DIRECTORATE of RESEARCH and GRADUATE TRAINING (DRGT) Th 5 & 1St VIRTUAL ANNUAL Phd SYMPOSIUM

MBARARA UNIVERSITY OFSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH AND GRADUATE TRAINING (DRGT) th 5 & 1st VIRTUAL ANNUAL PhD SYMPOSIUM

16 th MUST Annual Research Dissemination Conference (ARDC) 2021

THEME: Transformative Research for Development in a Changing World

DATE: MAY 20 th 2021 VENUE: VIRTUAL

Acknowledgement Special thanks to the Editorial and organizing team headed by Dr. ir. Fred Kaggwa (PhD) and includes Prof. Bernard Natukunda, Dr. Kijjambu Fredderick (PhD), Dr. Simon Kawuma(PhD), Assoc. Prof. Julius B Leju, Prof. Kabakyenga Jerome, Dr. Businge John (PhD), Dr. Johnes Obungoloch (PhD), Dr. Twinamatsiko Medard (PhD), Prof. Roberts Muriisa, Dr. Sarah Nabachwa (PhD), Assoc. Prof. Eunice Olet, Dr. Priscilla Muheki (PhD), Associate Prof. Vincent Batwala and Prof. Amon Agaba. Fred has also since inception been the convener under the guidance of Prof. Nixon Kamukama the Deputy Vice Chancellor Academic Affairs at Mbarara University of Science and Technology.

Gratitude is given to the leadership and management of the University for accepting to sponsor and gazette the PhD symposium this year into an annual Pre-Annual Research Dissemination Conference (ARDC) even amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic challenges.

With the establishment of the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training (DRGT), the PhD symposium now has a sustainable home since the Directorate is responsible for the coordination of postgraduate programmes with respect to syllabi, monitoring student progress, admission of students, administration of scholarships, research grants, examinations and the general welfare of postgraduate students. Singular recognitions go to the Board, Director and staff of the directorate for all the effort and support accorded during the preparation of the 2021 Annual Research Dissemination Conference of which the PhD symposium is part.

@2021 MUST ARDC

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UGANDA EAST AFRICAN

1. Oh Uganda! may God uphold thee, 1. Ee Mungu twaomba ulinde We lay our future in thy hand. Jumuiya Afrika Mashariki United, free, Tuwezeshe kuishi kwa amani For liberty Tutimize na malengo yetu.

Together we'll always stand. Chorus Jumuiya Yetu sote tuilinde 2. Oh Uganda! the land of freedom. Tuwajibike tuimarike Our love and labour we give, Umoja wetu ni nguzo yetu And with neighbors all Idumu Jumuiya yetu. At our country's call In peace and friendship we'll live. 2. Uzalendo pia mshikamano Viwe msingi wa Umoja wetu 3.Oh Uganda! the land that feeds us Natulinde Uhuru na Amani By sun and fertile soil grown. Mila zetu na desturi zetu. For our own dear land, We'll always stand 3. Viwandani na hata mashambani Tufanye kazi sote kwa makini The Pearl of Africa's Crown. Tujitoe kwa hali na mali Tuijenge Jumuiya bora. MBARARA UNIVERSITY

Mbarara University succeed we MUST With God’s will, we shall make the best of MUST Let us unite and cooperate, to build the nation in different sectors Our Pride and ego MUST will shine forever and we’ll be victors My alma mater long live x2 Mbarara University Ultimum viva

1. MUST we shall hail and salute thee The frontier of true knowledge For through advancing novelty Your excellence will ever grow

2. CRADLE of efficient teachers Doctors, Scientists and future leaders Hope of the generation unborn MUST you are our country’s pride

3. WITH God’s help Mbarara will shine As the bright star among the others To light the way for the future generation To follow the light yonder

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Forward from the convener of the MUST Pre-Annual Research Dissemination Conference (ARDC) PhD Symposium 2021

I continue to recall how the idea of Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) Pre-Annual Research Dissemination Conference (ARDC) PhD Symposium came about five years ago in 2016 as an initiation of Prof. Nixon Kamukama the Deputy Vice Chancellor Academic Affairs who approached and asked me if I would be interested in championing the organization of a PhD symposium for the entire University. Having attended, presented and benefited from a similar event elsewhere as a PhD student, I accepted and looked forward to taking on the task. As a way forward for the preparation of the event, our main aim for organizing this symposium was to bring together all the Mbarara University PhD postgraduate students to present, share, and discuss their research projects in a more relaxed and friendly environment. The Academic staff at professorship level and doctoral level from MUST and other Universities would then be key in chairing sessions and guiding the students. A number of delegates from other universities, research institutions and the community with different expertise and research interests were also invited to support and guide the PhD candidates. With thanks to the university management through the university accounting officer then who made it possible to access funds for catering and printing services as well as honoraria for session chairs. Honestly, organizing the PhD symposium has always been a very time consuming but rewarding experience. On reflection, I am pleased that I took up the responsibility because; the evaluation of the event continues to show how important it is for the candidates who actually continued to demand that it becomes an annual University event; five years now down the road we conduct it. In the last past five years many have managed to complete and graduate with PhD with support from this forum. It is important to note that a PhD symposium is not a PhD defense or a paper/article presentation session and candidates need not to attend with a negative viewpoint but a positive mindset to receive candid feedback about their research. The core objective of this event should remain focused on students presenting, sharing, and discussing their full PhD research projects in a more relaxed and friendly environment for improvement. In conclusion therefore, it is my prayer and appeal to call upon all PhD prospective candidates to always submit their full PhD work abstracts for such an event. Supervisors with candidates presenting should endeavor to attend so as to build a network, share and receive feedback from a wider multidisciplinary audience. “A PhD candidate who does not share his or her work with others, will always be a step behind: share and we shall care -Dr.ir. Fred Kaggwa (PhD)” Dr. ir. Fred Kaggwa (PhD), Lecturer Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Informatics; 2021 PhD Symposium convener.

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Welcome Remarks by Director, DRGT The Vice Chancellor, deputy vice chancellors, members of Top Management, presenters, participants , colleagues, ladies and gentlemen.

I take the honor and privilege to welcome you all, to the PhD Symposium 2021; a pre-event of the 16th MUST Annual Research Dissemination Conference. To all our visitors, we are proud of you and MUST values your support and contributions even amidst the Covid-19 pandemic challenges.

Allow me to indulge in the belief that the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest endorsement ‘‘level of achievement’’ of recent not limited to academia where a professor is the endpoint. At MUST, our candidates come from all walks of life and find jobs in many knowledge-intensive organizations or return to better prospects at their places of work. Therefore, I encourage all of you to have this dream! Today we are baking that dream for all who will present here.

The PhD voyage was designed to cause intellectual trauma to a student well enough to harness the inner drive of a working etiquette that results in self-styled discovery, innovation, documentation, and a mastery of the art of conceptualization, in-depth analysis and philosophical presentation.

