CONCEPTUALIZING AND RESPONDING TO ONLINE HARMS IN YOUTH DIGITAL CULTURE

ONLINE EVENT WORKSHOP PROGRAMME

7 JULY 2021

SURREY.AC.UK

OUR SPONSOR INTRODUCTION

‘Online harms’—or ‘online safety’ as it has We are neither engaging with the Workshop Chair: been termed in the most recent government complexities and social-contingencies of the Dr Emily Setty, policy pronouncements in the UK—continue risks and harms they face, nor attending Administrative support: to attract attention and concern, particularly sufficiently to the opportunities, pleasures Vicki Blamey and Mirela Dumic (University regarding young people. There are efforts and rewards that they perceive and of Surrey) underway to identify and protect young experience within digital media. The Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) at people from the risks connected to their use the University of Surrey sponsors workshops of digital media. Risks and harms include These issues will have been intensified, and and Fellowships at the ‘cutting edge’ of issues relating to sex and relationships, will continue to intensify, following the science, engineering, social science and the exploitation and grooming, (cyber)bullying covid-19 pandemic, which has increased the humanities. Through this scheme the and harassment, 'addiction' and overuse of digital mediation of personal, social, Institute fosters interdisciplinary digital media, among others. economic and public life for us all. It will now collaborations and encourages a flow of be less credible than ever simply to take a international scholars to visit, enjoy their Social science evidence from across risk-averse approach to young people's stay at Surrey and leave behind excellent disciplines complicates simplistic digital lives. The aim of this workshop is to ideas and innovations. assumptions and narratives about young bring together scholars and policy and people, risk and digital media, and attempts practice stakeholders to discuss how we ias.surrey.ac.uk to interject nuance and heterogeneity into could and should respond to young people's narratives about young people’s lives in a digital lives in all their complexity. We are digital era. delighted to welcome keynote speakers who will share their research about The evidence is clear that young people tend understanding and responding to online to find regulations and interventions harms. We then have a range of paper designed to educate them about and protect presentations that will explore themes of them from harm disengaging and interest. disconnected from their diverse lived experiences and the realities of their digital We look forward to a thought-provoking, cultures. productive and inspiring set of discussions.

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PROGRAMME

(UK TIME)

14.10 – 14.20 Break 11.30 – 12.00 Welcome and Introduction, Dr Emily Setty, University of Surrey

14.20 – 15.20 Parallel Session 2 12.00 – 13:00 Keynote: Professor Andy Phippen,

1. Young people’s accounts of life online Keynote: Professor Emma Bond,

Jonny Hunt, Bournemouth University 13:00 – 13.10 Break Shame-less: Pornography and sexual citizenship

13.10 – 14.10 Parallel Session 1 Søren Christian Krogh, Aalborg University

Early adolescents’ accounts of experiences performance demands on

1. Abusive Online Sexual Behaviours social media and their general wellbeing

Rebecca Mace, UCL Dr Laura Thompson, University of Hertfordshire A real virtual self A real 'Tinder Nightmare': Violence and misogyny in heterosexual

dating culture

2. Regulating youth online Chelsea J. Mainwaring, Goldsmiths,

Image-based sexual abuse amoung young people: The experiences and Dr Emma Nottingham, University of perspectives of victims, perpetrators and bystanders. Mind the gap: Surveillance capitalism in schools vs. the child’s right to Kathryn Temblett, South West Grid for Learning object Online harm during a pandemic Dr Michelle Lyttle Storrod, Rutgers University Ecological ruptures and strain: Girls, juvenile justice and phone removal 2. Youth navigating risk and harm online Marianne Forsey, SOAS, Centre for Gender Studies

‘Disrespect NoBody: Binary oppositions, double negatives and non- Chantelle Cummings, University of Trinidad and Tobago legality in ‘youth-produced sexual imagery’ Children's online safety: Exploring children's experiences and mitigation

of risks in the online environment

15:20 – 15:50 Discussion Dr Holly Powell-Jones, City, University of London

How do young people construction notions of 'risk' and 'responsiblity' 15.50 – 16:00 Close online?

