All of the Parts of Speech You Will Need to Know to EXCEED STANDARDS on the CRCT Nouns: Beyond the Basics

Appositive Abstract Plural

Predicate Collective Possessive Noun

Common Noun NOUNS: COMMON & PROPER

•Names one person, place, thing or idea SINGULAR • i.e. shoe, fish, bubble, head, girl, trash. • I threw my shoe in the trash.

Common •A general name for a person, place, thing, or idea Nouns • girl, hand, face, school, car, hospital

• Names a specific person, place, thing or idea Proper •i.e. Michael Jackson was a fabulous dancer. •Campbell Middle School is where I go to Nouns school. NOUNS : ABSTRACT & CONCRETE

Abstract Nouns are “ideas” such as freedom, peace, devastation or unity. They are also “emotions” such as pain, pleasure, joy, happiness, or anger.

Concrete Nouns person, place or things such as desk, shoe, aunt, school, ball, kids, or basketball practice NOUNS: PLURAL & COLLECTIVE

Collective Nouns Plural Nouns Refers to a group of Names more than one collection of things but is person, place, thing or idea. singular Often formed by adding an –s or –es. •class •Boys •team •churches •group •children •collection •women •men NOUNS: POSSESSIVE •Shows ownership or relationship. •Use an apostrophe to show possession. •Example: The man’s car broke down.

•Add an apostrophe and -s SINGULAR •Example: I ate the dog’s bone.

• Add an apostrophe. Example. The dogs’ race PLURAL was long. ENDING IN -S • EXCEPTION – Proper Names. Ex. Mrs. Jenkins’s desk.

PLURAL NOT •Add an apostrophe and –s ENDING IN -S •Example: The children’s book was good. APPOSITIVE a special kind of noun •is a noun that identifies or explains the noun or pronoun it follows. May use commas to set off an appositive or appositive phrase

•Examples •My brother Kevin arrived late. •My dog, Fido, won a medal. KINDS OF ADJECTIVES Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun

Proper Adjective

Common (descriptive) Adjective

Article

Demonstrative Adjectives  A descriptive adjective…

 describes (modifies)a noun or pronoun

 will usually proceed the noun that it is describing

EXAMPLE: The big black cat with the white mustache farted on my dumb little brother. Articles are Adjectives

A

An

The Proper Adjective An adjective formed from a Proper Noun. Proper Adjectives are always capitalized.

Chinese China food

Mexican Mexico flag Pronouns

Demonstrative Interrogative Indefinite Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns

Personal Possessive Reflexive Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns ANTECEDENT OF A PRONOUN

An antecedent is the name of the noun that the pronoun replaces

 My father opened his mail first. He couldn't wait any longer.

 My mother bought her shoes at the shopping mall. SINGULAR PLURAL This These That Those

•Points out a person, place, thing or idea. •The Demonstrative Pronouns are used alone in the sentence. •Never use he4r or there with a Demonstrative Pronoun •Used to introduce a question in an interrogative3 sentence •Who is always used as a subject or predicate pronoun. •Whom is always a direct object, indirect object or object of preposition • **Don’t confuse who’s with whose.

OBJECT SUBJECT OR PREDICATE PRONOUN Whom Who What, which, whose RELFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Myself Yourself herself, himself, itself

Ourselves Yourselves themselves •An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a specific person, place or thing, or idea. Indefinite Pronouns often do not have antecedents.

•Indefinite pronouns can be singular, plural and singular or plural •Use a singular pronoun to refer to a singular indefinite pronoun

•Use plural personal pronouns to refer to a plural personal pronoun

•Use his or her when the antecedent could be either masculine or feminine •Often the phrase following the indefinite pronoun tells whether the indefinite pronoun is singular or plural. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL My, mine Our, ours Your, yours Your, yours her, hers, his, its Their, theirs

•The possessive pronouns: my, you, her, hi, our and their come before nouns.

•The possessive pronouns mine, ours, yours, his, hers and theirs can stand alone in a sentence.

•Some possessive pronouns can sound like contractions. (Your/You’re, they’re/their, its/it’s)Don’t them confused. Possessive Pronouns never have an apostrophe. Transitive & Intransitive Action Linking Verbs

State-of- Verb Types Verb Forms Being

Helping Verb Phrases Main Verb Verbs ACTION VERBS

 A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition or state of being. The two main kinds of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs. Both kids can be accompanied by helping verbs.

 Action Verbs….tells what the subject does, even when the action cannot be seen. The action may be physical or mental.

 The cook picked up the fish.

 I believe the fish spit at me. Linking Verbs A linking verb links the subject of a sentence to a word in the predicate. The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb “be”

Forms of Be Express a Condition • be •appear • is •become • am •feel •grow • are •look • was •seem • were •smell • been •sound • being •remain •taste STATE-OF-BEING VERBS

State-of-being State of being verbs verbs are a kind of linking •has verb that •was expresses a •is state of being •have •were HELPING VERB

 Helping verbs help the main verb express action or show time.

Forms of Forms of Forms of Others be do have • may • is •do •has • might • am •does •have • can • was •did •had • should • are • could • were • would • be • shall • been • will VERB PHRASE & MAIN VERB

 A main verb can stand by itself as the simple predicate of a sentence.

