminal associations.

In terms of organization, Indo-Canadian based crime groups are reportedly at the formative stage of development. They are characterized by their fluid and volatile membership and loyalties that can become rivalries seemingly overnight. While Indo-Canadian based crime in Greater Vancouver should not necessarily be viewed as an organized crime, it has the potential to evolve into a major criminal enterprise in the next five years. Increased drug trafficking opportunities, the ease with which weapons can be obtained, coupled with the ability to launder the proceeds of crime through informal value transfers or hawala has greatly contributed to the problem.

Roots of Violence: Police held that violent crime is strongly influenced by the culture of this current generation of Indo-Canadian youth. There appears to be a consistent pattern where Indo-Canadian criminals are from families who provided their sons with money, freedom, favoritism, and a discipline inconsistent with their siblings (primarily female), coupled with the culture’s distrust of the police and an emphasis on preserving face or honor. Add BC’s explosion of lucrative criminal opportunities in the illicit drug smuggling trade and a violent mixture is created.

Police observed that Indo-Canadian parents are too busy earning a living to be consistently involved in the lives of their children. This, coupled with the lure of fast money and criminal opportunity, has greatly contributed to the problem. There are other causal factors as well. Police maintained the social context for resolving disputes differs appreciably from Western approaches. In rural India, disputes are rarely left up to the criminal justice system to resolve. Aggrieved persons reportedly will take matters into their own hands. Culturally-derived notions of justice and fair-play have purportedly been transposed onto the Canadian experience as an acceptable form of conflict resolution. Domestic violence is a significant related issue, but one that is buried deep within the sub-text of criminal violence. It was held that if violence is used to resolve domestic disputes in South Asian families, it can also be used to solve issues in the broader community.

Economic Research Group 24 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Police maintained that Indo-Canadian youth are involved in violent crime as a result of peer pressure, bullying, and racism. As well, there are not enough role models to counter the idolized criminal lifestyle.

Role of Family & Temple: Police observed that new immigrants from India are struggling to fit into Canadian society and there is a lack of ethno-specific programs and services available to assist with the process of integration. Many parents work long hours and are not always available to adequately supervise their children. Additionally, many Indo-Canadian parents reportedly have no real appreciation of Canadian culture and customs regarding youth activities, and are not aware of the outer boundaries of normal school activity. In some cases, this allows youth to manipulate their parents in justifying and explaining their whereabouts and how they obtained the money.

It was maintained the Indo-Canadian community is a shame-based culture, an element that has been eroded in recent years. When a community member commits a social taboo such as a criminal act, they may potentially be ostracized from the community, which represents a powerful social sanction for many South Asians. Consequently, incidents tend to be minimized or glossed over by family members, especially those relating to boys. Police have consistently maintained that a “wall of silence” has arisen in parts of the Indo-Canadian society, making it difficult for them to do their jobs effectively.

Adequacy of Social Programs: Police observed a steady erosion of alcohol, drug, and educational programs and services available to youth, in particular Indo-Canadian male youth at risk. Mainstream social programs are not always effective as Indo-Canadians do not always feel comfortable in addressing personal matters outside their ethnic community. Police stated the Indo-Canadian community itself has not provided a sufficient level of funding to address youth violence. Consequently, few resources have consistently gone into mentorship programs and related initiatives. Overall, the school liaison officer program is seen to be a success however it needs to be evaluated in some areas and expanded in others.

Conclusion: There appears to be a number of significant community-based, anti-violence initiatives currently underway. However, there is an apparent lack of overall program coordination. Additional levels of program coordination are required in order to ensure that objectives are consistent and measurable, and to reduce the potential of redundancy and duplication of effort.

V. CONCLUSION

During the past decade there has been a heightened level of violence among South Asian male youth in the Greater Vancouver Area of BC. The criminal activity involves a very small percentage of troubled South Asian youth caught up in violent patterns of co-offending. The offenders are generally Indo-Canadian male youth from a variety of different social and economic backgrounds. They are engaged in crimes of opportunity, including drug trafficking and extortion as well as domestic violence and sexual assault. The violence has touched the majority of the Greater Vancouver Area, including the Fraser Valley Region.

Increased media attention has significantly raised the profile of Indo-Canadian based crime in BC over the past decade. The popular depiction of “Sikh gangland violence” has been harmful to the Indo-Canadian community. This image is built upon stereotypes and incomplete data, and misrepresents the fundamental nature of the problem. Contrary to popular opinion, public safety officials in BC have indicated that Indo-Canadian based youth violence is not as entrenched or sophisticated compared to other crime groups in the Greater Vancouver Area. The problem is

Economic Research Group 25 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

not directly related to criminal business organizations; there is no gang hierarchy visibly present. It is comprised of loosely-knit and opportunistic groups of South Asian male youth who tend to band together in the pursuit of wealth, status, and power. Many violent crimes are driven by brutal acts of revenge, the consequences of which serve to fuel a tragic cycle of violence that continues to tear away at the fabric of Indo-Canadian society.

Coincident with the rise of South Asian-based youth violence, the province of BC has also witnessed a steady growth in organized crime. British Columbia’s key position as a gateway to Eastern Canada and the northern terminus of the Interstate 5 corridor that stretches south to Mexico, together with comparatively open financial controls, makes the province an important staging ground for organized criminal activity. Given BC’s proximity to the United States, strong Pacific Rim connections and central transportation hubs and water ports, the province will likely continue to be utilized by organized crime as a transit and distribution point for all types of contraband, including illicit drugs and weapons. Consequently, there is ample opportunity for BC youth, including persons of South Asian heritage to become involved in criminal activity, in particular illicit drug production, distribution or exportation.

In terms of social composition, the majority of South Asian male youth engaged in criminal activity is between the ages of sixteen to twenty-five years, with youth who are members of nuisance groups being younger than those in trouble-making or criminal groups. Most youth belonging to nuisance groups have been exposed to violence before the age of twelve. Significantly, the high-risk period for South Asian male youth appears to be when they enter high school and is likely the result of heightened peer group pressure and wider exposure to criminal opportunities.

Membership in a criminal group consists of a series of both “pulls” and “pushes.” Pulls pertain to the attractiveness of the criminal group. Membership can enhance prestige or standing among friends, and provide opportunities to be with them. Group crime activities provide other attractive opportunities such as thrill-seeking and selling drugs and making money. Career criminals view themselves as making a rational choice in deciding to join a criminal association: They see personal advantages to group crime membership. Some youth join groups for protection against racism and bullying. Feeling marginal, they may want to join criminal groups for social relationships that give them a sense of identity or to solve social adjustment problems in Canadian society.

Both offender and victim appear to come from privileged Indo-Canadian families and economically disadvantaged families, and include recent immigrants from India as well as second generation Indo-Canadians. It remains unclear whether the variables of status, class, poverty, cross-cultural conflict, racism or bullying alone primarily accounts for the prevalence of youth group crime. While all of these causal factors have an obvious bearing on the violence issue, the extent to which any one of these factors contributes to the problem remains to be determined. Additional empirical research is required before any definitive conclusions can be made. In the interim, however, the following recommendations to build stronger, healthier communities may be offered.

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS

There is no universal formula or truism for a successful response to youth violence and what works in one jurisdiction in Canada may have little impact in another. A balanced strategy must be based on an accurate review and assessment of the problem, updated information about local group activities, an examination of the resources available in the community, and a realistic appraisal of how to measure the impact of the response. As many agencies as Economic Research Group 26 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

possible, including all levels of government as well as the South Asian community in BC must be fully included early in the process of developing a strategy for the pro-social development of individuals, families, and communities. The more resources and partners that are involved, especially at the outset, the greater a community’s chances for success.

Preventing children and youth from joining delinquent groups appears to be the most effective long-term strategy. Crime prevention through social development needs to be comprehensive due to the complex interplay between factors contributing to crime and victimization. It will take a consistent effort on the part of numerous stakeholders in order to fully address the violence issue; there is no quick fix or simple panacea. In addition to the mobilization of the South Asian community in BC, including Temple resources, continued efforts must be made by police, prosecutors, judges, probation and parole officers, corrections officers, social workers, social planners, health care providers, educators, employers as well as community-based agency staff such as youth outreach workers and non-governmental organizations. The challenge of coordinating such a widespread response appears daunting at first glance however the consequences of not embarking upon such an integrated, pro-active intervention strategy will likely result in additional tragic consequences for all communities in BC.

Communities should organize a collaborative approach to addressing group crime and youth violence from the very outset rather than beginning with a predominately suppression strategy. Given the violence has emerged over the past ten years, any successful strategy must now adopt the full spectrum of interventions and include the pillars of prevention, enforcement, and treatment. Any successful strategy that effectively addresses group crime and youth violence must proceed through the following five interrelated steps:

· Community mobilization · Social intervention, including prevention and youth outreach · Provision of social and economic opportunities · Suppression and disruption · Organizational change and community development

The following recommendations have been developed with the above-mentioned steps in mind which, if implemented, have the potential to realize both short- and long-term benefits in addressing youth violence in South Asian communities in BC.

· It is recommended the Federal Department of Canadian Heritage liaise with the Department of the Solicitor-General (Canada) and other interested stakeholders, including community officials and police representatives, to assist in the development of an integrated regional plan with specific recommendations to address youth violence and group crime in the Greater Vancouver Area.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage commission a quantitative research study into the risk factors relating to South Asian-based youth violence and group crime in the Greater Vancouver Area. The study would address cross-cultural conflict and integration, with specific attention to the impact of peer pressure on ethnic youth at risk. The study will assist in the design and development of culturally-appropriate interventions for multiple-barrier South Asian youth in the Greater Vancouver Area, and include a needs assessment of crime prevention programs and youth services available in BC. It is further recommended that a benchmark study be undertaken to examine the various interventions available for youth at risk across North America and elsewhere for possible application to BC.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage, in partnership with the Department of the Solicitor-General (Canada), provide guidance, expertise, and shared resources for the

Economic Research Group 27 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

effective implementation of community-based youth mentorship programs as well as pre- employment training opportunities for multiple-barrier South Asian male youth in BC.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage promote the development of interactive seminars for South Asian immigrants to address the challenges of integration into Canadian society. This program could be designed, developed, and funded in partnership with federal, provincial, and municipal stakeholders as well as with non-governmental organizations. The program would emphasize family communication as well as school-related issues, with specific attention to addressing cross-cultural conflict and youth violence such as bullying and racism as well as group crime.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage assess the feasibility of developing ethno-specific conflict resolution workshops designed to foster the everyday skills required for effective intercultural communication. Sessions could interactively explore Indo-Canadian perspectives on what constitutes a problem, and when it becomes a conflict that needs to be resolved. This program would be offered to South Asian immigrant families as well as to Canadian justice officials, including police and Crown representatives. This program has the potential to facilitate the exchange of knowledge between people from diverse cultural backgrounds. It also has the potential to assist with the process of negotiating across cultures and empowers people to more effectively engage in everyday informal intercultural exchanges within their own communities.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage and other interested stakeholders provide the expertise and resources necessary for the development of video materials on cross- cultural conflict, drugs, and violence. The material would be prepared by, and for South Asian youth and distributed for viewing at BC public schools as well as at Sikh language schools. It is further recommended the videos be made available in English, Punjabi, and Hindi and/or other South Asian languages. The videos would be shown to groups of South Asian parents, youth, police, and educators and may also include dialog sessions. Videos could also be shown at Temple social gatherings as well as at the various Indo-Canadian violence forums.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage collaborate with BC public school officials and other interested stakeholders, including Indo-Canadian participants, to provide training and resource materials on dealing with cross-cultural conflict and peer group pressure for South Asian male youth before they enter high school. Workshops and materials would cover crime prevention topics (e.g. substance abuse, dating violence, etc) as well as raise awareness of youth services available to young persons in need throughout the South Asian community.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage liaise with the BC Chiefs of Police and/or their designate authority as well as with senior representatives of the Justice Institute of British Columbia (JIBC) and other interested community stakeholders to provide updated resource material for police academy recruits, both locally and nationally. Resources should be specific to issues currently facing South Asian families and youth, and include culturally- appropriate material relating to bullying and racism, dating, honor crimes, child sexual abuse, and domestic violence. This material could be distributed to school liaison officer programs throughout the province of BC.

· It is recommended that the Department of Canadian Heritage liaise with senior officials from the Delta Police Department in order to further develop the intercultural component of their school liaison officer program for possible wider application as a best practice throughout the province of BC.

· It is recommended the Department of Canadian Heritage assist in the preparation of materials necessary to properly orient South Asian immigrants to existing family programs and services in the Greater Vancouver Area of BC.