The training consists of self-initiated research ideas that are guided by a team of skilled senior academics, who mentor you on an unknown academic path in pursuit of truth. Top-level academic skills are coached so that you master the art of digging deep into scholarship to mine the unknown.

Eventually, a contribution to the advancement of universal knowledge is expected. However you notice that along the way, other academics will use different lenses to view your work and will frequently be divergent. The PhD journey is a genuine learning path, within which you should abstain from any unethical tendency, any misconduct such as ‘plagiarism’ which attracts the highest possible penalties in the field of learning.

Indeed the journey is by no doubt stressful, requiring a multipronged strategy with a candidate’s active involvement to enhance completion. Remember the time allowed on the program is only 3-5 years. DRGT has the following strategy:

1. The PhD Symposium is an important tool in gauging your progress and guiding you through. Once again, thank you for submitting your work. You must carefully make your presentation leaving enough time for the audience to generate comments and reactions for you to benefit. 2. Monthly “Lunch time PhD Forum” within Faculties. The aim of decentralization of monthly PhD Forum is getting closer to your supervisors who normally do not come for the symposium at the end of the year yet they have profound influence on your research process. The forum is designed in a way that encourages you to get more actively involved in the implementation process.

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Therefore, today I announce the operationalization of the “Lunch time PhD Forum.” Each Faculty shall have an Interim PhD student Lead and a Secretary (PhD student) for now to work with the Faculty Postgraduate Coordinator first to designate a day in a month for the Forum. Your role will be: i. Ensure the PhD group email address is set up and functional, ii. Manage the PhD group email address, iii. Draw up and update the monthly lunch time presentation rota, iv. In consultation with Faculty identify peer reviewer (fellow student) or and Faculty staff, v. Share with DRGT and Faculty the presentation details (names of presenter; study title; supervisor names; type of presentation whether concept, proposal, thesis pre-defense, published paper, etc), vi. Within seven days after presentation ensure a report and list of attendance are submitted to DRGT so that resources spent on refreshments are accounted for before we request funds for your next presentation, vii. Ensure the presenter gets a report within seven days following the presentation.

Eligibility of presenter

i. Bonafide MUST student (registered), ii. Regular attendance contributing to peer presentations, iii. Confirmation of supervisor availability to introduce the student and contributing to the conversation.

3. “Graduate Tracker” to give information about your research progress in real time. 4. Progress reports submitted every after 6 months to enable us monitor your progress.

However, as a PhD student, self-assessment is critical. Consider yourself to be making good progress if: i. You have a work plan with quality deliverables in a timely manner at least 80% of the time, ii. Your supervisors/ Doctoral Committee shift your focus from one task to another, saying that the former is adequately accomplished, iii. You are happy with your own progress, as benchmarked from the best within your cohort, iv. You have information that you are confident enough to stand in front of a crowd of academics to present any part of your PhD work. NOTE that; from Section 9 subsection (iv), it is a requirement for all PhD students to present their research atleast three times after initial registration on the programme.

Finally, I want to thank all of you for accepting the invitation and taking on the challenge of sharing the research ideas/ results here. To the audience: I wish you a stimulating and inspiring conversation. To my colleagues, for accepting the responsibility of “Mentoring Chairs” in the parallel tracks am indebted to you.

Assoc. Prof. Batwala Vincent DIRECTOR Directorate of Research & Graduate Training Mbarara University of Science and Technology

SUCCEED WE MUST pg. 5

DEPUTY VICE CHANCELLOR, ACADEMIC AFFAIRS Professor Nixon Kamukama Ph.D is the Deputy Vice Chancellor Academic Affairs at Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) since 2016. He previously worked as the Head of Procurement & Logistics Management Department, Faculty of Computing & Management Science – Makerere University Business School. He also worked as senior Accountant with Uganda Railways Corporation from 1993 to 1999. Other than being a PhD holder in business, Prof. Kamukama is a pioneer of Msc. Accounting & Finance (MUK), holds a Post graduate diploma in Computer Science, post graduate diploma in Microfinance operations and Bachelor of Commerce (Accounting option). He is a visiting Professor of Ankole Western University- Kabwohe Sheema, chairs the Board of MUST Centre of Innovation and Technology Transfer (CITT), is a board member of the Forensic and Computing Institute, and the Consortium for Affordable Medical Technology (CAMTECH).

Journal & Book Publications Journals: Nixon has authored a good number of academic articles in different high class international journals. Out of the 15 articles authored, he received the following meritorious academic awards for the two articles: In 2013, received Best Paper Runner-Up Award from Taylor and Francis Group for the article entitled “Intellectual Capital: Firms’ hidden source of service quality in the Microfinance industry in Uganda”, published in the Journal of African Business. In 2014, received the International Journal of Commerce and Management 2014 Highly Commended Paper Award from Emerald Group Publishing Ltd on the paper entitled “Social Capital: mediator of social intermediation and financial services in the Microfinance Institutions in Uganda.

Books: Cost & Management Accounting textbook, widely used by Accountants of Uganda by students offering different Accounting related disciplines. Paper7 study pack for Cost and Management Accounting for the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Uganda (ICPAU) (2016).

Research Projects: Co- Investigator, Biodiversity Hotspot Conservation – A Batwa Cultural Tourism Development and Management Approach (December 2019). Leveraging Foreign Investment (FDI) to increase Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) access to finance in Africa: A Case of Uganda (2016). Financial Services for the Poor Initiative: Customer Credit Counseling/Debt Relief Services (2015-2016).

He has successfully supervised over 200 students at post-graduate level, out of which, six are PhD holders; and is also a reviewer of International Journal of Commerce & Management, and International Journal of Competitive Review.

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MBARARA UNIVERISTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST) Kihumuro Campus

16th MUST ANNUAL RESEARCH DISSEMINATION CONFERENCE 5th & 1st VIRTUAL ANNUAL PhD SYMPOSIUM Theme: Transformative Research for development in a changing world 20th May 2021

