Dependence management The background of the German gas policy

Rafał Bajczuk WARSAW AUGUST 2016

Dependence management The background of the German gas policy

Rafał Bajczuk © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies

Content editor Mateusz Gniazdowski, Anna Kwiatkowska-Drożdż

Editor Katarzyna Kazimierska

Co-operation Halina Kowalczyk, Anna Łabuszewska

TRANSLATION Ilona Duchnowicz

CO-OPERATION Timothy Harrell

Graphic design Para-buch

PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Shutterstock

DTP GroupMedia charts Wojciech Mańkowski

Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl

ISBN 978-83-62936-85-4 Contents

Introduction /5 Theses /6

I. The role of natural gas in the German economy /11 1. Internal conditions on the German gas market /11 2. Energiewende vs. natural gas /16 3. natural gas in the heating and power sectors /19 4. The importance of natural gas for industry /24

II. Guaranteeing gas supplies to Germany /27 1. Foreign gas supplies vs. domestic production /27 2. History of co-operation with Holland and Norway /30 3. History of gas co-operation with Russia /32 4. German-Russian gas relations at present /36

III. Possible alternative sources of supplies /41 1. Liquefied natural gas /41 2. Shale gas /43 3. Gas from renewable energy sources /46 3.1. Biogas and biomethane /46 3.2. Power-to-gas or gas from renewable energy sources /48

APPENDIX /51 innovative technology known as ‘power-to-gas’. as known technology innovative the biogas of and using opportunities the and Germany in resources gas shale of use rich the terminal, LNG of an construction the and Germany to imports gas natural of issue liquefied the supplies of discusses sources Germany. to gas It also for alternative developing the opportunities chapter presents final and The third Russia’s which in engaged few strongly years. been past over the has Gazprom development and Russia infrastructure of gas with co-operation gas of natural a description includes supply conditions of gas part Germany.to This external the revolution discuses The US secondquences shale of of part the strongest all. conse felt the has which and sectors other to compared as of gas amounts largest the consumes industry, which chemical of the true supplies. particularly is This industry’s dependence on gas Germany the strategy. It reveals transformation implementation energy the of the with connection in consumption oftions gas condi internal the discusses one The first parts. into three divided is report This organisations. industry government and German the from information and reports materials, among other used, sector. The also energy author has the from data statistical analysing with tasked sector energy German resentatives of the of rep association an Energiebilanzen, Arbeitsgemeinschaft from and Energy and for Economic Affairs Ministry Federal the from originates report this in presented data statistical Most of the domestic production syngas. of biogas and and (LNG)gas natural liquefied imported at with present, predominates which gas, pipeline of replacing possibilities the examined plies. The also author has foreign sup and Germany in consumption of issues gas the discusses report This 1980s. the since Germany to gas supplier of largest the been has which Russia, from imports gas increasing is term medium the in supply scenario of mostlikely alternative routes,lack the supplies. of gas Given its the security the of guaranteeing challenge the face to needs Germany have fallen, Holland from imports domestic production and while high remained has gas grow. for Since natural demand will Germany in significance its forecasts, consumption to according Furthermore, mix. energy German the in share its have to increased carrier energy ventional con only the been has gas economy. natural years, man twenty past the Over Ger the in carrier energy most important the is oil, crude after gas, Natural Introduct ion ------

5 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 6 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 2. 3. 1. T 4. heses also the world’s second largest (after Japan) importer of natural gas. gas. world’s the of natural Japan) importer also (after second largest German energy market labelled as the ‘ the as labelled market energy German on the existing element of atrend an broader was This by 35%. fell plants output 2010–2015, power of In the unlikely. gas is Germany in power plants of gas acomplete few although years, past marginalisation over the cally reduced been dramati production has electricity in gas The role of natural competitive possible. prices as as gas government make to the and market on the pressure putting been has sector This USA. the to sector chemical the have of in relocation new caused investments Germany prices in gas Relativelyhigh 30%. by around increased has this Germany in while years, ten 70% past over by prices havethe around gas dropped where America, North from competitive strong pressure experienced has branch 10%(around of few this consumption). domestic years, past the Over gas of natural consumer largest the is industry chemical the industries, all among From industries. chemical and metallurgical the as such markets, on competing international are which toenergy-intensive industries vital especially of suppliescompetitive prices are and gas Security 35%. around was in 2014 sector industrial the in consumption energy final in Its share industry. German for source the energy important most the is gas Natural the energy sector, even though gas consumption volume will decrease. The decrease. sector, volume consumption even gas energy though will the in gas natural of significance the strengthen will plemented by Germany importer of natural gas in the European Union (96.3 European the m in billion gas of natural importer ing buildings. Germany is the largest consumer (84.7 m billion consumer largest the is Germany buildings. ing for used heat energy source important most the is industry, and German for the vital is gas energy. Natural 20% for of Germany’s primary demand around country, the satisfying in used carrier energy most important the economy. it oil, is crude German plays role akey gas the After in Natural operation on the market. market. onoperation the continue to them enable to instruments create will state production, the power stable need maintain to the and policy climate less, the considering Neverthe bright. from far is market energy German onpower the plants of gas future Given the grows. production costs, high coal production from electricity cheap while share low-emission losing market power plants gas more (RES)to leads expensive sources new output energy renewable in from The energy transformation strategy ( strategy transformation The energy Energiewende Energiewende ) currently being im being ) currently paradox’: the increase increase paradox’: the 3 3 in 2014). in It is in 2014) and and 2014) in - - - - 5. 6.

and Holland (26 m Holland billion and cantly by 2050. cantly signifi have fallen will consumption gas forecasts, most to According fall. for energy, volume demand the of ever will decreasing consumption its the grow. However, will basket energy considering German the in gas of natural share Therefore, the fuels. (causing fossil lowest available of emissions) the the purest is gas, which natural by filled be will sources, renewable energy gap, This oil. along with and levels: coal emission highest the with of fuels consumption lessenthe to necessary be Given it goals, by will 2022. these power nuclear productioneliminated be to wants also 2050. Germany in 11.3% 60%from to 2014 in increase to expected is use primary in sources renewable from of energy The share by 80–95%. emissions gas greenhouse decreasing sector, as heating well as building the 80% in reduction an and by consumption 2050, energy envisages a 50% reduction of primary strategy 80% as compared to 2008. 2008. to compared 80% as by tofall expected is buildings in of consumption energy primary the and buildings, zero-energy be will Germany in building all almost 2050 around by that stipulate documents Strategic sources. renewable energy or other heat pumps with by equipping them and of buildings insulation thermal resolved be to through expected is energy for of thermal issue demand the long the run, In RES. with sources energy thermal replacing than rather for energy demand reducingthe through above all area heating building the implemented beeing is in strategy transformation energy The effects. gible have tan had will strategy insulation mplementation thermal of building currenti the 2050, time by which around until one fuel heating number Germany’s remain will gas accounted for Natural consumption. 33% of gas heating water and Building 2014. in heating gas individual used Germany in 49.3% fuel: heating Germany’s is of most householdsimportant gas Natural suppliers: Russia (36.4 billion m billion (36.4 suppliers: Russia Three imported. is Germany in consumed gas At 90%present, of natural of gas supplies. supplies. gas of security Norway,key suppliers, and for Russia basis guaranteeing the is two development yet. Consistent as the of with imports co-operation of gas sources new future concerning no plans companies, to it has guarantees import for sources, by granting example, import gas forport diversifying sup declared has Energy and for Economic Affairs Ministry Federal the grow. though will Even from Russia imports while years, fifteen coming the in zero to fall will Holland from imports production and Domestic 3 in 2014) account 2014) for in over of 95% foreign supplies. 3 in 2014), Norway (30.2 billion m 2014), billion in Norway (30.2 3 in 2014) 2014) in - - -

7 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 8 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 7. 8.

instrument to influence Moscow’s influence to moves.instrument an Berlin offers dependence which ny’s it mutual because creates security improves which Germa afactor viewed as often is Russia with operation co- energy Furthermore, countries. other from imports compensated with be could supplies Russia in from possible interruptions that well so tries coun neighbouring of the grids gas the to connected is Besides, Germany supplier collapsing. who a reliable USSR evenwas supplied when gas the as elite German of by the amajority treated is Russia strategies. vestment in theand companies’ government’shave decisions not affected political dependence onsource asingle increasing to linked risks security Potential EU.the in gas hub a benefit being of the to and Russia with connection pipeline gas direct the to owing further, strengthened be will supply gas security hopes that Berlin trade. gas and position its oil of in Russia’s relinquish to does not partner wish largest but ones Germany built, be must Russian the to alternative are that EU supply gas routes the to that Commission European the ment with agrees the Officially, Gazprom. govern and corporations German ation between co-oper the supports government politically German the and reinforced, supplies of being is gas area the in Russia with co-operation 2 proves that 2015 The in Nord decision Stream passed build to relations. sian-German conceptRus of political broader tightening element of the an as but also security improve to Germany’s energy instrument an notused as only was pipeline The gas countries. two the between co-operation enhancing in amilestone 2005-2012 was in pipeline gas Nord of Stream the branches two first of the The 1980s. mid construction supplier the since gas largest Germany’s been uninterruptedly has Russia 2014. 39% in reached ports im German in gas of Russian Germany. to The share gas plier of natural sup largest role the its as strengthen will Russia term, medium the In importing LNG or building a terminal in Germany. The large number of Germany. number The in large aterminal or building LNG importing supplies of than gas security solution acheaper is age ensure to facilities developing stor gas analyses, of governmental to yet. as According jects implementation pro the of investors these have prepared, withheld been have Brunsbüttel and of Wilhelmshaven ports German the in terminals LNG for projects building sold is Although on gas foreign markets. this but suppliedLNGbe E.ONto terminals, pany to buysgas foreign liquefied com German the of fact amatter As gas. pipeline only imports Germany a consequence, As economy G20 group, not the terminal. LNG have in to an only the developed and few countries, highly among those is Germany ------10. 9.

to build a zero-emission energy system. Widespread use of this technology technology of Widespread use this system. energy a zero-emission to build it possible make will technology P2G the government hopes that German The construction. under more are six Germany, in and operate surpluses for producing hydrogen electricity from pilot installations present, fourteen At gas. natural as properties same the has which hydrogening into syngas transform and RES from obtained surpluses energy hydrogen electric from of EnBW, E.ON,producing possibilities as and the RWE have testing been giants such including firms, fuel). German gas into Many energy electric development (P2G,on the i.e. power-to-gas transforming of technology the hopes have pinned been turn, In new biogas plants. in investments stricted re production and biomethane concerning forecasts reduced the ernment gov the costs, technology high and circles environmentalist from pressure to Due 2014. into force August in came which Act RES amended the in vised However, feed-in-tarrif. by were re the were supported plants plans these lion m lion 10 bil productionment’s toaround biomethane envisaged increasing plans govern the 2014, were produced mid in raw from biogas. energy Back mal of ther TWh power of 14 (around5% domestic consumption)of and electric Additionally, TWh 32.6 2014. in grid gas produced into the pumped and was 680 million m million 680 Union’s European the biogas producer. already is largest Around Germany imports. gas to domestic biogas productionone is alternative Increasing technology. this to impossible seems due public resistance strong to Germany in extraction gas 2018. However, after commission shale large-scale independent expert by an have approved been will sites which drilling those of using possibility the provides Thefor gas. bill for shale drilling test allow will that amendments working on legislation Germany. currently The is in Bundestag technology extraction gas of use shale tothe public and resistance political strong very is but there extraction, gas havesations lobbying shale been for enabling organi industrial and Business production. conventional domestic gas and Holland from imports shrinking replace the couldsuccessfully gas Shale and Zeebrugge (Belgium).and (Holland) Rotterdam in terminals the above all countries, neighbouring the in terminals the use to customers German allows interconnectors gas shale gas resources are estimated to range between 0.7 m between range to 2.3 and estimated trillion are resources gas shale country’s reduce to Extractable the dependence on imports. opportunity est larg the offers resources gas shale of German Theoretically, utilisation the 3 annually by 2030, and electricity production at agricultural biogas production at agricultural by electricity 2030, and annually 3 of biomethane (around 0.8% of domestic gas consumption) 0.8%of (around of domestic gas biomethane 3 ------.

9 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 10 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 mentation of Energiewende of mentation arapid to impediment imple greatest the far so been has of which lack the been found, has energy electric awaystore effectively to that would mean . - ter the United Kingdom (around 30 billion m United Kingdom30billion (around the ter from around 1% to around 9%. 1% around to around from grew consumption energy primary in share its 1990, and 1970 and between role economy its in agreater playing 1990). began also However, gas natural in consumption energy (68% of reserves primary coal onlied domesticbrown re security energy its Germany’s of end existence, East of the Germany. Until part not did eastern play a sizeable gas role the such in Natural 18%. around Germany,of for reunification of year the 1990, the in and consumption, ergy en of accounted primary 14% for gas around natural 1975, In OPEC countries. from dependence on imports oil intention the of the lessening with sources for energy new thesearch and offields new gas discovery the from resulted Western This Europe. in trend a widespread was 1960s the since gas natural of significance 1). the in (see The increase coal Chart of hard expense at the all above growing regularly been has Germany in fuel role of the 1960s, this mid 1%, but the since than not higher was Germany in consumption energy mary in pri gas natural of economy.theshare German the for 1964, nificance Until sig of marginal was countries, other with as gas, 1970s, mid natural the Until (35%). United Hungary Kingdom (33%) and (40%), Holland as such states, member (38%), EU Italy role eleven other in the plays gas agreater natural context, average, EU this the to In 23.1%. is which close is country 23% Germany, is this in which consumption, energy primary 96.3 m billion volume reaching imports its gas, world’s of the natural was importer largest 1 level m consumption of billion 84.7 nual an an consumer, Union’s with gas European the is natural largest Germany 1. (46.1 billion m (46.1 billion (around 36.4 billion m billion 36.4 (around by the United Kingdom (70.2 billion m billion United Kingdom (70.2 by the

I. Internal conditionsInternal on G the Energiestudie 2015 economy economy T he rolehe of gas i natural 3 3 . However, if we take into account the share of natural gas in in gas of natural . However, share into account the we if take ). Germany is also the largest recipient of Russian gas in the EU EU the in recipient gas largest of Russian the also is ). Germany , BGR, Hanover 2015. Hanover , BGR, 3 ) and the second largest recipient of Norwegian gas af recipient gas second largest of the Norwegian ) and erman gas market market gas erman 3 3 (data for 2014). ), m (56.7 Italy billion 3 ) 1 . In 2014, Germany, after Japan, Japan, Germany, after 2014, . In n the G n the

