As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park and recreational resources.

Indian and territorial affairs are other major concerns of America's. "Department of Natural Resources."

The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better now and in the future.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary Bureau of Outdoor Recreation G. Dauila Hofe, Jr., Director lTnited States Department of the Interior

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240

In Reply Refer To: D4219-

Dear Mr. President:

The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (82 Stat. 906) required that the 90-mile segment of the Clarion River from the Borough of Ridgway, , to its confluence with the be studied for potential addition to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.

The study was conducted by ~ field task force composed of representatives of the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (Chairman), National Park Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and ~ildlife and Bureau of Mines in the Department of the Interior; Forest Service, Department of Agriculture; Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army; Environmental Protection Agency; and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

The task force has found that this segment of the Clarion River and its immediate environment do not meet the criteria for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The task force's findings can be summarized as follows:

The 90-mile reach of the Clarion River examined is essentially free-flowing. The upper 53 miles of the study segment are completely free of impoundments and the waters flow smoothly with occasional gentle riffles. The next 12 miles are impounded in a narrow reservoir formed by Piney Dam near Clarion, Pennsylvania. The remaining 25 miles of the river are influenced by the production of hydroelectric power at this dam.

During most years the vc1lume of water during the spring and early summer in the Clarion River permits enjoyment of water-related outdoor recreation activities generally associated with comparable rivers. However, during dry years, low flows become a major problem during the late surr.mer and early autumn recreation season. East Branch Dam, the only impoundment upstream from the study segment, is of insufficient influence to remedy low flow conditions. The 25 wiles downstream from Piney Dam have limited recreation value due to fluctuations in water volume caused by power releases.

From the surface of the river, a portion of the study area shows little evidence of man's intrusion. The river and its immediate environment have a natural appearance and are generally pleasing to the eye. It flows through a narrow valley bordered by steep slopes covered with a mixture of softwood and hardwood trees. The river adjoins or passes through Cook 'forest State Park, and Allegheny National Forest, which are areas possessing considerable natural beauty and becoming increasingly popular as scenic and recreational attractions.

In other reaches, evidence of past timber exploitation and strip mining detracts from the scene. The riverbed is crossed at frequent intervals by oil and gaslines and occasional small highway bridges. Road and railroad embankments are visible at points along the upper two-thirds of the river and occasional settlements and industrial plants detract from the natural scene.

The variety and extent of pollution in the Clarion, particularly acid mine drainage, severely Jimits recreation values. The Clarion does not meet the "Aesthetics - General Criteria" defined by the National Technical Advisory Committee on lfater Quality in the Federal Water Quality Administration's Water Quality Criteria, April 1, 1968, and its water quality does not meet the criteria for fish, other aquatic life and wildlife contained therein. In 1968, prior to enactment of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, preliminary studies to determine the natural resource values of the Clarion River Basin led to the conclusion that the values of the Clarion River and its immediate environment were sufficient to merit detailed study and possible protection when an acid mine drainage pollution abatement program is implemented. Pennsylvania has adopted more stringent water quality standards for the Clarion. When these standards are met, including a significant reduction in acid mine drainage, the Clarion would probably support propagation of those forms of life norrr.alJ.y adapted to the river.

Flow conditions, offensive sights and smells, poor fishing and waters unsafe for water contact recreation, all combine to reduce the value cf the available recreation experience.on the Clarton Rjver.

When viewed in its entirety, and in consideratjon of the overall poor water quality, it is our conclusion that the Clarion River and its immediate environment do not po$sess the outstandingly remarkable values required for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System at this tirrie. A notice to this effect will be published in the Federal Register in 8ccordance with section 7(b)(i) of the Act.

Respectfully,

The President The White House Washington, D.C. 20500

2 CLARION RIVER STUDY THE NATIONAL WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS ACT

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION

MAY 1971

THIS STUDY REPORT INVOLVES MATTERS OF POLICY DETERMINATION YET TO BE MADE. IT SEEKS TO PRESENT CLEARLY THE RELEVANT FACTS AND OPTIONS AS AN AID TO THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN DEVELOPING A FINAL POLICY POSITION. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

I. Introduction. . • . . . 5 II. Summary and Conclusion •• . . . . 6 Free-flowing Condition. . • • • • • • 6 Volume of Water. . . . • • • • • 6 Aesthetic Character •••••••••.•••• 6 Water Quality •••••..•••.....•• 7 Recreation. . • • • • • • • • • 7 Conclusion. • . • • . . . . 8 III. Influence of Man...... • 10 IV. The Area Today •...... • 11 Topography. . • • . • . . . . • • . • . 11 Climate...... 11 Forest Cover. • • • • • . . . . • • • 11 Transportation •••••.•..•••..•. 11 Population...... 12 Economy· · ...... 12 Public Lands. • . . . • • • . . . . . • • • . 12

V. The River Today· • • • . . . ..14

Characteristics· ..•• ...... 14 Water Resource Projects ...... 14 Water Quality. • • • ...... 14 Scenic Values ••...... 23 Recreation Values. · ...... 29

Maps & Tables

Study Area ...... 4 Public Outdoor Recreation Areas ...... • 13 Acid Mine Drainage...... • .16 Water Quality Data •••...... •17 Photo Credits •..••••••••....• 32

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I. INTROWCTION

This report was prepared under authority contained in Public Law 90-542, the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, which requires study of the Clarion River from Ridgway, Pennsylvania, to its confluence with the Allegheny River near Foxburg, Pennsylvania, to determine its suitability for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic River System.