Master of Ceremonies Nakato Angella

Time Activity 07:45am-08:30am Arrival and Registration 08:30am – 9:15am Opening Plenary Anthems (Uganda East African, , MUST) Angella Nakato Prayer Welcome remarks- Prof. Amon Agaba, ARDC 2021 -chair Opening remarks- Assoc. Prof. Vincent Batwala- Director DRGT Postgraduate Research Archives- Mr. Wilson Adriko, Ag. Librarian. Academic Matters- Mrs. Martha Kyoshaba Twinamasiko- Academic Registrar-MUST Opening address – Assoc. Prof. Nixon Kamukama - DVC- Academic Affairs – MUST Key Note Address – Professor Celestino Obua- Vice Chancellor – MUST 9:15am – 9:20am 2021 ARDC SYMPOSIUM GROUP PHOTO-All attendees 9:30 – 10:30 Breakout session 1 (Room 1) Presentations – Science and Technology - Algorithms for Detection of People Crowds using Wireless Session chairs– Prof. Bernard Natukunda Sensor Networks (Chair), Dr. Johnes Obungoloch (Time - Computational Language Resource Engineering for Keeper), Assoc Prof. Eunice Olet, Dr. Simon Runyankore & Rukiga using Symbolic and Data-driven Kawuma, Prof. Jerome Kabakyenga, Dr. Approaches John Businge, Assoc Prof. Julius B Leju, Dr. - A Dictionary Learning Approach for Joint Reconstruction Priscilla Muheki and Denoising in Low Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Rapporteur/ICT- Martin Kijumi 9:30 –10:30 Breakout session 2 (Room 2) Presentations- Humanities, Social & Management - Formerly Abducted Young Mothers’ experiences and their Sciences Social Reintegration Voices from Kitgum District Session Chairs – Prof. Roberts Muriisa - Older Adolescent Banyankole Girls’ Response to Kabeba (Chair), Dr. Medard Sociocultural Construction of Body Image in The Ankole Twinamatsiko, Dr. Kijjambu Fredrick, Dr. Region, Uganda Sarah Nabachwa (Time Keeper) - Gender Relations and Household Income Utilization Among Educated Working Married Employees in Mbarara Municipality Rapporteur/ICT – Elizabeth Namanya 10:30am – 11:00am HEALTH BREAK pg. 7

11:00 – 13:00 Breakout session 1 (Room 1) presentations – Science and Technology - Postpartum Depression in Mbarara and Rwampara Session chairs– Prof. Bernard Natukunda Districts, South Western Uganda: Prevalence, risk factors, (Chair), Dr. Johnes Obungoloch (Time lived experiences and validation of the Edinburgh Keeper), Assoc Prof. Eunice Olet, Dr. Simon Postnatal Depression Scale Kawuma, Prof. Jerome Kabakyenga, Dr. - The role of personality traits on the psychological well- John Businge, Assoc Prof. Julius B Leju, Dr. being of caregivers to individuals living with cancer in Priscilla Muheki central and south-western Uganda - Approaches in Cooling of Resistive Coil-based Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Systems for Rapporteur/ICT- Martin Kijumi Application in Low Resource Settings 11:00 –13:00 Breakout session 2 (Room 2) Presentations- Humanities, Social & Management - Ethical Behavior, Managerial Competencies and Supply Sciences Chain Performance of Relief Aid Organizations in Western Session Chairs – Prof. Roberts Muriisa Uganda Kabeba (Chair), Dr. Medard - Analysis of Capacity Development and Participation of Twinamatsiko, Dr. Kijjambu Fredrick, Dr. Ugandan Companies in the Oil Industry Sarah Nabachwa (Time Keeper) - Monitoring and Evaluation Function and its effect on Health System Performance: a case of Kalangala district, central Uganda - Socio- Cultural Practices and Fertility Among Banyankole Living in Sheema Municipality, South Western Uganda - Assessment of the effectiveness of governance principles in collaborative forest management for the conservation of Echuya Central Forest Reserve-South Western Uganda - Interactive Marketing Practices and Market Performance Rapporteur/ICT - Elizabeth Namanya of Soft Drinks Manufacturing Enterprises in Rwanda 13:00 – 14:00 Lunch 14:00 – 16:00 Breakout session (Room 1) presentations – Science and Technology - Barriers and facilitators for baseline kidney function Session chairs– Prof. Bernard Natukunda testing among HIV-positive patients on TDF- based ART in (Chair), Dr. Johnes Obungoloch (Time SW-Uganda Keeper), Assoc Prof. Eunice Olet, Dr. Simon - Supporting artemisia annua farmers to produce quality Kawuma, Prof. Jerome Kabakyenga, Dr. raw materials for the synthesis of medicines: Kasese, John Businge, Assoc Prof. Julius B Leju, Dr. Kabale and Fort Portal Priscilla Muheki - The occurrence and of selected pollutants in indoor air in Kampala metropolitan area - Fluoride Contamination in Ndali-Kasenda Crater Lakes in Albertine Graben, Uganda: Assessment using multivariate statistics and human health risk - Comparative Study of Determinants and Characteristics of Exposed and Non-Exposed Infants to Infant Oral Rapporteur/ICT- Martin Kijumi Mutilation in South Western Uganda 14:00 – 15:00 Open Discussion (Progress of PhD Candidates at MUST- Lead: Prof. Roberts Muriisa & Dr. Medard T what needs to be done)

15:00 – 15:15 Discussion and wrap up Director DRGT – Assoc. Prof Batwala V

15:15 – 15:30 Prof. Nixon Kamukama –DVC-AA-MUST Closing Remarks and Way forward Departure and Preparation for Conference

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Details for Symposium Presentations

Break Away Room1 Presentations, 20th May 2021 Room 1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Room1 Prof. Bernard Natukunda(Chair), Dr. Johnes Obungoloch(Time Keeper), Assoc Prof. Chair(s) Eunice Olet, Dr. Simon Kawuma, Prof. Jerome Kabakyenga, Dr. John Businge, Assoc Prof. Julius B Leju, Dr. Priscilla Muheki 9:30-9:50 Algorithms for Detection of People Crowds using Wireless Sensor Networks Aggrey Obbo 9:50-10:15 Computational Language Resource Engineering for Runyankore & Rukiga using Symbolic and Data-driven Approaches David Bamutura 10:15-10:40 A Dictionary Learning Approach for Joint Reconstruction and Denoising in Low Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Emmanuel Ahishakiye 10:40 – 11:00 HEALTH BREAK Room1 Prof. Bernard Natukunda(Chair), Dr. Johnes Obungoloch(Time Keeper), Assoc Prof. Chair(s) Eunice Olet, Dr. Simon Kawuma, Prof. Jerome Kabakyenga, D.r John Businge, Assoc Prof. Julius B Leju, Dr. Priscilla Muheki 11:00-11:25 Postpartum Depression in Mbarara and Rwampara Districts, South Western Uganda: Prevalence, risk factors, lived experiences and validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Catherine Atuhaire 11:25-11:50 The role of personality traits on the psychological well-being of caregivers to individuals living with cancer in central and south-western Uganda Rachel Kansiime 11:50-12:15 Approaches in Cooling of Resistive Coil-based Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Systems for Application in Low Resource Settings Faith Natukunda 12:15-12:35 Barriers and facilitators for baseline kidney function testing among HIV-positive patients on TDF- based ART in SW-Uganda Kintu Mugagga 12:35-12:55 Supporting artemisia annua farmers to produce quality raw materials for the synthesis of medicines: Kasese, Kabale and Fort Portal PLM Wagana 13:00 – 14:00 LUNCH Room1 Prof. Bernard Natukunda(Chair), Dr. Johnes Obungoloch(Time Keeper), Assoc Prof. Chair(s) Eunice Olet, Dr. Simon Kawuma, Prof. Jerome Kabakyenga, Dr. John Businge, Assoc Prof. Julius B Leju, Dr. Priscilla Muheki 14:00-14:20 The occurrence and of selected pollutants in indoor air in Kampala metropolitan area Godfrey Muhwezi 14:20-14:45 Fluoride Contamination in Ndali-Kasenda Crater Lakes in Albertine Graben, Uganda: Assessment using multivariate statistics and human health risk Walter Ojok 14:15-15:00 Comparative Study of Determinants and Characteristics of Exposed and Non- Exposed Infants to Infant Oral Mutilation in South Western Uganda Wilfred Arubaku