 The verb phrase is made up the main verb and any helping verbs. Together, these words are called the verb phrase. Transitive & Intransitive Verbs Transitive Verb is an action verb that has a direct object

 Good drivers avoid accidents.

Intransitive Verb is an action verb that does not have a direct object.



 They stay alert. PRINCIPAL PARTS of a VERB

 4 Principal Parts - present, present participle, past, past participle

 The principal parts are used to make all tenses and forms

 Used to indicate time of action Present Present Past Past Participle Participle

May add a Helping verb Add -ed or Helping verb + "S" + "ing" to the -d to the past part present part present part PRINCIPAL PART OF IRREGULAR VERBS Present Past Past Participle GROUP 1 hit hit (have) hit hurt hurt (have) hurt Forms of the present, let Let (have) let past, and past participle Put Put (have) put are all same Set Set (have) set split split (have) split

GROUP 2 Bring Brought (have) Catch Caught brought The forms of past and Lead Let (have) past participle are the sit sat caught same (have) led (have) sate PRINCIPAL PART OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Present Past Past Participle GROUP3 Break Broke (have) broken Lie Lay (have) lain The past participle is formed Speak Spoke (have) spoken by adding –n or –en to the Steal Stole (have) stolen past. wear wore (have) split

Do Did (have) done GROUP 4 Drive Drove (have) driven Eat Ate (have) eaten The past participle is formed Fall Fell (have) fallen from the present, often by Go Went (have) gone adding –n, -ne, or -en Know Knew (have) known See Saw (have) seen take took (have) taken PRINCIPAL PART OF IRREGULAR VERBS Present Past Past Participle

GROUP 5 Begin Began (have) begun The last vowel changes Drink Drank (have) drunk (have) rung from “i” in the present to Ring Rang (have) swum “a” in the past and to “u” swim swam in the past participle

GROUP 6 Am, is, are Was, (have) been The different forms of the were verb “be” do not follow any pattern. SIMPLE VERB TENSES A tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition. Verbs have 3 simple tenses.

TENSE Singular or plural Present principal part of the verb Past Past principal participle Future “Will” + the present principal part THE PERFECT TENSES Present perfect tense shows an action or condition that began in the past and continues into the present. Past perfect tense shows an action or condition in the past that came before another action. Future perfect tense shows an action or condition in the future that will occur before another action.

Present Perfect (Have/has + past participle Tense

Past Perfect (Had) + past participle Tense Future Perfect (Will have) + past participle Tense THE SIX VERB TENSES

Present Present Past Past Participle Part Participle Part Part Helping verb + ing -ed or -d Helping verb + past form Present add -s to the present part Past past participle Future (Will) + present part CONJUNCTIONS

 A word used to join words or groups of words.

Coordinating

Subordinating

Correlative Coordinating Conjunctions

F A N B O Y S for and nor but or yet so Subordinating Conjunction

 A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause to a main clause.

 An adverb clause is always introduced by a subordinating conjunction. A noun clause and adjective clause sometimes are.

 A subordinating conjunction is always followed by a clause. Many subordinating conjunctions can be other parts of speech. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS TIME CAUSE & OPPOSITION CONDITION EFFECT after because although if before since though unless When, now that even though only if whenever while as whereas whether or not since in order that while even if

until so than in case (that) As soon as which CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION..

…is a paired conjunction both . . . and that links either . . . or balanced words, just as . . . so phrases, and neither . . . nor clauses. not only . . . but also

whether . . . or ADVERBS • An adverb describes a verb, adjective or another adverb

• It answers the questions: how, when, where or to what extent.

• The most commonly used adverbs: Very, really

• Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix –ly to adjectives. i.e. bright – brightly cozy – cozily Some Adverbs that are confused with adjectives. Here are the troublesome adverbs/adjectives

 Good/well real/really bad/badly One Word Two Word Prepositions Prepositions

Three Word Object of Prepositions Preposition

Prepositional Phrase Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase is a group of words that starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun called the Object of the Preposition. It may also include the adjectives that describe the noun.

The bee flew (into the hot bee hive). Object of Preposition The noun or pronoun that ends the prepositional phrase is the Object of the Preposition. OP The bee flew (into the hive). OP I gave the box (to her.)

***Knowing the OP will help you avoid many easy mistakes. This is important because if a word is an OP, then it can’t be a subject, predicate, DO, IO, PN, PA and others. The OP is Queen Bee! Common One Word Prepositions About Behind For On Through Above Below From Onto Following After Beside Given Out Regarding Across Between In Over Outside As Beyond Inside Past Including Around But Into Per Towards Aside By Like Plus Unlike At Despite Near since Until Atop Down Next Than Via Against During Of Up Within Along Except off With without Before Excluding to upon Two-Word Prepositions

• According to • Instead of • Ahead of • Near to • As of • Next to • In regards • Out from • Aside from • Out of • Because of • Outside of • Close to • Prior to • Due to • Regardless of • Except for • Thanks to • Far from • That of Three Word Prepositions

•As far as •In front of •As well as •In place of •By means of •In spite of •In accordance with •On account of •In addition with •On behalf •In addition to •On top of •In case of •With regard to Interjections A word or short phrase used to express emotions

“wow”

“OMG”