This 90-mile segment of the Clarion River Valley is within or bounded by Elk, Jefferson, Forest and Clarion Counties, which comprise the Study Area. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation has led this study on behalf of the Department of the Interior. This report was prepared through the combined efforts of a field task force made up of the following representation: U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service

U. S. Department of the Army U.S. Corps of Engineers U. S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Outdoor Recreation National Park Service Bureau of S::port Fisheries and Wildlife Bureau of Mines u. S. Environmental Protection Agency Water Quality Office*

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Governor's Designee

The assistance of other agencies and individuals who contributed to this study is gratefully acknowledged.

*Formerly Federal Water Quality Administration

5

II. SUMMARY AND CONCllJSION

The 90 miles of the Clarion River from the Borough of Ridgway to its confluence with the Allegheny River has been evaluated in accordance with the requirements of the Wild end Scenic Rivers Act, Public Lew 90-542 and the general criteria contained in the "Guidelines for Evaluating Wild, Scenic and Recreational River Areas Proposed for Inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System .•• " published jointly by U. S. Department of the Interior end U.S. Department of Agriculture in February 1970.

Free-flowing Condition

The 90-mile reach of the Clarion River examined in this report is essentially free-flowing. The upper 53 miles of the. study segment are completely free of impoundments and the waters flow smoothly with occasional gentle riffles. The next 12 miles are impounded in a narrow reservoir formed by Piney Dem near Clarion, Pennsylvania. The remaining 25 miles of the river are influenced by the production of hydroelectric power at this dam.

Volume of Water

During most years the volume of water during the spring and early summer in the Clarion River permits enjoyment of water-related outdoor recreation activities generally associated with comparable rivers. However, during dry years, low flows become a major problem during the late summer and early autumn recreation season. East Branch Dem, the only impoundment upstream from the study segment, is of insufficient influence to remedy low flow conditions. The 25 miles downstream from Piney Dem have limited recreation value due to fluctuations in water volume caused by power releases.

Aesthetic Character From the surface of the Clarion River, much of the study area shows little evidence of man's intrusion. The River and its immediate environment have a natural appearance and are generally pleasing to the eye. It flows through a narrow valley bordered by steep slopes covered with a mixture of softwood and hardwood trees. The river adjoins or passes through , Clear Creek State Park and Allegheny National Forest, which are areas possessing considerable natural beauty and are becoming increasingly popular as scenic and recreational attractions. There is an abundance of deer in the area.

6 However, in other reaches of the study area, there is evidence of past timber exploitation and strip mining detracts in parts of the surrounding countryside. The river bed is crossed at frequent intervals by oil and gas lines and occasional small highway bridges. ! Road and railroad embankments are visible at points along the upper two-thirds of the river and occasional settlements and industrial plants detract from the natural scene. Water Quality The variety and extent of pollution in the Clarion, particularly acid mine drainage, severely limits recreation values. The Clarion does not meet the "aesthetics - General Criteria" defined by the National Technical Advisory Committee on Water Quality in the Federal Water Quality Administration's Water Quality Criteria, April 1, 1968, and its water quality does not meet the criteria for fish, other aquatic life and wildlife contained therein. In 1968, prior to enact­ ment of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, preliminary studies to deter­ mine the natural resource values of the Clarion River Basin led to the conclusion that the values of the Clarion River and its immediate environment were sufficient to merit detailed study and possible pro­ tection when an acid mine drainage pollution abatement program is implemented. Pennsylvania has adopted more stringent water quality standards for the Clarion. When these standards are met, including a significant reduction in acid mine drainage, the Clarion would probably support propagation of those forms of life normally adapted to the river.

Recreation

Flow conditions, offensive sights and smells, poor fishing and waters unsafe for water contact recreation, all combine to reduce the value of the available recreation experience on the Clarion River. Were it not for these conditions, the river would be an ideal training and touring course for the canoeist. Game is abundant in the area and expansion of hunting opportunities should be considered. Present programs which could improve the environment in the area 1 should be continued, so that recreation along the river corridor may be enhanced. Future consideration should be given to expanding recreational use of the river when pollution abatement programs show positive signs of success.

7 Conclusion

When viewed in its entirety, and in consideration of the overall poor water quality, the Clarion River and its immediat~ environment does not possess the outstandingly remarkable values required for inclusion in the National Rivers System. At such time as the water quality is improved to permit suitable outdoor recreation experiences which are now precluded, the Clarion should be recon­ sidered for possible addition to the National System.

8 COAL MINES

9

III. INFLUENCE OF MAN

The rims bf the major river valleys in western Pennsylvania were important arteries of prehistoric transportation, along which campsites, hunting stations, rock engravings and other evidence of early man are found. According to preliminary studies in the Clarion River Valley by Dr. G. A. Konitzky of Clarion State College, there is evidence of prehistoric occupation, including sites with accumulated deposits up to two-three feet deep dating back several thousand years. It is believed that nearly every piece of level ground along the banks of the Clarion River has been occupied at one time or another by prehistoric Indians.

Clearly visible traces of more recent Indian life are almost totally lacking. However, there is some evidence of Venango Trail and Pidgeon Path which crossed the Clarion near Cooksburg.

The timber harvesting era in western Pennsylvania peaked between 1830 and 1840. Unattractive to agriculture, the denuded hills were ravaged by fire and erosion. However, the timber is coming back, spurred by better management practices and establishment of Allegheny National Forest in 1923.