Economic Research Group 28 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

APPENDIX “A” Community Reports

White-Collar Professionals Richmond Community Centre 4111 Jacombs Road Richmond, BC

March 13, 2003

Introduction

Mr. Alex Tyakoff (primary researcher) introduced the study commissioned by the Department of Canadian Heritage and commented on the focus group research methodology. It was observed that similar sessions are planned with police and social service agencies. Mr. Balwant Sanghera (moderator) assured the group of anonymity and confidentiality.

Composition of Participants

The participants were comprised of male and female Indo-Canadian white-collar professionals between twenty-five to thirty-five years of age. The participants reside in the Richmond and Vancouver area. They hold professional positions in the following areas: Chief Executive Officer, Chief Investment Officer, Lawyer, Realtor, Biology/IT professional, Social Worker, Grade Seven Teacher, RN/Clinical Researcher, Telephone Quality Assurance Representative, and Construction Manager/Developer.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based group/gang activity and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? In your opinion has the problem been overstated? · “Anecdotal evidence suggests that gang participation has increased and it is not an isolated event.” “However, whenever there is an incident that involves a minority group there is always a certain amount of stereotyping and negative perception that occurs.” “There has been a growth of violence, but it is largely overstated.”

· “There has been a growth of gang violence, but it is not overstated.” “There is a daredevil mentality among youth these days.” “This is reflected in shootings during the middle of the day.”

· “There has been a definite increase of gang-related violence in the Greater Vancouver Area.” “During the early 1990’s, many Indo-Canadian teenagers knew each other.” “There was mild drug use, no guns and knives, and disputes were settled the old- fashioned way.” “Today, there is a high proportion of violence as fifty to sixty deaths are peculiar to the Indo-Canadian community.” “Something has to be done.” “The issue has been sensationalized by the media, but not overstated.”

· “There has been an escalation of violence.” “Fistfights have now turned into gun fights all for good times and fast money.” “Many gang members see this as a business opportunity, but they also want all the shiny toys now.” “It has been sensationalized; one shooting is worth weeks of newspapers.” “There is too much media focus on the violence; it glorifies the criminal lifestyle.” “Only the teachers really understand the full extent of the violence, they are seeing it at schools.”

Economic Research Group 29 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “There has been a growth of gang-related activity and the violence is glorified.” “It has to do with the difficulty of integration, two cultures with gaps or a missing link.” “It is not overstated; you would be lying to say it is not a problem.”

· “I have a problem with the word growth.” “Is it more organized?” “I don’t know.” “There seems to be a fluctuation in violence between certain periods of time.” “Overstated?” “No!”

· “There has been an increase in the levels of violence and it is more organized, but the media has overstated the problem.” “I am sensitive to the term Indo-Canadian when it is mentioned in the press.” “My ears perk up when the media focuses on Indo-Canadians rather than a Korean or a Vietnamese gang member.”

· “I’m not sure what has happened?” “Gang activity is not overstated, but is definitely sensationalized.” “If the problem is not sensationalized, the Indo-Canadian community will continue to sit back and risk losing somebody else.”

· “It is most alarming when you consider the percentage of population involved in violent crime compared to other minorities.” “There is disregard for authority figures and a lack of effective male role models.” “The media has misrepresented the issue.” “For example, why were there three orthodox Sikhs featured in the background of the television coverage of the Richmond Violence Forum?”

· “You used to be able to distinguish the big shots now everybody is one.” “Everybody wants to be considered important.” “Kids impulsively want what they see without thinking of the downside.” “This problem is overstated, but it is real.”

· “There is violence.” “At Indian functions you need three times the security compared to Canadian functions.” “Nightclubs will lie to groups of Indo-Canadian males and say the club is full because they assume there will be a fight.” “Unfortunately, there tends to be some truth to this stereotype.” “Kids today will say things like: Me and my members are goin’ cruisin’, street racin’, take him out ‘cuz he ain’t seen nothing yet.” “Where did this stuff come from?” Kids are attracted to the gang lifestyle. “It is not overstated.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of group/gang violence and criminal activity? What are the roots of the violence?

· “Ideas are formed around the age of twelve and by the time they are fourteen years old most South Asian youth will have a good sense of where they want to go.” “When troubled youth reach high school, we lose them.” “You can’t change them.” It is basically a male problem since Indo-Canadian girls generally don’t get involved because of different expectations placed on them.” “Many things contribute to the violence: seeing parents struggle and living in a basement suite.” “It is far easier to sell dope for fast money.”

· “These kids come from all walks of life and even the rich kids are getting involved in gangs and drugs.”

· “Some guys manage to get out of gangs between twenty-five to thirty years of age, basically around marriage time.” “Those that are still entrenched in crime simply aren’t coming out alive.”

· “Indian kids are generally well off and they tend to get too much of what they want.” “They think they are too cool.” “They are fighting an uphill battle if they have older brothers or cousins involved in gangs.” “There is a lack of good role models.” Economic Research Group 30 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “It is easy for Indian kids to get wrapped up in drugs; it is no big deal for them to blow $50 on the stuff.” “Parents give their kids money without earning it; children need to hold their own.” “Is this really a gang issue?” “What are the underlying problems?” “The availability of drugs accounts for a part of the violence, but it is the prevailing mentality of revenge and denial that has really fuelled the problem.”

· “There is no support, no mentors.” “We must wake up and end the silence.” “It would be a good idea to make a video of ex-gang members and show it at schools.” “This would highlight the downside of gangs.”

· “At the root of the violence is a lack of effective role models at home.” “Kids have no source for empowerment or self-identity builders.” “Everything is superficial; money, clothes, and expensive cars.” “They don’t have trusting relationships or open communications at home and find it with gang members.” “In gangs they are given the respect and identity they lack at home.” “There is no talk of emotions; kids are never taught the importance of open and trusting relationships.” “Communication is missing as well as an emotional bond between father and son.” “There needs to be a parent awareness group in place to address the problem.”

· “Parents think it is not their job and leave it up to the teachers.”

· “There is a lack of mentorship and parental guidance for children, resulting in an absence of purpose.” “Kids fail at school and easily get involved with the wrong crowd.”

· “It is a question of socialization.” “Years ago with fewer Indo-Canadian families in Canada, it was easier to socialize with others.” “This is not the case anymore.” “There is an absence of the supportive extended family for new immigrants from India.” “We are asking people to adapt to a new society without the necessary resources.” “It is a question of finding your identity within a larger group, many South Asians still struggle with this.”

· “Immigrants from a lower socio-economic group tend to focus on making money and hope for a good living for their kids.” “They do not understand the school system and feel displaced as they mostly come from small villages in India.” “Although some may become financially secure they still lack the ability to adapt to Canadian society.”

· “Parents are too busy earning a living; there is no emotional fulfillment for the children.”

· “There is little follow up with report cards and the learning process in general.” “Parents need to become more involved in the lives of their kids, especially the boys.”

· “Children assume parents are working for them; this has got to change.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temple in responding to the group/gang activity and violence that has surfaced in the Indo-Canadian community?

· “Families tend to shy away from addressing the real issues as well as from positive activities such as sports.” “This is fundamentally an issue for women as their participation in sports is frowned upon by conservative elements within the community.”

· “Temples are lacking direction; they need to be led by educated youth.” “As long as money is a factor, this will always remain a touchy issue.”

· “Temple programs need to be consistent, credible, and participatory.”

Economic Research Group 31 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “Gurdwara’s need to lighten up.” “They are so stuffy, rigid, and are not changing with the times.” “They must become user-friendly”.

· “Temples must provide resources sufficient to enable parents to teach their children.” “They need people who can communicate with both generations and offer Sikh classes to young adults.”

· “There needs to be more facilities at the Temple for our people, by our people.” “A sense of community is lacking.”

· “Families should make children a priority.” “There should be more parental support; the willingness to make sacrifices.”

· “Gurdwaras are an excellent tool for education.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug and educational counseling programs available to Indo-Canadian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the Indo-Canadian community?

· “More facilities for Indo-Canadian youth are required.” “You barely see school liaison officers because of government cutbacks.” “Members are spread far too thin.”

· “There is no effect with school liaison officers, you see the uniform but you just hide if criminally involved.” “They don’t have a major impact anyway; they don’t make a big difference.”

· “Violence forums are ineffective because the people who are most effected by the problem are absent; only the westernized people who have access to resources attend.”

· “School liaison officers are good role models however it may be purely symbolic.” “Only a few kids are influenced.” “These programs should have been instituted at the elementary school level five years ago.”

· “There is no single solution; a combination of interventions should be considered.” “In addition to hosting violence forums, it would be helpful to have a good working partnership between the Gurdwaras and the police in order to reach out to kids and their parents.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· “Indo-Canadian police officers should collaborate with social programmers at Temples in order to educate parents and youth.”

· “There needs to be ongoing commitment to community-based initiatives such as the Youth Mentorship Group and the Parent Awareness Group.

· “Get kids involved in sports and they will be less likely to become involved with drugs and violence.”

· “As links between the generations we should be able to speak to our parents in Punjabi in order to better educate them about youth issues.”

· “You can not covert the masses; start with one family and one child at a time.” “The mentorship program is brilliant; it will make a difference in the lives of our kids.” Economic Research Group 32 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “We need to get practical and leave the philosophy alone, use role models such as Pasha Bains [Indo-Canadian basketball star] to educate and inform.”

· “Tap into the energy and resources we currently have and use the passion to start something good.” “It is important to get into the hearts and minds of our youth; this should help in making with making the mental shift away from a life of crime.”

· “If you can’t answer to your parents you won’t answer to anybody.” “Show our kids the sexiness of having an education.” “Let them know they can get the fast cars the straight and narrow way.” “Ask kids if they really want to be a middle-class gangster.”

· “Celebrate good people in the media.” “Negative issues in the media should be countered by educated and articulate Indian spokespersons.” “We have the people and the resources at hand, but we continue to sell ourselves short.”

· “Educate the parents.” “The Temple is a good place to start.” “Many South Asian parents do not know how to raise children effectively; we must help them from the start.” “Band together to organize a resource center.” “Send a message to South Asian youth; you don’t have to have a university degree to feel good about yourself.”

· “Articulate the reality and consequences of the gang lifestyle; go to public schools with the message.”

· “Volunteer with youth as coaches; they will cherish it.” “Act in solidarity and unity.”

Community Leaders Richmond Community Centre 4111 Jacombs Road Richmond, BC

March 19, 2003

Introduction

Mr. Balwant Sanghera (moderator) addressed the focus group and introduced Mr. Alex Tyakoff (primary researcher). Mr. Tyakoff thanked the group for their participation and outlined the project. Mr. Tyakoff introduced Ms. Baljit Judge (research assistant) and Dr. Ravi Pendakur (research manager), Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa.

Dr. Pendakur discussed the role of the Department of Canadian Heritage in the study. He observed that youth violence was not prevalent when he lived in Vancouver several years ago. He stated there is intent to do something significant with the project findings.

Mr. Sanghera assured the focus group participants of anonymity and confidentiality.

Composition of Participants

The focus group participants were comprised of leading representatives of the Indo-Canadian community. They have been extensively involved their respective communities for many years and represent important Indo-Canadian institutions. The participants are males between forty- five and sixty-five years of age and reside in the Greater Vancouver Area, specifically the municipalities of Vancouver, Burnaby, Surrey, Richmond, and Delta. A number of participants are founding members of Indo-Canadian institutions in the Greater Vancouver Area.

Economic Research Group 33 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

The participants are from many sectors of local Indo-Canadian society and are employed in the following positions: Indian Cultural Center volunteer; Van City Manager; Senior International Woodworkers Association executive; Former Treasurer of a local Sikh Temple; Writer for the Indo-Canadian Times; Autoworker’s Union representative; and Arts Program volunteer.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based group/gang activity and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? In your opinion has the problem been overstated?

· “Violence has definitely increased in past last twelve years, but it is not well organized like Vietnamese criminal gangs.” “It is proportionally higher compared to the general population.” “It is very violent, but not overstated.” “As Justice Wally Oppal has stated, the community is very concerned.”

· “This is a technical question; has there been a growth?” “That is to assume there has already been some violence.” “It really depends on the crime data and information available.” “As well, it depends on whether newspapers and media have added a twist.” “I think they certainly do that.” “Anytime a member of the community is mentioned, it is also stated they are Indo-Canadian.” “In the case of other ethnic groups, only the person’s name is mentioned.” “There is violence, but not sure if overstated.”

· “I suppose Bindy Johal [deceased alleged gang member] is the baseline, or the start of it.” “Since Ron Dosanjh [deceased alleged gang member] and Johal, about fifty-six to sixty men in last ten to twelve years have been killed.” “It may not signify growth, perhaps it is consistent.” “I don’t know.”