Dr Faith Gordon, Australian Natoinal University and the Information

Law and Policy Centre, the Institute for Legal Studies, London

Significance of sibling support for children navigating online harms and

seeking redress

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ABSTRACTS AND

PARTICIPANTS

Adultist Perspectives and Value Biases in Biography How Universities are struggling to respond Biography Online Harms are Failing Young People to instances of online harassment, abuse Professor Andy Phippen, Bournemouth Andy Phippen is a Professor of Digital Rights and hate crime. Professor Emma Bond is Director of University at the Bournemouth University and is a Professor Emma Bond, University of Suffolk Research, Head of the Graduate School and Visiting Professor at the University of Suffolk. Professor of Socio-Technical Research at the

Our work over the years has highlighted that He has specialised in the use of ICTs in social University of Suffolk. Emma's research Drawing on evidence from the OfS funded young people are often let down by adults contexts and the intersection with legislation interests focus on the everyday interactions Digital Civility project at the University of and professionals who have safeguarding for over 15 years, carrying out a large between people, society and technology and Suffolk and data from 135 universities across roles in their lives as a result of value bias, a amount of grass roots research on issues she is especially interested in developing the UK, Emma Bond considers the inaccurate lack of knowledge and poor training. such as attitudes toward privacy and data both innovative and accessible and unhelpful assumptions around student Vulnerable young people disclosing online protection, internet safety and methodologies in research which foster knowledge and awareness of online risks as harms are met with messages such as “Well contemporary issues such as sexting, peer meaningful participation with marginalised they transition to higher education. It is clear now its online there’s nothing you can do”, abuse and the impact of digital technology groups. She is internationally renowned for from the evidence presented “You shouldn’t be on social media, it’s on well-being. He has presented written and her work on online and social media that universities are uncertain how to best against the law” or “Sending nudes is illegal, oral evidence to parliamentary inquiries environments, sexting, revenge pornography respond to online harms, and many you could get into a lot of trouble for this”. related to the use and regulation of ICTs in and online safeguarding. university staff remain unsure of how best to Rather than helping and supporting young society, is widely published in the area and is Her recent research includes an extensive support and protect victims of abuse, how to victims of online harms, adultist perspectives a frequent media commentator on these body on work on online harassment in UK sanction offenders, or how to manage the instead risk revictimisation and long term issues. Universities including the Catalyst funded reputational risks to their institutions. abuse. Drawing from research conducted as Digital Civility of University Students for the part of the Headstart Kernow project However, these issues are here to stay and which informed (https://www.headstartkernow.org.uk/digita students are worried about them, they feel the Higher Education Online Safeguarding l-resilience/), this talk will consider what vulnerable and unsupported. Self-Review Tool and was included in UUK’s over 1000 young people, spoken to as part of Through collaborative working with Tackling Online Harassment and Promoting the project, have said are their priorities for stakeholders to challenge the culture around Online Welfare Report and Online online harms, their views on online safety online safeguarding, universities can support Harassment and Hate Crime in HEIs. She has educational experiences, and how adults students; effectively tackle online abuse if also completed an extensive research project might better respond to their calls for help students are unfortunate enough to be for the Better Policing Collaborative and the and support when they do feel at risk of subject to it and take students' emotional College of Policing on a review of domestic harm. wellbeing seriously. This shouldn’t be violence and abuse which included Police something students face in isolation from Force knowledge of Revenge Pornography their university. legislation and the role of everyday technologies in cases of domestic abuse.

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A real "Tinder Nightmare": Violence and The paper highlights the need for creative Image-based sexual abuse among young Implications surrounding the importance of Misogyny in Heterosexual Dating App thinking about how to improve ways of people: The experiences and perspectives the peer context, focusing upon consent and Culture holding such men accountable in the of victims, perpetrators and bystanders healthy relationships within education, and Dr Laura Thompson, University of semianonymous environment of the dating Chelsea J. Mainwaring, Goldsmiths, the need to challenge victim-blaming Hertfordshire app. It concludes with a call for a zero- University of London rhetoric associated with IBSA and intimate tolerance approach towards misogyny to be image sharing, are considered. Since the introduction of social distancing Co-authors: Adrian J. Scott, Asher Flynn adopted by practitioners and policy makers measures to control the Covid-19 pandemic, working across both "online" and "offline" Anastasia Powell, Nicola Henry the merge between young people’s digital anti-violence efforts. Biography lives and dating lives is now more Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) involves