The oil rush of the 1870's was productive for several years and then declined until the advent of secondary recovery methods in 1925. Production peaked in 1937 and has been declining since then. Oil is expected to be substantially depleted by the late 1970's.

Natural gas has also been depleted, but the old fields are used today to store gas piped from Texas. A few oil and gas wells are found, notably in Clarion County.

Miners followed the oil boom and in the 19th Century, pig iron destined for the foundaries of was transported down the Clarion. Only two furnaces, Buchanan and Eagle remain today as reminders of man's activities associated with the iron era in the valley.

Coal mining, which began over a century ago, is still in progress. Clarion and Jefferson Counties which lie in the study area, plus adjacent Clearfield ·county to the southeast, account for almost half of the state production by the open pit method. Clearfield County leads in the state and Clarion County ranks second. Several billion tons of coal, much of it recoverable by strip mining, is still available for removal.

10

IV. THE ARF.A TODAY

Topography

The Clarion Valley is within the dissected , bordered by wooded, broad topped hills from 400 to 700 feet high. Valleys are narrow and steep-sided. Elevations in the area range from 800 to 2,300 feet above mean sea level, but are mostly between 1,000 and 1,700 feet.

Climate

The climate is invigorating with its variations in temperature and occasional storms. Winters are cold and snow cover persists through most of the season. Summer days are warm to hot, but nights are generally cool. Winds are westerly and usually moderate. Over the year, 50% of the days are cloudy, 30i are partly cloudy and the remaining 20% are clear. Precipitation totals 40 to 45 inches fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.

Forest Cover

Forests which cover about 80% of the four-county region are primarily secondary and tertiary growth hardwoods consisting of oak-hickory and beech-birch-maple forests. Softwoods include white pine, pitch pine and hemlock. Laurel is common, particularly along the water's edge. Today, clearings are primarily for farms, mines, settlements, summer homes and transportation facilities.

Transports tion

Interstate 80, the Keystone Shortway, crosses the river near Clarion Borough and provides excellent long distance access to the area. More than one-half of the river segment is visible from other roads such as Pennsylvania Route 949 which parallels much of the upper stretch. Most local roads are lightly used and fairly well-screened by underbrush.

Railroads follow the river in several places, but there is no passenger service. Three bus lines serve the area. There are no commercial airports in the four-county study region.

ll Population

There are 25 settlements within one mile of the river segment, 19 of which have less than 250 persons each. The four-county study area population is slightly more than 122,000 according to preliminary 1970 census counts. The study area has had outward migration in recent years. However, forty million people live within 250 miles of the Clarion.

Economy

The economy is based on manufacturing. In the upper basin, economic activity is concentrated in Ridgway, Saint Marys and Johnsonburg where the chief employers are manufacturers of carbon, primary metal products and paper. These three communities contain more than half of the industrial enterprises in the entire Clarion I! River Basin. In the lower basin, the largest industry is a glass manufacturer located at Clarion.

Employment in mining and agriculture have been declining and the proportion of white collar workers in relation to blue collar workers has increased in recent years. The Pennsylvania State Planning Board anticipates these trends will continue through 1975.

Public Lands

Public lands make up 24% of the four-county area. The 90-mile river segment is bounded for 18 miles by Allegheny National Forest and for 32 miles by State Parks, Forests and Game Lands. Twenty-six percent of the north bank and 18 percent of the south bank are in public ownership. Management programs of agencies administering these lands are largely responsible for the public recreation opportunities available today. PUBLIC OUTDOOR RECREATION AREAS WITHIN THE FOUR-COUNTY STUDY AREA

Land Water TorAL Countr Recreation Land _iAcresJ JAcresJ _{Acres)

Elk Allegheny National Forest 113,404 353 113,757 East Branch, Clarion R. Res. 1,050 1,050 2,100 124 124 Elk State Park 10 2 12 35,283* 35,283* 38,000* 38,000* State Game Lands No.25 23,136 23,136 State Game Lands No.28 9,111 32 9,143 State Game Lands No.34 8,416 29 8,445 State Game Lands No.44 2J1281 14 2Ja22:2 TorAL: 252,515 1,480 253,995

Jefferson Clear Creek State Park 1,122 1 1,123 Kittanning State Forest 9,271 9,271 State Game Lands No.31 4,119 4,119 State Game Lands No.54 21,821 21,821 State Game Lands No.195 1,031 1,031 State Game Lands No.244 78J TorAL: 38,i47 - 1 d Forest Allegheny National Forest 111,116 357 111,473 Tionesta Reservoir 2,550 500 3,050 Tionesta Fish Culture Sta. 385 4 389 Corn Planter State Forest 1,239 1,239 • State Game Lands No.24 8 1 JOO TorAL: 123,590 861 12Wi , 3 Clarion Cook Forest State Park 7,821 1 7,822 State Game Lands No.63 2,770 2,710 State Game Lands No.72 2,019 2,019 State Game Lands No.74 TorAL: 1~ , 53 - l l~ , 5 GRAND TorALS: 432,905 2,343 435,248 *Estimate

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Nationwide Inventory ~ Pennsylvania, 1965.

13

V. THE RIVER TODAY

Characteristics

The Clarion River ranging about 50 to 200 feet in width, is typically slow moving with a few gentle riffles. The average gradient is 5.7 feet per mile and the river bed is relatively free of large boulders. There are a number of long bends where the river doubles back on its course. The flood plain is either narrow or non-existent and there are no notable islands.