· “The violence has grown since 1998/99.” “The murder rate based on media reports that suggest it has grown slowly.” “I guess it is overstated as criminals from other ethnic groups such as the Asian and Vietnamese are not mentioned the same way Indo- Canadians are.”

· “There is violence with youth regardless of ethnicity.” “It is a problem that most young kids face today.” “Perhaps it is overstated.”

· “The violence increases as the Indo-Canadian population as a whole increases.” “I don’t think it is drug-related.” “It is about one group trying to control another.” “It is about power, not drugs.” “It has probably been overstated; sometimes the local media blows up the situation.”

· “There is a problem, which started in the schools.” “Soon it became a question of who is number one.” “It is influenced by machismo and revenge killings and took off in the late 1990’s.” “It has not been overstated; the media should be congratulated as they have brought this issue into the open.” “Our community tends to hide its problems; even parents hide it.” “Now the community is very concerned and violence issues are finally being discussed in the local Punjabi media such as radio talk shows and newspapers.”

· “The media is to be congratulated for highlighting the issue so it can be addressed.” “It is not overstated; but it does occur in other communities as well.”

· “There has been a major increase in the violence, but it is not gang-affiliated.” “The media is biased, there have been a number of homicides related to other ethnic groups and yet there is little media reporting of these particular instances.”

Economic Research Group 34 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Question 2: What social and economic forces push Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of group/gang violence and criminal activity? What are the roots of the violence?

· “Because of economic and educational obstacles newcomers from India are experiencing difficulties with integrating into Canadian society.” “Many are too busy making money.” “Some families are rich and feel they have to be even richer.” “Education without parental input and guidance is largely incomplete.” “Families don’t seem to have time for their kids anymore.” “Parents have their work cut out for them.”

· “The community must take ownership of the problem and deal with it.” “Sure the media is biased, but the community can’t blame others for their own misfortune.” “Family unit breakdown is caused by: essential differences in the value systems of newcomers, self- esteem issues, peer group pressure, parental neglect and failure of the leadership.” “Temple politics over tables and chairs have further alienated our youth, and only five percent can read and write in Punjabi.” “We have alienated our youth.” “They don’t go the Temples anymore.” “If they don’t attend, they don’t understand.” “They can’t communicate with their parents.”

· “Respect means status which equates to wealth and power.” “There is a lack of economic opportunity in India so we came to Canada to get rich.” “There is very little time available for the family and the time we do spend with our kids we talk about status in a way that says - a good family means a rich family.” “If kids fail at school and can’t become doctors and lawyers, it is easier for them to pursue get rich schemes.” “These kids are given guns and a sack full of money.” “Parents are at fault, too.”

· “All the kids that have been killed are born in Canada.” “Families have abandoned their children.” “They came from India to get rich but nobody sees their kids anymore, and they are getting away from the religion.” “Kids should be taught about the story of gurus, in particular the tenth guru Gobind [whose horse even avoided the scent of tobacco].” “Parents do not know what they are doing.” “The mother is the first teacher, but in Canadian society the parents are not as involved as they should be.”

· “There are three primary reasons for the violence: money, adjustability, and environment.” “Most South Asian communities in Vancouver are made up of recent immigrant from India, and they are struggling to adapt to a new way of life in Canada.” “Social factors and easy money are powerful incentives for kids to pursue criminal activity.”

· “As parents, we don’t pay enough attention to the younger generation.” “We need to ask them not only what time they are getting back in the evening, but what they are doing when they go out.” “Parents have to become closer to the family and focus less on tradition otherwise kids will stop talking to them.”

· “There is a fundamental lack of communication between Indo-Canadian parents and youth.” “Parents don’t have time to devote to their children during the settlement period.” “Kids have become materialistic and easy money can draw them into a life of crime.” “School authority is diminishing; there is a lack of commitment between parents and teachers.” “Why is this issue prevalent in Vancouver and not in Toronto or Montreal where we have large Sikh communities as well?”

· “We should blame ourselves.” “The fault lies with the family, what can the schools do?” “Schools can’t help if the child is given a poor upbringing.” “Kids do not know who they are; they are confused about spiritual values.” “Love for material wealth goes against Sikh tenants of service to society and universal brotherhood.” “Sikh moral values were Economic Research Group 35 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

once considered so high, but now even Indian parents are confused about their values.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temple in responding to the group/gang activity and violence that has surfaced in the Indo-Canadian community?

· “The problem lies with the parents.” “Temples provide educational programs, day cares, and classes.” “In that sense, they can look after the youth which is better than having them play Nintendo.”

· “Parents need to be better educated because youth learn from their parents.” “Parents need to change; they don’t talk to their kids.” “There is a lack of communication between parents and youth.”

· “As is the captain, so is the ship.” “Parents are the first teachers; fundamental values of the home serve as a base.” “At Temples there should be more frequent adult seminars and educational get-togethers.” “Issues need to be discussed at the kitchen table.”

· “The problem is rooted in our culture’s view of the differences between males and females.” “A family clash starts there, but also expands to other areas.” “Youth need to be given equal roles and a family value must be created while they are at this young stage.” “Gurdwara’s are fighting among each other.” “They have no role.” “What can they teach us?” “Reform is needed so kids don’t just eat par shad and leave.”

· “I don’t think the Temple is playing a pivotal role for our kids.” “Less than one percent of teens even attend services.” “There seems to be a complete absence of children between the ages of nine to fourteen at most Temple services.” “They don’t even understand the meaning of the language and the hymns.”

· “Parents should speak their native language at home.” “If kids don’t know their own language, they won’t know their own culture and religion.” “The Indo-Canadian community must take pride right now, but only a few attend the violence forums.”

· “Parents rarely attend parent/teacher meetings; there is no connection between school and the family.” “There is an urgent need to teach parents how to parent more effectively.”

· “There needs to be a medium for new immigrants to learn about the Canadian system.” “Immigrants have a fundamental duty to learn about Canada.” “They have to go outside their ethnic circle to ask for assistance and stop making decisions based on their experiences in India.”

· “Youth have to take responsibility for their actions.” “As well, Gurdwara’s should have experts to plan, implement, and provide facilities for the congregation.”

· “Education starts within the family; our wealth is our children.” “Unfortunately, parents don’t like to learn anything.” “Gurdwara’s don’t focus on character-building and parents don’t seem to have time to learn.” “There must be other avenues for personal development other than religious ones.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, and educational counseling programs available to Indo-Canadian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the Indo-Canadian community?

· [A resounding no] Economic Research Group 36 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “Clearly there are not enough resources and services available to our youth, especially in terms of early intervention.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· “The community should work together, admit the problem and look for a common solution.” “Despite the pain, shamefulness, and hardship that has befallen our community in recent times we should recognize there are people within our community that shine in all areas. “These people have to come together.”

· “The community has a plan and everyone is contributing.” “They need help from law enforcement agencies, local government and the federal government.”

· “Short-term solutions need to be put into place such as leaflets in Canadian immigration offices in New Delhi advising prospective new immigrants about the challenges of raising children in Canada.”

· “There must also be community-based programs at the Sikh Temples.” “There needs to be a fundamental shift in the values we teach our kids, less focus on wealth and more on expanding religious and disciplinary virtues.”

· “The community should develop social and cultural activities such as dances and dramas that teach youth about values in both a fun and informative way.”

· “The perspective of people who emerged from a life of crime must be shared with others.” “Educational videos are an excellent medium and should be developed for our youth.”

· “Federal government should sponsor youth seminars, sport activities, and cultural festivals.” “The BC provincial government has eliminated multicultural programs for new immigrants and without this crucial level of programming there is a potential breakdown of communication.” “This bridge is broken and children of immigrant parents could be deprived of quality education.” “Liaison and English as a Second Language programs need more attention, as do current drug and young offender laws.”

· “There should be recreational facilities as well as an arts medium for kids to express their interests, capabilities, or character.” “Violence may be addressed in that fashion.”

· “There should be more peer-to-peer activities.” “Role models need to step forward and reach out to our troubled youth.”

· “There needs to be a gathering place for Indo-Canadians; a cultural center.”

· “Over the last six months there have been a number of violence forums, such dialogue must be continued.” “We must also continue to organize fundraising walks and dinners.” “Kids trust us to be adults, but they are smart and independent.” “With some direction and encouragement, our youth can make an important difference.”

Economic Research Group 37 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

SINGLE MOTHERS Vancouver Multicultural Family & Support Services 306-4980 Kingsway Avenue Burnaby, BC

March 27, 2003

Introduction

Mrs. Shashi Assanand, Executive Director of the Vancouver and Lower Mainland Multicultural Family Support Services (moderator) facilitated the focus group session. She emphasized the importance of open discussion and the sharing of women’s opinions. Mr. Alex Tyakoff thanked the group their participation in the study. He explained the purpose of the research and assured the group of anonymity and confidentiality. The session was held in Punjabi and translated by Ms. Baljit Judge (research assistant).

Composition of Participants

The focus group was comprised primarily of single mothers from the Indo-Canadian community. Specifically, the group was made up of a single unemployed mother of two daughters, a single disabled mother of a special needs daughter and a son, a single mother of two daughters who is currently receiving social assistance, a recently re-married employed mother of one son, a single disabled mother of two sons who is also on social assistance, a single mother of three daughters and one son as well as two single mothers each with of one son, both of whom are receiving social assistance.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based gangs/group crime and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? Has the problem been overstated?

· “It’s a problem.” “There is a lot of fear in the community.”

· “When I went to a tournament with my ex-husband, I witnessed two boys being killed.” “I have this vision as fear even while I am driving.” “This happened four years ago, but the trauma is still present.”

· “It’s a problem, but women can’t say anything.” “They have to act innocent and their efforts are futile.”

· “Whenever you open a newspaper it always mentions that Indian boys are killing each other.”

· “Violence is a problem.” “In Vancouver, a twenty-six year old woman was stabbed twelve times by her husband.” “She has a three year-old daughter.”

· “It’s a problem.” “In India you were happy to have sons, but in Canada you worry.”

· “When kids hear their father curse at their wives and the wives take it, how can it not affect our kids?”

· “There is violence and women’s voices are considered inferior still.” “Man is thought to be everything: father, husband, and son.” “Society has programmed it so women are inferior.” Economic Research Group 38 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “Even women are violent towards each other in the community, just look at the activities with in-laws.” “They still do not celebrate the birth of daughters.”

· “We have to change how we think.” “Religion says we should be peaceful and treat others equally, but pictures and stories say women are still inferior.”

· “Even attitudes about exercise can be violent.” “If I exercise that does not necessarily mean it is because I want to be seen as beautiful.” “I am trying to get healthy based on my doctor’s recommendations.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push some Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of gang violence and criminal activity?

· “There are no role models.” “My husband doesn’t even take my special needs daughter for access based on visitation rights he received through Court, yet he has been remarried three times.”

· “The Indian culture says you have to be rich.” “You must build houses for kids not like Western people. “They don’t care if they get it at the expense of others.”

· “First kids feel they don’t belong, some have to deal with family problems like divorce, and then they feel inferior because they are poor.” “My son doesn’t even leave his bedroom because he gets teased and ridiculed at school.”

· “There is so much competition; kids are always busy thinking about money.” “You are poor if you don’t have everything others do.” “This acts to separate families.”

· “They feel bad about themselves; lack of self-esteem.” “There should be uniforms.”

· “Kids feel bad if they only have one parent.” “Teachers need to be more supportive with single parent families.”

· “There is concern that girls get involved with gang members because they are not supposed to date and when they do, it is done secretly.”

· “It all starts with treating boys and girls differently.” “There is a double standard.” “Fathers are not held as responsible.”

· “Schools teach equality, home teaches inequality.” “It’s confusing.”

· “People tease you if you don’t conform to Canadian culture, but domestic issues always get discussed from an Indian perspective.” “This is confusing.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temples in helping to address the violence and crime that has surfaced in parts of the Indo-Canadian community?

· “God helps you when you help yourself”.

· “Teach religious aspects in regards to tobacco, alcohol, and drugs.” “Teach about honesty and discipline.”

· “It starts at home; the Temple is only a side part.”

· “There is a difference in attitude between kids here and in India.” “Kids here don’t go to Temples.” “Personally, I teach my kids about morality by showing them Indian movies Economic Research Group 39 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

such as Mahabharat and Ramayana.”

· “Temples here are always fighting a political battle and kids learn what they see.”

· “Transportation to Temple services is an issue.”

· “Temples need to practice halimi/shanti [peacefulness].”

· “Temples need to change the way they work, they do not help us.” “We still have to go to the federal or provincial government to get help even though the Temple has so many resources.”

