Thursday, December 2, 2010 "The long-term abolition of trafficking and all forms of contemporary will require an elevation in global efforts to eradicate extreme poverty, as well as the reconception of economic globalization as a system for which ultimate legitimacy depends on promoting the social, political, and economic well-beingS ofl alla membersve ofr humanity."y -Siddharth Kara, : Inside the Business of Modern Slavery

Thursday, December 2, 2010 Slavery A social and economic relationship that includes all of the following: -violence or threat of violence -control or violent coercion -inability to leave the situation due to the above -extreme economic exploitation

No longer about ownership

Thursday, December 2, 2010 “Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs”

2000 Trafficking Protocol (entry 2003)

Thursday, December 2, 2010 Supply & Demand

political instability

labor migration Slavery controls and extreme poverty Trafficking cultural norms

inadequate law enforcement

Thursday, December 2, 2010 Contributing Factors of Extreme Poverty in Developing Countries: -geography

-gender discrimination -lack of education or skill; illiteracy -political/economic policies (SAPs, trade regulations, FDI gone wrong ) -inability to migrate for work -government corruption or instability (corrupt leaders, war, lack of basic infrastructure, lack of social protections like unemployment ins., Medicare, social security)

Thursday, December 2, 2010 Forms of Slavery - -Contract Slavery -Forced Labor -Forced Prostitution -Sex Slavery

Slavery today is rarely obvious at first glance. Slavery is not legally sanctioned anywhere in the world so it exists in the shadows, camouflaged as legitimate employment or social arrangement. Slavery exists on a continuum of violence and coercion and these forms of slavery often combine to exist in the same instance.

Thursday, December 2, 2010 Debt Bondage -Most common form of slavery today -Most common in South Asia, especially India -An advance of money, repayment serviced through debtor’s labor -Exploitation in the process of repayment: false accounting, exorbitant interest rates, extortion, unreasonable collateral, violence, coercion -Need money for: medicine, funeral costs, dowry payments, environmental disaster -Victims are usually very desperate and often illiterate making them especially vulnerable to fraud. -Also called ‘bonded labor’

Thursday, December 2, 2010 Contract Slavery -Second most common form of slavery today -Most common in South Asia and Brazil -Like debt bondage it begins with a mutual agreement -Guarantee of wages for a specified (legitimate) job -Violation of the contract: held under force, paid nothing beyond subsistence, debt bondage, passports/papers confiscated -Organized crime networks recruit these potential slaves -Inadequate laws and/or corrupt government, or just under the radar allows these violations to continue

Thursday, December 2, 2010 U. S. Cases US v. Flores (1997)- South Carolina, first contemporary agricultural trafficking case to gain national prominence

US v. Carreto (2005)- from 1991-2004 trafficked sex slaves from Mexico to Queens and Brooklyn NY

US v. Sabhnanis (2007) domestic slavery of two Indonesian women held for 5 years by a millionaire couple in Long Island

“The domestic servant cases are often the most brutal because of the total isolation in which these women are kept for years and years.” Global Workers Justice Alliance “Slave operations don’t occur in a vacuum. It’s at the end of a spectrum of labor violations.” Coalition of Immokalee Workers

Thursday, December 2, 2010 Abolition 101 One of the oldest forms of commerce

International Law -1926 Slavery Convention: defines and prohibits -1930 ILO Convention No. 29 (forced and compulsory labor) -1948 UN Declaration of Human Rights -1956 UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery -2000 UN Trafficking Protocol: trafficking more clearly defined

US Law -2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act: (est. Office to Monitor and Combat TIP) -2000-present GTIP Report: 3-tier system

Thursday, December 2, 2010 Migrant Labor Policies in the US Guest-Worker Program (H-2 Program) ,1934 -To provide workers for the southern sugar cane fields. -Later expanded to include nonagricultural workers, including construction.

Worker Visas: A-3, G-5, B-1

“There are two ways to keep the workers down on the farm; one is by force, and the other is by a government-sanctioned program that locks the worker to the employer..... The very structure of the program lends itself to abuse.” Southern Poverty Law Center

Thursday, December 2, 2010 “California, Arizona, I harvest your crops, then it’s north up to Oregon to gather your hops. Dig the beets from your ground, cut the grapes from your vine to set on your table your light sparkling wine.”

Woody Guthrie, Pastures of Plenty

Thursday, December 2, 2010