Water Resource Projects

Piney Dam, a 100-foot high hydroelectric dam built by the Pennsyl- vania Electric Company in 1922,creates the only impoundment in the study segment. It is located about 25 miles upstream from the river mouth and impounds about 12 miles of slack water with a surface of 690 acres.

The Corps of Engineers has proposed a 288-foot high dam on the Clarion about 5 miles above the mouth near St. Petersburg. If constructed, this dam would create a 30 mile long impoundment with a surface area of 13,600 acres and would inundate Piney Dam. Purposes of the pro­ ject include flood control, hydroelectric power, and recreation.

Another project proposed by the Corps of Engineers is a 9,000 foot long flood control channeling over one-half of which is in the community of Ridgway. This project has been determined to be a water resource project within the context of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. If constructed as proposed, it would have no direct and adverse effect upon the values for which the river might be included in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.

Water Quality

The minimum criteria for inclusion of a river in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System are those described in Water Quality Criteria for fish, other aquatic life and wildlife recommended by the National Technical Advisory Committee on Water Quality of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration on April 1, 1968.

14 Acid mine drainage, industrial wastes and inadequately treated sewage contribute to low water quality in the Clarion River. Of these, acid mine drainage is the most difficult to remedy.

According to samplings conducted by the Pennsylvania Department of Health at Cooksburg and Piney Dam from 1962 to 1969, the study segment alkalinity and dissolved oxygen levels are below the required criteria. During the recreation season, 42% of the samples exceeded turbidity criteria for cold water streams. Solids are present at both locations in sufficient amounts to adversely affect the natural biota. Floating materials of foreign origin and materials that impart odor or taste to fish are also present in various portions of the river.

Continuous acid drainage in excess of minimum criteria enters the Clarion River as far upstream as East Branch Reservoir. Six tributaries contribute most of the continuous acid load and all are more acidic than the main stem. Five of these acid carrying tributaries enter the river in the lower 30 miles. While most of the acid is a result of coal mining activity, additional sizeable acid discharges reach the river from abandoned gas wells in the Licking Creek and Mill Creek watersheds. Elk Creek is an intermittent acid source at the upper end of the study segment. In addition to the serious effects of continuous acid drainage on aquatic life, intermittent quantities produced by natural variations in stream flow cause "slugs" of acid which periodically travel downstream.

The Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral Industries recommended measures* for the acid drainage problem in selected areas within the Clarion River Basin include:

1. Removal and burial of all mine refuse piles consisting of acid producing materials to the abandoned strip mine areas.

2. Installation of permanent grout seals at all deep mine openings with the mine workings to the rise and where major discharges of acid water occur.

*From Development of Water Resources in Appalachia, Main Report, "Part III, Project Analyses, u. s. Corps of Engineers, November 1969.

15 M C K E AN

ACID MINE DRAINAGE CLARION RIVER BASIN -- -- __II ----~ r------'

F 0 R E s T

- --, ,---I

-.__ __

( CLEARF I ELD E F F E

Mii!ii!!i!!J ~~R~~~s D~o:,~~GuE~USLY AFFECTED

~ STREAMS INTERMITTENTLY OR POTENTIALLY ~ AFFECTED BY MINE DRAINAGE . 5 O 5 10 MILES ------TRIBUTARY WATERSHED BOUNDARY ••r=:i•-=••t=====::111.... 1 SCALE

16 WATER QUALITY DATA CLARION RIVER

p ~ ~ ;, - )- ~

West Branch at Wilcox 6.4 to 7.7 6.9 - 0 33 114 16 0.4 - - 77 East Branch Dam 5.5 to 6.6 6.o 4 14 3 24 96 0.2 o.8 1.0 148

•Johnsonburg 5.6 to 8.8 6.4 - 2 19 71 50 o .4 - - 262 *Ridgway - 7.1 - 7 20 46 30 o.6 0.5 1.4 - - - *Arroyo 6.4 12 10 68 55 0.9 1.0 2.0 - *Below Maxwell Run - 6.7 - 7 10 62 55 0.6 o.8 1. 7 - *Millstone - 6.7 - 5 10 51 50 o.6 0.7 1.7 - * Clairington - 6.9 - 2 10 47 40 0.5 o.6 1. 5 - Cooks burg 5.7 to 6.7 6.5 - 13 14 86 56 1.1 0.3 3.7 286 *Above Toby Creek - 6.9 - 20 4 38 50 1.8 1.0 1.7 - *Piney Dam - 5.9 - 20 0 54 60 1.3 1.7 2.2 - • Piney Township 4.5 to 6.4 5.4 - 63 8 86 79 0.7 o.6 - *Canoe Ripple - 4.8 - 71 0 84 170 3.0 4.6 5.2 - *Callensburg - 5.9 - 30 0 74 100 1.5 2.3 2.9 - *Near Confluence - 6.2 - 25 3 66 So 1.3 1.8 3.3 - Confluence 4.1 to 5,3 4.7 63 33 2 114 117 0.7 3.0 4.5 761

TRIBUTARIES OF THE CLARION RIVER

Little Toby Creek, mouth 3.6 to 4.1 3.9 8 126 0 272 286 0.8 7.8 9.8 29 *Bear Creek, above Little Bear Creek - 7.4 - 5 10 14 20 0.3 0.3 1.2 - *Spring Creek, mouth - 7,3 - 5 10 25 20 0.3 0.1 1.2 - *Millstone Creek, mouth - 7 .1 - 2 6 21 20 o.6 0.3 1.3 - *Maple Creek, mouth - 7.1 - 4 10 17 20 0.3 0.1 1.4 - *Toms Run, mouth - 7.2 - 8 4 4 25 0.3 0.3 1.4 - *Cather Run, N.W. of Ella - 7.0 - l 10 21 20 0.3 0.1 1.2 - Mill Creek, mouth 2.9 to 3.2 3.1 9 280 0 337 385 10.6 26.0 15-0 12