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15:00 – 15:30

Director DRGT – Assoc. Prof Batwala V

Master of Ceremonies –Angella Nakato

Discussion, wrap up and closing remarks

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Break Away Room2 Presentations, 20th May 2021

Room 2 HUMANITIES, SOCIAL & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES Room2 Prof. Roberts Muriisa Kabeba (Chair), Dr. Medard Twinamatsiko, Dr. Kijjambu Fredrick, Chair(s) Dr. Sarah Nabachwa (Time Keeper) 9:30-9:55 Formerly Abducted Young Mothers’ experiences and their Social Reintegration Voices from Kitgum District Wendo Mlahagwa 9:55-10:20 Older Adolescent Banyankole Girls’ Response to Sociocultural Construction of Body Image in The Ankole Region, Uganda Ruth Kaziga 10:20-10:45 Gender Relations and Household Income Utilization Among Educated Working Married Employees in Mbarara Municipality Tajudeen Adebayo Sanni 10:45–11:00am HEALTH BREAK Room2 Prof. Roberts Muriisa Kabeba (Chair), Dr. Medard Twinamatsiko, Dr. Kijjambu Fredrick, Chair(s) Dr. Sarah Nabachwa (Time Keeper) 11:00-11:25 Ethical Behavior, Managerial Competencies and Supply Chain Performance of Relief Aid Organizations in Western Uganda Wilbroad Aryatwijuka 11:25-11:50 Analysis of Capacity Development and Participation of Ugandan Companies in the Oil Industry Edgar Bagarukayo 11:50-12:10 Monitoring and Evaluation Function and its effect on Health System Performance: a case of Kalangala district, central Uganda Perry Gamba 12:10-12:30 Socio- Cultural Practices and Fertility Among Banyankole Living in Sheema Municipality, South Western Uganda Kwabaho Kanshumbushe Mujuni Juliet 12:30-13:00 Assessment of the effectiveness of governance principles in collaborative forest management for the conservation of Echuya Central Forest Reserve-South Western Uganda Stephen Bugabo Gumisiriza 13:00 – 14:00 LUNCH 14:00-14:20 Interactive Marketing Practices and Market Performance of Soft Drinks Manufacturing Enterprises in Rwanda Nimusima Pereez 14:20–15:00 Open Discussion (Progress of PhD Candidates at MUST-what needs to be done) 15:00 – 15:30

Director DRGT – Assoc. Prof Batwala V

Master of Ceremonies –Angella Nakato

Discussions, wrap up and closing remarks

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Abstracts

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Aggrey Obbo: Algorithms for Detection of People Crowds using Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract Despite the progress made in sensor technologies in the form of more lightweight sensors, energy efficient routing and aggregation protocols, it has been noted that little work has been done people crowd detection and management This work has looked at the different technologies ranging from Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), crowd sourcing to crowd counting using Wi-Fi as means that have been used over time for crowd detection. The respective aggregation and routing protocols were also considered. The research goes further to analyze some of the crowd detection algorithms before delving into non people crowd detection algorithms with the ultimate aim of generalizing the techniques used herein to apply them to people crowd detection and management. The output of the research has been the design and development of algorithms that enable detection and management of people crowds using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).

David Bamutura: Computational Language Resource Engineering for Runyankore & Rukiga using Symbolic and Data-driven Approaches

Abstract Current research in Natural Language Processing (NLP) requires the existence of language resources. Whereas these resources are available for a few well-resourced languages, the greater set of other languages remain neglected. The central goal of this research study is to enable the computational analysis and generation of utterances in Runyankore and Rukiga (Ry/Rk). (Ry/Rk) are two under- resourced closely related languages spoken by about 3.4 and 2.4 million people respectively. They belong to the Nyoro-Ganda language zone of the Great Lakes, Narrow Bantu of the Niger-Congo language family. The goal is achieved by: 1) formalizing the grammars of these two languages using Grammatical Framework (GF), 2) developing general-purpose computational lexica for the languages, 3) developing an annotated corpus for the languages, 4) developing a Universal Dependency (UD) treebank and 5) designing and evaluating neural-based dependency parsers for these languages. The research study uses both symbolic and data-driven approaches to computational linguistics and NLP. We utilize a two- pronged approach because the lack of language resources makes the use of data-driven NLP approaches unsuitable. Both the grammars and lexica can be used in their own right to build domain-specific applications such as information dissemination & software localization in multi-lingual societies.

Emmanuel Ahishakiye: A Dictionary Learning Approach for Joint Reconstruction and Denoising in Low Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging pg. 12

Abstract Background: Currently, many children with hydrocephalus in East Africa and other resource- constrained countries do not have access to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners, the preferred imaging tool during the disease administration and treatment. Conventional MRI scanners are costly to buy and manage which limits their utilization in low-income countries. Low-field MRI scanners can offer an affordable, sustainable, and safe imaging alternative to high-field MRI, but they are associated with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and therefore the images obtained are noisy. In this study, we propose an algorithm that may help to alleviate the drawbacks of low-field MRI by improving the quality of images obtained. Methods: The proposed algorithm combines our previous proposed algorithm known as AS-DLMRI for image reconstruction and a nonlinear diffusion filter for image denoising. The formulation is capable of removing additive zero-mean white and homogeneous Gaussian noise, as well as other noise types that could be present in the original signal. Results: Experiments on visual quality revealed that the proposed algorithm is effective in denoising images during reconstruction. The proposed algorithm effectively denoised a noisy phantom, and a noisy MRI image, and had better performance when compared to DLMRI and AS-DLMRI in terms of Peak Signal to Noise ratio (PSNR) and High- Frequency Error Norm (HFEN). Conclusion: Integrating AS-DLMRI and the nonlinear diffusion filter proved to be effective in improving the quality of the images during the experiments performed. The hybrid algorithm may be of great use in imaging modalities like low-field MRI that are associated with low SNR. Keywords: MRI, low-field MRI, image reconstruction, Dictionary learning, Image denoising.