Germany is followed is Germany erman erman 3 ) and France France ) and ------11 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 12 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 84.7 billion m billion 84.7 have a smaller share than in previous years previous in than share have asmaller (13.1%), coal At (8.1%) hard present, (12%) energy coal nuclear brown and each (34.4%). oil second to position crude (20.4%) risen already after had gas ural (15.5%). (35%), oil (21.5%) coal coal crude brown nat hard and tion after 2014, In consump energy of primary terms in fourth ranked was of 15.4%, ashare with 2 m billion 16%, 72.6 approximately from by around to 2014 in 1990 Germany of reunification the from increased consumption Gas Source: (SKE) of equivalent of tonnes coal millions states) 1950–1994 in in (the old federal Western Germany in consumption energy Primary 1. Chart

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 0 gesamtausgabe,did=476134.html ber 2015, http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiedaten-und analysen/Energiedaten/ ZahlenEnergy, and Und Fakten Energiedaten Affairs for Economic Ministry Federal

1950 [million t.SKE] AG Energiebilanzen, http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/10-0-Auswertungstabellen.html 1951 1952 1953 1954

3 1955

(2674 PJ). In the year of Germany’s reunification, natural gas, gas, (2674natural PJ).of year Germany’s the reunification, In 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 2

. 1974 1975 1976 1977 3

(2293 approximately PJ)to 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

1984 Nuclear power (11.9%) 1985 Natural gas(18.5%) Hydro power (1.7%)

1986 Hard coal(17.3%) 1987 Data for2014: 1988 Lignite (7.7%) Other (1.6%)

1989 Oil (41.2%) 1990

, 1Octo 1991 1992 1993 1994 - - - 2247 PJ to 1927 PJ during this period. period. this 1927 to during PJ PJ 2247 from by 14% fell consumption Total gas 2014. 2010 in in PJ PJ 463 to 675 from of 31% adecrease power sector: the in fallen has consumption gas natural that power sector. the five in It past over coal only is years oil) the and (heating ing heat and transport road in products petroleum mostpolluting: are that fuels concerned those primarily consumption energy in decrease the years, 24 past 1990s). the in the Over of level increase period (since same the at the remained has consumption gas natural general, in falling gradually been has sumption con energy while that noting It worth is 20.2%2014. to 1990 in in 15.4% around from increased consumption energy primary in gas of natural The share Source: PJ in 1990–2014 in Germany in consumption energy Primary 2. Chart 12000 15000 3000 6000 9000 0 AG Energiebilanzen, http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/10-0-Auswertungstabellen.html 1991 [PJ] 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Nuclear power (8.0%)

2009 Natural gas(20.2%) Hard coal(13.0%)

2010 Lignite (11.9%) Data for2014: Other (1.6%) RES (11.2%)

2011 Oil (34.1%) 2012 2013 2014 - - 13 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 14 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 lion m lion 3 0.5% around reaching marginal, is sector transport the (19%). consumption remaining for in accounts consumption sector Gas the (36%). services and industry The is trade consumers of group gas ond largest 2014). (41% in The sec Germany in consumer gas natural most important the for is heating, predominantly gas The household sector, natural uses which ,did=476134.html 2015, http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiedaten-und-analysen/Energiedaten/gesamtausgabe Source: PJ in 1990–2014 in Germany in consumption gas Natural 3. Chart

10000 20000 15000 5000 gesamtausgabe,did=476134.html 2015, http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiedaten-und analysen/Energiedaten/ ZahlenEnergy, and Und Fakten Energiedaten Affairs for Economic Ministry Federal 0 Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, ZahlenEnergy, Und and Fakten Energiedaten, 1October Affairs Economic for Ministry Federal 3 in 2014. in 1991 2409 [PJ] primary energyconsumption primary 1992 2382 1993 2520 1994 2567 1995 2799 1996 3132 1997 2992 energyconsumption share ofnaturalgasinprimary 1998 3019 1999 3010 2000 2985 natural gasconsumption 2001 3148 2002 3143 2003 3181 2004 3198 2005 3250 2006 3312 2007 3191 3222 3 2008 , i.e. around 0.25 bil , i.e. around 2009 3039 2010 3171 2011 2911 2012 2920 [%] , 16 March March , 16 2013 3059 2014 2674 0 5 10 15 20 25 - - - the EU member states member EU the it one mostcomplex of the among making market, distribution gas German the operate on firms distribution 700 around and networks oferators distribution seventeen op At corporation. around present, gas national no is single there and market, gas German on ofoperate the actors number large a relatively effect, In companies. of operation of private gas the but aresult state as the not formed by was countries, other many in unlike market, distribution gas 5 4 grid gas entire long, the and km 40,000 approximately is pipelines gas of transport system German At the present, ,did=476134.html 2015, http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiedaten-und analysen/Energiedaten/gesamtausgabe Source: brokenusers into end down 2014 in Germany in consumption gas Natural 4. Chart a gas hub (gas distribution centre) in Central Europe. Europe. centre) Central in distribution hub (gas a gas as act can country the which to well-developed, is owing infrastructure port trans gas country. of The the German north the in Gaspool and part southern the in NCG (NetConnectGermany) Two Germany: in operate platforms market

Households 40.8% Trade and services 19.3% Trade andservices snetze/gastransport/gastransport.html der Fernleitungsnetzbetreiber Gas e. V. Gas),(FNB http://www.fnb-gas.de/de/fernleitung Vereinigung (German: Operators System Transmission of Gas Association the from data See www.fnb-gas.de/de/fernleitungsnetze/gastransport/gastransport.html http:// (FNG-Gas), Operators System Transmission of Gas Association of the The website Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, ZahlenEnergy, Und and Fakten Energiedaten, 1October Affairs Economic for Ministry Federal Transport 0.4% Transport 5 . The gas trade market is diversified to a similar extent. extent. tosimilar a diversified is market trade . The gas Industry 39.5% Industry 4 has around 505,000 km. The German The German km. 505,000 around has Industry –39.5%: Industry Other ~5% Vehicle construction~2% construction~1% Machinery Non-ferrous metals~2% ~3% Metallurgical industry Glass andceramics~3% andplastics~1% Rubber industry ~10% Chemical industry ~4% Paper industry Food andtobaccoproduction~6% ~3% Mining andquarrying - - - - 15 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 16 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 sector. While the share of RES in the power sector is expected to rise to rise to expected power is sector the in of RES share sector. the While power the revolution than energy amuch to lesser extent by the affected been has fuel, predominant the is gas production sector, where natural The sectors. heat efficiency energy and heating the decisive in any steps not The produced power taken government plants. by has gas electricity mostexpensive the out market of pushing the been has and power plants nuclear decommissioned produced gradually by the energy electric ing replac been has which RES production from volumesing of electricity 6). increas include (see sector Chart The consequences energy for the energy not thermal and electric producing systems invested in are RES for allocated Most funds efficiency. improve to and energy consumption energy final in of RES share the increase to efforts made government has reduced the be To to goals, is 2008. to bycompared 50% these as achieve consumption energy primary and 60%, reach to expected is consumption energy final in of RES share 1990, to compared the as by 80–95% fall ed to expect are emissions gas By 2050, greenhouse emissions. gas greenhouse reduceto and mix energy the in fuels fossil from of energy duce share the as formation (known trans energy so-called 2050, the Strategy Energy The German of goal the 2. 2015. 9, pageJuly Energy, and Affairs nomic Source: The developmentnetwork 1997–2014 5. pipeline in gas of the Chart 100 200 300 400 500 600 Energiewende 0 335.3 [thousand km] Monitoring-Bericht nach § 51 EnWG zur Versorgungssicherheit bei Erdgas bei Versorgungssicherheit EnWG zur §51 nach Monitoring-Bericht 1997 347.6 1998 355.7 1999 362.4 vs. natural gas natural vs. 2000 368.9

Energiewende 2001 371.0 2002 Low pressurenatural gaspipelines High pressurenatural gaspipelines Medium pressurenatural gaspipelines 380.2 2003 385.6 2004 since 2011) launched in 2010, in to re 2011) launched since is 402.4 2005 418.7 2006 416.6 2007 419.3 2008 435.7 2009 , Federal Ministry for Eco for Ministry , Federal 471.9 2010 482.7 2011 491.9 2012 500.0 2013 505.0

- 2014 - - - - - duce 27.4% of electric energy and 12.2% of thermal energy of thermal 12.2% and duce energy 27.4% of electric 8 7 6 of greenhouse emissions in reduction 80–95% an include 2050 to Strategy ergy En German The of dust. goals the air-polluting and gases greenhouse of both low levels emission –with available fuels fossil of the cleanest itbecause the is consumption gas rapidly to reduce pressure natural no is political Firstly, there high. tively rela remain will basket energy gas’sthe in and oil, and of share coal that slower than decline still will consumption gas natural that expected be It can der_erneuerbaren_energien_in_deutschland_im_jahr_2015.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=12 Stand Februar 2016, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/entwicklung_ (AGEE-Stat), Energien-Statistik Erneuerbare Arbeitsgruppe der Daten aktueller Verwendung unter Source: by 2025 40–45% Chart 6. Chart Germany between 2000–2014 between Germany reach 14% in 2020 in 14% reach 10 15 20 25 30

0 5 itstellung-verbrauch/anteil-erneuerbarer-energien-am-energieverbrauch The Federal Environment Agency, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/energiebere erbarer 2. Energien clause 1, im Wärmebereich, Article Erneu Förderung zur Gesetz (German: Act Sector Heating the in Sources Energy Renewable cle 1, clause 2. 2. clause 1, cle Gesetz für den Ausbau (German: erneuerbarer Act Energien, Arti Sources Energy Renewable [€ billion] 4.6

Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland im Jahr 2015 Grafiken und Diagramme Diagramme und Grafiken 2015 Jahr im Deutschland in Energien erneuerbaren der Entwicklung 2000 Investements (power sector) Investements (heating sector) Investments in the construction of renewable energy facilities in in facilities of renewable energy construction the in Investments 6.5 2001 6.9

2002 6 , the share of RES in the heating sector is only expected to expected only is sector heating the in of RES share , the 7 6.6 2003 pro to were used sources renewableenergy 2014, . In 8.9 2004 11.9 2005 12.9 2006 12.6 2007 16.2 2008 23.2 2009 27.2 2010 23.8 2011 8 . 20.3 2012 15.7 2013 18.9 2014 ------17 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 18 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 in Germany will have energy consumption levels close to zero to levels close consumption have energy will Germany in and the pool of cheap loans would be increased to two billion euros annually euros billion two to would increased be pool of loans cheap the and budget federal 2015–2019, the in from of buildings insulation thermal porting for sup would allocated be euros one billion that 2014 December in announced The bycut 2008. to be compared to 80% government is by as 2050 by buildings consumption energy Primary produce themselves. they as much energy as use 11 10 9 Efficiency on Energy Plan Action for energy. demand The by the National reducing and of buildings insulation thermal through above all modernised be sector. will The sector energy heating electric of the modernisation than nature more problems administrative of an causes and much more time takes sector heating ofThirdly, the modernisation sector. energy mal ther the in than sector energy electric the in support receivesources greater why one renewable energy reasons is of This the foreign to markets. pansion ex for opportunities greatest the offers which production, es for electricity sourc renewable energy of using area player the in apowerful becoming to aspires sector. Germany power engineering electric the from manufacturers German support to wants RES, government, by supporting German more, the Further RES. with them replacing and power plants coal and nuclear sioning public for being support decommis The of mostimportant reasons. a number adopted been for has role. strategy This plays gas amarginal natural and rier car energy predominant production sector, the is where coal electricity the in RES in given investments to Secondly, currently is priority highest the oil. crude and coal hard coal, brown fuels: most polluting the using stop to order first the in bysumption 2050. Given it goals, necessary is these con energy a50% of reduction and to 1990 primary compared by as 2050 gases giewende Ener if that, forecasts consumption energy mostavailable in It assumed is

According to Directive 2010/31/EU of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings. performance energy on the 2010 of 19 May 2010/31/EU Directive to According bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/energiewende,did=672914.html http://www. 2014, December 3 Säule, zweiten zur Energieeffizienz machen und giewende Ener die systematisieren Wir Gabriel: Energy, and Affairs for Economic Ministry Federal sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf Wi/Redaktion/PDF/E/energieeffizienzstrategie-gebaeude,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012, http://www.bmwi.de/BM Energy, and Affairs for Economic Ministry Federal 2015, stand Gebäudebe klimaneutralen nahezu Wege Gebäude einem zu Energieeffizienzstrategie goals are achieved by 2050, gas consumption will be reduced be by at will consumption by 2050, achieved gas are goals 9 specifies that by 2050 almost all buildings buildings all almost that by 2050 specifies 10 , i.e. they will will , i.e. they 11 ------. - - -

biomass furnaces heat network, 6.1% 19.9% pumps, heating solid and used the to electric used 21.5% were connected systems, heating gas had of new 49.8% buildings 2014, newly in houses –in built mostpopular the still are systems heating Gas 2014. 0.5% of new houses in less than in were installed systems oil –heating ings of heating new build the concerning proven is by which statistics buildings, choice newly not in is apreferred constructed and Germany in poorly regarded is oil Heating way ofbuildings. widespread heating and clean apractical, is University AG, Köln Prognos GWS and institutes of research (analyses 2050 in PJ 2000 1300 from to ranging high, relatively remain levels will consumption gas 16 15 14 13 12 15% by waste and coal by hard 25% gas, network (42% generated networks of heat byheating the natural was (26.8%). carrier 13.5% from energy of heating households bought energy ular second mostpop the was oil heating while heating, gas holds individual used 49.3% house 2014, In of German fuel. heating Germany’s is main gas Natural 3. entirely eliminated be or will half least assumed that gas consumption in Germany will fall in the longer the in term. fall will Germany in consumption gas that assumed it of be should RES, area the in progress pace of technological the mented and imple been has transformation energy which way into account in the taking