Toby Creek, routh 2.8 to 3.1 2.9 24 970 0 415 964 10.4 38.0 lo8.5 10

Piney Creek, mouth 3.4 to 4.o 3,7 10 140 0 289 342 3.1 24.o 12.2 24

Deer Creek, mouth 3.2 to 3.4 3.3 7 134 0 189 281 4.8 8.9 11.6 19

*canoe Creek, routh - 7.2 - 6 5 81 70 1.3 1.7 1.3 - * Beaver Creek, at Blaire Corners - 7.1 - 4 14 63 40 0.5 0.3 0. 3 - Licking Creek, routh 2.6 to 3.1 2.8 8 138 0 297 425 l0.7 11.2 6.3 - *Turkey Run, at Alum R>ck - 6.9 - 6 17 107 75 0.7 o.6 o.8 -

Sources: FWQA averaged date for field season 1966. *FWQA samples for Februsry 11-12, 1970. •Pennsylvania Dept. of Health averaged data for field season 1962 through 1969.

17 3. Sealing of mine drifts, slopes, and air shafts with clay or other suitable material where the body of the mine workings lie to the dip.

4. Backfilling and planting abandoned strip mine areas to alleviate runoff and seepage through spoil areas.

5. Planting grass and/or trees on reclaimed strip mining areas to reduce excessive tur­ bidity and oxidation.

6. Constructing diversion ditches and slope drain flumes to direct surface water around or across affected areas.

7. Evaluating results of this abatement program. If acid discharges are still objectionable, additional reclamation measures or treatment plants may be required. With treatment plants, not only is there perpetual maintenance, but lime neutralization yields a highly flocculent hydrate and creates disposal problems.

8. Investigating adequacy of construction measures and perform necessary remedial measures.

The various preliminary cost estimates that have been made for acid drainage abatement in the Clarion River Basin are not directly comparable. However, the more recent ones are summarized as follows:

Pennsylvania has estimated $60 million will be needed for total Clarion River Basin acid drainage abatement work. This program includes backfilling and burial of refuse on 20,000 acres; surface diversion, sealing and grouting of mines; and construction of five treatment plants.

The Corps of Engineers estimated $16.7 million will be needed for abatement of selected sources in the six major acid water­ sheds of the basin. This would include abatement of acid drainage from drift mines, surface mines, refuse piles and oil and gas wells. Land measures for non-acid producing surface mines are also included.

18 Industrial pollution in the form of pulp and paper mill wastes enters the Clarion River at Johnsonburg, seven miles above the study segment. These wastes are sulfurous in odor and make the river a milky opaque color. During periods of low flow, the river bed may become coated with fiber. According to recent reports, the mill will be converted from a sulfite to a soda process in two or three years. As a result, sulfurous wastes will decrease. However, even with conversion of the mill a large waste lagoon constructed on nearby Dill Hill will remain a problem. From here, sulfurous wastes escape over a weir in a dam built across the channel of Riley Run, a tributary of the Clarion. Depending on the natural drainage flow, these wastes periodically travel the length of the river segment producing suds and some blackening of the river bottom.

Of the other industries in the Clarion Basin, the Pennsylvania Department of Health indicates three carbon plants at St. Marys, a dye plant at Johnsonburg and a dye plant at Ridgway are the only ones capable of producing major pollution. Wastes from these plants receive treatment and adverse effects are confined to the immediate vicinity of the plants. Most of the remaining industries in the basin are small and many are connected to community treat­ ment systems.

The only municipal sewage treatment facilities in the entire Clarion Basin consist of three primary treatment plants serving the commun­ ities of St. Marys, Ridgway and Clarion. Consequently, local con­ centrations of coliform organisms may reach the river from these communities, several villages, smaller settlements and individual dwellings in the study segment. Organisms that digest organic impurities and clean up the water are inhibited by acid. Therefore, coliform bacteria remain for a longer period and extend over greater distances in the acid waters of the Clarion.

In addition to the previously mentioned minimum criteria for fish, other aquatic life and wildlife, the available water quality data and field observations show that the Clarion River does not meet the minimum aesthetic criteria for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.

The Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board adopted more stringent water quality standards for the Clarion on September 17, 1969. When these standards are met, the existence of a normal river ecology would again be possible. However, it has not been determined how long it would be before suitable water quality can be obtained.

19 PINEY DAM

20 CLARION RIVER SCENES

21 TIONESTA SCENIC AREA

22 Scenic Values

The natural environment of the Clarion River, although generally pleasing to the eye, is not spectacular. The terrain was formed by erosion of a plateau which produced narrow valleys and hills which crest at or near the same elevation. Being typically steep­ sided and forested, the hills restrict views at valley level. Precipitous topography, flat land or other land forms that could add variety to the scenic interest of the area are in short supply.

Most of the hills are wooded with northern mixed forests containing a va·riety of hardwood and softwood trees. Limited stands of virgin timber can be seen in Cook Forest State~Park and Allegheny National Forest. Impressive stands of timber such as these are rare.