Catherine Atuhaire: Postpartum Depression in Mbarara and Rwampara Districts, South Western Uganda: Prevalence, risk factors, lived experiences and validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Abstract Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. It also has severe consequences on the physical and social well-being of mothers, new-borns, families, and communities. PPD reduces the mother’s response to the child’s needs. In severe cases, mothers suffering from PPD are prone to postpartum psychosis, commit suicide and, in rare cases, infanticide. We aimed to determine the prevalence and understand the factors associated with PPD among mothers in southwestern Uganda. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between November 2019 and June 2020 among 292 mothers, six to eight weeks’ postpartum. Mothers were selected from three health facilities in southwestern Uganda and enrolled using stratified consecutive sampling. Postpartum depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and clinically diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V. The factors associated with PPD were assessed by using a structured interviewer administered questionnaire. The factors were analyzed using bivariate chi square analyses and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of PPD was 27.1% (95% CI: 22.2-32.5. The prevalence did not vary by the number of previous births or mode of delivery. Five factors associated with PPD were low perceived social support, HIV pg. 13

positive status, rural residence, obstetrical complications, and the baby crying a lot. Conclusion and Recommendations: The prevalence of PPD in Mbarara district is higher than what has previously been reported in Uganda indicating urgent need to identify pregnant women who are at increased threat of PPD to mitigate their risk or implement therapies to manage the condition. Midwives who attend to mothers need access to a locally validated screening tool to effectively identify women with PPD. Inclusion of such a validated screening tool within the Uganda Clinical Guidelines will empower the Ugandan midwives to practice at their highest potential to mitigate the prevalence and consequences of PPD. Women who are HIV infected, reside in rural settings, whose babies cry a lot, have low social support systems and who have birth complications may be a particularly important focus for Ugandan intervention strategies to prevent and reduce PPD.

Rachel Kansiime: The role of personality traits on the psychological well-being of caregivers to individuals living with cancer in central and south-western Uganda

Abstract Objective: To assess the role of personality traits on the psychological wellbeing of caregivers to individuals living with cancer caregivers in central and southwestern Uganda. Methods: We used a cross- sectional research design in which participants were caregivers to patients living with cancer, aged 18 years and above who gave both verbal and written consent. They were consecutively sampled and included in the study. Results: Personality being a categorical variable and psychological wellbeing a continuous variable, data analysis was done using the one way Anova. Results showed that personality does influence the psychological wellbeing of a cancer caregiver (F = 2.409 and P-value = 0.049). Results further showed that the personality type that is worst influenced is that of neuroticism (Mean=67.3 and SD=15.07) where as the one least influenced was found to be extraversion (Mean=59.56 and SD=14.97) implying that extroverts register the healthiest psychological state while giving care to patients with cancer. Conclusions: There is need to assess the personality traits of the caregivers preferably at the beginning of the caregiving so as to advise on who is most likely to develop psychological distress so as to enhance psychological wellbeing of cancer caregivers.

Faith Natukunda: Approaches in Cooling of Resistive Coil-based Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Systems for Application in Low Resource Settings

Abstract Magnetic Resonance Imaging systems have over the years proven to be a more suitable option for diagnosis of various diseases and conditions ranging from neuro to vascular diagnostics. High field MRI systems have continued to be costly especially due to the expensive cryogens used, limiting the feasibility of its applications in developing countries. However, the use of resistive and permanent magnets in MRI systems has been lagging over the years, although they present great potential for making MRI technology available to more people in low resource settings. One of the major setbacks to the use of

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resistive coil-based MRI systems is the rise of temperature of the wires beyond what is electrically accommodating. In our work, we sought to understand the different cooling methods that have previously been applied to combat temperature rise in resistive coil-based low field MRIs systems. We mention some of these systems, the advantages, and challenges in executing such and their applicability to our desired outcome of developing a low-cost MRI machine. The findings also usher us into analytic assessment of some of our proposed cooling approaches. Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Temperature rise, Cooling, Resistive coil

Kintu Mugagga: Barriers and facilitators for baseline kidney function testing among HIV-positive patients on TDF- based ART in SW-Uganda

Abstract Background: With introduction of combined Anti-retroviral therapy (c-ART) the course of the HIV/AIDS disease and its management has led to longer life expectancy but with a concurrent growing burden of Kidney diseases. Purpose: This study aims at identifying the barriers and facilitators for routine renal functional evaluation of the HIV patients before initiation and during continued treatment with TDF-based ART. Methods: This will be a cross sectional qualitative and quantitative study. Thematic analysis will be used to examine the barriers and facilitators to early diagnosis /evaluation of renal dysfunction among people living with HIV in rural Mbarara District, South-Western Uganda. A theoretical model of behavior change; Capability, Opportunity and Motivation (COM-B) will be applied to understand behavior. This cross-sectional study will involve a semi-structured qualitative/ quantitative interview guide to conduct in-depth interviews with the primary health care providers (PHCPs: medical officers, clinical officers, nurses and midwives). The HCs with functional HIV clinics will be purposively selected as the primary health facilities for this study in Mbarara District. Significance of the study: The findings of this study may reveal the specific barriers for routine renal functional evaluation of the HIV patients before initiation and during continued treatment with TDF-based ART. Consequently, interventions directed towards specific barriers may be expected to be more effective than those that are not.

PLM Wagana: Supporting artemisia annua farmers to produce quality raw materials for the synthesis of medicines: Kasese, Kabale and Fort Portal

Abstract Background: The plant Artemisia annua produces the raw material needed by the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis and production of artemisinin based drugs. In Uganda, the farmers that farm this crop need support at different levels, to be able to meet the demand from local consumers and industry. This work is to provide the support in developing, an able environment of growth for the seedlings, and supportive practice for quality crop and harvest. Introduction: This work is based on the theory of totipotency in plant tissues. Quality seed and seedlings, as well as practices can be optimized for the farmer and his geographical location through continual support and monitoring of the farmer

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groups. Feedback is key. Methodology: Survey and focused group discussion with stakeholders. Results and Discussion: A lot of improvement is practice of handling and harvest of crop over the past three years, but a need for understanding the scientific process especially in the verification of the product (Artemisia annua harvest), the quality content in the final product, and how to help with other emerging health concerns (Covid-19)

Godfrey Muhwezi: The occurrence and of selected pollutants in indoor air in Kampala metropolitan area

Abstract There is limited information on the composition and source of indoor air pollutants in Uganda, yet it’s known that some of the components of indoor air have been categorized as having health effects. The study objectives are: (i) To quantify, characterize and apportion PM2.5 according to source, (ii) To quantify, apportion an estimate the exposure risk of Polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) in indoor air, and (iii) To quantify, apportion and estimate the exposure risk to selected flame retardants in indoor air. The study will be done in Selected peri urban areas in Kampala and a rural area in Kakiri Wakiso. 80 households will be selected purposively. 20 households will be rural while the other 60 will be peri urban. Half of the household will be charcoal users and the other half will be firewood users. Two outdoor sites in the rural and urban areas will also be monitored. The PM2.5 will be determined using both real-time and gravimetric methods. PAHS and flame retardant will be sampled using passive samplers previously calibrated with co-located active samplers. Characterization of PM2.5 will be done for elemental composition (to understand sources) but also for black carbon. The results of the study are expected to give us an indicator the levels and sources of the pollutants in the indoor environment this will help policy makers to plan for appropriate mitigation measures.