N schaeftsmodell-energiewende.pdf (accessed on 15 Januar 2016), page 21. on 15 see Januar (accessed schaeftsmodell-energiewende.pdf ary 2014, page 21, Janu https://www.energie.fraunhofer.de/de/bildmaterial/news-pdf/studie-ge Kassel, IWES, Energiesystemtechnik, und Windenergie für Fraunhofer-Institut ment, EnergiewendeGeschäftsmodell Eine Antwort auf „Die-Kosten-derEnergiewende”-Argudas primaerenergieverbrauch/ (accessed on 15 January 2016). on 15 January (accessed primaerenergieverbrauch/ http://www.exxonmobil-energieportal.de/energieprognose/ Forecast, Energy ExxonMobil’s teilungen/2015/12/PD15_447_434.html;jsessionid=199E7E513EAD043571D2D9723AE2375F.cae1 teilungen/2015/12/PD15_447_434.html;jsessionid=199E7E513EAD043571D2D9723AE2375F.cae1 2015, 4 December https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitgesunken, Wärme Abgegebene 2014: Wärmeversorgung Office, Statistical The Federal http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/ 2015, Quartal – 4. 1. das für Daten e.V., Deutschland in Energieverbrauch AG Energiebilanzen property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf (accessed on 15 January 2016). on 15 January (accessed property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf PDF/Publikationen/entwicklung-der-energiemaerkte-energiereferenzprognose-endbericht, http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/ pages 529-530, 2014, June Strukturforschung, che wirtschaftli für –Gesellschaft GWS Köln, zu Universität der an Institut giewirtschaftliches –Ener AG, EWI Prognos Technologie, und Wirtschaft für Bundesministeriums des Auftrag im Nr. Studie 57/12, Projekt –Energiereferenzprognose Energiemärkte der Entwicklung atural gas in the heating the in gas power and sectorsatural 13 ), and will even rise to 3300 PJ in 2040 (ExxonMobil 2040 in PJ 3300 to even rise ), will and 16 . 15 ). Natural gas is used so widely because it because widely so used is gas ). Natural 12 . According to alternative forecasts, forecasts, alternative to . According menge um 11,3% 11,3% um ­menge 14 ). However, - - - - - ­ - - - -

19 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 20 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 Chart 7. Chart 17 www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/ Source: kWh m 100 billion 10.2 (around billion exceeds monthly Germany in consumption gas season, winter the In significant. outside are temperature the from resulting consumption gas in Germany. Differences in sumption con energy 33% of for accounts final heating around Water building and long the term. in Germany in fuel key heating the remain will gas Natural capacity is growing on a regular basis – it increased from 14.1 billion m billion 14.1 from –it increased basis on aregular growing is capacity causes development profile consumption This storagewhoseof facilities, in summer, it reaches around 50 billion kWh monthly (around 5.1 billion m kWh billion billion 50 5.1 (around monthly around it summer, reaches in 1998 to 24.6 billion m billion 24.6 to 1998 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Natural gas 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 2016). lanzen.de/index.php?article_id=29&fileName=erdgas_hj_2015.pdf http://www.ag-energiebi 2015, June Berlin, 2015, Halbjahr 1. (accessed Erdgaswirtschaft deutschen on 15 January der in BDEW, Entwicklungen Water Industries and of Energy Association The German 0 Energieverbrauch in Deutschland Daten für das 1.- 4. Quartal 2015, AG Energiebilanzen, http:// AG Energiebilanzen, 2015, Quartal 4. 1.- das für Daten Deutschland in Energieverbrauch German household heating structure in 1995–2014 in household structure heating German Heating oil 20 3 in 2015in District heating 17 . 40 Electrical power 60 Solid fuels(coal,wood, etc.) 80 Heat pumps 3 ), and and ), 100 [%] 3 in in 3 ). ). - - a result of the so-called ‘energy transformation paradox’ ‘energy transformation so-called of the a result is trend This RES. at supporting government’s aimed of policy the energy consequences one unplanned been of the has This production. electricity in rapidly been falling has consumption gas therefore few and years, past the 2015. However,in have power become plants less gas less profitable and over 18 10.3 around reached consumption m Gas billion www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/ Source: 8. Chart plants and using gas power plants to supplement electricity production from supplement to power plants gas electricity using and plants power solar output and of the wind by increasing emissions gas greenhouse reduce to was transformation energy as branded policy energy ofgoals the phenomenon one main because of adisturbing the as government this views 1%. The German by around power plants coal 6% hard output and by around their increased power plants coal brown time, same At the by 35%. plants of power nuclear that and by 37% outputdropped power of plants the gas kWh time 105 from billion kWh, same 85%, 194 to at billion the and around by increased RES from energy 2010–2015, In production of electric of falling. instead grow dioxide emissions carbon produced and poweris plants, by coal more electricity grows, RES from energy production of as electric that means quarters of 2015 German: Natural gas 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Herausforderungen, lyse_Energiewende_Paradox_web.pdf fileadmin/downloads/publikationen/Analysen/Trends_im_deutschen_Stromsektor/Ana I–III 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 0 Energieverbrauch in Deutschland Daten für das 1.- 4. Quartal 2015, AG Energiebilanzen, http:// AG Energiebilanzen, 2015, Quartal 4. 1.- das für Daten Deutschland in Energieverbrauch New structure houses’ heating ; see: Das deutsche Energiewende Paradox: Ursachen und und Ursachen Paradox: Energiewende-Paradox Energiewende deutsche Das ; see: Heating oil 20 Agora Energiewende District heating 40 , Berlin http://www.agora-energiewende.de/ 2014, Electrical power 60 3 in the electric energy sector energy electric the in Wood 18 . This phenomenon phenomenon This . Heat pumps 80 100 [%] Other - 21 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 22 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 with relatively low relatively prices of COwith low coupled At price of the present, coal market. German onitive the again compet be will power when plants gas and However, whether it uncertain is Marginal costs of electric energy production energy of electric costs 9.Marginal Chart than at brown coal power plants (15.2euro/kWh) power plants at coal brown than euro/kWh)60% (31.5 higher power plants around coal and of hard those than euro/kWh) 20% higher (38.8 power were around at plants gas production costs from Agora most profitable.data Energiewendeto According 20 19 sauswertung_2015_web.pdf 27, http://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2016/Jahresauswertung_2016/Agora_Jahre Source: consumers by electricity paid be 2015–2020, will in they and annually euros 0.5–1 around reach billion will operation of The four this years. costs ed after liquidat and decommissioned be will they and system, power the shortages in of put be case into only in operation will power plants these that means This power reserve. so-called the to them power shift to plants) and coal brown man of 2.7 acapacity GW (13% of with power Ger capacity plants of coal brown the oldest the market the from withdraw and decided intervene to has ernment gov the goals, emission gas greenhouse the reach and trend To this counteract conditions. weather on depending the output, in by fluctuations characterised are which renewable sources, 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0 tung_2016/Agora_Jahresauswertung_2015_web.pdf (accessed on 15 January 2016). on 15 January (accessed tung_2016/Agora_Jahresauswertung_2015_web.pdf page 27, http://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2016/Jahresauswer 2015’, Dinge der Agora Stand Energiewende Stromsektor: im Energiewende ‘Die uncertain-future-coal-energy-industry-germany tary Commen OSW Germany, in industry energy coal of the future Theuncertain Bajczuk, Rafał [euro/MWh] Die Energiewende im Stromsektor: Stand der Dinge 2015, Agora Energiewende, Berlin 2016, page page 2016, Berlin Energiewende, Agora 2015, Dinge der Stand Stromsektor: im Energiewende Die , 2015, 20 October http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-10-20/ 2008 power plants Lignite-fired 2009 2010 2 emission permits makes coal power plants the the power plants coal makes permits emission 2011 power plants Coal-fired 2012 20 . 2013 think tank in 2015, in tank think 2014 power plants Natural gas-fired , Berlin 2016, 2016, , Berlin 2015 19 ------. 22 21 2016 in use from withdrawn be power will plant the operator, its that reason, network. For E.ON, announced the has this stabilise to used only output its 2015, was and and 2014 in sold be to market ity on the itpower not plants, did coal producecheap and electric any treatment, ential However, 59.7%. being receive which prefer competition RES, from given the 2010, power far, so plant it efficiency its gas Germany’s is and mostmodern completed was in Its construction experiencing. are power plants gas German problems of become the asymbol has Bavaria 5in powerThe Irsching plant gas for the environment) will be produced by gas power plants in 2040 in produced be power plants by gas will environment) for the government’s the from (forecast representative energy of 5% electric and cast) (ExxonMobil’s fore 38% between that it predicted is analysis, on the pending De market. energy German of the future the concerning analyses of various adozen compared or so development markets the of concerning energy Energy and for Economic Affairs Ministry Federal forThe forecast authors the of the market. German continue power on operation plants the help gas will prices gas falling prices and permit emission in increase the term, medium the In for powered subsidies systems. 2015 gas ber provides for which increasing Combined Heat Power Decem the governmentand in amended Plant Act the threshold of this, profitability.the them on to keep To counteract efforts make power will operators plant and years, coming uncompetitivethe in remain will gas natural from Electricity market. energy of development German on the have power no plants chance gas that it seems trends, current the Considering

ers-of-the-irsching-4-and-5-gas-fired-power-stations-announce-their-closure.html presse/pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilungen/2015/3/30/no-economic-prospects-own http://www.eon.com/de/ 2015, March 30 an, Stilllegung 5zeigen 4und Irsching werke Gaskraft der Eigentümer Perspektive: wirtschaftliche Keine information, E.ON’s press ht,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf PDF/Publikationen/entwicklung-der-energiemaerkte-energiereferenzprognose-endberic http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/ pages 529–530, 2014, June Strukturforschung, che wirtschaftli für –Gesellschaft GWS Köln, zu Universität der an Institut giewirtschaftliches –Ener AG, EWI Prognos Technologie, und Wirtschaft für Bundesministeriums des Auftrag im Nr. Studie 57/12, Projekt –Energiereferenzprognose Energiemärkte der Entwicklung 21 . 22 . ------23 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 24 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 3000 3500 23 gas) fromenergy natural for of (36% demand source energy mostimportant 11%) the gas and 74%, natural (crude oil industry chemical the in production raw material most important second the was oil, crude after gas, 2013, In natural products. ofer chemical world’s the is export largest Germany a lotfew years. of past over publicity the given been has USA due the to competitive to prices there plants gas chemical German relocating risk of Theextent. greatest the to product price final the prices affect where raw material industries, metallurgical and pharmaceutical chemical, to the most important are gas of natural The availability price and (10% of domesticconsumption),chemical food (6%) paper (4%) and industries. consumption (760.3gas 40%PJ). offor final the around were: The key consumers accounted sector industrial German the 2014, In emissions. gas greenhouse and the low and level flexibly pollutionof used be to ability advantages the include processes. Its primary chemical in feedstock and energy thermal and of electric source mostimportant the as gas natural treats sector industrial The German 4. be,did=476134.html 2015, http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiedaten-und%20analysen/Energiedaten/gesamtausga Source: 10. Chart 1000 1500 2000 2500 500

T 0 organic chemistry: 74% are petroleum products, 11% natural gas, 13% renewable raw materi raw 13% renewable gas, natural 11% products, petroleum 74% are chemistry: organic of needs for the of materials raw tonnes million 20 consumed industry chemical the 2013, In he importance of natural gas for gas he industry of importance natural [PJ]

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Zahlen Und Fakten Energiedaten, 1 October October 1 Energiedaten, Fakten Und Zahlen Energy, and Affairs Economic for Ministry Federal 1991 321.7 1992 277.7 Gas consumption in electricity production in PJ production in electricity in consumption Gas 1993 276.8 1994 321.8 1995 340.6 Gas forelectricityproduction 1996 367.5 1997 378.6

23 1998 389.0 . Representatives of the chemical industry say that if if say that industry chemical . Representatives of the 1999 390.8 2000 390.8 2001 397.5 2002 405.7 2003 430.9 2004 444.5 2005 497.3 2006 523.9 Other gasconsumption 2007 520.4 2008 593.6 2009 542.8 2010 575.5 2011 538.1 2012 491.5 2013 429.0 2014 364.2 - - - Chart 11.Chart 25 24 Source: industry chemical German of the basket raw material the in share its increase and duction raw material a pro as oil replacecould crude gas permanently, natural prices increased oil Canada (US$3.87/million Btu) (US$3.87/million Canada Btu), USA United and (US$4.35/million Btu) Kingdom (US$8.22/million the the averaged the price in than Btu) (US$9.11/million higher was Germany price in averaged gas natural the to BP’s According Europe. 2014, in in data, lower than 65% around world, lowest are the USA among the in be to and the prices in gas caused has extraction gas shale in unprecedentedAn increase nificantly. sig USA have the fallen prices in gas but then since 2005, as recently as until lower slightly Europe) (the in price was similar USA were very Union the and European the prices in industry. Gas chemical problemlargest German for the the currently is Europe USA and the prices between gas of the The imbalance few years. past over observed been the has trend 10 15 20

0 5 top-thema/daten-fakten-rohstoffbasis-der-chemischen-industrie-de.pdf https://www.vci.de/vci/downloads-vci/ 2015, 30 November Industrie, chemischen der offbasis rohstoffe-der-chemischen-industrie-128289; Verband derChemischen Industrie e.V., Rohst 2 September 2013, http://www.iwkoeln.de/studien/gutachten/beitrag/hubertus-bardt-fossile- Köln, Köln, Wirtschaft deutschen der Institut Industrie, Chemischen der Rohstoffe Fossile Bardt, H. : Source heat. 12%network by and electricity by 33% gas, natural 36%by in satisfied were needs Energy fats), 2% coal. animal and vegetable starch, sugar, cellulose, (including als unit2/$-mBtu/view/line/ unit2/$-mBtu/view/line/ www.bp.com, http://tools.bp.com/energy-charting-tool.aspx#/ep/natural_gas_prices/ S. Hofmann, Chemiebranche such nach Ölersatz, Handelsblatt, Ölersatz, nach such Chemiebranche Hofmann, S. 2000 [US$/mBtu*] World Bank, Commodity Markets, http://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets Markets, Commodity World Bank, Global natural gas prices in 2000–2015 prices in gas Global natural 2001 2002 2003 Natural gas, USA Natural gas, Europe Natural gas, Japan 2004 24 2005 . However, given the falling oil prices, oil areverse . However, falling given the 25 . 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 14 January 2010. January 14 2011 2012 * Britishthermalunits 2013 2014 2015 - - - 25 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 26 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 America and Asia. Asia. and America South from industry chemical would supplied be the to raw materials the als, economy conditions of an on renewable raw based materi hypothetical under Therefore, production. own solely on relying their renewable raw materials for industry’s demand chemical the capable Union of are satisfying European biofuels), nor and (biogas the sector Germany energy neither the from tition compe and areas of cultivated surfaces limited problem. the Considering the solve partly only might of renewable resources share the industry, increasing German public oppose this German of the majority vast the even though Germany in extraction gas of shale launch lobbying is for the Association Industry Chemical German the situation, this world. lowest the the in Given currently prices are where gas America, North other, supply production to on moving the and sources, diversifying and fuel of this substitutes cheaper introducing one would be, onhand, gas the ural industry’s dependence on nat solutionOne chemical resolve to of issue the the 28 27 26 Europe in than more profitable four times USA currently is the production in prices, chemical gas low and considering oil Furthermore, domestic investments. their than er fast times six grew companies’ foreign investments chemical 2015, German In investment companies’ decisions. German prices affects gas in imbalance This ene factory ene apropyl in double value investment worth the an considering ItTexas. also is Freeport, in million US$600 around worth factory ammonia an in vestment in of BASF, corporation, an launch ofmany’s the informed chemical largest Ger In 2015, investments. these by Thefrom 9%. Unitedmost States benefits by 1% foreign investments and to increase expected are investments mestic do sectors’ chemical 2016 in –German strengthen will trend this that predict Hermes Euler from foreign to ones. Analysts equal were almost investments