The river winds its way through its narrow, timber-clothed valley at a uniform gradient without falls or rapids. There are a few riffles, but flow is generally sluggish. The sight and sound of rushing water are not found, giving an overall impression of silent tranquillity. There are few rocks, islands or other natural features that add variety. Aesthetically, the water is sometimes crystal clear with acid mine drainage and sometimes opaque, sudsy or odorous from industrial wastes and sewage. These conditions, coupled with the scarcity of aquatic life, detract conspicuously from the scenic values and aesthetic pleasure of the outdoors normally expected of a quality river environment.

In summary, with the exception of Allegheny National Forest, Clear Creek State Park and Cook Forest State Park, the Clarion River study segment and its immediate environment does not possess outstandingly remarkable scenic values.

23 CLEAR CREE.K STATE PARK

24 CLEAR CREEK STATE PARK

25 COOK FOREST STATE PARK

26 COOK FOREST STATE PARK

27 HIKING-ALLEGHENY NATIONAL FOREST

28 Recreation Values

In years of normal rainfall, the volume of water in the Clarion River during the recreation season would permit enjoyment of water related outdoor recreation activities generally associated with comparable rivers. One exception is the low flow period in late summer and early autumn. East Branch Reservoir, the only upstream impoundment, is of insufficient influence to remedy this condition. Another exception is the flow variation due to power releases from Piney Dam, which limits recreation opportunities in the lower 25 miles.

During the spring and early summer or after heavy rains most of the Clarion River can accomodate small craft such as canoes, kayaks, johnboats and rubber rafts. Although the river is satisfac­ tory as a canoe stream for beginners, seasoned recreationists would not find it particularly exciting. Aesthetically objectionable sights and smells caused by water pollution reduce the value of the available recreation experience. The aquatic life is not equivalent to that normally found in a similar unpolluted stream. This would disappoint those people expecting to see and enjoy a natural river environment at close range from a small craft. Acid conditions and sewage dis­ charges make the waters unsafe for swimming or other water contact recreation at some locations in the study segment. However, if the water quality is restored, the Clarion would become more suitable for water oriented activity.

The narrow, steep sides and shortage of flat land in the Clarion Valley preclude development of large scale shore facilities. There are suitable sites adjacent to the river for moderate development of launching sites, small water-based campgrounds, trails and supp:>rt facilities associated with small craft recreation. Potable water and sanitary facilities for recreationists can be expensive because of corrosion and tuberculation, since most ground water sources are polluted by mining activity.

In general, fisheries in the Clarion River are severely limited by poor water quality. From Ridgway to Cooksburg fishery resources are quite limited, primarily due to pulp and paper mill pollution \ occurring upstream from Ridgway. As these pollutants are diluted ;. and oxidized, the stream improves and supports a moderate fishery in If the 20 miles downstream from Cooksburg. Acid mine drainage entering ' 1 the mainstream from tributaries increases the pollution load and

29 r~nders the lower 30 mi les of the Clarion unproductive of significant fishery resources. Stocking programs in the past have been mostly a put-and-take. With adequate pollution abatement, however, the Clarion could recover sufficiently to maintain fish populations typical of the region. The main s t em would then have s ma llmouth bass, while the tributaries would support t rout.

White-tailed deer are abundant in the area and deer hunting is good . Fur-bearing animals such as muskrat and mink are plentiful. Small game includes grey and red squirrel, snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, raccoon, opossum, and ruffed grouse in moderate numbers . Wild turkey populations are on the increase and black bear are hunted in the area . Due to the lack of feeding areas, waterfowl use the Cl arion only briefly dur ing mi gration . Expansion of hunting opportunities on public and private lands should be considered.

Other outdoor recreation activi ties possible in the area such as nature s tudy or sightseeing appear to be adequately provided for.

I n summary, recreation values in the study area are judged t o be moderate rather than outstandingly rema r kable.

HEARTS CONTENT- ALLEGHENY NATIONAL FOREST

30 31 Photo Credits

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources

Cover, Pages 2, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31

U. S . Forest Service

Pages 3, 9, 22, 28, 30

Pennsylvania Electric Company

Page 20

Bureau of Outdoor Recreation

Page 21

32 ..

COMMONWEAL.TH OF PENNSYLVANl.A. OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR HARRISBURG

MtLTON ...J. SHAPP GOVERNOR ·0;1.~.

r . ".' ..... , July 22, 1971 '-1.:l . , 1.J~~ ·. .J -:,~:: .. :S;r Mr. Harrison Loesch Assistant Secretary of the Interior United States Department of the Interior Office of the Secretary Washington, D. C. 20240 Dear Mr. Loesch: I appreciate the opportunity to review and comment on the Clarion River Study as it relates to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, P. L. 90-542. I agree generally with the conclusion of the study, however, I want to emphasize my interest in reconsidering the Clarion River in the future. The accomplishments of Commonwealth agencies since the data was gathered for this report have al­ ready improved water quality in the Clarion River Basin. Several projects have been initiated above the East Branch Clarion River Reservoir, including a stream treatment plant on Swamp Creek which is now operational. We will be pleased to cooperate with Federal agencies in reevaluating the Clarion.River for possible inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers system when the river meets the established criteria. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Orf"ICE OF" THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON,D.C.20250

October 13 1971

Honorable Rogers c. B. Morton Secretary of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20240

Dear Mr. Secretary:

This is in response to As.sistant Secretary Loesch' s letter of June 28 requesting our review and comment on your Department's proposed report on the Clarion River, Pennsylvania.

