BIOGEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS

JOHN LESLIE DOWE

Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, James Cook University, Townville, Qld, Australia, and the Montgomery Botanical Cen ter, Coral Gables, FL, USA

CIIII~~ C S I FtO PUBLISH ING © John Le!:'lit' Dowe 2010

All rights resern.D. EXCE'FA: under the conditions described in the AIIstl',l/i,/f/ (opyrigM Ad 1968 md sub~e'JU<~1l1 ilillendnrents, no part of this publimtion may h' feprodLlCcd. storc:d in a retrievt!l system or transmitted in allY form or by any means, ekctronic, mechanical, photocopying, recc>rding, dl1plic

Natioilil! Lil~rary of Allstnliil. Call11ugl1ing-in-P\lblication entry

D,lwt', John L

Allslr<'lllan pillms: hiog<'o;;raphy, ecology ;:nd system.3th::s I Jolm Leslie Do\V~.

97806430'-)6158 (pbk.)

Inchldes index. Bibliography.

Palms - Australia. Palms - Australia - Identification. P<:tlms - Norfolk Isbnd - Identification. p.,lms - Loru Howe Island - Identification, Palms - Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) - Identification.

584.50994

Published by CSIRO PUBLISHING 150 Oxford Sheet (PO Bm 1139) ColJingwoOl.t VIC 3066 Australia Telephone: +61396627666 Local call: 1300783 000 (Australia only) Fax: 1"61396627555 Email: pub!ishing.S:ll€'.s@csil'O.i1tl Website: www.publis:l.csiro.atl

Fwnt cover (cJo;:kwise from top left): Licllain n'11IL';ayi, LivistClln lorophyilfl, GI/lI!liliS llI(lti, Lh:.,isfonl I1Ilul/el'i, Cllr~'mt'lrio aC/lIlJi!ln!n. li.rdwlllapliofl1lX nlc,tillldme, Nypr.fruliIY!11S and Namnlll.'ya i1onu!lllbyi. Photos by the 1l1thor.

Back coyer (c1ock';!.ise frcl11 top left): Li;;';stOIlIl ,'idorin~, Bun~le Bungle Ranges, \·Vestern Austroli,,; Liel/IIM mmSllyi; Cnfflllws II/flli; Ullll.~padi)' J'IJl'fir!nills; and C(i/,yoin nl/;ocrtii. Photos by the author.

Set in Palatilio 9.5/13 Edited by ALirieml€ de Kretser, gig;hting Writing Cover ;md ted design by James Kelly Typeset by MrS Limited, A M,l(mil!al\ Comr<1ny Plinted in China by 1010 Printing InternatiOlli.11 Ltd

CSIRO FUgUSHING publishes and distributes scientiflc, technicil121ld heillth science lXl(;ks, Ilwgil?jnes and journals from Ao.stralia to a worldwidl' ~ activities autonomously-from thE researcll activities of the Conu::HJl1w€<\Jth Scientiiic l'Ind !n,;:ustrial Research Org

Despite the long ,Uld venemble tradition of rivalry b eMeen affinities CIS il. represent1inctly envious of the Mlual the pZl lms of Austril liil h ilS been Jacking until now, but wonders thai r'\ustralians can enjoy lm their doorsteps. readers will not regret the wlit. In typical style, John Dowe The pa lm fa mily makcs only a modest contribution to has tackled the subject in grmt dep th and detail, produ-:ing the Australian flora. but is exceptional nonclhclcss. No an account SO thorough that it ill unlikely to be supen!8ied other regiQrull palm flora includes representatives of all for many years to come. 1\ has nrrived at a time Whell the five palm subfamilies. It encapsulates flavours of both the need fnt palm information has never been g loc3lcr, (0 ~

, Contents

Preface ix Climate change since t~e Late Cretaceous 21 Acknowledgments xi Co-occurrence of palm species in Australia and New Guinea 24 INTRODUCTION Summary 27 Economic botany 5 Systematic arrangement of fossil palm taxa from Australia and New Zealand Endangerment and conservation 30 of Australian palms 5 4 DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY 31 2 EARLY DOCUMENTATION OF Australian palms and their environments 31 AUSTRALIAN PALMS 7 Palms in the landscape 31 European plant:ollectors and botanists Phytogeographical regions in Australia 33 in Australia before settlement 7 Distribution patterns 33 Explorers, naturalists and botanists after settlement 3 Remote species of Livistona 34 Allan Cunningham 10 Remote global distribution: Oraniopsis 36 Carl Friedrich Phillip von Martius: Lord Howe Island 37 Historia N

vii ContF.l1l.