Walter Ojok: Fluoride Contamination in Ndali-Kasenda Crater Lakes in Albertine Graben, Uganda: Assessment using multivariate statistics and human health risk

Abstract In this study, hydrogeochemical characteristics of 15 crater lakes in Ndali- Kasenda cluster in the Albertine Graben were assessed following standard protocols of the American Public Health Association and non-carcinogenic health risk due to exposure to fluoride levels in such lakes were also investigated. Results obtained reveal that the mean concentration of fluoride (2.69 mg/L) was above the recommended limit of 1.5 mg/L. Additionally pH, Ca2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and TDS also exceeded regulatory limits in drinking water. Strong positive correlation was observed between F- and TDS; F- and pH; F- and EC; F- and HCO3-. However, with respect to hydrogeochemical signature, the lakes are mainly of Ca-HCO3 type and low in Na-K-HCO3 type due to rock water interaction in the geology of the area. Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on Ndali-Kasenda hydrogeochemical data resulted in six principal components (PCs) explaining 88.6 % of the total variance. The PCs represented the primary processes which control the crater lake hydrogeochemistry in the Ndali-Kasenda area which include; weathering

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of rocks reactions, ion exchange and evaporation processes. The hazard quotient (HQ) for non- carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to Ndali- Kasenda fluoride levels via ingestion revealed that HQ for infants surpassed the acceptable HQ limit for all the lakes studied, while 86.67% of the sampled lakes exceeded the HQ value of children via ingestion. Based on the hydrogeochemical parameters analyzed, aside L. Murigamire and L. Wankenzi, water from the other studied lakes are chemically not acceptable for drinking purposes. An urgent need to take ameliorative action in this area to protect the inhabitants from exposure to excess fluoride in drinking water was recommended.

Wilfred Arubaku: Comparative Study of Determinants and Characteristics of Exposed and Non- Exposed Infants to Infant Oral Mutilation in South Western Uganda

Abstract Problem: Infant oral mutilation (IOM) is the practice of gouging out the healthy primary tooth germ of neonates and infants without anesthetic by traditional healers using unsterilized instruments to alleviate teething - associated symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting and fever in infants, and is common across many African communities including Uganda (Girgis, Gollings, Longhurst, & Cheng, 2016; Pinchi et al., 2015). Objective: To compare the determinants of IOM among neonates and infants who are exposed and unexposed. Compare demographic, social, economic & cultural, clinical and-pathological characteristics among the two groups. Compare the short term outcomes among the two groups. Develop a model for predicting the risk of IOM among neonates and infants. Finally, explore existing policy frame works for child protection, health and treatment guidelines. Methods: We propose a prospective cohort study of neonates and infants exposed and unexposed to IOM admitted in two pediatric hospitals in south western Uganda. The main outcome measures will be recovery, resultant complications and mortality. Results: Identified the determinants of IOM in the exposed neonates and infants. Show a difference in the characteristic of the two groups. Show that exposed neonates and infants are likely to suffer severe outcomes compare to the unexposed. Develop diagnostic prediction model capable of detecting neonates and infants who are exposed. Identify strengths and gaps in policy. Conclusion and major recommendation: Key gaps exist in research related to IOM that will inform preventive and treatment mechanism for neonates and infants. Therefore, the urgent need for this study to be carried out is clear. Key words: determinants, infants, Infant oral mutilation, neonates, outcomes

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HUMANITIES, SOCIAL & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

Wendo Mlahagwa: Formerly Abducted Young Mothers’ experiences and their Social Reintegration Voices from Kitgum District

Abstract This qualitative study explored social reintegration of the formerly abducted young mothers (FAYMs) in Kitgum district, bearing in mind their captivity and return experiences. They were forcefully conscripted in a nearly 20 years Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) war in Northern Uganda (1986-2006). They returned home after years in captivity where they were not only forced to become wives of rebels, with children born in captivity but also they were forced to commit atrocities against their own communities. They face stigma and rejection as a result of those experiences. This study sought answers to the question as to why the FAYMs have continued to face social reintegration difficulties despite taking part in reintegration programs. The study aimed at examining how those experiences have shaped their social reintegration; investigating how they are perceived by communities; various initiatives in socially reintegrating them and how they are coping. Data was collected in 2018 using phenomenology research design in which narrative interviews were conducted with the FAYMs and other participants. War time events had had serious impact on the FAYMs- physical, psychosocial as well as impacting on their being perceived by their communities -which inhibit positive relationships. It was also found out that although a number of actors have contributed towards FAYMs reintegration, social reintegration has remained challenging. A community based approach through a multiplicity of actors and FAYMs agency could be key to social reintegration of the FAYMs.

Ruth Kaziga: Older Adolescent Banyankole Girls’ Response to Sociocultural Construction of Body Image in The Ankole Region, Uganda

Abstract Introduction: Adolescents and young women become increasingly aware of their bodies through images presented to them through social structures during their developmental stage. Objectives: describing the self-perception of young adult girls' construction of body image, exploring the contradictory societal expectations of body image where the older adolescents live and identifying facilitators and barriers to body image constructions. Methods: The study adopted the narrative inquiry approach with a sample size of forty-seven respondents recruited from the community and various learning institutions. The data was collected using purposive sampling supplemented by the snowball approach and the saturation point was reached. The results were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Preliminary Results: Older Adolescents' responses formed different themes based on the three objectives of the study that included beauty expectations, beauty comparisons, relationships and dietary habits. Theme two included culture, jarring media expectations and shift in lifestyles. Lastly theme 3 formed five sub themes that included parental influence, peer influence, media influence, existing standards of appearance and culture. pg. 18

Keywords: Older Adolescents, socio construction, body image, self-esteem, Ankole

Tajudeen Adebayo Sanni: Gender Relations and Household Income Utilization Among Educated Working Married Employees in Mbarara Municipality

Abstract This study is on gender relations and household income utilization among working educated married employees in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. The study sought to determine the nature of gender relations; determine the level of household income utilization; establish the relationship between gender relations and household income utilization and find out how working educated married employees reconcile themselves with local gender notions using the Mbarara Municipality as a case. The study was guided by the Feminist Conflict Theory, Sen’s Cooperative Conflict Theory and Bargaining Theory. The study employed a mixed-method design of quantitative and qualitative approach. The study findings established that age, marital status, religion, educational qualification, years of marriage, monthly income influence the relationship of working educated married employees. The findings further confirm the conventional view that social ties, level of friendship and mutual respect were proxies for gender relations and have a positive and significant impact on income pooling and utilization. The study recommends that educated working married employees should always try as much as possible to strike a balance between the cultural norms and their interpersonal relationship with their spouses. Keywords: Gender Relations, Income Utilization, Educated, Working Married Employees, Mbarara, Uganda.