pronounced than ever, as is the exacerbation the taking or sharing (including threats to Biography Chelsea J. Mainwaring is a funded MPhil/PhD of pre-existing social inequalities posed by share) of intimate images of another person researcher and Associate Lecturer within the harmful aspects of youth digital culture. In without their consent. Whilst the Dr Laura Thompson's research spans the Psychology Department at Goldsmiths, particular, as recent events have experiences of IBSA among adults has been fields of digital criminology, feminist University of London. Her academic underscored, the blight of male violence on documented, little research has examined criminology and victimology. Her doctoral background is in Psychology, having the lives of women and girls remains an such experiences among youth. This study research, which was funded by City completed BSc Psychology and MSc Forensic urgent issue. Entering this policy space and aimed to address this gap by reporting on University of London's Centre for Law, Psychology degrees at Royal Holloway, contemporary debates on male sexual the extent and nature of IBSA and intimate Justice and Journalism, extends emerging University of London. Her current research entitlement, the present paper reports image sharing, the impacts and fears of feminist work on technology-facilitated focuses on bystanders in imagebased sexual original empirical research documenting victims, the motivations of perpetrators, and harms by investigating how “everyday” abuse contexts. Chelsea also has a range of “everyday” forms of violence apparently the reactions of bystanders, among youth. violence against women manifests over other research interests within the area of motivated by women's sexual rejection of To achieve this aim, a survey was carried out dating apps. Working on a topic that often Forensic Psychology and has previously been men in the dating app space. It discusses two with 293 Australian respondents aged attracts media attention, Laura has involved with research projects and complementary studies: one a digital between 16 and 20 years. Results showed contributed her expertise - particularly on publications within the areas of restorative ethnography of the Instagrams Bye Felipe that 1 in 4 respondents had been victims of 'cyberflashing' - for numerous pieces across justice and the use of video technology and Tinder Nightmares, which crowdsource IBSA and 1 in 10 had been perpetrators of outlets such as The Guardian, the BBC, within the courtroom. and post harmful messages men have sent IBSA. The majority had targeted, or were Huffington Post and The Independent. She women; the other, a narrative analysis of targeted by, those with whom they had a has also given evidence for the Law interviews with 13 women in their early previous close relationship. Perpetrators in Commission’s recent ‘Reform of the twenties to thirties about relevant in-app most cases were motivated by the belief that Communications Offences’ project. and face-to-face experiences. Using Gavey’s it was funny and/or sexy or flirty, to get back

(2005) work on the “cultural scaffolding” of at the person, or to impress friends. Victims

sexual violence as a conceptual framework, experienced negative impacts on work/study the findings reveal how cultural narratives performance and relationships. Half of the about heterosexual dating app culture respondents had been bystanders of prioritise men’s sexual interests and intimate image sharing and many reported perspectives and obscure the moral feeling uncomfortable or embarrassed when wrongness of the actions of men who shown or sent these images. Together, these become abusive when rejected by women. findings highlight the pervasive nature of IBSA and its impacts.