F~ mily descriptio" 51 Archontop hoenicinae 110 Key to subfamilie; in Australia 54 Archontophoeni'X 1]1

B~ sse linjjnae 167 55 6 SUBFAMILY " CALAMOIDEAE LepirJorrbachis rw ClilSsiric.Jtion md relationship!> 5; linospadidnae Cafaro"s 56 "" Lino5,OiIdix 1~1 7 SU8FAMllY 2: NyrOIDEAE 83 l<:! cc:uspadix 2C6 Howea 200 Classification md relationships 83 Nypa 83 Ptychosperma ti nae 214 Prychosperma 214 S SUBFAMILY 3, CORYPHO IDEAE 87 Carpentaria 213 Classification and relationships 8 ' Wodyetia 225 Llvlstonina e 83 Normanbya 218 Uvisfonil 8' 1{hopalostylldinae 233 Ucuala iJr, Rhopa lostylis 233 Caryoteae 141 Hedyscepe 2J7 Caryom 141 Unpl ac~d Ar~ccac 2,0 Arengt! 14' I-Iydriasreie L.J.U Coryphcilc 153 11 DOUBTFUL AND EXUUDED NAMES 251 Coryph.l 151 12 FIELD IDENTIFICATION OF AUSTRALIAN 9 SUBFAMILY 4, CEROXYLOIDEAE 159 PALM SPECIES 255 CIAreceae 170 Index 2U3

'!iii Preface

This book provides an updated and thorough systematic The Palmetuffi in Townsville, Flcckcr Botanic Gardens in Jnd taxonomic treatment of thcAllstralian palm flora. ~hc Calms and Mt Coot-lha Botanic Gardens in Blisbane, and only other similarly broad treatment of Australian palms in Florida at the Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden:; and was prepared over 130 years ago, by German botan:st:; the Montgomery Botanical Center. This worUs the culmi­ Hermann Wendlan::l and Oscar Drude in 1875 in their nation of over 20 years of research i11to Australian palms. Pa/mae AlIstmlasica~, published in the journal Linmea. Ba~ed on the knowledge of the time, that early work described 26 specie:; and examined the palm flora from • STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK aspects of biogeogmphy, relationships and taxonomy. It This book is divided into two sections. The first section provided the basil; br much llf OUT understfruit and the later decades of the 20th century, interest in Australian relevant djag"o~tic features. The fmal chapter offers El key palms was renewed throllgh the work of A.N. Rood, A.K. for the field identificaHon cf Australian palm species. TIle Irvine, J.L. Dowe, D.L. Jones and F.B. Essig; revisions of book concludes willl a glossary. Atcl1olttopilOellix, C~1"yota, Hydl'Ulstele, Licunia, LiIlOSprriix, Livistona and Ptycilcsperma have been completed in recent decades. • METHODS Sixty species of Australian palms are recognised and. discussed in lhis book. Thl" book lakes noll" of recen t The taxonomic history of each species was invcstiglted advances in biogeographic and phylogenetic resea:·ch, and nomcnclarnrc imd typification were revil""i,.ied_ Proto­ which allow the Australian palm flora to be incish'ely logues for all taxa were sourced and SClutiniseci for placed within a regional and global context. These as~cts validity of publication, ty?fication and adherence to the aH examined in detail. AustraliaJ1 Palms includes expanded appropriate articles in the Inter;ullioll!1[ Code of Bota 1lica/ and thorough descriplLons of genera and species, wiJh .I\,'omellclahne (McNeill et a:. 2006). Type spedml2lls were additional informalion on diSlributi.OJl, ecology and ~,.pi­ located at numerous herbal"ia, ilnd imilges of at least one fiCfltion. The desctiptions of both generilll.nd sp~cies wer!'! sheet (of those with multiple sheets) are included. Where obtained £ollowingextensive field-work and examina:ion types had been lost, misapplied or inappropriately desig­ of over 1600 specimens in herbaria inAustralia, 50uth~a5t nated, new typification is presented. In somr= cases, typi­ Asia, Europe and the US. The author has !;tudied and col­ fication is dl:!hlS'llatro for t:I:v< first time. Species descriptlons lected all mainland palm SpE'Cies in their natural habitats, are based on the examinaion of abou t 1600 herbaTiu111 ~nd has studied th)5e fr0111 off--sllore tenitories as (lJ1ti­ spcx:imens and living palms in their natural habitats and vated specimens in Australian botanic gardens such as cultivation. Descriptions ale based on mature plants. For

" Preface

many mC:!"dSuremenls, ruch as srem height and leaf length. an> accnrding to HOlmgren and [·Iolmgren (1998), j oum~1 only the upper range is provided. O therwise, the range 0: abbrevi;ttion6 follow lIri dsnn md Smith (1991) and publi4 siz@srecordcdIorsome orga.ns,wheresizeismore ccitico\' cation abbreviations follow Stafleu and Cowan is provid ed. Phyloger.etic 3s.<;umptioru ami recOllstruC· (1976-98). Hons are based on the most recent anaJyS€s as referenced Spe<:imcn.s examined in<:ompHing species descripHons in the text, mostly accepting those presented in Generr and associated with typificulion may be viewed as ~n PalmaTurn (Drans field f!t al. 2008). Author abbreviati.ons Exed spreadslwet ... t htlp:/ 1v.~'I'.'l.m ontgomerybo ta nicll foUow Brummitt and PuwelJ (1992), hCIDariU1J1 acronyms .org/ Pages/Researeh.htm.

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