Wilbroad Aryatwijuka: Ethical Behavior, Managerial Competencies and Supply Chain Performance of Relief Aid Organizations in Western Uganda

Abstract The world has in the last decade witnessed both natural and man-made disasters displacing millions of people who end up as refugees, and the majority of which are settled in Uganda. These refugees are under the care of relief aid organizations who continue to experience operational challenges with relief supplies not reaching the intended beneficiaries in the right time, condition, quantity and at the right cost. In an attempt to improve supply chain efficiency, this study examined the relationship between ethical behavior, managerial competencies, accountability, and supply chain performance of relief aid organizations in Uganda. The study used a crossectional sequential mixed methods approach (QUAN- Qual). The study population was the relief aid organizations based in western Uganda and the respondents were the staff of these organizations and beneficiary representatives. Structured questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data and it was analyzed using SPSSv22 and Atlast ti.v7.57 respectively. Structural equation modeling aided by Analysis of moment structures (AMOS v22) was used to test mediation. The study findings indicate that managerial competencies, ethical behavior, and accountability are positively and significantly associated with the supply chain performance of relief aid organizations in Uganda. The findings further show that accountability partially mediates the relationship

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between managerial competencies and supply chain performance. Besides, accountability has a full mediation effect on the relationship between ethical behavior and supply chain performance. The study findings are in support of existing literature and theories related to the current study. Accordingly, the study concludes ethical behavior, managerial competencies, and accountability are strong predictors of supply chain performance. Additionally, the study concludes that staff with professional, social and personal competencies can improve transparency, compliance and effectiveness and hence supply chain performance. It is further concluded that without downward accountability, ethical behavior alone cannot lead to the desired supply chain performance. From the results, discussion and conclusions, it recommended that for relief aid organizations to realize efficient delivery of relief supplies, they put in place robust recruitment policies that will attract staff with professional, social, and personal competencies. Relief aid organizations should also develop strong ethical cultures built through ethical education and hence improve the moral characters of relief aid organization staff, this will lead to transparency, effectiveness, and compliance. With increased downward accountability, relief supplies will reach the intended beneficiaries.

Edgar Bagarukayo: Analysis of Capacity Development and Participation of Ugandan Companies in the Oil Industry

Abstract Oil is a strategic commodity whose process of exploration, extraction and processing involves a complex chain of local and international actors with varying interests, and power. To understand how Ugandans interests are preserved for their benefit, the study systematically investigated the: Approaches to capacity development; Roles of actors and how they facilitate or inhibit capacity development; and Deployment of the capacity developed. The study is guided by the political economy approach to understand the development of Ugandan companies and their participation as part of state response to citizens calls to ensure their participation in the foreign dominated industry. More than 200 documents were reviewed, and 52 respondents interviewed between December 2018 and March 2021. The data show that: For Ugandan owned companies to build the requisite capacity, there is need to have a common understanding of capacity and timely communication of capacity requirements; Different actors in capacity development exist, however there is not effective leadership resulting in duplication of efforts; Local content laws favor foreign companies and “connected” government officials; There was dismal participation of Ugandan owned companies during the exploration phase. On a positive note, some Ugandan owned companies were able to expand to new markets.

Perry Gamba: Monitoring and Evaluation Function and its effect on Health System Performance: a case of Kalangala district, central Uganda

Abstract This study intends to investigate the effect of the monitoring and evaluation function on the performance of rural district health systems. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the M&E pg. 20

function on health system performance with the integration of active citizenship in the rural districts’ health systems to inform unified rural health system strengthening initiatives. Despite initiatives in place, Kalangala district health statistics reveal persistently low levels of health personnel assisted deliveries, declining vaccination coverage and severe shortfalls in health personnel staffing currently standing at 19.7%. This may be attributed to dysfunction implementation of the M&E function that leaves out the role of active citizenship yet its inclusion is documented elsewhere to be characterized by success performance stories. Besides, information on the extent of M&E practices and its effect of health system performance has not had a comprehensive empirical study in the Ugandan Island area of Kalangala district. In light of the aforementioned, this study, proposes to determine the contribution of the M&E Function to the performance of the Kalangala district health system. The study as an M&E function limits itself to examining planning of monitoring and evaluation, implementation of monitoring and evaluation and utilization of M & E findings. Concerning health system performance, Health Personnel Assisted Maternal Deliveries, Health workforce staffing and vaccination coverage are studied as opposed to active citizenship in health which is limited to engagement by locals in ensuring healthier neighbourhoods, participation by locals and empowerment status of locals in community health-related decision making. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the M&E function on health system performance with the integration of active citizenship in the rural districts’ health systems to inform unified rural health system strengthening initiatives. Objectives of the study are: • To examine the effect of the Monitoring and Evaluation Function on health system performance in Kalangala District, To investigate the effect of the M&E function on active citizenship in Kalangala District and To determine the effect of active citizenship on health system performance in Kalangala District. The mixed methods research approach as contended by Creswell (2014) will be implemented following a post-positivist research paradigm as postulated by Crotty (1998). Therefore, the Explanatory Sequential Research Design will be adopted in this study. A total sample size of 216 participants will be targeted from a study population of 224 district health personnel. Data collection methods & Tools: Survey, interview and Focused Discussion method; Self-Administered Questionnaire, Interview guide, Focus Group Guide will be used. Pre-testing for validity & reliability will also be done.

Kwabaho Kanshumbushe Mujuni Juliet: Socio- Cultural Practices and Fertility Among Banyankole Living in Sheema Municipality, South Western Uganda

Abstract Fertility is one of the major social development indicators throughout the world. Over time, the government of Uganda and development partners have invested in interventions responding to increasing population. However, fertility has not reached desired levels. Uganda’s population has grown from 9.5million in 1969 to 34.6 in 2014, with a population density of 174 persons per sq. km by 2014, doubling from 85 persons per sq.km in 1991. Compared to the global average of 2.5 children per woman Uganda remains with one of the highest fertility levels at 5.4 children per woman. The main objective of the study is to determine the influence of socio-cultural factors on fertility. Previous studies have identified existing forces within cultures and societies that affect the thoughts, feelings and behaviors to include general constructs of Gender norms, Religious beliefs, and individual

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Attitude. The study will adopt a qualitative cross-sectional design, employing a phenomenological method to determine the influence and impact of Gender norms, Religious beliefs and attitudes on the decision making and choice for number and spacing of children for the Banyankole living in Sheema Municipality. Keywords: socio – cultural, factors and fertility.

Stephen Bugabo Gumisiriza: Assessment of the Effectiveness of Governance Principles in Collaborative Forest Management for the Conservation of Echuya Central Forest Reserve-South Western Uganda

Abstract Echuya is a montane forest with a high conservation value containing both flora and fauna that are endemic, rare or globally threatened. This study assessed the effectiveness of governance principles in collaborative forest management for the conservation of Echuya Central Forest Reserve-South Western Uganda. During the study, biographic characteristics of local communities participating in CFM around Echuya, benefit sharing, participation in decision making and recognition and respect for relevant actors in Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) were explored and analyzed. The study used cross sectional and explanatory research designs. Data was collected using documentary review, households Surveys, Focused Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews. Quantitative analyses were run in SPSS version 25 to generate P-values and coefficients where applicable. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis aided by NVivo 10. Results show that there is inequitable benefit sharing, participatory decision making is undermined by the dominance of NFA, and there is inadequate recognition and respect for tenure rights of community members. The study concludes that equitable benefit sharing, interactive participation and adequate financial support are critical for conservation support. The study recommends operationalization of a clear benefit sharing policy, formation of a forest management board and Batwa resettlement.