· “Temple committee members need to pursue issues in our community.”

· “Change in Temples only occurs if men want it.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug, and educational counseling programs available to South Asian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the South Asian community?

· “If people pursue the resources, then it helps but most newcomers with problems do not know where to go.” “However, the choice to change first has to come from within.”

· “Older people find it hard to learn.”

· “Learning disabilities need to be recognized by the system (i.e., programs offered by the provincial government).” · “There should be more community-based support services for single parent families.”

· “Multicultural workers that understand the language are needed to provide free services in schools and medical offices.”

· “There needs to be fun and inexpensive extra-curricular programs to help kids gain confidence and self-esteem.”

· “There must be stronger laws on alimony payments before fathers are allowed to remarry.”

· “There needs to be affordable daycare services so immigrants can get good training and jobs.” “The system is too difficult and confusing right now.”

· “As a victim of rape I am always in fear.” “The community provides no service.” “Where to go?” “Who to trust?” “I go to my daughter’s school and pick her up right after classes.” “The Criminal Code needs to be changed.” “We need a lot of help from the police and support services.” “I worry about the effect this is having on my daughter.” “There is no help available.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· “Before the police used to come fast now they don’t.” “The crime was occurring while I was on the phone with emergency services.” “By the time the police arrived, I could only provide a statement.” · “Punishment for violence must go beyond jail; offenders should feel the pain of their actions.” Economic Research Group 40 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “Everybody wants to work, nobody wants to sit around and be poor.”

· “Parents need resources to keep their kids feel included.” “Fathers need to take more responsibility.”

· “What you lack at home, you can learn through programs.”

· “We need to come together collectively and examine such issues.” “It is good the group came together because we gain himat [strength].”

· “In just four months of going to this program I have learned more than what I knew in ten years.” “I no longer feel alone and isolated.”

· “Time is needed, by sharing stories you gain strength.”

INDO-CANADIAN SOCIAL WORKERS Vancouver Multicultural Family & Support Services 306-4980 Kingsway Avenue Burnaby, BC

March 27, 2003

Introduction

Mrs. Shashi Assanand, Executive Director of Multicultural Family & Support Services (moderator) introduced the various participants. Mr. Tyakoff thanked the participants for their participation in the study and outlined the purpose of the research. He observed that sessions have been held with the South Asian community and additional sessions are planned with police agencies and municipal representatives. He looked forward to the session and assured the participants of anonymity and confidentiality.

Composition of Participants

The group was comprised of South Asian social workers with the following backgrounds: a Federal Programmer (immigrant services), an International Crime Prevention Task Force Member, a Former Executive Member of Akali Singh Gurdwara, a Member of International Punjabi Society, a Resource Worker for Vancouver-Burnaby Family Multicultural Support Services/Children Who Witness Abuse Program, a Worker for the Progressive Intercultural Community Society (PICS), a Youth/Health Intercultural Worker, a Support Worker (Victim’s Services), a Multicultural Family Support Services Worker and a Settlement & Family Counselor.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based gangs/group crime and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? Has the problem been overstated?

· “It has grown tremendously, but you have to consider the growth in the Indian population base in Vancouver.”

· “Domestic violence has grown and other forms of violence have arisen as well.” “When violence occurs at home, it will spill over into the community.”

Economic Research Group 41 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “The label of gangs is out there.” “Parents are frustrated, they are now asking for help. “Before they tried to hide it.” “Parents are being victimized, too.”

· “There is an increase in the violence, kids in elementary school pick fights.” “Some get involved in crime before the age of thirteen.” “Early intervention is crucial, ideally from birth to five years of age.”

· “Family violence is becoming an accepted form of conflict resolution.”

· “Youth who witness violence tends to repeat the behavior.” “Violence and racism also exist over the Internet.”

· “Not all of the violence is drug-related.” “Some of the violence is motivated by revenge.” “Police need to get more involved and be more responsive to the needs of the community.” “The problem basically lies with the police, when we call for help they don’t always attend.” “The police should share information and inform the community.”

· “Many murders are drug-related.” “Organized crime groups or gangs recruit youth who are interested in short-term gains.” “Our community tends to cover things up, this contributes to the problem.”

· “What do you mean by gangs?” “Are they associated with drugs, car thefts or are they youngsters who meet regularly at pubs or alleys?”” In organized crime groups, kids will get trapped.” “Once you are part of a crime group, you can’t escape.”

· “There are three or four main criminal gangs.” “Then there are those that have the motto of Punga Lana [got to get in some trouble], these are kids who are searching for identity.” “They drink, hang out and go after the girls.”

· “Parents should be better educated and examine their role in the family.” “They need to routinely check in with their kids, being a parent is not a popularity contest.”

· “It’s a huge problem, but one that is not overstated.” “There is status belonging to a gang.” “Those who are bullied or intimidated might want to join a gang for protection.”

· “There should be a distinction between youth that hang out and criminal gangs.” “Violence is a problem.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push some Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of gang violence and criminal activity?

· “Youth get involved in gangs because they have been isolated.” “In these cases, a sense of belonging comes through involvement with gangs.” “Parents have to be taught about their role in the family in order to address these pressures.”

· “Kids want brand name jeans, shoes, and flashy cars.” “They would sell drugs for this.”

· “Poverty erodes self-esteem.” “Hopelessness and despair leads to involvement in gangs.”

· “Hopelessness prevents some kids from thinking of a life beyond gangs.” Very little thought is given to education, family, children or morals.” · “Many parents are too busy making money, there is no time left over for the kids.” “This is particularly true for single mothers on income assistance.” “In such cases, there are no male role models.” Economic Research Group 42 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “Sometimes a child will get labeled as a bad kid and they become bad.” “Often parents will argue with each other while the kid is getting into trouble; this contributes to the problem.”

· “Young kids lack appropriate refusal skills.”

· “The settlement process is a big factor; Indo-Canadian parents do not understand the challenges of raising kids in Western democracies.” “While the values are consistent in India, they are distorted in Canadian society.” “Children are given one set of values at home and are bombarded with different or contrasting values at school.”

· “Once a kid gets initiated in a gang, he feels good – it is cool.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temples in helping to address the violence and crime that has surfaced in parts of the Indo-Canadian community?

· “Whether responsibility lies with the parents, the Temple or both, efforts to address the violence have to be coordinated (i.e., social workers, Temple committees, police, schools, and parents).” “There needs to be a healthy and balanced environment for our youth.”

· “Schools and Temples need to send a message that it is not too late for kids to get help.”

· “We need a common platform to air our issues; our goals need to be the same.”

· “Temples are geared to hard-core religious people and our youth generally do not know what is happening at religious services.”

· “Volunteerism is not considered highly in our culture, and Temples are not the gathering place they used to be.” “Crucial resources are missing, and there is a lack of clubs at the Temple.”

· “The social issues component is not apparent in Temple politics, I feel suffocated there.”

· “There is a lack of support groups for women at Temples.” “They aren’t sensitive to the needs of the whole community.”

· “There is a double standard advocated by the Temples.” “Instead of teaching religion, they teach cultural traditions.”

· “Temples can play a role within their own parameters; they have sufficient numbers within the congregation to make a difference.” “However, they need experts to implement the various programs.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug, and educational counseling programs available to South Asian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the South Asian community?

· “Mainstream programs do not meet the needs of Indo-Canadians, they fall short.” “They are not culturally-sensitive and ethno-specific enough to make a difference.” · “There needs to be more focus on early age prevention (i.e., from birth to five years of age).”“The Health Fair is an excellent program.”

Economic Research Group 43 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “The Solicitor-General of BC needs to examine the issues in our community more seriously.”

· “Joint programs are needed along with the assistance of the media.”

· “There is a lack of appropriate services available to our community.”

· “There is inadequate funding and a shortage of culturally-sensitive counselors.”

· “There are no plans for drug and alcohol program for the community; there are significant gaps in service to South Asians in BC.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· “We can piggyback on other established groups (e.g. Big Brothers and Big Sisters).”

· “We have to first identify the issues, establish a level of trust and then build a social infrastructure within the community.”

· “There are many factors that contribute to youth involvement in gangs: settlement issues; lack of knowledge; working parents; lack of time for family; lack of communication; low socio-economic positioning; and a lack of education.”

· “A coordinated approach is required.” “Services should be delivered with a consistent level of funding.”

· “We must make families strong and support women in the community.” “Many are lost.”

· “Access to social services is a major issue.” “Fijian kids are also getting caught up in the violence.” “We have to enable all South Asian families to help their children, not just a segment of the population.”

· “The Indo-Canadian community has to realize the challenges of raising their children as they did back home.” “Parents, and even grandparents, need to become better educated, but we must also celebrate our successes.”

· “As social service providers, we have to think like gangs and become more organized and coordinated in the provision of programs and services to the community.”

YOUTH REPORTS South Asian Male Youth 8185 120 A Street Surrey, BC

July 4, 2003

Introduction

Mr. Param Grewal (facilitator) introduced himself as the Program Manager of the Progressive Intercultural Community Services Society (PICS). He outlined the various programs and services offered through PICS and introduced the moderator, Mr. Alex Tyakoff. Mr. Tyakoff gave a brief description of the Canadian Heritage study. He reminded participants of the importance of their observations and assured that anonymity and confidentiality will be respected. Economic Research Group 44 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Composition of Participants

The focus group was comprised of Indo-Canadian male youth at risk between the ages of thirteen to twenty-three. All participants reside in the City of Surrey.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based gangs/group crime and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? Has the problem been overstated?

· “It is not a big issue.” “The media has blown it out of proportion.”

· “Yeah, I don’t think there has been a growth.” · “In the past, it was an issue between groups of Caucasian and Indo-Canadian youth.” “Now we are seeing groups of Indo-Canadians going after each other.”

· “Basically it is a bunch of friends and peers hanging out.” “If one guy gets into a fight, the others will pitch in.” “When police see a bunch of kids together, they are labeled as gangs.”

· “Real gangs don’t exist.”

· “I’ve not seen kids recruited at schools or anything like that.”

· “I know of a few gangs in the Surrey area, but they are keeping low right now.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push some Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of gang violence and criminal activity?

· “The issue is about power and control, less about money and drugs.” “I believe it is about gaining status among your peers.”

· “You want to be a part of something cool.” “I’d say it all starts when you enter Grade Eight.”

· “Bullying and racism was an issue years ago, but it is not the biggest factor anymore.”

· “Stereotyping continues to be a problem” “The violence is not just a guy thing.”

· “For sure, women are getting involved in the violence, and we are seeing more female teenage prostitution.” “They are just getting started.”

· “Kids are materialistic; they all want to be hotshots.”

· “Some guys pick fights to fit in; they are a small minority.”

· “Some guys are just rebellious; it’s their nature.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temples in helping to address the violence and crime that has surfaced in parts of the Indo-Canadian community? · “Parents work hard to provide for a better life for their kids and there is no time left over for the family.” “When that happens, the communication between father and son breaks down.” “I think relationships suffer.”

Economic Research Group 45 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “It is easy for kids to drift away when that happens.”

· “I also think there is division between Western and Indian cultures, different morals and beliefs are constantly thrown at you.” “It is confusing.”

· “Parents want you to do one thing and it is impossible to do your own thing.”

· “You know, we can’t all be doctors and lawyers.” “There is always pressure to do something or to conform, even if it is not what you really want to do.”

· “There’s no way you can question your parents, they don’t hear you.”

· “Self-esteem suffers, and you lose your identity.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug and educational counseling programs available to South Asian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the South Asian community?

· “There have been some after school activities and cultural camps, but they have been poorly advertised.”

· “More youth programs are definitely required.”

· “I don’t want to be lectured at cultural camps; just the information and the friendship.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions? · Session concluded.

Young South Asian Females 7566 120 A Street Surrey, BC

April 17, 2003

Introduction

Mrs. Shashi Assanand (moderator) introduced herself as the Executive Director of Vancouver & Lower Mainland Multicultural Family Support Service Society. She observed that the program has been in service for eleven years and that it operates in twenty-four languages.

She gave a brief description of the Canadian Heritage study. She reminded the young women of the importance of their input. She introduced Ms. Baljit Judge, the research assistant assigned to the project. Ms. Judge was present to record the meeting. She thanked the group their involvement and assured that participant anonymity and confidentiality will be respected.

Composition of Participants

The group of young women was comprised of five grade nine students, one grade ten student, two college students and one university student. All students resided in the City of Surrey, Greater Vancouver Area.

Economic Research Group 46 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based gangs/group crime and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? Has the problem been overstated?

· “After moving from Calgary, Alberta to Surrey I was in shock by the violence.” “I think there is a problem of youth mixing with gangs.” “Everybody has connections now.” “The violence is definitely there; you see it all the time.”