The report concludes that the 90-mile reach of the Clarion River examined does not possess the environmental values required for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. This is primarily due to poor water quality as a result of the severe acid mine drainage from polluted tributaries. The report further notes that the waters are polluted to the degree that they do not support a viable sport fishery, nor does the polluted river provide a meaningful recreation experience.

We were pleased to note that the report does not preclude the possibility of reconsidering the Clarion for wild and scenic river status if adequate pollution abatement is achieved. Although the Clarion, with its inmediate environment, does not possess outstanding values, it is generally situated in a pleasant environment and readily accessible from heavily populated areas. Also, the fact that the river is not a severe test of a boatman's skill would appeal to the novice and family canoeist. Perhaps the proposed pollution abatement program for the Clarion River Basin outlined in the report "Development of Water Resources in Appalachia" will, if implemented, succeed in meeting water quality objectives for the river.

Pending the final decisions on the future of the Clarion, the programs of this Department related to resource and conservation development in the area will emphasize those activities conducive to environmental enhancement. Even though the river area at present does not measure up to wild and scenic river standards it can still· afford many varied opportunities for beneficial and satisfying economic and social activities. lie concur in your report and the conclusion that the Clarion should not be recoII111ended for the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System at this time.

Sincerely, c '/Ytd~kc,'- T. K. Cowden As::>ista.ut Secretary DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON, D.C. 20314

~ . ~:inc • :·.~ro~ .. J:lliPb IN REPLY REFER TO ENGCW-PV 13 July 1971

Honorable Harrison Loesch Assistant Secretary of the Interior Washington, D. c. 20240

Dear Mr. Loesch:

This is in response to your recent letter to the Secretary of the Army requesting conunents on your proposed report on establishing the Clarion River in Pennsylvania as a unit of the national wild and scenic rivers system.

We concur in your views that the delineated segment of the Clarion River between Ridgeway, Pennsylvania and its confluence with the Allegheny River lacks the qualities necessary for inclusion in the national system of wild, scenic and recreational rivers established by PL 90-542. Consequently, we have no comments on your proposed report.

The Secretary of the Army's report on water resource development in Appalachia withheld a recommendation regarding authorization of the St. Petersburg Reservoir pending results of your wild river studies of the affected reach of the Clarion River. Receipt of your unfavorable recommendation for wild river status for this stream may allow the Appalachian Regional Conunission to give this matter further considera­ tion in its review of the Secretary's recommendations.

We appreciate the opportunity to work·with agencies of your Department on this program, and assure you of our continuing interest in balancing the qation 1 s need for material gains with its need to preserve and enhance outstanding examples of our natural heritage.

Sincerely yours,

J. B. NEWMAN Colonel, Corps of Engineers Executive ·Director of Civil Works BASIN COMMISSION 1427 Fourth & Walnut Bldg. Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

FREDE. MORR '513[684-3831 (FTS) C.A. HAYS Chairman Planning Director

October 20, 1971

Honorable Harrison Loesch Assistant Secretary of the Interior Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20246

Dear Mr. Loesch:

This is in reply to your letter of August 6, 1971, requesting the comments of the Ohio River Basin Commission on a proposed report of the Secretary of the Interior which would not recommend the Clarion River, Pennsylvania, as a possible addition to the national wild and scenic rivers system.

We have completed our review of your Department's proposed report on the Clarion River. The Water Resources Council's Guideline for Planning Coordination, dated April 14, 1971, provides, among other procedures for review of wild and scenic river proposals, for for­ warding river basin commission comments through the Council. Accordingly, our comments are being transmitted to the Council at this time.

We appreciate the opportunity of reviewing this report.

Sincerely, · #~~~ Fred E. Morr Chairman .. UNITED STATES WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL a•111•1•ua1111 DEP.U SUITE 800 • 2120 L STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20037 N'JI ~, ~:. 'IS1 I NOV 1" 9 1971 A~ . ~~·r.c."£", at:::.:.: . ':.:.1 P.Wiiit Honorable Harrison Loesch Assistant Secretary of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D. C. 20240

Dear Mr. Loesch:

The Water Resources Council and the Ohio River Basin Commission concur with the Secretary's proposed report on the Clarion River in Pennsylvania between Ridgeway and its confluence with the Allegheny River which concludes that this segment of the river and its immediate environment does not qualify for inclusion in the national system at the present time.

The review of the wild and scenic river study proposals is made in accordance with Section 4(a) of Public Law 90-542,_ "Every such study and plan shall be coordinated with any resources planning involving the same river which is being conducted pursuant to the Water Resources Planning Act. 11 The Clarion River is within the Ohio River Basin for which a comprehensive framework study under the Water Resources Planning Act was completed in 1969 and published by Congress as House Document No. 92-148. The framework study includes plans for watershed protection projects and one major reservoir . within the proposed scenic area. Future updating of the plan will give consideration to environmental alternatives for the area.