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An examination of parenting styles Biography Children’s online safety: Exploring children’s Online harm during a pandemic associated with their willingness to be experiences and mitigation of risks in the Kathryn Tremblatt, South West Grid for informed about other potential online risks Kathryn Tremlett is Harmful Content online environment Learning may be the ideal method that can be used to Manager at the South West Grid for Chantelle Cummings and Leah Cleghorn, assist children in successfully mitigating Kat will give an overview of SWGfL’s Learning. She manages Report Harmful University of Trinidad and Tobago online risks that they may not be aware of helplines, the Professionals Online Safety Content, a UK Safer Internet Centre project While the internet provides ample and have not yet experienced. Helpline, Revenge Porn Helpline and Report that provides mediatory support to members opportunities for children to constructively Harmful Content, sharing insights into of the public who are dealing with harmful engage with information and content, there Biography behavioural trends observed in relation to content online. She works alongside SWGfL’s also exist risks that are detrimental to their young people. sister helplines, the Revenge Porn Helpline physical, social and psychological well-being. Ms. Cummings and Ms. Cleghorn are both and the Professionals Online Safety Helpline This study explores children’s selfreported Instructors attached to the Institute of to provide holistic advice and support to a experiences of online risks and their adopted Criminology and Public Safety at the range of clients who have experienced a risk mitigation strategies. Using eight focus University of Trinidad and Tobago. They have variety of online harms. On a day-to-day groups consisting of fiftyone high school a combined teaching experience of over 15 basis, her work involves providing advice and students from three communities in years. Both Ms. Cummings and Ms. Cleghorn support to members of the public seeking Trinidad, children were interviewed about are actively involved in research related to help with online issues they have their experiences online and the strategies youth and the online environment, gender experienced or witnessed. used to ensure their safety. The results based violence, cyberbullying at the tertiary indicate that although it is acknowledged level and victim support. At present, both that children are aware of a multiplicity of are in the editing stages of submitting PhD risks, they only experience certain types of dissertations risks. Most children identified strategies and action which they believe allowed them to securely navigate the internet and social networking platforms. Additionally, whilst children did not specify the sources of their risk awareness or recall how they learned their risk management strategies, their behaviours online were mediated by parental concern in the form of parental monitoring. Although parental monitoring can be an effective strategy, the possibility exists that parents are not acutely aware of the plethora of risks that exist and as such are limited in monitoring their children from unknown and unexperienced risks. Consequently, this study questions the ability of children to mitigate unexperienced risks.

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How do young people construct notions of As they represent both prolific consumers Significance of sibling support for children This paper also explores how young people ‘risk’ and ‘responsibility’ online? and producers of digital content, an navigating online harms and seeking refer to challenges and issues for younger Dr Holly Powell-Jones, City, University of understanding of young people’s redress children in online spaces, utilising them as an London perspectives is essential for policy makers Dr Faith Gordon, Australian National example of why better protections should be working across the fields of law, criminal University and the Information Law and put in place.

justice, education, and new media and Policy Centre, the Institute for Legal Studies This paper examines how teenagers technology. London Biography construct notions of risk and responsibility in