· “Indo-Canadians form gangs to retaliate against each other.”

· “It might be overstated; it is always picked up by the news.” “The crime is quite severe and cyclic; there is a lot of revenge involved.”

· “There is a lot of bullying so there is more grouping and safety in numbers, which leads to more violence, too.”

· “There are more Indo-Canadians living here now.” “Gang violence is something the new generation has picked up.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push some Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of gang violence and criminal activity?

· “There are a lot of family misunderstandings that occur because of issues between Indian and Western culture.” “You just want to escape for the happiness of the moment.” “You make friends that will protect you and make you feel like you fit in.”

· “In some schools youth groups mix but then they pick fights with people from other schools to prove they are tougher.”

· “Recent arrivals from India formed their own groups; they might talk to other Indo- Canadians but feel better among themselves.”

· “My school is divided into groups, and even Indo-Canadian groups are split.” “Being popular is important and you try to do everything to appear cool, even fight.”

· “Everything changes once you get into high school.”

· “There is a lack of communication within families.” “Indo-Canadian families are hierarchal instead of democratic.”

· “Although you may want to tell your parents something you may fear that they will get mad so you tell your friends instead.” “Sometimes you hide your problems and confide in your friends and young cousins.” “This is a problem, especially if you do not have a big family.”

· “Sometimes parents expect boys to fight and even encourage it.” “They get embarrassed if their kids do not fight and hold their own.”

· “People in our culture do not let go of things easily; they have too much pride.”

· “Indo-Canadians do not trust the legal system and they do not want the scandal that accompanies it.” “They deal with issues themselves and take matters into their own hands.” Economic Research Group 47 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “Parents easily misinterpret things when you try to communicate with them because of language problems.” “They may understand English, but do not speak it with you.”

· “It is especially difficult if you are a girl.” “If you are dating and your parents find out they act like they did not know.” “But if you tell them, they get mad.” · “When parents say no it makes young people want to go ahead anyway in order to prove that they can do it.”

· “Some kids have nobody to talk to; they are alone and isolated.” “Parents should know their kid’s problems and try to help.” “It’s not helpful to expect their kids will tell them everything.”

· “Guys have more freedom and like to act macho.” “In India boys do whatever they want and girls stay home to cook and clean.” “Its not that way in Canada, but they still believe it is.”

· “The guys want to have the upper hand, they want to be tough and in control.”

· “Sometimes lack of money is an issue because parents have to work hard.” “As a result, kids are neglected and look for support with the wrong crowd.”

· “Young people need a balance; some parents are too extreme.” “They need to find a better balance in parenting youth.”

· “When kids get involved in gangs, their parents either try to control everything or act like they do not know.” “They are scared to get involved and fear their family may be disgraced.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temples in helping to address the violence and crime that has surfaced in parts of the Indo-Canadian community?

· “Temples and families need to become better informed about the violence issue and stop acting like whoever talks about the problem is involved.” “They should be told it is okay to want help and not be scared of being judged.”

· “It needs to be raised in a casual and informal way.”

· “People need a proper education; not just a religious perspective.”

· “As the times change; so too should the religion.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug, and educational counseling programs available to South Asian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the South Asian community?

· “Indo-Canadian parents do not like to make their issues public.” “They would not attend violence forums because of this.”

· “There is a lack of programs available for Indo-Canadian youth at risk.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· “Parents need to get become better educated and try to be more trusting with youth.”

Economic Research Group 48 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Municipal Reports

SOCIAL PLANNERS & YOUTH WORKERS Vancouver Social Planning Department 100 - 515 West 10th Avenue Vancouver, BC

April 1, 2003

Introduction

Mr. Tyakoff (moderator) thanked the participants for taking part in the focus group session. He outlined the purpose of the Canadian Heritage study. Mr. Tyakoff stated that sessions have been conducted with members of the Indo-Canadian community, as well as with public safety officials. He assured participants that anonymity and confidentiality would be upheld.

Composition of Participants

The focus group session was comprised of a multicultural social planner and a child and youth social planner. As well, two Park Board staff attended the session, both of whom are youth workers assigned to Vancouver community centers. The Anti-Graffiti Coordinator, formerly employed as a youth worker in Vancouver, provided a written response to the questions.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based gangs/group crime and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? Has the problem been overstated?

· Youth workers: “There has been growth in violence.” “However, the problem has diminished over time.”

· Social planners: “There is not a major increase in the Indo-Canadian population based on the 2001 and 1996 census.” “For the City of Vancouver total population, there is a 0.1 per cent growth of the Punjabi-speaking population in five years (e.g. from 12,885 in 1996 to 14,290 in 2001, or a net increase of 1,405).” “It represents an eleven per cent increase within the Punjabi-speaking group.” “Specifically, 14,290 Indo-Canadians constitutes 2.7 per cent of the city's total population in 2001.” “The decentralized service model does not always meet the needs of Indo-Canadians.” “For example, the City of Vancouver supports services for ethno-cultural communities, including ethno-specific type services.” “Presently most services for the Indo-Canadian community are provided through general service organizations such as Neighbourhood Houses.”

· Youth workers: “The media has played a role in the sensationalization of the problem.” “Bindy Johal has become a household name.” “The entire Johal/Dosanjh war was played out in front of the camera.” “This has not been helpful.”

· Social planners: “The media tends to exploit the situation, in particular the youth.” “The problem has been given added profile, a cultural component, which focuses on Indo- Canadian male youth.” “It sells newspapers.” “There is a broader issue at stake here, as all kids are being exploited regardless of ethnicity.” “Issues tend to surface in cycles, at least within the media.” “Now the focus is on Asian youth and street racing in Richmond.”

· Youth workers: “While we are witnessing group violence, it is not always Indo-Canadian groups of youth in conflict with other Indo-Canadian youth.” “There have been cases of Economic Research Group 49 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Indo-Canadian youth squaring off with Asian, Vietnamese, and Latin youth.” “Even within Indo-Canadian youth crime groups we are seeing the formation of sub-groups, for example, the ‘jocks,’ etc.” “The following factors are important to consider: (1) religion; (2) family dynamics; (3) gender issues; (4) group orientation and (5) visibility.”

· Social planners: “We have to be careful about using the word “gang.” “How do we define a gang?” “We have to give some thought to group dynamics or issues of power and control.” “As well, do the statistics support the scope and nature of the concern or are we over-reacting to the problem?”

· Youth workers: “Groups from different backgrounds socialize mostly within their own group, in particular Indo-Canadian youth.” “There are few instances of inter-group mixing.” “This is, of course, not uncommon among most groups.”

· Social planners: “Grouping along ethnic lines ultimately means the segregation of people.” “Are we looking for people like ourselves?” “Whoever is in the minority culture has to work hard to fit into the dominant mainstream society.” “Racism is a problem.” “It places an enormous amount of stress and pressure on ethnic youth to conform.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push some Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of gang violence and criminal activity?

· Social planners: “There are economic reasons that underlie the problem.” “Many new immigrants come to Canada in order to pursue family reunification plans.” “Some are struggling to make ends meet, often with low paying jobs.”

· Youth workers: “A number of families have other means of support, for example, the extended family.” “Children and youth are generally taken care of by aunts and grandparents.”

· Social planners: “Early South Asian immigrants tend to settle in the City of Vancouver.” “Over the last decade, cities such as Surrey and Abbotsford have attracted most of the newcomers.” “This is partly because of prohibitive housing costs in Vancouver, but there is also the need for larger accommodations for new immigrant families that are being built in those areas.” “Also, there is the added appeal of proximity to farm lands and work opportunities in those areas.”

· Social planners: “It is fundamentally a question of inter-generational conflict; youth are trying to find their own identity in Canadian society.” “As well, youth are subjected to racism and bullying.”

· Youth workers: “It is a major challenge when you have Bindy Johal as a role model.” “There is also the question of gender inequality.” “Overall, there is a stronger grip on females and correspondingly fewer restraints placed on boys.” “There are high expectations placed on the oldest male.” “These pressures can be overwhelming.” “There is the question of thrill-seeking, fast cars and status.” “As well, some kids feel they have to prove themselves.”

· Youth workers: “There is a sense of pride among male youth, and a perceived need to keep quiet.” “Many view police in a negative light, so few will come forward to assist authorities.”

· Youth workers: “We are seeing casual violence develop from the playground up to the weapon level.” “There is verbal play, adding a degree of humiliation to the violence.”

Economic Research Group 50 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· Social planners: “Have gangland slayings increased within the Indo-Canadian community?” “Statistics are needed to back up the statement.” “There may be a propensity for violence across the board when we speak of youth today.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temples in helping to address the violence and crime that has surfaced in parts of the Indo-Canadian community?

· Youth workers: “There seems to be a falling away from the Temple.” “Many youth that attend services only take part in the rituals, and it has become ‘window dressing’ for many kids today.” “They feel disconnected.”

· Youth workers: “There is a difference in how Indo-Canadian parents discipline their children.” “Punishment is first handed out, and then followed up by discussion.” “This may contribute to the problem.”

· Social planners: “The Temple has an important role to play.” “It is a special gathering place, perhaps one of the very few places to meet.” “The opportunity is there, however the potential is not fully realized.”

· Youth workers: “There are different elements within the Temple that range from the conservative wing to the progressive elements and each has different views on the problem.” “There needs to be a cohesive approach to dealing with this problem while respecting the various perspectives.” “As well, there needs to be a diversion of resources to the community in order to resolve the problem.”

· Youth workers: “There is a lack of family services in the community.” “It is not a settlement issue, but more of an inter-generational issue.”

· Social planners: “There is visible participation from the Indo-Canadian community at the federal, provincial and Temple levels.” “However, there seems to be a lack of political involvement at the municipal level.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug and educational counseling programs available to South Asian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the South Asian community?

· Social planners: “More leaders and mentors are required in the community.” “In particular, youth mentorship programs are needed.” “This should be a grass-roots oriented and youth driven process, young leaders need to emerge from that process.”

· Social planners: “The school liaison officer program could be more effective with some further education on the issue or a different approach to dealing with these youth.”

· Social planners: “Youth driven programs are required.” “We need to highlight the positive accomplishments of youth so they can feel good about themselves and take charge of their own lives.” “Resources should be available to youth on a consistent basis, and we have to listen to young people and do a better job of supporting families.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· Social planners: “There seems to be a lack of resources and positive youth role models in the community.” “Kids need to know there are other possibilities for them, and the system needs to provide a forum for youth to address the issues openly.”

Economic Research Group 51 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Crown Report

Crown Prosecutors Surrey Crown Counsel 14340-57th Avenue Surrey, BC

May 14, 2003

Introduction

A focus group session was held with prosecutors from Surrey Crown Counsel, Department of Justice. Mr. Tyakoff (moderator) introduced the Canadian Heritage project and outlined the research process. He assured participants that questions would not cover material of a sensitive or case-specific nature. The information obtained would be kept confidential and the names of participants would not be divulged.

Composition of Participants

The composition of the focus group was varied in terms of experience, years of service and types of cases prosecuted. The session was attended by the chief prosecutor, two senior prosecutors and two junior prosecutors. Each individual possessed a range of prosecutorial experience relating to Indo-Canadian based criminal offences such as homicide and various weapons offences, including cases involving domestic violence and sexual assault.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based group/gang activity and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? In your opinion has the problem been overstated?

· “The term gang is a misnomer; it has never been qualified.”

· “There are two interrelated streams of violence relating to young Indo-Canadian male offenders.” “First, there is violence between opposing criminal groups of Indo-Canadians that result in shootings and homicide.” “Second, there is domestic violence and spousal assault.” “The two are not easily separated; violence begets violence.”

· “It is not just a question of violence involving young Indo-Canadian males, because the entire family unit is involved.” “There is a dramatic focus on the violence because it is more disturbing, involves gangs and weapons and is badly reported in the press.” “This, of course, sells newspapers.”

· “While the crime rate for Indo-Canadians in BC is low compared to the general population, the level of violence has dramatically increased over the past ten years.”

· “There is an increase in the proliferation of restricted and prohibited weapons in the Greater Vancouver area.” “Police are recovering automatic weapons such as Uzi’s with rapid-fire clips.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of group/gang violence and criminal activity? What are the roots of the violence?

· “The violence is systemic.” “The old school ways leads people in the community to think they are above the law.” “They act out of blind allegiance to traditional ways when they Economic Research Group 52 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

engage in questionable acts.”

· “Culturally, the young male tends to get away with anything.” The bravado and machismo appears to be supported by the family.” “In retribution killings, for example, the family will support their son even in the face of overwhelming evidence.”