studie-deutsche-chemiebranche.aspx http://www.eulerhermes.de/mediacenter/neuigkeiten/Pages/euler-hermes- 2015, June 30 Ausland, im Investiert Chemiebranche –Deutsche Wächst Konkurrenz Studie: Hermes Euler The German Chemical Industry Association (German: (German: Association Industry Chemical The German P300_BASF_Yara_Ammoniakanlage.pdf https://www.basf.com/documents/corp/de/news-and-media/news-releases/2015/07/html, BASF, https://www.basf.com/de/company/news-and-media/news-releases/2015/03/p-15-176. gasfoerderung-in-deutschland-chancen-von-schiefergas-nutzen.jsp www.vci.de/themen/energie-klima-rohstoffe/energiepolitik/vci-positionspapier-zur-erd 27 . 26 . Whereas as recently as in 2011, German companies’ domestic German 2011, in as recently as . Whereas 28 . In the opinion of representatives of the chemical opinion of chemical representatives of the the . In Verband Chemischer Industrie ), https:// ------lion m lion 84.7 bil consumed users domestic 9.5% In 2014, satisfied and of consumption. html?nn=1542230 2015, http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Produkte/energiestudie2014_Zusammenfassung. Source: (3.5%). 10.7reached Domestic production significance m billion of marginal United were Kingdom, the and (24.5%). suppliers, i.e. Denmark The remaining 87.1%. suppliers (34.2%), Norway were: The (28.4%) Russia Holland largest and reached domesticconsumption in gas natural of imported share the 2014, In 1. Table 1. Table at present. any build to not is planning and terminal no LNG has Thepipelines. country supplied via gas only imports Germany Itmore noted years. be to needs that continue can production for eight Germany ofin output fields conventional gas 2015, present published levelin at the to forecasts According years. coming the in have exhausted been Norway –will and supplies out Russia anced from the bal have which so far sources production – the domestic gas and Holland from imports that fact due is the to This future. the in Norway, strengthen and will suppliers, Russia main two the from Germany. on Dependence imports in used II. consumption Gross production Domestic O Re-export Other Norway facilities storage in Gas Russia Consumption Holland F rigin oreign supplies gas vs. domestic production G Energiestudie 2015 – Reserven, Ressourcen und Verfügbarkeit von Energierohstoffen, Hanover Hanover Energierohstoffen, von Verfügbarkeit und Ressourcen –Reserven, 2015 Energiestudie 3 uarantee , and 21.4 billion m billion 21.4 , and Origin of natural gas in Germany in 2012–2013 in Germany in gas of natural Origin (billion m (billion 108.8 2012 2012 24.8 89.3 37.0 32.5 19.7 11.7 0.2 2.9 i ng gas suppl 3 was re-exported out m of 106.4 billion re-exported was 3 ) 82.0 34.0 29.8 22.8 10.8 18.1 100 0.2 2.7 % (billion m (billion 111.0 2013 2013 20.9 29.4 91.0 37.9 10.7 27.7 0.9 5.4 i 3 ) es to G es 26.4 25.0 18.8 34.1 100 0.8 4.8 9.6 82 % (billion m (billion ermany ermany 106.4 2014 2014 30.2 36.4 84.7 21.4 -0.3 10.1 3.7 26 3 of natural gas gas of natural 3 ) 28.4 79.6 34.2 24.5 20.1 -0.3 100 9.5 3.5 % - - 3

27 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 28 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 five firms five produced is by Germany in gas 99% of natural Schleswig-Holstein. located in also are fields gas Saxony. Lower rich from originates additionthis, to In gas Germany’s produced history.level reunited At in 90% present, of domestically 29 output 747.1 being 1999,the m in billion 24.7 (around PJ peak its reached gas production of Domestic 1990s. natural the in lower than times several are ume production vol the domestic production and from gas of natural share the Both structure. consumption role gas production plays in Domestic a decreasing ,did=476134.html 2015, http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiedaten-und analysen/Energiedaten/gesamtausgabe Source: 1991–2014 PJ in supply in gas of broken into sources origin down Germany’s natural 12. Chart Denmark. United Kingdom and the from Germany to imported also is gas major natural sources, three these from Apart supplier. mostimportant third now is the which it outpaced Holland, 1994, In supplier. (see 1980s mid second Appendix). mostimportant the the Norway is as back far as since supplier Germany to gas natural largest the been has Russia In 2014, the output fell to 323.3 to output fell the 10.7 (around PJ 2014, m In billion gas-Erdöl GmbH m (2.778 billion 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

page 21. page 2015, Hanover Resources, Natural and for Geosciences Institute Federal 2015, Energiestudie 0 1991 Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Zahlen Und Fakten Energiedaten, 1 October October 1 Energiedaten, Fakten Und Zahlen Energy, and Affairs Economic for Ministry Federal [PJ] 29 : BEB Erdgas und Erdöl m GmbH und billion : BEB &Co. Erdgas KG (3.474 1995 3 2000 ), DEA Detusche Erdöl), GmbH (1.504 m Detusche DEA billion 2005 3 Domestic production(8.2%) ), reaching the lowest the ), reaching 2010 Holland (22.1%) (30.4%) Norway 3 Russia (35.4%) Data for2014: ), Mobil Erd Other (3.9%)* 2014 - 3 3 ). ). ), ), - - from the Russian Yuzhno-Russkoye field in which the company Yuzhno-Russkoye holdsstake a in field Russian which the from funds, Alfa Group Alfa funds, of one owner of the Russia’s investment Fridman, largest controlled by Mikhail is E.ON 2015.fund from investorOctober Thein in Norway fields bought gas The same euros. for billion Germany, RWE 5.1 from in and Sea North the in gas and oil bought One acompany extracts Dea, which Letter fund vestment in 2015, the March In production. gas of and oil area the in portfolio of their 2015 in sectors sold amajor part energy electric and gas oil, in operating RWE, companies, E.ON and energy Germany’s production abroad. largest gas ural natfrom havewithdrawing been firms German that emphasising It worth is GmbH (0.620 m billion billion m billion 15.13 around company’s output reached gas the 2014, In foreign natural Russia. and Argentina Sea, North the in gas extracts also and producer Holland, in gas The oil. company worldwide: operates crude and gas largest it the is natural 32 31 30 Holding AG (0.622 m Wintershall billion Wintershall AG E.ON and Wintershall m billion 24.4 around reached production abroad 2014, In domestic production. to than America) South and North-Western Africa (in Russia, North Europe, abroad to production much more significance producers attach gas German contracts are increasingly rare and are mainly used in contacts with Russia’s with contacts in used mainly are and rare increasingly are contracts history. Such throughout Germany in purchase form of gas predominant the prices have oil to indexed been priceser. are where gas Long-term contracts produc the from directly suppliesof source purchasing foreign is gas Another EU. the in economic due crisis the to for energy demand falling and strategy transformation implementation energy the of from the resulting market energy German the changes on causedsudden problems by financial their are production companies gas and oil investors sell whyreason German The main Oil. company Premier British United Kingdom the to the in gas and E.ON. In 2014, its foreign output reached 7.82 foreign its output m reached billion E.ON. 2014, In

3 and was 4.6% higher than a year before. The largest gas producers were gas before. The ayear largest than higher 4.6% was and OSW Analyses OSW złożach, wnorweskich udziały swoje sprzeda E.ON Popławski, Konrad tober 2015. tober page 22 page 2015, Hanover Resources, Natural and for Geosciences Institute Federal 2015, Energiestudie op. cit., op. 2015, Energiestudie 3 . Germany’s second most important natural gas producer abroad was producer was abroad gas natural . Germany’s second mostimportant 32 . In January 2015, E.ON also sold its subsidiary producing oil producing oil sold 2015, E.ON subsidiary its also January . In 3 ). page 22. page 30 . Wintershall AG producer Germany’s is of largest . Wintershall 3 ) and GDF Suez E&P Deutschland GDF Deutschland ) and Suez E&P 3 , including around 75% 75% around , including , 14 Oc , 14 31 - - - - . 29 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 30 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 to Germany 24.36 billion m 24.36 billion Germany to exported In 1977, Sea. Holland the North in gasfields the from gas natural ish futures and spot contracts, and only 30% under long-term 30% only under and contracts contracts, spot and futures 70% under of gas around 2013 company in VNG acquired German ample, the ex for firms; gas among German popular increasingly becoming form is This exchanges. on gas contracts spot and futures through is of foreign buying gas The way latest clients. or complete German its hub-indexation all to partial Norway’s late 1990s. the since used everbeen more frequently Statoil applies hub-indexation) have (so-called exchanges energy largest prices onof the gas basis seton price is the where the contracts medium-term late 1990s, Since the 2030).til 2035), (one 2030) VNG until (one un and contract Wingas until contract tracts companies: E.ON (four con following German the with supplies Germany to long-term gas covering mostimportant contracts concluded the has Gazprom Russia (1984) and then to Norway to (1999) then (1984)Russia and to first gas, position of lost supplier the Germany’s ofland largest natural ever neighbour.supplied on, Hol western Later has to its country this of gas 35 34 33 of 15.5 billion capacity m transport annual an with pipeline, put At 1974. the present, in into operation was many Ger western via Italy and Switzerland network with gas Dutch the necting (TENP), con pipeline a gas The years. Trans-Europa-Naturgas-Pipeline ten next for the Germany to gas sole supplier the of was natural Holland 1963. in supplies first its launch to 1959, in for Holland’s Holland, Gasunie northern Groningen,Europe’s locating in field from took four only years gas largest Germany.to gas It supplier natural of first the was Holland Historically, 2. more renegotiated be often more and can price formulas although Gazprom,

H bafa.de/bafa/de/energie/erdgas/ausgewaehlte_statistiken/egashist.pdf http://www. Grafik, 1998–2014 Bilanzen Deutschland Bundesrepublik die in Erdgaseinfuhr der (BAFA), Entwicklung Control Export and Affairs Economic for Office Federal Source: VNG, Annual report 2013, page 16. 2013, report Annual VNG, mit-0.html mit-0.html pressemitteilungen/2012/7/3/e-on-erzielt-einigung-bei-langfristigen-gasliefervertraegen- Konzernausblick für das Jahr 2012 an 2012 Jahr das für Konzernausblick hebt und Gazprom mit Gaslieferverträgen langfristigen bei Einigung erzielt E.ON titled 2012 of 3 July release E.ON’s press Source: prices, oil to prices of gas indexation 100% from al for withdraw provides contract Thenew contract. purchase gas of the conditions the ing amend 2010 from valid contract aretrospective signed Gazprom and E.ON 2012, July In istory ofistory co-operation H with 3 of natural gas, and this was the largest volume largest the was this and gas, of natural , https://www.eon.com/de/presse/pressemitteilungen/ 3 , is used to transport Norwegian and Brit and Norwegian transport to used , is olland and N and olland 35 . At present, exports to Germany are are Germany to . At exports present, orway 34 . 33 ------. wards and co-operation with Russia’s Gazprom after the Iron Curtain fell Curtain Russia’s Iron the with co-operation and after Gazprom wards east running pipelines gas BASF’s engagementended up with building in which Ruhrgas, and BASF ‘gas between so-called war’ element of the an was This co-operation. this not chose begin to partners Norwegian Germany, the in recipient gas of Norwegian main However, the Ruhrgas, from due pressure to Germany. central in production siteLudwigshafen in chemical its to Emden from running pipeline agas negotiated BASF building corporation chemical 1980’s, development of end the by the the Towards pipelines. of new gas the Troll), accompanied been has which Gullfaks, Heimdal, quent fields (Statfjord, production on subse launched regularly Norway has Since pipeline. then, gas the Norpipe via in Emden thepoint collection to Ekofisk field Norwegian the from supplied be to 1977.transported it in Initially, Norway was began from Gas gas. lookto of for sources natural other Norway, and suppliers, Russia largest two its from or imports gas increase to the need means this gas. Germany For calorific on operate high can they that so gas devices using of the replacement or reconstruction simultaneous and network need equipment rebuild to the above all many. means change This Ger north-western in L-gas to connected are consumers 4.3 million around 2015. At in H-gas present, to L-gas from process of switching the launched dry, Germany running are fields gas German of and Germany. Since Dutch rest the in distributed is 99%, to 87% from content ranging methane with gas), calorific (high H-gas ableGermany, while north-western recipients to in avail is and 80% 87% from to content ranging amethane has Holland and gas) Germany producedin (low calorific network. L-gas gas asingle in mixed be it cannot therefore and gas, Norwegian and Russian than value energy gas pipelines. It is estimated that Norwegian natural gas reserves will run out run will reserves gas natural Norwegian that It pipelines. estimated is gas Belgian and Dutch via to Germany transported also is Sea North the from gas British Norway’s and At Norwegian pipelines. present, these Statoilinvested in 1999,respectively. were put Emden 1995 from and in into operation north-east the to km 40 Dornum, to run The which Europipe Europipe pipelines II Iand 37 36 2029 in end will Germany to Network Agency ( eral Theexhausted. Fed soon be will fields gas Dutch because phase final the in

www.udo-leuschner.de/pdf/gasversorgung.pdf http:// page 34, 2008, 1998, bis Anfangen von den Gasversorgung deutsche Die U. Leuschner, schlussUndMessung/UmstellungGasbeschaffenheit/UmstellungGasqualitaet-node.html schlussUndMessung/UmstellungGasbeschaffenheit/UmstellungGasqualitaet-node.html www.bundesnetzagentur.de/DE/Sachgebiete/ElektrizitaetundGas/Verbraucher/Netzan http:// (Marktraumumstellung), H-Gas auf von L- Agency, Umstellung Network Federal Bundesnetzagentur 36 . It should be noted that Dutch gas has alower has gas Dutch . It noted be should that ) is planning that Dutch gas supplies gas Dutch that planning ) is 37 ------. 31 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 32 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 co-operation formula in the area of energy area the in formula co-operation i.e. comprehensive adeep and Partnership, of Energy part as co-operate tries by Mannesmann Export GmbH concerned the sale of pipes sale GmbH for pipeline concerned the gas Export by Mannesmann 40 39 38 m lion AG (the predecessor of by E.ON)signed Ruhrgas provided for supplying 3bil first one the in 1970: contracts three first USSR the signed the and Germany foreign policy.element of German essential politics) (trade an and co-operation is of dual-track tradition this and beginning, very the overtone since a political carried has Russia and Germany Union. Soviet between Thus, co-operation the gas with of relations malisation nor for further instrument itan as treated hand other on Germany, the and in sources energy need‘pipes diversify to the to of aresponse 1970 for as deal gas’ the treated Brandt Willy government led coalition by Chancellor SPD–FDP then the one hand, the On 1979. and 1973 in crises oil following the of energy sources for alternative search the supplies subsequently and need diversify to Moscow the included with co-operation many. for Major beginning reasons Ger to gas supplier of largest natural Holland) second (after the USSR became the 1973, In partner. energy Germany’s is At most important Russia present, 3. 2030 around planned to be put be to 2020. in into operation planned underway. is countries It two is the between link electricity an on building Work 30%. around reaches also imports gas Norwegian in gas of German share Norway, from originate the and 30% supplies of Germany to gas around gas: regards as mutual dependence is Germany. to This exports ofvalue Norwegian in the near future, electric energy electric future, near the in