relation to both ‘offending’ and ‘offensive’ Dr Faith Gordon is a Senior Lecturer in Law at behaviour on social media - concepts that This paper is derived in a larger study funded Biography the ANU College of Law, The Australian are easily conflated among discussions of by the charity Catch22, which involved National University. She has previously held how to best address online harms (e.g., via extensive focus groups and interviews Dr Holly Powell-Jones is the founder of academic positions at Queen’s University legislation, regulation, education, etc.) conducted with 42 children and young Online Media Law UK (providing research, Belfast, University of Westminster and Findings are based upon interactive focus- people aged 10-22 years, during the COVID- education and consultancy on law and ethics Monash University. Faith is the Director of group workshops with 189 pupils aged 11- 19 lockdowns in the United Kingdom. A large for the digital age) and a postdoctoral the Interdisciplinary International Youth 18 years old. Pupils articulated how ‘risky’ number of the children and young people researcher in the sociology department at Justice Network which she established in they thought certain content or conduct was involved had experience of the criminal City, University of London. She has been 2016. She is also an Associate Research in response to 12 stimuli example posts justice system, the care system and running social media workshops in schools Fellow at the Information Law & Policy (ranging from the mildly inappropriate to alternative education programmes. The since 2013. Her educational project, “Online Centre, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, serious criminal issues). Using a framework study explored their experiences of online and Social Media Law and Ethics”, received London. Faith has international expertise of labelling theory of deviance, analysis platforms, social media platforms, apps and grant funding from the Office of the Police and research experience in youth justice; shows how understandings of digital risk are gaming; experiences of online harms and the and Crime Commissioner for Surrey in 2013, media representations; children’s rights; underpinned by a multitude of pre-existing impact this had on their lives; perceptions of 2014, 2015 and 2016 – directly reaching criminal law; digital technologies; media social, cultural, legal, political, and moral what ‘acceptable use’ is in online spaces; 15,000 pupils in the final year of delivery. In regulation and privacy law.Faith was lead subjectivities. This creates complexity, views on law enforcement’s role in 2020, she was recognised with a Violent researcher on large-scale ESRC Knowledge confusion and contradiction - even among addressing online harms and what future Crime Prevention Board award for her work Exchange Project: Identifying and small homogenous groups – when it comes regulatory frameworks and arrangements in this area. Holly is also a visiting lecturer on Challenging the Negative Media to ideas about criminality and culpability should be developed. Further, the study courses relating to journalism, new media, Representation of Children and Young online. For example, sharing an indecent included 15 qualitative semi-structured law and criminology … And is an avid Twitter People in Northern Ireland, which involved video of a girl elicited the most disagreement interviews with key stakeholders and user: @Holly_PJ - @OnlineMediaLaw over 170 children and young people, as well and debate, despite numerous education professionals from police, safeguarding, as industry professionals and youth initiatives re: image-sharing among under youth work, victim service provision, tech advocates. She is a former Trustee of 18s. Meanwhile, a joke about blowing up an and gaming companies, regulators and wider Headliners UK, a youth and media charity. airport had a high consensus as the riskiest industry. It also involved collection and Faith’s current research is funded by the example (despite Paul Chambers famously analysis of quantitative data from service Australian Research Council, the Australasian having his conviction quashed in 2012). The providers pre-pandemic and during the UK Institute for Judicial Administration and the intended impact of this research is to raise lockdowns. This paper will explore the Society of Legal Scholars (UK).Faith’s awareness of the active role children play in significance of sibling support. It will draw on monograph: 'Children, Young People and the upholding (or challenging) rapidly diverging the theory of ‘siblingship’ as developed by Press in a Transitioning Society: social norms and boundaries online. Goetting (1986). Young people described Representations, Reactions and assisting younger siblings who experienced Criminalisation', was published in 2018. Her 'unwanted content' and 'unwanted contact'. research on police release of children’s More broadly in relation to online safety, images has been referred to by the UN Third et al. (2013: viii) noted that older Committee on the Rights of the Child (2015), siblings can play a key role in 'supporting the in the Northern Ireland High Court and in the safe online engagement of younger users'. UK Court of Appeal (2019).

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Shame -less: Pornography and sexual Perhaps, instead of focusing on porn, we Early adolescents’ accounts of experiences Many middle/upper middle-class boys hardly citizenship concentrate on acknowledging young performance demands on social media and ever posted pictures of themselves to a Jonny Hunt, Bournemouth University people’s right to sexual citizenship their general wellbeing wider audience, as gender stereotypical (especially that of young women); enabling Søren Christian Krogh, Aalborg University representations of boys were viewed as them to recognise their own sexual rights distasteful and associated with masculine