· “The young Indo-Canadian males that come to our attention are dreadfully spoiled and are pandered to.” “They show little, if any, remorse for their victims.”

· “There is a sense of entitlement and a total lack of responsibility.” “They do not expect to be caught.” “The numbers bear this out, for example only two successful prosecutions were realized on fifty murders.”

· “The Indo-Canadian community has to take ownership of this problem for themselves.”

· “Many of the Indo-Canadian youth that come to the attention of the criminal justice system are rudderless and spoiled.” “The family denies there is a problem and consider their sons to be princes.”

· “It is a hedonistic lifestyle for those Indo-Canadian youth involved in criminal activity.” “Even when severe consequences and penalties exist, offenders just brush them off.”

· “In one case, the accused put their immediate community and themselves ahead of telling the truth.” “It meant nothing to appear before Court and deny any criminal wrongdoing.”

· “The issue of criminal wrongdoing and violence is not entirely driven by the profit motive.” “It is motivated, to a large extent, by the need to control others as well as by retribution and the willingness to lie in Court.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temple in responding to the group/gang activity and violence that has surfaced in the Indo-Canadian community?

· “The Indo-Canadian community has been marginalized by endemic racism.” “This has contributed to the problem of violence in the community.” “However, the community needs to change with the times.” “They have the ability to break with the village culture, change the value system and become part of a larger community.”

· “There has to be a stronger sense of community and respect for the rule of law.” “There are many examples of Indo-Canadian criminal justice officials and police from the community who maintain their heritage and respect a basic moral code.”

· “It appears the Temples are failing the community.” “The community needs to identify strong leaders and not continue with the ones that condone violence.”

· “There also needs to be a collective agreement to abide by morals that are consistent with the laws of Canada.” “There needs to be an end to the pervasive denigration of women.”

· “The community has to ask the hard questions, not hide or try to save face.” “It is important to not shrink from being critical because there is a lot at stake.”

· “Glorification of the violence feeds the vanity of the criminal.”

Economic Research Group 53 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug and educational counseling programs available to Indo-Canadian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the Indo-Canadian community?

· “There needs to be aggressive early intervention directed at children from birth to five years of age.”

· “Parenting courses have to be interventionist, but delivered in a culturally-appropriate manner.”

· “There needs to be an increased level of supervision of youth at risk, especially for males.”

· “Consistent levels of funding should be made available for school-based programs and services.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· The session concluded. Participants were thanked for their observations and input.

Police Reports

Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia P.O. Box 42529 New Westminster, BC

March 4, 2003

Introduction

Mr. Alex Tyakoff (moderator) thanked the group for joining the session and explained the purpose of the Canadian Heritage project. He discussed the reasons for conducting focus group sessions, as well as other components of the research study.

Mr. Tyakoff assured the group of anonymity and confidentiality.

Composition of Participants

The focus group was comprised of senior police managers assigned to the Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia. They have extensive experience in all aspects of front-line policing, with expertise in the disruption and suppression of organized crime. Many participants were previously assigned to the Vancouver Police Department Gang Squad, and possess extensive knowledge about the issue of youth gangs in the Greater Vancouver Area.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based group/gang activity and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? In your opinion has the problem been overstated?

· “Indo-Canadian based crime groups are active throughout the Greater Vancouver Area of BC.” “They appear to be concentrated in communities that are located south of the Fraser River or those cities with the greatest population of Indo-Canadians.” “However, Economic Research Group 54 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Indo-Canadian based youth violence extends well beyond the Vancouver area, making this a regional issue.”

· “Indo-Canadian based crime groups are random and loosely-knit criminal entities.” “Leaders climb the ranks based on a mix of charisma and business acumen.” “The crime groups are not as complex or sophisticated compared to other established gangs in the Vancouver area.” “They are not as criminally entrenched in Canadian society relative to other crime groups such as Asian based Organized Crime.”

· “Indo-Canadian based crime groups may be categorized as a criminal alliance or an opportunistic group of ethnically-based criminals that have come together in order to facilitate the sale and distribution of illegal weapons and narcotics.” “There is, of course, crossover criminal activity with other crime groups in the Greater Vancouver Area.”

· “While Indo-Canadian based crime in Vancouver should not be necessarily viewed as organized crime, it has the potential to evolve into a criminal organization in the next five years.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of group/gang violence and criminal activity? What are the roots of the violence?

· “The majority of Indo-Canadian based criminals are comprised of male youth between the ages of eighteen to thirty-five and come from all social and economic walks of life.” “The reasons for youth involvement in criminal activity are complex and defy simple explanation.” “There is no single path to delinquency, crime and gang violence.”

· “Youth will band together as a response to racism and bullying.” “Sometimes the group is comprised of extended family connections however others may join as required.” “This type of group, given the right set of circumstances, may evolve into a criminal organization.”

· “Some are introduced to criminal activity through male family connections, in particular brothers and cousins.” “The lure of fast money is attractive to those young males caught up this pattern of offending, kids will act on instant gratification.”

· “Many wish to take part in the good life, complete with material wealth and outward signs of success.” “It is difficult for youth to stay legitimate if a friend has a nice car and enjoys a lavish lifestyle.”

· “The violent crimes that have been perpetrated by Indo-Canadian based criminals over the past decade have been extremely brutal compared to crimes committed by other crime groups in the Greater Vancouver.” “These have included, but are not limited to, drug-related homicides, attempted murder, home invasions, and aggravated bodily assault.”

· “The majority of violent crimes is sparked by retaliation specific to illicit drug production and trafficking activities and have escalated into a cycle of violence.” “In some instances, they are motivated by blood feuds and vendettas.” “Alcohol and drug abuse (i.e., steroids) also play a role in the violence.”

· “The presence of violence indicates a lack of sophistication and maturity within a criminal entity, which is currently the case with Indo-Canadian criminal groups.” “Violence is considered to be bad for business, something best avoided.” “Established crime groups have long understood this and use less intrusive, but equally effective means by which to achieve their criminal ends.” Economic Research Group 55 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “This lesson will not be lost on Indo-Canadian criminals as they evolve toward a more sophisticated and entrenched criminal organization in the Greater Vancouver Area of BC.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temple in responding to the group/gang activity and violence that has surfaced in the Indo-Canadian community?

· “Parents work long hours and are not always available to provide for an adequate level of care and supervision for their children.”

· “In some cases, Indo-Canadian male youth become latch-key kids – typical of children and youth from many other cultures – and fall prey to crime and violence.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug, and educational counseling programs available to Indo-Canadian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the Indo-Canadian community?

· “There has been a steady erosion of alcohol, drug and educational programs and services available to Indo-Canadian youth.” “Greater involvement of all participating agencies in addressing this issue is required and meaningful partnerships need to be developed and sustained.”

· “This outcome is difficult to achieve as every agency with a social service mandate is facing financial cutbacks to their programs and services in the Greater Vancouver Area.”

· “The individuals known to police are beyond help and triage is necessary.” “It would be more effective to target scarce resources to young children and youth before they become influenced by the violence.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· “A greater degree of cooperation with police is required in dealing with this public safety issue.” “It is unclear whether this will happen anytime soon, many barriers still exist.”

· “The school liaison officer program is an effective resource by which to address youth violence with the Indo-Canadian community.” “Indo-Canadian police officers should be selected for this task as they can develop a stronger bond with Indo-Canadian youth.”

Delta Police Department 4111 Clarence Taylor Way Delta, BC

March 4, 2003

Introduction

Mr. Alex Tyakoff (moderator) thanked the group for joining the session and explained the purpose of the Canadian Heritage project. He discussed the reasons for conducting focus group sessions, as well as other aspects of the research study. He mentioned that focus group sessions have been carried out with members of the Indo-Canadian community and additional sessions are planned with social service providers and municipal officials, including other police agencies. Economic Research Group 56 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Mr. Tyakoff assured the group of anonymity and confidentiality.

Composition of Participants

The composition of the focus group was varied in terms of rank, experience and years of service. Present at the meeting was a Superintendent, Staff Sergeant, Sergeant and a number of members, both uniformed and plainclothes, each with a wide variety of investigative experience. Several members were of Indo-Canadian heritage.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based group/gang activity and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? In your opinion has the problem been overstated?

· “Indo-Canadian based crime groups are active throughout the Lower Mainland of BC.” The violence that has been perpetrated through these group’s activities has touched the majority of the Lower Mainland.

· “For example, since August 2001 there have been homicides and shootings related to some of these groups in the jurisdictions of Richmond, Surrey, Vancouver, New Westminster, Burnaby, Port Moody, and Delta.”

· ”The majority of Indo-Canadians that live in the Municipality of Delta are concentrated in the North Delta area.

· “The majority of Indo-Canadian based criminals are comprised of male youth between the ages of eighteen and twenty-six and come from all walks of life.” “In some cases, Indo-Canadian youth will group together in response to the bullying and racism experienced in the public school system and elsewhere.”

· “Indo-Canadian youth at risk are exposed to criminal opportunities, in particular drug trafficking activities.” “Some have been introduced to criminal associations through male family ties, specifically brothers and cousins.” “Indo-Canadian gangs are characterized by their fluid membership, and loyalties can become rivalries seemingly overnight. Consistent membership is typically comprised of family members and others may join the group as a result of schoolyard friendships.” “Others join through criminal associations, such as prison.”

· “Examples were given of various criminals, some of whom can be associated to youth gangs, while others were seen as part of loosely-knit and randomly-formed criminal associations.” “Indo-Canadian based crime groups have been known to invite outsiders into their criminal circle however the majority of criminals are comprised of ethnic members of the Indo-Canadian community.”

· “In terms of criminal organization, Indo-Canadian crime groups are currently at the growing and forming stage.” “They are seen as a loosely-based criminal alliance with cultural ties, however some exceptions do apply.” “It is inaccurate to describe this entity as organized crime; however it may potentially evolve into a criminal organization.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of group/gang violence and criminal activity? What are the roots of the violence? · “Indo-Canadian violent crime is seen as strongly influenced by the culture of this generation of Indo-Canadian youth.” “There appears to be a consistent pattern where Economic Research Group 57 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Indo-Canadian criminals are from families who provided their sons with money, freedom, favoritism, and a level of discipline inconsistent with their siblings (primarily female), coupled with the culture’s distrust of the police and an emphasis on face or honor.” “Add BC’s explosion of lucrative criminal opportunities in the illicit drug smuggling trade and a violent mixture is created.”

· “Drug deals are lucrative and there is incentive on the part of Indo-Canadian criminals to act in violent ways to protect their share of the drug trade.” “Violence is often the means by which Indo-Canadian crime groups control the market share, a degree of brutality makes it possible to expand their control.”

· “There have been instances in the Municipality of Delta where Indo-Canadian males squared off against Caucasian groups in order to resolve their disputes.” “This would not have occurred a few years ago, as the numbers of Indo-Canadian male youth was insufficient to counter the more established groups.” “These divisions could easily arise beyond schoolyards to include disputes elsewhere.”

· “The temptation of fast money appeals to Indo-Canadian male youth caught up this pattern of offending.” “Many wish to take part in the good life, complete with material wealth and success.” “It is difficult for male youth at risk to stay legitimate if a friend has a nice car, money, girlfriends, and enjoys a lavish lifestyle.”

· “Indo-Canadian criminals will often go to extremes in order to save face in the event of a real or perceived slight.” “The issue is dealt with in a swift and conclusive manner, and violence is used to send a message to competitors.” “This, in turn, begets more violence and the cycle is repeated.”

· “Violence basically indicates a lack of sophistication and maturity in a crime group.” “As we have seen in the evolution of Asian based Organized Crime and Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs in BC, violence is considered to be bad for business.” “In the future, we may see fewer Indo-Canadian based criminals resort exclusively to violence as a means to resolve disputes, indicating a more sophisticated criminal organization.”

· “Violence has become such an ingrained feature of Indo-Canadian based crime that it may be difficult for some to embrace other less violent, but equally effective means by which to pursue their criminal goals.”

· “Indo-Canadian criminals have easy, unhindered access to restricted and prohibited weapons.” “All of these factors create the potential for a greater degree of violence in the community, especially where weapons are involved.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temple in responding to the group/gang activity and violence that has surfaced in the Indo-Canadian community?

· “Indo-Canadian youth involved in crime in the Municipality of Delta come from upper middle-class Indian families and not exclusively from economically disadvantaged households.”

· “Many Indo-Canadian parents work long hours and are not always available to provide for an adequate level of supervision for their children.” “Most are new immigrants from India and possess no real understanding of Canadian culture and customs regarding youth activities.” “This fact allows many of the youth to manipulate their parents in justifying and explaining their whereabouts (i.e., staying out late, etc), and how they obtained large quantities of unexplained income (i.e., drug trafficking).”