H In 2009, the estimated volume of Norwegian natural gas reserves was 2046 billion m billion 2046 was reserves gas natural of Norwegian volume estimated the 2009, In tions/publication/Norway2011_web.pdf tions/publication/Norway2011_web.pdf http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublica Agency, Energy International , 2011 Norway gie/Energiepartnerschaften_node.html Foreign Affairs, http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/GlobaleFragen/Ener of Turkey. Ministry and Tunisia Source: Africa, South Nigeria, Morocco, India, China, zil, Bra Norway, Russia, with partnership of energy part as co-operates Germany At present, efficiency. energy and technologies RES German promoting and of energy area the in ation of co-oper conditions market-oriented at maintaining intended is partnership The energy OSW Analyses OSW zNorwegią, Niemiec energetyczne Nowe połączenie Bajczuk, Rafał getyczne-niemiec-z-norwegia getyczne-niemiec-z-norwegia http://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2015-02-18/nowe-polaczenie-ener 2015, ary istory of co-operationistory gas R with 3 of natural gas annually for twenty years, the second contract signed signed second contract the years, for twenty annually gas of natural 38 . Co-operation with Norway covering natural gas, crude oil and, and, oil crude gas, Norway natural covering with . Co-operation 39 is very important to Berlin. The coun two Berlin. to important very is 40 ussia . Oil and gas account for gas and 80% of the . Oil , 18 Febru , 18 3 , see: , see: ------operation served as afoundation for as relations developing served operation political co- gas and relations, bilateral Cold the strengthened War period during Union Soviet supplies Germany to the from gas that claims expert, man tury cen of the turn the from Russia with co-operation economic political and enhancing economic supported and elites political The German Russia. and Germany development reunited a major on the between impact of relations had Cold the has War period USSR during the with contacts in perience Russian-Georgian conflict in 2008. Arguments concering threats posed by posed threats concering Arguments 2008. in conflict Russian-Georgian the and 2007–2009 and 2005–2006 in conflicts gas Russian-Ukrainian the a consequence of Cold as of the War. changed point of This gradually view pacity of 22 billion m of billion 22 pacity ca annual an had which The connection, system. pipeline gas Soviet the with France connecting pipeline gas transit Mittel-Europäische-Gasleitung) man: (Ger MEGAL of France’s the and GDF construction commenced the Ruhrgas Germany’s 1975, In Czechoslovakia. and SSR Ukrainian the through running pipeline gas Bratstvo the was time atroute that Westernavailable to Europe 43 42 41 suppliesm 20billion to for increasing 1980, provided in signed contract, Another four years. next the in were signed supplytwo gas more that contracts out effective so be to turned co-operation The in supplies 1973. launched Gas were one concerned financing. third the and time), at that technology (the not USSR did necessary have the construction market position of the German company Ruhrgas position German ofmarket the supplies Norway, from secondly, the and or Algeria, Libya it strengthened alternative than cheaper was gas Germany. to Firstly, Eastern significance USSR were of major the from economic Cold imports gas the WarIn period, 30%. to grew supplies Germany to gas Union’s Soviet United By Kingdom. the 1989, the and in Germany share France, from 1982 following diplomatic in efforts lifted was The 1981. embargo in port components in trans for production onand by trade Western gas countries imposed for embargo due awhile the to disrupted USSR was the with operation

many_on_russia_net_0.pdf many_on_russia_net_0.pdf View of Point OSW rapprochement, to no Yes links, to on Russia. Germany Kwiatkowska-Drożdż, A. A. Kießling, G. Riemer, energie in 60 Minuten, Wiesbaden 2011, page 106. 2011, Wiesbaden Minuten, 60 in energie G.Riemer, Kießling, A. T. in Kästner, Herausforderungen, Zentrale Energieaußenpolitik: 10 Minuten Wörz, M. P. Högselius, Red Gas, New York, New page Gas, 225. 2013, Red P. Högselius, 43 , arguing that it positively affected the oil and gas sector at the time time at sector the gas and oil the it positively that affected , arguing , Warsaw 2013, pages 10-25, http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/pw_39_ger pages 10-25, 2013, , Warsaw 3 , was put 1980. The in into operation , was development of co- 3 annually for 25 years. The only export for The 25 years. export only annually 41 . Markus Wörz, a Ger . Markus 42 . Ex ------33 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 34 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 gas supplies: supplies: gas of thesecurity for of keysignificance projects put three into operation Wingas 45 44 • • • debate more morefrequently and in raised be to began Russia from Germany’s imports dependence on gas was thus created, and cheap gas was offered to clients in Germany in clients offeredto was gas cheap and created, thus was monopoly, then competition since the to Ruhrgas, Wintershall, with operation Gazprom’ssupported Energy and co- for Economic Affairs Ministry Federal perceived positively. was sation, Gazprom’s Germany in The German activity liberali market of onset Germany. Then, gas at and the Europe to transport routegas for Russian the Ukrainian to alternative first the and pipeline gas Yamal-Europe of the asection being pipeline, JAGAL gas the including 1990s, the in storage and infrastructure transport gas German in most investments (65% financed stake). shareholder Wingas majority the became Wintershall 1993. trade) in (gas WIEH and distribution) and transport (gas Wingas tures: joint two ven established corporations two the co-operation, of their part As trade. production and gas and oil BASF, corporation with tasked chemical the of asubsidiary Germany’s Wintershall, with agreement aco-operation signed 1990, Gazprom In sale. storage direct and transport, level trade: ofeach gas at shares Western to Gazprom’s Europe. pansion acquire to was goal strategic a bridgehead ex its as during Germany treated Western companies. Russia with co-operation and Western to markets objectives expansion included Its main 1989. in Russia in created The company was state-controlled Gazprom

no. 63/7, July 2013, page 83. no. 63/7, page 83. 2013, teuropa July Os in: –Gazprom, Wintershall Partner der Ab und Auf Das Freunde. beste Ziemlich J. Grätz, noch-keine-alternative-zu-russischem-gas/9605486.html (accessednoch-keine-alternative-zu-russischem-gas/9605486.html 2015). on 20 January http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/deutschlands-abhaengigkeit-es-gibt- Handelsblatt, Gas, russischem zu Alternative keine noch gibt Es Kaufmann, S. the gas storage facility in Rehden, its capacity being 4 billion m 4 billion being capacity its Rehden, in storage gas facility the Rehden; in storagegas facility the and Germany central with system pipeline gas Dutch the connecting pipeline gas Mitte-Deutschland-Anbindungsleitung) (German: MIDAL the Germany; central in pipeline gas MIDAL the with system pipeline gas Czech the connecting pipeline gas Sachsen-Thüringen-Erdgas-Anbindungsleitung) (German: STEGAL the gas storage facility in Western Europe. in storagegas facility 44 . 12 March 2014, 2014, March 12 3 ; the largest largest ; the 45 . In 1993, 1993, . In - - - - Schröder” Gerhard from playedsupport “unprecedented, was ject political by the strong status to this gas pipeline) gas this to status TEN-E granted Commission European (inthe 2000, Commission European the from then and government German the from first project, forport this sup at winning aimed Russia’s was states strategy successful transit passing by Poland (Amber). variant choice mostexpensive What ledof the to the and states Baltic the through running pipeline agas building II) and (Yamal Poland and Belarus through running developingvariant), connection the (the bed Sea most expensive Baltic along the running pipeline a gas building were considered: variants Three gas. for natural demand due increasing to infrastructure transport develop to the necessary itconcluded was that then it since 1990s, was mid the from planned been had Russia with nections co-dependence. The development and con pipeline of gas links mutual their reinforced has countries two the connecting pipeline gas This co-operation. gas German-Russian in amilestone was The Nord decisionStream build to office as chancellor had ended had chancellor office as German project since, along with Gazprom (51% stake), (51% Gazprom Germany’s project since, E.ON along with and German aRussian- as 2005 commenced in was pipeline gas of the The construction 48 47 46 m billion at 24 stands connection of this capacity nual The an Thuringia. in pipeline gas STEGAL the Poland with through running pipeline gas Yamal the connecting pipeline gas Jamal-Gas-Anbindungsleitung) JAGAL (German: put 1999the in into operation Wingas direction, eastern the Germany. In to Sea fields the North from gas import British to time first the it made possible Zeebruge for Belgium United Kingdomin with the in Bacton connecting pipeline gas Interconnector of the launch The1998. simultaneous in Germany central in pipeline gas MIDAL the with system transport Belgian the connecting pipeline gas Anbindungsleitung) Westdeutschland (German: WEDAL the into operation putting of was Wingas’s projects Another important

online Zeit Gas, das und P. Genossen Die S. Brauns, Heller, AG; Source: Stream of South board sory supervi of the chairman (SPD), elected Voscherau was Henning of mayor Hamburg, former the 2012, In Consulting. Energy named company consulting Russian of the board pervisory su of the member elected was Rhine-Westphalia, North in minister (SPD),ent former the Clem Wolfgang 2009, In firms. Russian by used frequently astrategy West is the with tacts con in Russians represent they that so politicians German prominent former Employing K. Pronińska, Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne w stosunkach UE–Rosja, Warsaw 2012, page 313. 2012, Warsaw UE–Rosja, w stosunkach energetyczne Bezpieczeństwo Pronińska, K. Ibidem. , 8 May 2013. , 8May 47 , who became the CEO of Nord Stream AG weeks after his term in in term his AG after of CEO weeks Nord the Stream , who became 46 . The key role in the implementation of this pro implementation. The keyrole the of in this 48 . 3 . ------35 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 36 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 gas transit to the European Union. European the to transit gas Russian in position keycountry ofwork the the up opened way its and reach to first of all, because a gas pipeline with an annual capacity of 110 billion m 110 capacity of billion annual an with pipeline gas a because all, of first point view, of German the from beneficial is Developing Nord Stream Stream. of Nord branches additional two on agreement building an signed Gazprom Economic Vladivostok, in Forum 2015 the onpipeline, 4September during gas the Nord of section Stream first of the inauguration the Four after years 4. m 55 billion is capacity Its put annual 2011–2012. in into operation was structure, accompanying infra (9%nies each).including pipeline, gas The Nord Stream compa German the from bought companies Engie) two 2010 shares in –the France’s and 2008, project in joined GDF the Holland’s Suez Gasunie (now at present 15.5% each, were engaged each) it. 24.5% in (initially Wintershall the 21 the second of of decade the Thus, turn at the Wintershall. of and Gazprom venture & Co. KG), Beteiligungs-GmbH a joint Transport (WIGA by WIGA owned nies compa by separate managed are pipelines pipeline,. These gas two gas MIDAL 35 billion m 35 billion of acapacity with pipeline, gas Anbindungsleitung) Ostsee-Pipeline (German: The Europe. OPAL Southern Western to and transport gas enable to launched were pipelines put gas two into operation, –was Germany north-eastern in E.ON and Shell 10% each, and Engie 9%. The gas pipeline is expected to be put be to expected is pipeline The 9%. Engie gas and 10% Shell E.ON each, and follows: as Zug, is 51%,BASF, in Gazprom incorporated Switzerland, was OMV, AG, Nord Stream AG, like Pipeline which, New in European holding structure The share connection. existing the to parallel in run will that pipeline a gas provides agreement for building (former GDF draft Suez). The preliminary E.ON (nowand Uniper), Austria’s OMV, France’s and Shell Dutch-British Engie by signed Germany’s BASF was agreement the Gazprom, with Along Crimea. of annexation the and Ukraine against aggression dueon Russia Russian to Union European by imposed the economic despite signed sanctions the was supply). gas in interruptions ing The on agreement developing Nord Stream result and countries of Russia’stransit (forcase the with in example, conflict m of 20billion capacity annual an with 2012, in launched was pipeline gas tung) Erdgaslei Nordeuropäische (German NEL Then the 2011. in into operation put was pipelines, gas of transport system Czech the and pipeline gas STEGAL present m it 55 billion is 3 3 G that connected Greifswald with the gas storage facility in Rehden and the the and Rehden in storage gas facility the with Greifswald connected that . Promptly after Nord Stream – connecting Vyborg in Russia and Greifswald Greifswald Vyborg and Russia in – connecting Nord Stream after . Promptly erman- st century, Germany gained a direct link to the Russian gas pipeline net pipeline gas Russian the to link adirect gained century, Germany 3 , linking the entry point of Nord Stream in Greifswald with the the with Greifswald in point of Nord Stream entry the , linking R ussian gas relations gas at presentussian 3 ) will improve the security of gas supplies to Germany supplies of Germany to gas security improve the ) will 3 (at (at ------ing German companies with access to the Russian market Russian access to the with companies German ing provid and co-operation economic political and envisagedwhich enhancing for project, Modernisation’ ‘Partnership so-called the initiated Germany 2008, economy. of the area the in In especially Russia, with co-operation bilateral enhance to action taken has few Germany years, past the Over countries. an Europe position of the Central weaken will and relations of German-Russian pipeline’s the project, contribute astrengthening to developmentmercial will com apurely is this that assurances giving context, political any has Stream decision develop to the Nord deny that politicians Even German though vesting in Russian gas fields and the energy sector. the company energy the At present, and fields gas Russian in vesting 2016) in been Germany’spipeline, 1 January has Uniper since E.ON (renamed gas Nord of Stream the construction previously discussed additionthe to In 51 50 49 9.9 euros billion around reach will cost of end 2019 construction byinto its operation the and laboration of the two national energy agencies energy national two oflaboration the col direct continued be to through was co-operation current and institution, a joint maintaining the needlessness of being reason 2013 official in closed –the but 2009, it in was purpose for this established (rudea)Energie-Agentur was Agency (Russisch-Deutsche Energy Thenologies Russian-German Russia. in tech source renewable and energy efficiency energy forate amarket German cre to production and gas access and oil to with companies provideto German Berlin’s developing is co-operation of best all. above all intention was bilateral which in areas the are sectors gas and The energy extent. expected the to ogy Western technol and market EU not given access been the to has Russia and market, Russian the to medium-sized businesses and small access for German or ensure administration state in standards adopt to democratic Russia vince con to unable been has it: to Germany linked goals have the Russia achieved nor Germany Neither out afailure. be to conceptfor turned Modernisation