Nimusima Pereez: Interactive Marketing Practices and Market Performance of Soft Drinks Manufacturing Enterprises in Rwanda

Abstract There has been persistent market performance (MP) challenges with decline in not only customer numbers but also sales and realisation of net losses which has precipitated closures before end of one year for some soft drinks manufacturing enterprises (SDMEs) in Rwanda. Apparently no apparent single satisfying explanation exist for such mix of unpleasant MP scenario among SDMEs, however, ineffective marketing communication practices have been cited to be a significant part of this problem. Strategic communication, customer relations and computer mediated communication literature has consistently shown inconsistent results on the effect of interactive marketing practices (IMP) on MP. Individual theories have been used but have not sufficiently explained this MP phenomenon. Previous studies have been accused of methodological restrictiveness where some adopted quantitative approaches, others

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qualitative approaches, others carried out in developed economies in different industry settings, besides others having scope limitations investigating specific variables. This notwithstanding, the study builds on previous studies that have not given consistent and comprehensive thought to the role and significance of investigating third variables in the relationships (lack of mediation and moderation test). In the face of mixed results, methodological inconsistences and context differences observed in previous studies, their findings cannot be generalised to apply to soft drink industry in Rwanda. The main purpose of this study will be to examine the relationship between IMP and MP while examining the mediating role of competitive advantage and moderating role of competitive environment in the relationships between IMP and MP of SDMEs in Rwanda. The study will adopt a critical realist paradigm and cross sectional design to collect data at a single point in time on more than one case. A sample size of 322 registered SDMEs will be taken in the three central districts of Kigali. Data will be collected using Questionnaire and interview; however, this will be preceded by data quality controls by assessing validity and reliability (CVI & Cronbach alpha coefficients). Attempts will also be made to test for parametric assumptions. Statistical data analysis will finally be done using SPSS Version 20. Since previous studies investigated individual concepts (IMP, Competitive Advantage, Competitive Environment), and were not able to sufficiently explain MP concept, this study proposes a model that offers a unique structure that places previously scattered observations into a conceptual framework (combination effects) useful for prediction that is hoped to contribute to the larger goal of theory building (study contribution).

Succeed We Must

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ADVERT

MBARARA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Directorate of Graduate Training and Research P.O. BOX 1410 MBARARA-UGANDA Tel: +256-485 660 584 Email: [email protected]

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2021/2022 POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES MINIMUM ENTRY REQUIREMENTS The minimum requirements for admission to any Postgraduate degree are: a) Uganda Certificate of Education (UCE) or its equivalent with at least 5 passes b) Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education (UACE) or its equivalent with at least 2 principal passes. c) An Honors degree from an accredited degree awarding institution d) Candidates who have a Pass degree should have at least a Postgraduate Diploma with at least a credit from an accredited degree awarding institution.

Additionally, applicants to any Master of Medicine programme MUST meet the following minimum entry requirements: i. Applicants whose first language or medium of instruction is not English, must provide evidence from a recognized English language training institution that they have sufficient command of English language. ii. Have a documentary evidence of Internship Training indicating disciplines and dates. iii. International applicants should have their documents verified by NCHE. iv. International applicants, should have their degree certificate and transcript translated and converted into an equivalent of Ugandan Universities’ CGPA v. Be registered or eligible for registration with Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council. pg. 24

vi. A current certificate of good standing with the Medical Practitioners’ Council of the country of origin.

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The University offers PhD in the fields of Biomedical Engineering, Computing, Development Studies, Education, Management, Medicine and Science. Program duration is 3 years. Minimum Requirements a) Uganda Certificate of Education (UCE) or its equivalent with at least 5 passes b) Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education (UACE) or its equivalent with at least 2 principal passes. c) An Honors degree from an accredited degree awarding institution d) A Masters’ degree from an accredited and chartered degree awarding institution e) A Concept paper f) Curriculum Vitae of proposed supervisor(s).

LIST OF POSGRADUATE PROGRAMMES OFFERED AT MUST FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES NO. PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION CODE 1 MBA MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

FACULTY OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION CODE 2 MBI MASTERS IN BUSINESS INFORMATICS 3 MHIT MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 4 MSIS MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS 5 PGDBI POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS INFORMATICS 6 PGDHIT POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 7 PGDIS POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

FACULTY OF INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION CODE

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8 MACI MASTER OF ARTS IN CONFLICT AND INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT 9 MADS MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 10 MALG MASTER OF ARTS IN LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND PLANNING 11 PDCR POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN CRIMINOLOGY 12 PDDS POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

FACULTY OF MEDICINE PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION CODE 13 MMA MASTER OF MEDICINE IN ANAESTHESIA 14 MMD MASTER OF MEDICINE IN DERMATOLOGY 15 MME MASTER OF MEDICINE IN EAR NOSE AND THROAT 16 MMEM MASTER OF MEDICINE IN EMERGENCY MEDICINE 17 MMFM MASTER OF MEDICINE IN COMMUNITY PRACTICE/FAMILY MEDICINE 18 MMGS MASTER OF MEDICINE IN GENERAL SURGERY 19 MMIM MASTER OF MEDICINE IN INTERNAL MEDICINE 20 MMLS MASTER OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 21 MMO MASTER OF MEDICINE IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 22 MMOG MASTER OF MEDICINE IN OBSTETRICS/GYNAECOLOGY 23 MMP MASTER OF MEDICINE IN PATHOLOGY 24 MMPC MASTER OF MEDICINE IN PAEDIATRICS & CHILD HEALTH 25 MMPR MASTER OF MEDICINE IN PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 26 MMPY MASTER OF MEDICINE IN PSYCHIATRY 27 MMR MASTER OF MEDICINE IN RADIOLOGY 28 MPH MASTERS OF PUBLIC HEALTH 29 MSAN MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ANATOMY 30 MSBC MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOCHEMISTRY 31 MSMB MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MICROBIOLOGY 32 MSPM MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACOLOGY 33 MSPS MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSIOLOGY 34 PNMS MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL MEDICINE SCIENCE

FACULTY OF SCIENCE PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION CODE

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35 MEAM MASTER OF EDUCATION IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING 36 MECIMS MASTER OF EDUCATION IN CURRICULUM INSTRUCTION AND MEDIA STUDIES 37 MEEP MASTER OF EDUCATION IN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 38 MSCB MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY 39 MSCC MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY 40 MSCM MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MATHEMATICS 41 MSCP MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICS

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 42 PHD MEDICINE AND SCIENCE 43 PHD COMPUTING, MANAGEMENT AND EDUCATION 44 PHD DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

Martha Kyoshaba Twinamasiko ACADEMIC REGISTRAR

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VISION To be a centre of Academic and Professional Excellence in Science and Technology.

MISSION To provide quality and relevant education at national and international level with particular emphasis on Science and Technology and its application to community development.