Economic Research Group 58 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “Some Indo-Canadian parents – by their very nature of being parents – have a sense of when their kid is doing something suspicious, but turn a blind eye to the problem.” “Some do not wish to question the unexplained wealth brought into the family home by their kids.” Others are too ashamed to admit their kids have done something bad and fear ridicule of their parenting skills by the community.”

· “The Indo-Canadian community is a shame-based culture.” “In some cases when an individual commits a social taboo, such as becoming involved in crime, they may potentially be ostracized from the community.” “To some, this represents a powerful social sanction.” “To others, it appears meaningless and empty.”

· “A growing number of incidents get swept under the rug, especially those relating to wayward boys.” “This contributes to a wall of silence that has arisen in parts of the Indo- Canadian society, thereby making it difficult for police to do their jobs effectively.”

· “There have been a few cases in the Municipality of Delta where individuals from the Indo-Canadian community have held persons accountable for their actions however they are the exceptions rather than the rule.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug and educational counseling programs available to Indo-Canadian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the Indo-Canadian community?

· “There has been a steady erosion of alcohol, drug, and educational programs and services available to youth at risk, especially Indo-Canadian boys.” ‘Greater involvement of all the participating agencies in addressing this issue is required.”

· “A greater degree of cooperation with police is essential in dealing with this public safety issue.”

· “Social programs and services are not always effective given that Indo-Canadians do not air their dirty laundry in public.” “The matter of trust is important in the Indo-Canadian community, and it takes time and effort in order to build these relationships.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· “The school liaison officer (SLO) program plays an important role in addressing youth violence in the Indo-Canadian community.” “As part of the SLO program, the Indo- Canadian youth violence issue in North Delta will be addressed as a component of the school curriculum.” “Indo-Canadian officers will be identified as an important resource to provide insight regarding cultural and religious issues.”

· “The Delta Police Department has undertaken a number of innovative community-based programs that involve Indo-Canadian parents and youth.” “The sessions have been well received, and additional sessions are planned.”

· “The program will be expanded to include the broader community of youth and their parents.” “It is being examined for possible application throughout the province of BC.”

Economic Research Group 59 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Surrey and Richmond RCMP Detachments (combined) District 3, Newton 7235-137 Street Surrey, BC

March 24, 2003

Introduction

A focus group session was held with members from the Surrey and Richmond RCMP Detachments. Mr. Tyakoff (moderator) introduced the Canadian Heritage project and outlined the purpose of the focus group session. He made assurances the session would not cover material of a sensitive or operational nature. The information obtained would be kept confidential and personal information would not be divulged. He assured that a draft copy of the report would be made available to senior RCMP management for review and approval prior to dissemination.

Composition of Participants

The composition of the focus group was varied in terms of rank, experience and years of service. Present at the meeting were an Inspector, a Staff Sergeant and a number of general duty members, both uniformed and plainclothes, each with a variety of investigative experience, including homicide investigations. Many of the members are Indo-Canadian in ethnic origin and possess an excellent working knowledge of the crime problems facing the community in the Greater Vancouver Area. Significantly, a participating Indo-Canadian member had served in the school liaison program as well as the gang section, thereby adding a unique perspective to the session.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based group/gang activity and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? In your opinion has the problem been overstated?

· “The level of violence has increased.”

· “Yeah, it is definitely on the rise and escalating.”

· “Years ago we would see Caucasians picking on Indo-Canadian kids but now it is the other way around.” “We are witnessing Indo-Canadian groups of youth squaring off with other Indo-Canadian youth.” “Also, we are seeing cases where Indo-Canadian groups are picking on Caucasians.”

· “There is a cottage industry of gang material that is coming out of the US that really does not accurately explain the Indo-Canadian based problem in British Columbia.” “It is the myth of gangs.” · “Gang-o-phobia!”

· “The media is trying hard to make something more out of this issue and we are left attempting to combat the violence.” “In reality, we are dealing with group crime or more accurately violent groups rather than youth gangs.”

· “There is no structure or hierarchy present.” “It is a seamless, ever changing phenomenon.” “They drift, go where the money is.” “Indo-Canadian crime groups do not operate within a defined geographic area compared to street gangs in large US cities.” Economic Research Group 60 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

“Kids come from communities throughout the Greater Vancouver Area to attend an event, go to clubs, dances and such.” “However, they may be seen as having a geographic base since they reside in areas with a large Indo-Canadian population.”

· “There is anonymity in large numbers; it is much easier to blend into a crowd.”

· “By the time these youth have reached the age of eighteen, they have already been exposed to significant levels of violence in the form of extortion.”

· “A number of these kids are not held accountable.” “It is rare that a charge goes forward to a conviction these days.” “You have to have a very, very strong case.”

· “There is no disincentive.”

· “It is possible that not enough is known about these individuals.” “Some are very capable, and the intelligent ones will likely develop into sophisticated criminals.”

· “There is an important distinction to be made regarding Indo-Canadian based criminals compared to Caucasian criminals.” “For example, most Caucasians become involved in crime through a series of property offences as well as other minor infractions and basically work their way up as career criminals.” “For the most part, we know who they are and can track their progression.” “In contrast, Indo-Canadian criminals seem to evolve into a career of crime without being detected until it is too late.”

· “Some remain under the radar for years, go to university and get an education, become professionals such as teachers and such, and then get killed.” · “That’s true.” “But people from the Indo-Canadian community know who they are.” “The community continues to deny the existence of the problem.”

· “Some kids come from well-off families and are involved in community endeavors, cultural celebrations, parades, etc.”

· “The parents of these kids know they are involved in violence, alcohol, and drugs. “It is a question of denial.”

· “Perhaps we are talking about triage since we can’t possibly save all of them.” “That is why early intervention is so important.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of group/gang violence and criminal activity? What are the roots of the violence?

· “It is easy to get involved in crime, far too easy.” “One main reason youth get involved is peer pressure, but there are many other risk factors.”

· “Some kids would rather have a criminal record than let their parents know they have had a brush with the law.” “Just the promise of taking them home to their parents is enough to get cooperation.”

· “But where are the parents?” “Parents are too busy making money, some hold down two jobs.” They are not involved in the lives of their children.” ”They just don’t make the time for their kids.”

· “Some kids come from broken homes, have alcoholic parents and are running away from troubled families.”

Economic Research Group 61 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “Some hold Bindy Johal out to be some kind of a local hero or role model.” “It is very difficult to compete against that.” “As a school liaison officer, you get very little cooperation.” “Its frustrating, very frustrating!”

· “If you were to search [Bindy] Johal’s name on the Internet, you would get at least forty hits.” “People are calling him God.”

· “What is need is better cooperation from the parents.”

· “Again, it is a question of denial.”

· “Some of these kids are involved in moving illicit drugs as there is a lot of money to be made.” “However, what is at issue here is youth violence, or group crime.”

· “A number of young criminals are going unnoticed.” “They have legitimate businesses and become part of the community.” “It could be we are missing them?”

· “Perhaps we just don’t know enough about them, and more criminal intelligence is required.” “I suppose it’s a matter of undetected crime in some cases, but it is also a question of establishing priorities.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temple in responding to the group/gang activity and violence that has surfaced in the Indo-Canadian community?

· “The role of the family is very important.” “This is a fluid problem, very dynamic.” “Just when you get a good handle on the situation, things will change.”

· “Early intervention is crucial.” “The majority of Indo-Canadians that are most affected by the violence are new immigrants from India.” “It is a problem of integration.”

· “Temples seem to be out of touch with the community.” “As well, there is some disenchantment on the part of Indo-Canadian youth.” “I don’t think Temples can offer much assistance with this problem.” “They are unsure about how to best proceed, they need direction from the younger leaders.”

· “There is a role for school liaison officers.” “However, the appropriate member has to be selected for the task.” “For example, an Asian member was assigned to a high school with a predominately Indo-Canadian population.” “Obviously, this did not work, a missed opportunity to connect with youth.” “In another example, we wanted to assign an Indo- Canadian member to a Gurdwara, but Temple officials requested a Caucasian member.” “Yet another missed opportunity.”

· “We have many successful professionals in our community, highly respected individuals.” “We have made numerous strides as an ethnic group in Canada.” “The problem is that our growing numbers is not fully and adequately reflected in the mainstream programs and services offered to Canadians.” “We need to have resources available to all of our people, especially to those on the margins of society.” “While some people are trying to make a difference, there are few services available to the Indo- Canadian community.”

· “It is a question of proper training as well.” “At Depot [RCMP Training Centre, Regina, Saskatchewan], for example, the material relating to inter-cultural issues and policing is completely out of date.” “The material on Indo-Canadians is patronizing, not at all helpful.”

Economic Research Group 62 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “For example, there are few actual cases of skinheads picking on Indo-Canadians in BC.” “However, RCMP course material still reflects these outmoded examples.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug and educational counseling programs available to Indo-Canadian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the Indo-Canadian community?

· “A clearinghouse of resources from social service agencies are required.” “Best practices should be developed and resources geared to new immigrants from India whose need is the greatest.”

· “The School Liaison Officer program is an excellent tool.” “However, additional municipal funding is required.”

· “Again, there is a lack of cooperation from the Indo-Canadian community.” “The question of denial continues to surface; as a community we deny that we deny.”

· “The problem is that our growing numbers are not adequately reflected in the mainstream services to Canadians.” “Additional resources are required and best practices need to be developed.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· The session concluded.

Vancouver Police Department 5 East Eighth Avenue Vancouver, BC

April 3, 2003

Introduction

A focus group session was held with members of the Vancouver Police Department. Mr. Tyakoff (moderator) introduced the Canadian Heritage project and outlined the focus group process. He assured the participants that questions would not cover material of a sensitive or operational nature. Furthermore, all of the information obtained would be kept confidential and the names of participants would not be divulged. A draft report will be circulated to the senior focus group participants for review and approval.

Composition of Participants

The composition of the group was varied in terms of rank, experience, and years of service. Present at the meeting were two Inspectors, a Sergeant as well as an intelligence analyst. Each person had a range of investigative and analytical experience, including drug enforcement and criminal intelligence-related duties.

Focus Group Questions

Question 1: Has there been a growth of Indo-Canadian based group/gang activity and violence in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia over the past decade? In your opinion has the problem been overstated?

Economic Research Group 63 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “The problem is not overstated.” “There is not enough attention being devoted to it.” “The numbers don’t lie.”

· “It is a unique problem and one that is driven by cultural aspects.” “Criminals come from all walks of life, with varying levels of education” “There is no fixed or established pattern.”

· “It depends on the definition of a gang.” “It is not like a Los Angeles-type gang, there is no territory or turf involved.” “However, there is a tax on certain areas.”

· “There is power bases involved, and these can shift at any time.” “It is a fluid and dynamic problem.” “It is drug-based, with weapons involved.” “The crimes are particularly violent.”

· “Criminal figures dress the part and drive flashy sport utility vehicles and are surrounded by bodyguards.” “They go everywhere with their bodyguards, it appears to be a status symbol.”

· “There is an intimidation factor involved; they like to flex their muscle.”

· “Both the media and police have acted in ways that confer a type of celebrity status on criminals.” “Bindy Johal is a good example.” “He has become a household word; this is counter-productive.”

· “When the Courts overturned certain rulings, it gave an unfortunate message to Indo- Canadian based criminals that the criminal justice system was not prepared to deal with the problem.”

· “The Dosanjh murders acted as an important baseline; kids think they can get away with crime without any serious consequences.”

Question 2: What social and economic forces push Indo-Canadian male youth into the direction of group/gang violence and criminal activity? What are the roots of the violence?

· “There is a cultural dimension to consider.” “It is a question of saving face, and slights or put downs can erupt into spontaneous violence.”

· “The marginalization of women is a factor, as well as bravado or sheer arrogance among male youth.”

· “Domestic violence is an issue.” “Women will ask themselves: Why am I being treated differently?” “If violence is used to solve disputes at home, it can easily spill over into the community.”

· “In some cases, we are dealing with a feudal society.” “Recent immigrants typically come from agrarian communities in India and the social context for resolving disputes is different.” “Disputes are not left up to the police to resolve, people generally take matters into their own hands.”

· “We need to view the violence problem in a much larger context.” “The problem is not limited to the Greater Vancouver Area as other communities throughout North America are experiencing similar issues, in particular Los Angeles, California.”

Question 3: What is the appropriate role of the family and/or the Temple in responding to the group/gang activity and violence that has surfaced in the Indo-Canadian community?