(652), 18 March 2010. (652), March 18 No. 44 PISM BIULETYN Rosji, wobec UE inicjatywa – nowa modernizacji” dla „Partnerstwo Formuszewicz, R. J.Ćwiek-Karpowicz, See: project. aRussia-EU became also PfM 2010, In stellt-kooperation-mit-russland-auf-neue-basis.html auf neue Basis, 27 June 2013, http://www.dena.de/presse-medien/pressemitteilungen/dena- Russland mit Kooperation stellt (dena), dena Agency Energy German the by release Press agreements-between-gazprom-and-eu-energy 2015, http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2015-09-09/gas-business-usual-new- companies, energy EU and Gazprom between agreements new The usual? as business Gas Popławski, Konrad Łoskot-Strachota, Agata Kardaś, Szymon 49 . 51 . OSW Analyses OSW 50 . The Partnership . The Partnership , 9 September , 9 September ------37 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 38 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 of pressure from countries opposing Nord Stream 2, the German chancellor, chancellor, German the 2, Nord opposing Stream countries from of pressure Central European countries (including Poland) (including countries European Central by seven criticised be to project began the signed, was develop Nord Stream to agreement When the pipeline. 2gas Nord of Stream the construction the to objection clear express did not stance Union official its in European the that been example,lobbying, forso has supplies. i.e. Berlin diversification gas of union’splementation Commission, of one energy European of the by the goals im the and conflict Russian-Ukrainian the problematic,ingly considering increas becoming are of energy area the in relations Close German-Russian directions. plied other from sup be can gas natural of disruption, case in well-developed is and market gas German security, the since Germany’s to energy a threat perceived as not is market gas Gazprom’s in German The of increase the facilities. share 54 53 52 Italy, as such economic for interests, about example their cerned capacity) power grid sian 9.9capacity of GW total a (6%with the Rus of fivein Russia, power plants 51%) Gazprom owns and and one share, minus shares of 25% the owns shall Yuzhno-Russkoye field (Winter the gas in one share minus shares a25% has m out 6billion of control 25 of billion around gained Gazprom transaction, this of aresult Nordzee. As production company Wintershall the in a 50% stake operator, Additionally, received Gazprom their Astora. and Jemgum and Rehden in storage gas facilities the Zug) in and Erdgashandelshaus tershall (Win Berlin), WIEE Erdgashandelshaus (Wintershall WIEH Wingas, BASF: controlled jointly with it far so companies had the in shares of the ond half of which are 274 m are of billion which deposits the estimated Siberia, Yuzhno-Russkoyein field western the gas in deposit Akhimov the in blocks two in received stake a25% ary, Wintershall, BASF’s subsidi 2012. in announced been had that swap outasset an carried Gazprom and 2015, BASF September In market. German presenceits on the and will reach 8 billion m 8billion reach will and

3 (approximately 25%) of the potential capacity from German gas storage gas German from capacity (approximately 25%) potential of the on 20 January 2015). January on 20 pl/energia-srodowisko/wywiad/wspolny-front-przeciwko-nord-stream-2-007664 (accessed 2? Nord Stream przeciwko front Wspólny Council’s summit on 18–19 December 2015. 2015. December on 18–19 summit Council’s European the 2during Stream Nord against spoke Renzi, Matteo minister, Italy’s prime html (accessed on 20 January 2015). January on 20 (accessed html http://www.eon.com/de/nachhaltigkeit/regionale-aktivitaeten/russland. website, E.ON’s 52 3 3 annually. In exchange, Gazprom receivedsec Gazprom the exchange, In annually. of gas; the production is expected to begin in 2018 in begin to expected production is of the gas; . At the same time, Gazprom has been increasing increasing been has Gazprom time, same . At the , Euractiv.pl, 2 December 2015, http://www.euractiv. 2015, 2December , Euractiv.pl, 53 and also by other states con states by other also and 54 . As a result aresult . As ------(around 33.6% and 34% of imports in 2014) in of 34% 33.6% imports (around and to Germany supplier gas of and oil most important the is At present, Russia 40%. reaching high, EU, already is plies which the to Russia’s sup gas in increase share will development connection the of this scale, the European On transit. lose gas profitsby far so generated will they that worsen and conditions will pricing weapon, that apolitical as by Russia used be can gas that concerned above all are region tries). this in Countries coun European have negative(Central-Eastern effects will pipeline gas the the development thosefor countries which of with relations versely affects and improve bilateral relations bilateral improve and enhance to desire the project for and support the of German Putin assured chancellor deputy 2015, the Moscow October in in Putin president Vladimir Energy, andGabriel (SPD), the Russian Sigmar and for ter Economic Affairs Minis German of the meeting the During Russia. with contacts project in implementation the of the supports side openly German the hand, other the On Ukraine. via transit gas from Gazprom’s envisages withdrawing strategy because unrealistic, rather However, viewed be to as needs adeclaration such 57 56 55 supplies Europe to gas in country role play of the atransit still will Ukraine on 17–18 development despite 2015 pipeline, cil the December gas that of the Coun European of the summit the during Merkel,gaveAngela assurances and investments in energy efficiency in order to become into order lessdependent efficiency on energy in investments and sources supplies develop to of sources and gas renewable energy the versify need di to the emphasise experts and politicians one hand, the On on Russia. dependence of energy impact of the evaluation the to as divided are elites man Ger ahalf. by almost increased volume has 1990,since gas the of imported level same at the remained has Germany to imports in gas of Russian share the while that, remembering worth It also is increase. to likely is imports gas sian by 2029, Germany’s basket dependence on Rus longer energy the present be in no will gas German and Dutch and term, medium the in stable remain ny will

gesamtausgabe,did=476134.html 2015, http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiedaten-und analysen/Energiedaten/March 16 Energiedaten, Fakten Und Zahlen Energy, and Affairs for Economic Ministry Federal 2015). January on 20 (accessed ml de/politik/ausland/article148156440/Gabriel-spielt-in-Moskau-den-Gerhard-Schroeder.ht Welt Die Schröder, Gerhard den Moskau in spielt Gabriel 20 January 2015). January 20 kel-nord-stream-ist-privates-projekt-rechtsgrundlagen-klaeren-13973432.html (accessed on 18 December 2015, http://www.faz.net/agenturmeldungen/unternehmensnachrichten/mer Frankfurter klären’, Allgemeine Zeitung –Rechtsgrundlagen Projekt privates ist Stream ‚Nord 56 . This stance represented by Germany ad by represented Germany stance . This 57 . Since gas consumption in Germa in consumption . Since gas , 29 October 2015, http://www.welt. 2015, October , 29 55 ------. , 39 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 40 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 ticians who perceive potential threats to the region’s the to threats security who perceive potential ticians poli and Russia with links close who maintain to want tives circles of business Moscow’srepresenta between interest moves.of The conflicts debate reveals influencing for instrument an Berlin it co-dependence,cause offering creates be Germany’s to security contributing afactor viewed as often is Russia with idea of strengthening energy co-operation between the EU and Russia and EU the between co-operation energy idea of strengthening the support experts and decision-makers of German proportion Alarge stance. Commission’s European the to velopment official 2contrary of Nord Stream 61 60 59 58 Russia from imports or Belgium, may rise by a similar extent by asimilar may rise or Belgium, United Holland Kingdom, the as such countries, Western European other in prices gas 20%, while by around would rise Germany in gas price of natural the (DIW), for were cut, supplies Economic Russia from gas Research if Institute German the from of experts calculations to According countries. other from imports gas enables which awell-developed to infrastructure owing security supply of gas aguarantee has supplies, gas Germany Russian in a disruption of debate. case the In in raised still is apart falling USSReven was when the continued supplied be to gas Germany to and oil Russian that argument the supplies, gas and and oil regards as partner areliable as treated is Russia all, energy security, unlike in Central and Eastern Europe. Europe. Eastern and Central in security, unlike energy to amajor as threat imports gas public opinion does not Russian view German of experts. circle for debate reserved issue, among aniche narrow is Russia policy. from imports climate Gas and velopment sources of renewable energy de as areas on such above all focus media public the opinion and media, man Ger topic the in popular avery is policy energy even though that emphasised

sian_energy_policies_revisited.html sian_energy_policies_revisited.html berlin.org/en/publications/swp-research-papers/swp-research-paper-detail/article/rus http://www.swp- page 52, 2015, December 08, 2015/RP Paper Research SWP Revisited, icies Pol Energy Russian Westphal, Gusev, K. A. of energy: area the in relations EU-Russia hance en to need for the argue SWP, authors whose think-tank German the by The publication http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/18/065/1806526.pdf (accessed on 20 January 2015). January on 20 (accessed http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/18/065/1806526.pdf page 4, Gazprom, und bzw. Wintershall BASF Asset-Tausch zwischen 18/6526, Geplanter 2015:response of 2 November question a parliamentary to response The government’s de/14-22.pdf de/14-22.pdf http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.465398. 490-492, pages 2014, Wochenbericht DIW sicher, Krisen politischer Trotz Erdgasversorgung Europäische sonstiges/Ausblick2016.pdf#page=18 (ed.), V. Perthes page http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/ 20, Politik, internationaler Realitäten und Begriffe 2016: Ausblick in: Russland zu Beziehung der in enz von Interdepend Rolle Die umgehen: Unterschieden Mit Westphal, K. Stewart, S. Libman, A. 58 . On the other hand, the government supports the de the government supports the hand, other the . On 60 . Furthermore, energy co-operation co-operation energy . Furthermore, 61 . It be to needs 59 . Above no. 22, 22, no. ------of around 10.8 billion m 10.8 billion of around capacity annual an with Port, at Wilhelmshaven terminal LNG an building 64 63 62 built be to infrastructure adequate requires this because long and term, medium routes the in import gas possible diversify to be government’sonly will German opinion, the it In effect. this to tive policy routes, import but it gas ac any does not need pursue diversify to the regards Union’s European the as the Officially, stance supports government creasing. Norway, and suppliers, Russia largest two in is the from ence on imports depend its and pipelines, solely gas via natural imports At Germany present, 1. gas Terminal Gesellschaft mbH) Gesellschaft Terminal gas Flüssigerd company,Deutsche German: terminal gas natural liquefied man (Ger 1970s. DFTG the to back date Germany in terminal LNG an build to Plans Germany. in aterminal or building LNG importing supplies than gas of security solution acheaper is for them in ensuring gas pipeline storing and developing storage suggest domesticgas that facilities analysis authors of this cient to import additional quantities of natural gas to Germany gas of natural quantities additional cient to import suffi is LNGterminals capacity of European regasification supplies, spare the gas of security concerning Energy and for Economic Affairs Ministry Federal Poland (Świnoujście). and by the (Dunkirk) analysis an to France According United Kingdom (Isle the of in Grain), (Porto Italy Levante), terminals the use indirectly also can Germany adapted this. to best the are Holland Rotterdam, in Gate terminal the and Zeebrugge, in Belgium terminals LNG the nections, con inter-system location and Considering located abroad. terminals LNG via gas liquefied natural import can firms At German present, terminal. LNG economy only the few G-20not and highly-developed in have to countries an III.

http://www.dftg.de/ L regelungen-der-speicher,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf chkeiten-zur-verbesserung-der-gasversorgungsicherheit-und-der-krisenvorsorge-durch- http://bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/Studien/moegli source: 251-254 es pag 2015, June Berlin, Energy, and Affairs for Economic Ministry Federal the by ordered ses analy an Markt, den auf Auswirkungen wirtschaftlichen der sowie Kosten der schließlich durch Regelungen der Speicher (strategische Reserve, Speicherverpflichtungen), ein Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Gasversorgungsicherheit und der Krisenvorsorge Position der Bundesregierung zu Energierohstoffimporten aus Russland, page 5. page Russland, aus Energierohstoffimporten zu Bundesregierung der Position 18/1210, response 2014; of 17 April question parliamentary the to response The government’s iquefied natural gas gas iquefiednatural

P oss i ble alternat 3 . The terminal has not been built as of yet as not built because been has . The terminal 64 was established in 1972 and was tasked with with tasked was and 1972 in established was i ve sources ofve suppl 62 . Germany is one is of those . Germany 63 . However, the i es es ------41 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 42 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 mately 1.1 billion m billion 1.1 mately of (approxi tonnes 800,000 LNG around Ltd.,transporting concerns Lines O.S.K. owner, Japanese Theship Texas. in second the Mitsui one, with signed terminal Freeport at gas of liquefaction and transport oneThe concerns first 2018. from starting USA Europe to the from imports LNG enabling agreements declared that it backed German companies’ efforts to diversify the sources thesources of diversify to companies’ efforts German it backed that declared government German the supplies debate in2014, diversification gas of on the the During Peru. and Mozambique, as: Israel supply LNG such directions ering consid The company still is terminals. sent be these to no), will US gas the and Huelva) (OLT Italy and and (Barcelona Spain Rotterdam), Livor in in Terminal United Kingdom (Isle the of in Grain), (Gate including Europe, Holland across m buy 6.5 it which will billion under Canada’s Energy with Pieridae a contract companyfor 2013, fewIn supply signed the LNG years. past over sources the searching actively been Union, has European of the states mostmember in kets mar gas and electricity E.ON, the present is in which market. LNG tive on the ac are companies German of own, its no terminal has Even Germany though carriages. railway specialist using LNG transporting plex, and com chemical the nearby to gas the supplyingand gas natural liquefied with ships (refueling) on bunkering would operation based be terminal’s the that investmentfar. haveso of The revealed been the investors point outNo details 65 VTG firm logistics the Portand of Brunsbüttel administration veloped by the 2015. projectde emergedIt in was implemented. terminal Anew was LNG ject pro the if incur to country, of it south the which would necessary be the to gas send to infrastructure of transport costs into account the taking ros, without eu million 800 around would reach terminal the Energy, cost of building the and for Economic Affairs Ministry Federal the from analyses to According nal. termi the asite for and adesign building has DFTG even though helmshaven, Wil in terminal LNG the invest to in history,problems its not in is planning worst financial the At E.ON, present, experiencing is which Rotterdam. in port gas the in bought shares exchange in and project, this from VNG) withdrew company gas (10% German DFTG by in the owned is holdswhich a90% stake itE.ON, would notIn 2008, cost-effective be to economicanalyses. according supplies of m 10 billion supplier Qatar, from envisaging agas Qatargas, 2013, with it acontract signed