The enclosed comments of the Ohio River Basin Commission state that the Clarion River report has been well-coordinated with the Commission Members from concerned Federal departments and agencies and the Commonwealth of Penns y 1vania. ;in~l};~;J~ W. Don~fu#""~ Director /; , /

Enclosure BOR Mail Control No. //_ 2 711 cc: Chairman, Ohio River Basin Commission ------MEMBERS SECRETARIES OF INTERIOR; AGRICULTURE; ARMY; HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE; TRANSPORTATION; CHAIRMAN. FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION -ASSOCIATE MEMBERS: SECRETARIES OF COMMERCE; HOUSING ANO URBAN DEVELOPMENT; ADMINISTRATOR. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY - OBSERVERS: DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT ANO BUDGET; ATTORNEY GENERAL; CHAIRMEN - COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, RIVER BASIN COMMISSIONS DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING .AND URBAN DEVELOPMENTKd ' WASHINGTON, D. C. 20410

OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR IN REPLY REFER TO: . COMMUNITY PLANNING ANO MANAGEMENT MCEW Office of Community Goals and Standards •

. ..• . ·~

SEP 1 7 1971 ' ~ ·,..• ··-."'.' . .:'1

Honorable Harrison Loesch Assistant Secretary of the Interior Washington, D. c. 20240

Dear Mr. Loesch:

Thank you for your letter of June 28, 1971 inviting HUD comments on your Department's proposed report on the Clarion River.

We concur with your conclusion that, because of it's poor water quality, the Clarion River does not at present qualify for in­ clusion in the national wild and scenic river system. However, we understand that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has committed itself to a rapid clean up program, which should lead to the Clarion's reconsideration.

At the time of reconsideration, it is recommended that local govern­ ments be encouraged to participate in the planning and management of the Clarion Wild and Scenic River System. In the existing study, this may have been accomplished through the Commonwealth's repre­ sentative, but if complete coordination at the local level is to be assured, the local government should make a direct input.

Sincerely,

a:?2~----Ralph E. Erickson Director ~ ,· ~>- . ~ 0 :1 ~(' ~ ~ f;C!j _ _.,...... v...•."":, .. ~ . ~ hyr::n ; ~~ ~ i~f ~ only AM .. -- .- FEDERAL POWER CO~lSSION WASHINGTON, o.c ...... ·20426

. •i

Honorable Rogers C. B. Morton Secretary of the Interior Washington, D. C. 20240

Dear Mr. Secretary: This is in reply to the letter of June 28, 1971, from Assistant Secretary Loesch, transmitting for the Commission's conments, pursuant to the provisions of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, the proposed ·_\ report of your Department on the Clarion River, Pennsylvania. ~ The proposed report concludes that, primarily because of poor water quality, the Clarion River and its inmediate environment do not possess the outstanding values required for inclusion in the national wild and scenic rivers system. The report concludes further that, at such time as the water quality is improved to pennit suitable outdoor recreation experiences, the Clarion should be reconsidered for possible addition to the national system. The Commission staff has reviewed infonnation available on the 90- mile reach of the Clarion River under consideration to detennine the effects of the proposed findings of your Department on matters affecting the Commission's responsibilities. The review shows that in this reach of river there is one existing hydroelectric development and two known undeveloped hydroelectric sites, one of which would inundate the existing development. The existing 28,800-kilowatt Piney project, ·owned by the Pennsylvania Electric Company, is licensed by the Federal Power Conunission as Project No. 309. The license for this project expires on October 12, 1972, and on March 2, 1970, the licensee applied for a new license. The potential St. Petersburg multiple-purpose project, which would submerge the Piney project, was studied by -the Corps of Engineers as part of the water resources investigations for Appalachia •. The project would I

"Meeting Today's Challenges Providing for Tomorrow's Goals" 1920 1970

50th ANNIVERSARY Honorable Rogers C. B. Morton - 2 -

have an installed capacity of 420,000 kilowatts, of which 180,000 kilo- watts would be in reversible pump-turbine units. In his report to the Appalachian Regional Corrunission, the Secretary of the Anny did not in- I clude the St. Petersburg project in his proposed early-action program. . The report stated, however, that the project would be considered for authorization upon receipt of your recormnendation in regard to designa- tion of the Clarion River as a wild or scenic river. The Commission's inventory of hydroelectric power resources also includes a potential Mill Creek development at the head of the potential St. Petersburg reservoir. The Mill Creek project would have an installed capacity of about 110,000 kilowatts. The listing of the Clarion River in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act for study as a possible addition to the national system had the effect of prohibiting the construction of power facilities under the Federal Power Act for a maximum period of eight years from the effective date of the 1968 Act. Implementation of your Department's proposed finding that the ( . Clarion River is unsuitable for inclusion in the national system would have the effect of terminating that prohibition. Based on its consideration of the proposed report of your Department and the review by its own staff, the Commission advises that it has no objection to the proposed rec0111Tiendation that the Clarion River not be (

included in the national wild and scenic rivers system. -· ,· ~ \J _i.l .• 0 7"""_....

Sincerely,

K::.~~~. Chainnan /fft"Y? --~~

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION WASHINGTON, O.C . . 20590

ASSISTANT SECR~~

Mr. Harrison Loesch Assistant Secretary of the Interior Washington, D. C. 20240

Dear Mr. Loesch:

Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the report on the

Clarion River Study. This document has been reviewed within the

Department of Transportation. We have no comments to offer.

Sincerely,

/]!'UL£~~ Herbert F. Desimone Assistant Secretary for Environment and Urban Systems

..' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, ·AND WELFARE . . OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20201

. 1.9 '~ -~ 1 , ': JUL 14 1971

Honorable Harrison Loesch Assistant Secretary of the Interior Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20240

Dear Mr. Loesch:

This Department has reviewed your proposed report on the Clarion

River and offers no objection to the report. We appreciate the

opportunity to comment on such a well-designed and interesting

presentation.

Sincerely yours, €~~-r~.~~ Special Assistant, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health and Scientific Affairs