· “Willful blindness applies to Indian boys, and they get away with a lot these days.” “Parents look the other way; this is counter-productive.” · “The Temple has the money, but they can’t get their act together to deal with this problem.” “It is a Catch Twenty-Two situation.” Economic Research Group 64 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· “There is a spectrum of opinion within the Temple ranging from the fundamentalist viewpoint to the moderate perspective.” “There needs to be a bridging together of these elements on the problem of violence in the community.”

· “Denial is an ongoing problem.” “Some within the community wish to preserve the status quo and avoid the issue.”

· “The leadership needs to solve their own problems, this can be empowering for the community.” “However, there needs to be significant movement toward addressing the violence issue.”

Question 4: Do you think there is an adequate level of alcohol, drug and educational counseling programs available to Indo-Canadian youth that are caught up in the cycle of violence? Do mainstream programs and services (i.e., school liaison officer program) work within the context of the Indo-Canadian community?

· “The Indo-Canadian community is not currently earmarking a sufficient amount of funds to address the violence problem.” “There are few resources going into mentorship programs, additional assets are required.”

· “There seems to be money available for Temple improvements such as crematoriums and such.” “It is a matter of assigning priorities.”

· “There needs to be an evaluation of the VPD School Liaison Officer Program to determine whether this is an effective service.” “To my knowledge, this has never been done.”

· “As well, there needs to be adequate resources set aside for the School Liaison Program.”

· “More thought needs to be given to the expansion of English as a Second Language programs available to new immigrants.” “This should help those who are struggling to integrate into Canadian society.”

Question 5: Do you have any closing remarks or suggestions?

· “A greater degree of integration of research programs and initiatives relating to Indo- Canadian based violence is required.” “There appears to be quite a number of significant initiatives currently underway in Vancouver, but there is an inadequate level of coordination.”

Economic Research Group 65 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Endnotes

1. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Jurisdat, Vol. 17 No. 8 (July 1997), p. 5.

2. Ibid., p.18.

3. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Jurisdat, Vol. 22 No. 6 (July 2002), p. 5.

4. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Jurisdat, Vol. 17 No. 8 (July 1997), p. 18.

5. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Jurisdat, Vol. 23 No. 5 (July 2003), p. 7.

Discussion Guide

Community Sessions

· Greeting

· Purpose of focus groups

· Role of the moderator

· Structure of questions

· Anonymity and confidentiality of responses

· Individual opinions

· Obtain contact details

Economic Research Group 66 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Screener Questionnaire

Police Sessions

Introduction

I am an independent researcher commissioned by the Department of Canadian Heritage to conduct a study into Indo-Canadian based crime in the Greater Vancouver Area.

The research will examine a variety of social and economic reasons for the violence among Indo- Canadian male youth over the past ten years. Specifically, it will include a literature review, survey questionnaires, as well as focus group sessions with all interested parties, including the police.

The information obtained will be of a confidential nature and handled in a secure manner. Focus group sessions will not cover material of a sensitive or operational matter but will seek informed opinions based on your experience. I will ask a series of open-ended questions that will form the basis of the discussion. The same questions will be asked of members from other participating police agencies. The information will be assembled into a combined report for possible future study.

I will moderate the police focus group sessions and it is anticipated these will last approximately one hour in duration. Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions or require additional information.

S1. Have you had investigative experience in dealing with Indo-Canadian male youth involved in gangs, drugs or homicide and/or violent criminal activities or have acted in a community liaison and/or diversity role with respect to this ethnic group over the past ten years?

1. Yes [continue to S2] 2. No [thank and terminate] 3. Unsure/refused [thank and terminate]

S2. In general terms, what is the scope and nature of your police experience in dealing with Indo- Canadian based crime groups?

1. Gang Squad/Section [skip to S3] 2. Drug Squad/Section [skip to S4] 3. Homicide/Major Crimes/Intel [skip to S5] 4. Community Relations/School Liaison [skip to S6] 5. Diversity Coordinator [skip to S7] 6. Minimal [thank and terminate]

S3. Broadly speaking, what is the scope and nature of your involvement in combating Indo- Canadian based crime groups in the City of [jurisdiction]?

1. Experienced [go to S8] 2. Minimal [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S4. What is the scope and nature of your involvement in combating drug crime, in particular narcotic offenses associated to Indo-Canadian based crime groups in the City of [jurisdiction]?

1. Experienced [go to S9]

Economic Research Group 67 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

2. Minimal [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S5. What is the scope and nature of your involvement in the investigation of homicide and major crime relating to Indo-Canadian based criminals in the City of [jurisdiction]?

1. Experienced [go to S10] 2. Minimal [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S6. What is the scope and nature of your involvement in community policing or school liaison work relating to the Indo-Canadian community in the City of [jurisdiction]?

1. Experienced [go to S11] 2. Minimal [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S7. Have you played a significant role as diversity coordinator with the Indo-Canadian community relative to other ethnic groups in the City of [jurisdiction]?

1. Experienced [go to S12] 2. Minimal [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S8. Can you give me a few brief reasons why you think Indo-Canadian male youth are involved in criminal activity in the city of [jurisdiction]?

1. Assess response [accept, take member contact information] 2. Irrelevant [thank and terminate]

S9. Can you specify why you think some Indo-Canadian males are becoming involved in the local drug trade, in particular cocaine trafficking and marihuana production, trafficking, and exportation?

1. Assess response [accept, take member contact information] 2. Irrelevant [thank and terminate]

S10. How do you account for the levels of violence perpetrated by Indo-Canadian based youth on members of their own community as well as on others in the mainstream community?

1. Assess response [accept, take member contact information] 2. Irrelevant [thank and terminate]

S11. What types of programs and services are currently offered to the Indo-Canadian community in terms of violence and crime, in particular among male youth at risk?

1. Assess response [accept, take member contact information] 2. Irrelevant [thank and terminate]

S12. How have you as diversity coordinator for the City of [jurisdiction] managed to make inroads into the Indo-Canadian community and what obstacles, if any, prevent you from reaching children and youth at risk?

1. Assess response [accept, take member contact information] 2. Irrelevant [thank and terminate]

Economic Research Group 68 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Invitation to Participate

I will be conducting a focus group session in [police jurisdiction] with members such as you. The purpose of the session is to obtain your opinions and all of your comments will be kept confidential. Would you like to attend this group?

1. Yes [schedule for police agency group] 2. No [thank you and terminate] 3. Don’t know/refused [thank and terminate]

[Insert the dates and times of sessions]

Participant Information

So that I can send you a confirmation letter and directions to the group, I need your full name, rank, section/squad, and mailing address.

Date:

Name:

Rank:

Section/Squad:

Police Agency:

Address:

City: Province:

Postal code: Email:

Also, I would like to confirm that the phone number I reached you at is:

Tel: (604) - Fax: (604) -

Thank you for your time. I look forward to seeing you at [time/date scheduled]

Economic Research Group 69 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Community Sessions

Introduction

I am an independent researcher contracted by the Department of Canadian Heritage to conduct a study regarding Indo-Canadian based crime in the Greater Vancouver Area of British Columbia.

The research will examine the reasons for the violence within parts of the Indo-Canadian community over the past ten years. Specifically, it will include a literature review, survey questionnaire, as well as focus group sessions with all interested parties, including the community.

Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions or require additional information.

S1. How concerned are you about the gang/group crime activity and violence that has arisen within your community over the past ten years?

1. Concerned [continue to S2] 2. Somewhat [thank and terminate] 3. Unsure/refused [thank and terminate]

S2. Do you have any ideas or opinions about how the violence has surfaced within your community and the steps required in order to address the problem?

1. Yes [continue to S3] 2. Unsure [thank and terminate] 3. Refused [thank and terminate] S3. Do you wish to share your views with a small group of eight to ten people from the Indo- Canadian community so that your voice can be added to those of others on this issue?

4. Yes [continue to S4] 5. Unsure [thank and terminate] 6. Refused [thank and terminate]

S4. Which social and economic group are you most closely associated with on a daily basis in your work, home, and leisure life?

1. Traditional (Religious/Conservative) [skip to S5] 2. Young Professional (White Collar) [skip to S6] 3. Youth (High School) [skip to S7] 4. Female (Mother) [skip to S8] 5. Labour (Blue Collar) [skip to S9] 6. Unsure [thank and terminate]

S5. What is the extent of your concern regarding Indo-Canadian based violence and the role of the Temples in addressing this particular issue?

1. Significant, well developed opinions [go to S10] 2. Minimal [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S6. What role can young Indo-Canadian professionals play in helping to address the violence within the Indo-Canadian community?

Economic Research Group 70 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

1. Significant role, well articulated and relevant [go to S10] 2. Minimal [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S7. What are the issues facing Indo-Canadian youth today and how can they best avoid the pitfalls of becoming involved in criminal activity?

1. Well articulated, relevant [go to S10] 2. Minimal or disinterested [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S8. What are the issues facing Indo-Canadian women today, in particular as it relates to violence within relationships and the family?

1. Well articulated, relevant [go to S10] 2. Minimal [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S9. What are the pressures facing members of the Indo-Canadian working class? What is the impact on families?

1. Well articulated, relevant [go to S10] 2. Minimal [thank and terminate if no other relevant experiences noted]

S10. Can you share any additional reasons why you think youth are involved in criminal activity?

1. Assess response [accept, take contact information] 2. Irrelevant [thank and terminate]

Invitation to Participate

I will be conducting a focus group discussion with members of the community such as you. The discussion will center on the reasons why violence has surfaced within parts of the Indo-Canadian community. The purpose of the focus group session is to obtain your opinions for a Federal research study and all of your comments will be kept confidential. Again, the session will last one hour in duration. Would you be interested in attending this group?

1. Yes [schedule for appropriate focus group session] 2. No [thank you and terminate] 3. Don’t know/refused [thank and terminate]

Participant Information

So that I can send you a confirmation letter and directions to the group, I need your full name and mailing address.

Session:

Name:

Occupation:

Address:

Economic Research Group 71 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

City: Province:

Postal code:

Also, I would like to confirm that the phone number I reached you at is:

(604) - ( ) ext.

Email:

Thank you for your time. I look forward to seeing you at [time/date scheduled]

Moderator Profiles

Shashi Assanand

Profession: Social Worker (Registered)

Position: Executive Director, Vancouver & Lower Mainland Multicultural Family Support Services Society

Balwant Sanghera

Profession: School Psychologist

Position: Burnaby School District

Alex Tyakoff

Profession: Planner/Analyst

Position: Independent Consultant

Economic Research Group 72 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

Factors outside the purview of the Federal Department of Canadian Heritage

South Asian Community

· Greater integration of effort to reduce youth violence

· Consistent level of funding to address violence issues

· Establishment of a Youth Resource Centre

· More parental involvement; follow-up at parent/teacher meetings

· Additional adult and youth mentorship programs; more leaders and mentors

· More Punjabi language classes and cultural camps

· Additional workshops to address domestic violence

· More youth driven programs, less parental controls

· Greater participation at violence forums; expanded access to all South Asians, especially new immigrants.

· Anger management workshops

· Communication workshops

· Lecture-free and tolerant environment for parents and youth

· Greater levels of volunteerism (e.g. coaches)

· Career fairs

· Fundraising walks and dinners

· Cultural festivals

Temple

· More adult seminars, parenting skills programs

· Support groups

· Women’s forums on social issues

· Expanded education role

· Additional recreational activities, sports, arts, dancing

· Improved access; transportation services Economic Research Group 73 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

School

· More anti-racism, anti-bullying resources for South Asian youth

· Greater attention paid to pre-high school transition issues Police

· Proper definitions, better statistics

· Additional resources to combat organized crime in BC; enhanced levels of criminal intelligence

· Revise and expand the school officer liaison program

· Establish best practices for school officer liaison programs in BC

· Greater responsiveness to the needs of South Asians

· More diversity training for new recruits; provision of updated training manuals and recent examples

Criminal Justice

· Increased attention to the South Asian violence issue by the Solicitor-General of BC

· Revisit and expand province of BC multicultural programs

· Stronger laws on alimony payments

· Information sessions with Crown prosecutors

Health and Social Service Agencies

· Early age prevention programs, ideally from birth to five years of age

· More culturally-sensitive counsellors

· Expansion of South Asian family services, especially funding for community-based agencies

· Expansion of substance abuse programs for youth

· More settlement services for South Asian immigrants

· Expansion of ESL programs for South Asian immigrants

· Pre-employment training for at risk or multiple-barrier South Asian male youth

· Additional substance abuse programs geared to South Asian males at risk

Economic Research Group 74 Groupe de recherche économique Strategic Recherche Research et analyse and Analysis stratégiques

· Greater awareness of services available to youth, especially after hours programming

· Affordable daycare services for immigrant families on fixed incomes

· Health fairs

Economic Research Group 75 Groupe de recherche économique