3 of natural gas annually for twenty years, starting from 2020. In October October 2020. from In starting years, for twenty annually gas of natural schienen-und-hafenlogistiker-setzen-auf-lng.html http://www.brunsbuettel-ports.de/artikel/ Port, of Brunsbüttel website The official 3 ) annually for twenty years. E.ON holds stakes in terminals terminals in E.ON years. holds for stakes twenty ) annually 3 of gas in 2014–2019. In February 2015, E.ON two signed February 2014–2019. In in of gas 65 ------. ventional gas in use: in gas ventional of uncon reserves huge German has of unconventional gas. reserves Germany (82.6 m billion 10.1 billion m billion 10.1 70 69 68 67 66 Gas-in-Place) GIP, as known reasons, for technical extracted fully be cannot which (reserves m trillion 22.6 and 6.8 between range reserves gas shale German 2012, BGR in by prepared areport to According attention. special deserve reserves gas Shale • • • by m 0.6 billion outputmestic shrunk alone, do 2014 In 1999. since declining been has Germany production in Gas 2. activity current their and contracts the for support signing political LNG, through including imports, gas sources (BGR) estimated that German natural gas reserves were 88.5 m reserves billion gas natural German that (BGR)sources estimated are predominantly located in the urbanised north-western part of the country. of the part north-western urbanised the located in predominantly are deposits gas country, shale populated and adensely is –Germany extraction gas shale conditions enable to of convenient lack the public environmental and the from disapproval extraction, gas shale laws regulating restrictive very by the caused is This at all. not extracted been has gas 1950s, shale the since quantities be depleted by around 2023 depletedbe by around

S Energiestudie 2015 page 20. page page 21. page Energiestudie 2015 btd/18/012/1801299.pdf http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/ source: supplysources, gas diversifying in gas natural fied lique by played role the concerning question aparliamentary to response The government’s pdf?__blob=publicationFile pdf?__blob=publicationFile de/DE/Themen/Energie/Downloads/BGR_Schiefergaspotenzial_in_Deutschland_2012. http://www.bgr.bund. 2012, Hanover Deutschland, in (Schiefergas) Tongesteinen dichten aus Erdgaspotenzials des Abschätzung Resources, Natural and for Geosciences Institute Federal serven in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland am 1. Januar 2015 1. am Deutschland Bundesrepublik der in serven Saxony,Erdgasre und Erdöl- Lower State of the of Geology and Energy Mining, for Office sen.de/portal/live.php?navigation_id=656&article_id=786&_psmand=4 sen.de/portal/live.php?navigation_id=656&article_id=786&_psmand=4 tight gas: 90 billion m billion 90 gas: tight m trillion 0.45 gas: bed coal 0.7–2.3 gas: m shale trillion hale gas hale 70 3 . In 2014, the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Re Natural for and Geosciences Institute Federal the 2014, . In . While coal bed gas and tight gas have been extracted in small small in have extracted been gas tight and gas bed coal . While 3 of pure gas) of pure , Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hanover 2015, 2015, Hanover Resources, Natural and for Geosciences Institute , Federal , Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hanover 2015, 2015, Hanover Resources, Natural and for Geosciences Institute , Federal 3 69 66 67 68 . , which means that conventional gas reserves will will reserves conventional gas that means , which . In additional to small conventional gas reserves, reserves, conventional gas small to additional . In 3 3 3 as compared to the preceding year – to –to year preceding the to compared as , http://www.lbeg.niedersach ------3 3

43 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 44 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 protect water resources and the natural environment natural the and resources water protect to framework alegal create to Germany, but in it necessary is extracted be can gas shale that claiming astatement issued Research) for Environmental tre for Cen Centre (Helmholtz Biosciences) UFZ Research and GFZ(German BGR, environment: natural of protection geology the and with dealing institutes the natural environment, Peter Altmaier (CDU), amoratorium that Peter Altmaier speculated environment, natural the for minister The then overwhelming. became Germany in extraction gas shale against mood workthe legislation, on the During were divided. CSU the CDU and the while resources, gas of use these the supported openly FDP the time At that Germany. in extraction gas shale commenced work regulating on legislation (CDU/CSU-FDP) Democrat-Liberal government Christian coalition the 2012, In 72 71 environment natural the and sources re water the protect time same at the and gas shale it possible is to extract that (BGR) Resources Natural for and Geosciences (SGD) Institute Federal the and Surveys joint concludedbe State opinionGeological the presented from by the It can institutions. research by national not is shared organisations ernmental by represented public non-gov opinion gas and shale to approach The critical 2012. in for ExxonMobil case the was as environment, legal unfavourable an and communities local from protests due recently, to until Germany have but in operation discontinued they drills test make Brewers’to Federation. used companies Production German the and Germany in Church Evangelical The opponents the include No Moor Fracking. Umweltschutz e.V. Bürgerinitiativen Bundesverband opponents are: (BBU) and gas shale representing organisations tion have The emerged. mostimportant extrac exploration and gas opponents of shale local together bringing tiatives ini of local hundreds time, same security.At the energy improving example, for as, such positive on aspects, the than rather risk) earthquake and chemicals of potable water, pollution (purity with beginning very the since vironment en natural the to on threats focused been has and 2011 around began issue The debate on this extraction. gas of shale public critical opinion is German

Fracking-Studien.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 Fracking-Studien.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Downloads/SGD-Stellungnahme- over, 2013, Han Fracking, Thema zum InfoDialogprozesses ExxonMobil des Risikostudie der und NRW Studie der UBA-Gutachtens, des Aussagen geowissenschaftlichen den zu Stellungnahme ing/Downloads/Hanover-Erklaerung-Finalfassung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 bgr.bund.de/DE/Gemeinsames/Nachrichten/Veranstaltungen/2013/GZH-Veranst/Frack http://www. 2013, June Fracking?, Umweltverträgliches Kongress zum Hanover-Erklärung 71 . In August 2013, three German research research German 2013, three August . In 72 . ------lowing legal acts: acts: legal lowing fol the The contains package commission. approved independent expert by an was wells the 2018 from after extraction gas CSU), shale aprovision enabling (CDU/ Democrats economic among Christian a motionlowing the faction from Fol purposes. research and for scientific drills test make to admissible only present. It is are waters where mineral areas in extraction gas shale may ban states federal prohibited Germany. be Furthermore, across will metres 3000 than layers from shallower Extraction areas. protected in and reservoirs ter potable wa contain which areas in extraction gas on shale law aban imposes The amoratorium to on equates extraction. its fact in extraction gas shale ing 2015 of 1April for proposal regulat package alegislative The governmental parliament. in work Bundestag, stalled on it the to has submitted was package Since the extraction. gas shale regulating package ed alegislation (CDU/CSU)Democrat (SPD) Democrat government present coalition Social and Christian June 2013 presented the 2015 in was April but that The in only it bill was extraction. gas for shale possible standards strictest for the adopting appealing 73 • • • imposed be could extraction gas on shale 50 years without adversely affecting ground waters. According to calculations calculations to waters. According ground adversely without affecting years 50 past over the out Germany in have carried operations been fracturing draulic over hy 300 that and countries other to compared exploration as gas for shale conditions strictest proposed the government has the that emphasise circles entirely. not had gas given up Representatives onof shale business Germany that fact the with satisfaction expressed economic organisations turn, es. In sourc investrenewableenergy in to on of efforts focusing instead general in sources energy new fossil for extracting opportunities onus onthe creating and of contamination water possibility the concerned both criticism Their environment. natural the engaged protecting in organisations governmental by non- criticised government was proposedThe package by the legislation

article113687849/Altmaier-plant-Fracking-Verbot.html article113687849/Altmaier-plant-Fracking-Verbot.html Welt Die 2013, 17 February Fracking-Verbot, plant Altmaier gas extraction. gas of shale impact environmental of assessment the introducing Regulation caverns; and mining to drill for by caused mining damages liability the extending act An ment law; environ natural the law water and of the regulations amending act An 73 , and the Bundesrat passed a resolution passed Bundesrat the , and , http://www.welt.de/print/wams/ ------45 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 46 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 is definitely smaller than that of raw biogas, which is combusted directly at directly that rawis of combusted biogas, which than smaller definitely is network, The gas production volume into the injected is of which biomethane, area. know-how and this in research biogas production and of both terms leader in European the is Germany power plants. gas and engines combustion for home fuel as furnaces, processes and industrial in used be can – gas it those natural of to become identical fiedproperties to its biomethane, gas could be extracted on a large scale in Germany. in scale on alarge extracted be could gas 76 75 74 maize predominantly is Germany, – in this purpose this for specially grown crops process of or energy decomposition waste of organic generated the Biogasis cycle. in coal the to combustion and biomass processing process of the in created dioxide is carbon no additional because climate on the impact aneutral has and arenewable fuel biogas is Furthermore, 60% 85%. to from poll, on the ranges, depending and widespread is biogas plants, including sources, for support renewable energy their extraction, gas oppose shale cally categori Germans public. While no major German opponents has among the ogy technol This imports. gas natural to alternative arealistic Biogas production is 3.1. 3. years ten next the in euros 2 billion sible worth investments lose pos will country the extraction, gas shale alaw regulating passes many Ger unless Producers, Gas and of Oil Association Industrial German the from enabling shale gas extraction gas shale enabling support produced also are gas and where oil regions German those resenting

G stehen-auf-dem-Spiel gas.de/Medien/Pressecenter/Presseinformationen/2015/2-Milliarden-Euro-in-10-Jahren- http://www.erdoel-erd 2015, 1October Spiel, dem auf stehen 10 Jahren in Euro 2 Milliarden Erdgasförderer: (WEG), Deutsche Producers Gas and of Oil Association Industrial German in-biogasanlagen.html in-biogasanlagen.html es), https://mediathek.fnr.de/massebezogener-substrateinsatz-nachwachsender-rohstoffe- e.V. Rohostoffe Resourc Renewable for (Agency Nachwachsende Fachagenutr Source: crops. of energy for 7% corn and for haylage 12% for 73%, accounts Maize waste. production tural agricul and industrial 2% from and waste municipal from 3% manure, 43% from crops, gy ener from originated plants biogas at German material) (primary of substrate 53% 2014, In dirk-ulrich-mende/komplettansicht dirk-ulrich-mende/komplettansicht 2015, http://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/2015-11/fracking-deutschland-erdoel- Zukunft), seine Deutschland verspielt Fracking (Ohne fracturing lic hydrau without future its lose will (SPD), Mende Germany Dirk-Ulrich ofThe mayor Celle,

as from renewableas sources energy Biogas and biomethane and Biogas 75 . Regardless of this, it seems unlikely that shale shale that unlikely it seems of this, . Regardless 76 . When puri biogas is 74 , 6 November November 6 , Zeit Die . Politicians rep ------32.6 TWh of electric energy, i.e. around 5.5% of total consumption. energy, 5.5% of i.e. total of around electric TWh 32.6 rawproducing generated biogas for Biogas plants 2014 in plants. power plants production by biogas electricity concerning plans the back scaled also has government the of biofuel impact cultivation, negativeand environmental costs Given high the network 2014. in gas to the introduced was of biomethane Chart 13. Chart adopted 2008. network in was tion into the introduc its and production of biomethane supporting A regulation purposes. production for biomethane transport supported Biofuels Act the and plants, and fromheat biogas the electricity production of financed Sources Energy on Renewable Act the regulations: legal with supported been production has omethane production to 10 billion m production 10 to billion omethane bi of goal increasing the from government withdrew the 2014, In optimistic. out overly be to development turned concerning sector of the forecasts Earlier Source: m production 6billion to omethane bi of goal increasing setthe strategy (IEKP) Programme Climate and Energy 2007, development Integrated ing In ambitious. the were very of biogas plants concern plans Initial biomethane. than cheaper mostcases in is gas natural price –imported gas the is technology of use this What impedeswidespread gas. around 1% Germany’snatural forof satisfied demand biomethane 9 TWh, output of annual an With 2014. network in operation were in gas into the ane biometh injecting or heat. 178 installations produce to biogas plants electricity 1000 200 400 600 800 0 Erneuerbare Energien und das EEG: Zahlen, Fakten, Grafiken (2015), BDEW, Berlin 2015, page 13 2015, (2015),BDEW, Berlin Grafiken Fakten, Zahlen, EEG: das und Energien Erneuerbare 2 2006 * preliminary data* preliminary [millions m number offacilities Biomethane production in Germany in 2006–2015 in Germany production in Biomethane production capacity annual production 8 5 2007 3 ] 11 13 2008 10 38 30 2009 93 158 3 44 by 2020 and to 10 billion m 10 to billion by 2020 and 2010 3 179 annually by 2030. Around 0.63m billion by 2030. Around annually 269 77 2011 275 449 108 2012 413 580 144 2013 520 665 3 by 2030. Biogas 179 2014 688 820 186 2015* 780 850 - - - - - 3

47 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 48 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 gas. In around 30 years, power-to-gas may be a means of managing electricity electricity of managing power-to-gas mayameans 30years, be around In gas. natural to properties (syngas), identical has methane which i.e. gas synthetic production of the enables methanisation, dioxide, so-called carbon tion with sector. intention its develop to this declares government still German the tempered, development the have sector of concerning been biomethane expectations 78 77 users road all to 17 available Germany, including in operate stations (at for engines for 29 present, example, hydrogen afuel, or as car filling dustry in chemical the in 5%),hydrogen is concentration limit araw material as used network (the gas admissible gen the to injected (H2). directly be Hydrogen can of water. electrolysis process generates This hydro generated is through RES from Gas sectors. transport and heating the in afuel as used be can or methane awayenergy. is of Stored storing into hydrogen hydrogenplants or methane power wind and solar from power surpluses power-to-gas. Transforming as Germany in known is technology This transformation. energy German of the element anecessary is RES from originating electricity production from Gas 3.2. 20.4%) 2014 gas in (natural consumption energy 3% of primary 9.7%) gas and (natural 5% Germany’selectricity of for around demand satisfied biogas total, In by gas. fuelled for 0.55 cars and of energy TWh energy thermal of TWh 14 produce to used around biogas was MW. 4750 and 2014, MW In 1899 respectively: 2014, of in photovoltaic power capacity plants in wind and crease in low, ratewe is if the compare of MW. 272 a capacity growth especially This with for forecast 2015 the 202 new is installations while 2014, in were built of MW 268 acapacity with Biogaspower plants years. subsequent lower the in significantly rate was 3637MW, to MW 390 from growth the increased plants of biogas power capacity (1562). installed 2004–2013 the period the in While (2360) Saxony Lower Bavaria and in number largest the Germany: in operate technology. power this 8928 biogas At present, plants for tariff purchase ergy en guaranteed government decided the cut to the 2014, Germany. In in market on the treatment given preferential are RES, other like Biogas power plants,

Prognose-2015_final.pdf edcom/webfvb.nsf/id/DE_Branchenzahlen/$file/15-11-19_Biogas%20Branchenzahlen-2014_ pressearchiv/weltweit-17-neue-wasserstoff-tankstellen-im-jahr-2014 http://www.tuev-sued.de/tuev-sued-konzern/presse/ Source: Asia. in 38 and America North in as a 63 whole, in Europe 82 Germany, in operated stations filling hydrogen 29 2014, In Data quoted from the Biogas Association ( Association Biogas the from quoted Data Power-to-gas or from gas renewable sources energy Fachverband Biogas e.V. Biogas Fachverband ), http://www.biogas.org/ 77 . Even though 78 ). Reac - - - - - ing demoing installations build and research on supporting government concentrating is the present, However, term. medium the in at system energy of azero-emission struction theEnergy,and con maypower-to-gasin bea decisivefactor nomic Affairs for Eco Ministry Federal the from to information storage According method. 199.2 GW,199.2 accounted for where RES 93.9 GW) was power plants of German capacity installed (for 2015, in the comparison, 50 and 90 GW by 2050, while the pessimistic ones range between 10 and 20 GW 10 ones and between range pessimistic GW bythe 2050, 90 while and 50 between reach will of power-to-gas capacity installations installed the that suggest scenarios opmentradically. ofThe power-to-gasoptimistic most differ 82 81 80 79 early 19 the since known been of has water Even electrolysis though construction. under more are six Germany, and in operate pilot installations –at fourteen present, phase development and research the not reached has The power-to-gas technology RES. from of combustion gas previously stored the through generate electricity possible be to it weather will windless during and of exposure lowriods sun pe the –in energy solar and on renewable wind based asystem production in developing hydrogen-powered cars. In 2015, six leading companies from the developing the from companies hydrogen-powered leading 2015, six In cars. idea of the supports industry German the that is fact noteworthy Another necessary. be storage will large-scale otherwise adjusted, be shortages can and output surpluses thus and traded be can electricity since unnecessary, be will scale storage alarge on such energy expanded, are networks transmission and developsmarket energy the European if made – assumptions in differences the be used to adjust to output used be fluctuations will storage facilities pumped-storage energy battery-based and power plants at 30%). production stood electricity this, Before in of RES share (in 2015, the 2040 i.e. 60%-80%, around output reaches electricity total in of RES share the production when electricity have applied be to managing in will technology newable Energies Agency ( Agency Energies newable

http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Konventionelle-Energietraeger/gas,did=540466.htmlEnergy, and Affairs for Economic Ministry Federal of the website the from Information Ibidem. bau-und-internationaler-stromaustausch-verringern-speicherbedarf - http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/netzaus source: 2015, January 16 Speicherbedarf, verringern Stromaustausch internationaler und Agency, Netzausbau Energies Renewable taeten/Kraftwerksliste/kraftwerksliste-node.html ktrizitaetundGas/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Versorgungssicherheit/Erzeugungskapazi Federal Network Agency, https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/cln_1411/DE/Sachgebiete/Ele 79 . According to research conducted by the German Re conducted German by the research to . According th century, it is still an excessively expensive energy excessively energy an expensive century, it still is Agentur für Erneuerbare Energien e.V. Energien Erneuerbare für Agentur 80 . Forecasts concerning the future devel future the concerning . Forecasts 82 . This discrepancy results from from results discrepancy . This ), power-to-gas 81 ------

49 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 50 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 move this to by 2019 thanks Germany in roads on be to the expected are cars electric 400,000 and 300,000 Between cars. of promotebuying to subsidies electric the to euros million 600 and stations, charging car building to allocated be to is euros of million The 300 sum cars. of electric sale the regards as tive industry automo the support to government agreed 2015, the MayApril 2015. In until up Germany in 100 hydrogen-powered were registered around only and cars cars electric impossible 24000 –only already is this goal, this achieve tion to inten their declared has cabinet subsequent each by 2020. Although Germany in would registered be cars electric one million that 2007 in back announced government competitive. from The far German are cars prices of whose electric the manufacturers, car sion of have lobbying might German aresult from been deci This development for technologies. the cell of hydrogen fuel gramme and pro research the to euros 161 million government allocated 2015, the –in ogy development and hydrogen of for technol the research funding increased has 84 83 euros million 400 around cost will stations a place for filling hydrogen-powered of 400 The vehicles. construction also is there orbut hybrid that cars, electric to not limited are vehicles tive fuel solutions for alterna future the that believe they project because gaged the in Mobility. Volkswagen H2 and with The co-operate have companies become en Austria’s OMV, BMW France’sLiquide. and Shell Air Dutch-British Total and Linde, and Germany’s are Daimler Germany.in shareholders Its stations filling hydrogen by 2023 400 anetwork of building around with tasked Deutschland Mobility H2 a company automotive named and established fuel industries

rzad-wprowadzi-dotacje-dla-samochodow-elektrycznych rzad-wprowadzi-dotacje-dla-samochodow-elektrycznych Analyses OSW elektrycznych, samochodów dla dotacje wprowadzi rząd Niemcy: Popławski, Konrad m%C3%B6glich_13.10.2015.pdf 2015/10/Wasserstoff-tanken-in-Deutschland-zuk%C3%BCnftig-fl%C3%A4chendeckend- http://h2-mobility.de/wp-content/uploads Deutschland, Mobility of H2 website Official 84 . , 11 May 2016, http://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2016-05-11/niemcy- 2016, May 11 , 83 . At the same time, the federal government federal the time, same . At the rafał B rafał ajczuk ------­/

Source: 1. Map APPEND NORPIPE Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, BMWi Energy, and Affairs Economic for Ministry Federal The German natural gas transmission system transmission gas natural The German planned gaspipelines main gaspipelines

TENP

EUROPIPE 1 EUROPIPE

16 IX:

15,5

18 EUROPIPE 2 EUROPIPE

TENP 24 MEGAL WEDAL 10 MIDAL 22 RHG 12,8 DEUDAN natural gasstorage capacity (bcm/year) 3 NETRA 21,4 STEGAL 22 NEL MEGAL JAGAL 20 OPAL 24 OPAL 55 EUGAL

35 NORD STREAM 2 51 NORD STREAM 35 55 51 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 52 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 Table 1. Table 1986 1985 1989 1988 1987 1984 1983 1980 1982 1981 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 16 670 16 18 229 18 18 146 18 15 730 15 Natural gas imports to Germany in 1960–2014 in TJ TJ in 1960–2014 in Germany to imports gas Natural 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Denmark 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 France 1 014 244 1 014 224 940 224 779 666 779 649 364 884 053 884 680 275 816 802 627 492 627 584 544 584 630 253 630 326 627 562 530 562 945 945 945 354 362 354 793 453 793 546 913 546 614 183 614 714 314 135 472 135 551 522 551 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Holland 304 590 304 248 294 248 252 908 252 258 920 258 280 825 322 488 369 075 369 298 975 298 346 168 346 277 744 277 303 731 303 358 855 358 29 438 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Norway 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom 699 404 606 283 606 907 229 907 898 025 898 390 297 390 969 641 969 823 496 823 583 688 583 128 202 128 699 193 699 465 741 465 126 554 126 510 855 510 110 258 110 531 677 531 29 860 29 135 113 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 USSR / Russia 200 349 102 870 102 54 095 54 93 744 93 12 010 12 69 191 69 14 211 14 11 175 11 1 642 1 863 1 256 109 373 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other countries 1 693 865 1 693 1 140 798 1 140 1 544 622 1 544 1 962 732 1 962 1 624 722 1 624 1 248 953 1 248 1 735 996 1 735 1 799 385 1 799 1 514 026 1 514 1 641 973 1 641 1 074 147 1 074 1 518 961 1 518 1 847 311 1 847 1 587 133 1 587 1 357 519 1 357 889 924 224 940 224 576 773 576 354 362 354 135 472 135 54 095 54 93 744 93 12 010 12 1 642 1 256 109 373 0 0 0 Total ausgewaehlte_statistiken/egashist.pdf Grafik 1998–2014 Bilanzen Deutschland Bundesrepublik die Source: * 2014* 2013* 2012* 2011* 2010* 2009* 2008* 2007* 2006* 2003* 2001* 1999* 2000* 2005* 2004* 2002* 1995 1998 1996 1994 1997 1992 1993 1991 1990 Imports from Denmark and the United Kingdom are specified in the table as “other countries” countries” as “other table the in specified are Kingdom United the and Denmark from Imports Entwicklung der Erdgaseinfuhr in in Erdgaseinfuhr der (BAFA), Entwicklung Control Export and Affairs Economic for Office Federal 80 603 80 29 486 29 44 577 44 95 421 95 31 282 31 34 314 34 16 245 16 31 318 800 34 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Denmark 6 048 4 032 2 634 999 516 23 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 France 996 760 996 803 226 803 793 608 793 644 370 644 826 450 826 726 248 726 683 059 683 883 342 883 978 637 978 748 779 748 867 522 867 652 396 652 840 951 840 703 016 703 733 704 802 514 802 665 071 665 789 635 789 834 641 834 737 589 737 824 753 824 628 513 628 735 193 735 831 931 749 117 749

Holland 1 069 246 1 069 1 299 062 1 299 1 099 523 1 099 1 038 277 1 038 1 246 754 1 246 1 287 263 1 287 1 040 911 1 040 1 097 831 1 097 1 137 048 1 194 227 1 194 1 307 119 1 307 987 800 987 964 662 964 424 842 469 546 387 390 387 632 264 632 757 969 720 273 720 754 943 831 264 831 393 148 393 340 911 340 336 170 336 712 951 712

Norway 22 875 22 13 261 13 , http://www.bafa.de/bafa/de/energie/erdgas/ 5 163 660 646 842 18 18 12 12 21 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom 1 299 906 1 299 1 436 060 1 436 1 448 087 1 448 1 190 980 1 190 1 466 679 1 466 1 290 507 1 290 1 463 304 1 463 1 249 659 1 249 1 095 350 1 095 1 425 938 1 425 1 422 373 1 422 1 527 566 1 527 1 218 947 1 218 1 413 482 1 413 1 205 187 1 205 1 475 505 1 475 1 398 271 1 398 1 343 539 1 343 1 391 163 1 391 1 235 431 1 235 1 151 339 1 151 981 006 981 899 264 899 838 330 838 945 645 945 USSR / Russia 182 429 182 150 786 150 166 329 166 218 503 218 149 637 149 156 887 156 157 499 157 117 602 117 109 134 109 155 309 155 149 721 149 165 861 165 136 122 136 161 701 161 181 712 181 151 655 151 8 955 1 494 4 361 4 1 197 1 1 557 940 615 121 0 Other countries 3 063 709 3 063 2 848 389 2 848 2 748 050 2 748 3 420 663 3 420 3 604 567 3 604 3 644 797 3 644 2 063 657 2 063 2 922 797 2 922 2 841 697 2 841 3 480 471 3 480 2 865 234 2 865 3 744 750 3 744 3 323 694 3 323 3 637 502 3 637 3 389 857 3 389 2 265 243 2 265 2 573 843 2 573 3 187 328 3 187 2 951 423 2 951 2 375 961 2 375 3 731 148 3 731 1 985 817 1 985 3 551 278 3 551 2 115 799 2 115 3 519 141 3 519

Total 53 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 54 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016 ,did=476134.html ,did=476134.html 2015, http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiedaten-und analysen/Energiedaten/gesamtausgabe Source: PJ)in consumption energy (final 2. Table construction Vehicle construction Machinery metals Non-ferrous industry Metallurgical Glass and ceramics G in consumption T industry Rubber and plastics Chemical industry T H T Paper industry Paper production tobacco and Food Aggregate mining Aggregate including: Industry otal final ransport &services rade ermany ouseholds Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, ZahlenEnergy, Und and Fakten Energiedaten , 1October Affairs Economic for Ministry Federal Gas consumption by domestic recipients in 2004–2014 in Germany Germany in by 2004–2014 consumption domesticrecipients in Gas 1 017.5 1 2 216.7 2 207.6 821.4 2004 377.8 64.0 20.8 92.8 99.2 65.0 29.2 54.8 43.7 39.5 0.0 2 098.6 985.0 368.6 169.4 741.9 2005 68.8 29.2 83.6 36.2 42.7 98.3 20.1 59.7 31.8 3.1 2 189.1 959.6 763.9 166.4 2006 461.2 40.4 29.8 84.7 56.2 94.5 75.9 38.5 21.5 51.3 4.4 2 103.7 2 393.2 893.5 2007 187.8 90.0 811.1 20.0 98.9 29.4 56.0 38.6 94.1 39.1 55.5 5.8 2 176.9 2 940.5 202.1 2008 416.7 812.5 26.8 38.4 96.7 20.5 86.5 52.2 92.5 37.8 61.2 7.1 2 034.0 2 704.4 392.8 928.3 2009 182.3 44.0 96.0 22.6 56.6 32.9 78.5 56.5 31.6 17.8 8.4 1 016.6 1 2 247.3 2 203.6 796.6 425.4 105.4 2010 20.6 60.5 86.7 25.4 77.8 47.6 37.8 38.7 8.8 2 038.2 208.9 390.4 107.8 845.3 793.7 2011 78.2 80.1 20.1 22.7 47.7 37.5 61.1 37.1 8.8 2 122.7 2 792.4 109.6 363.7 916.5 216.7 2012 20.0 70.9 78.2 47.0 60.1 37.0 24.5 36.1 8.9 2 184.3 2 966.0 799.8 216.8 64.0 411.1 112.1 2013 39.8 25.0 36.6 61.6 79.5 21.2 47.5 7.4 1 926.5 1 200.5 786.2 104.9 372.6 760.3 2014 36.0 74.4 60.1 23.9 20.1 46.5 61.6 38.7 7.5 - ,did=476134.html ,did=476134.html 2015, http://bmwi.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Energiedaten-und analysen/Energiedaten/gesamtausgabe Source: 2014 in Germany in consumption energy Final 2. Chart 2014 in Germany in consumption energy Primary 1. Chart Natural gasandLPG–20.2% Hydro andwindpower –3.0% Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, ZahlenEnergy, Und and Fakten Energiedaten, 1October Affairs Economic for Ministry Federal Nuclear energy–8.0% Electricity –21.2% District heating –4.5% Other RES–8.2% Lignite –11.9% Gas –24,3% Other –7.3% Other –1.7% Hard coal–4.0% Brown coal–1.0% Hard coal–13.0% Light heating oil–8.0% Heavy heating oil–0.1% Crude oil–34.1% Fuels –29.6% - 55 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 08/2016