Recent headlines have been inundated with and pleasures, developing empathy and the workingclass culture. Recent decades have seen a rapid decline in disclosures from past and present student’s importance of acknowledging others rights mental health among early adolescents. stories of of sexual harassment and assaults too. Biography Moreover, new patterns have emerged in across many influential secondary schools. mental health issues, as a higher number of Accompanying these stories have been the Biography Søren is a PhD student in Sociology at children from more resourceful backgrounds usual calls by particular commentators ready Aalborg University and a member of the are getting affected in ways previously to blame pornography as the root cause of Jonny Hunt is an independent Relationships gender research group FREIA. In his PhD, he unseen. This development has by some the problem. Pornography has been singled and Sex Education (RSE) Consultant. Jonny focuses on decline in mental health among researchers been described as a “new form out from broader media ecologies as the has spent his career working faceto-face early adolescents (age 12-16), especially in of marginalization”, where mental health cause of misogyny, violence against women; with children and young people of various relation to the rise in mental issues among issues are no longer predominantly present negative body image; but predominately is ages (from 4 years upwards), and training adolescents from more resourceful among traditionally marginalized groups. A the fear that young people are learning more the professionals who work with them backgrounds. Søren is particularly interested growing number of researchers have linked about sex from pornography, than from around, all aspects of sex and relationships. in the interplay between experienced the decline in mental health among youth to adult gatekeepers, mistaking porn for a Jonny specialises in delivering inclusive RSE, performance demands, gender and social a rise in experienced performance demands manual for sexual intimacy. Much of the with a rights based approach, encouraging media. In his PhD, he studies how these in general, but particularly in relation to discussion of pornography talks of young both adults and young people to explore aspects create certain conditions for the social media. This study aims to understand people being ‘exposed’ to pornography; their attitudes and values to sex and everyday lives of early adolescents and how how early adolescents’ experiences of completely ignoring the fact that some relationships. Jonny is currently researching it affects their general well-being. performance demands when engaging with young people actively choose to engage with his Phd at Bournemouth University, entitled: social media and their general well-being are pornography to satisfy their curiosity and for Pleasure, Policy and Pornography: An structured by gender and class. The study their own pleasure. However, research has Ethnography of Young people & RSE was conducted among pupils in lower shown, by discussing pornography solely in Provision. Jonny has just completed a book secondary education in Denmark and terms of harm, may negatively influence for Routledge entitled: “Sex Ed for Grown consists of focus group and individual people’s perceptions of their own use, ups” due out later this year. It is a book interviews evenly distributed between four increasing shame, and embarrassment. designed to support adults to have difficult schools varying greatly on socioeconomic Unfortunately, social conditions persist conversations about sex and relationships status of the school district (n=80). where attitudes to teenage sex are seen as with the children and young people in their Connections between experienced problematic and the majority of parents and lives (either as parents or professionals). It performance demands on social media, self- safe adults who work with them, refuse to pulls together the latest research, as well as critique and mental health complaints were acknowledge young people’s right to sexual practical experience from the classroom and common among middle/upper middle-class citizenship. This is especially true for young the voice of young people. In this regard, girls. However, girls also more often felt women. Sex is still something that happens Jonny has a particular passion for youth pressure to present stereotypical to women, that teenage boys do to girls. participation, and much of his work is representations of gender and idealized specifically focused on ensuring young versions of themselves on social media, but people have a voice in policy and practice. also felt surveilled and at risk of being Jonny has been involved in a number of labeled as “slutty”, shameful or lacking self- research projects, running young person respect. project boards for various universities and local authorities.

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Biography A real virtual self Biography Mind the gap: Surveillance capitalism in

Rebecca Mace, UCL schools vs. the child’s right to object Emma Nottingham is a Senior Lecturer in Rebecca has nearly two decades of teaching Dr Emma Nottingham & Dr Caroline Law and Co-director of the Centre for experience, working in a ranging of state, Stockman, University of Winchester Information Rights at the University of Rather than being merely instrumental, independent, day, boarding, single sexed, Winchester. She researches the legal and social networking sites have become and mixed schools. However, following a This paper explores the legal and ethical ethical aspects of children’s rights within a increasingly integral to the ways in which year as Research Associate at the University implications of the use of digital technologies range of contexts. Emma also has expertise young people experience themselves. A of Oxford Internet Institute Digital Ethics Lab, in the schooling environment which has in the intersection of law, ethics and digital popular cultural narrative of superficiality she decided to undertake full time doctoral become increasingly important since the technologies, particularly in relation to the has been promoted with regards to social study and is currently a 3rd year PhD outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. It impact of the digital world on children. media, with users often criticised for being candidate at University College London, expresses concern that the use of digital fake and self-absorbed. Focussing upon Institute of Education. Her research platforms in this context is not upholding Caroline Stockman is a Senior Lecturer in the Instagram and Snapchat this paper seeks to considers the ways that a culture dominated children’s rights and puts children at risk of Department of Education Studies at the relocate discussion, questioning the by social media is impacting upon teenage unnecessary, unethical and potentially University of Winchester. She has over a perceived conflict between virtuality and life. authenticity, as well as challenging the harmful data processing. This paper decade of experience in schooling as well as widespread view that social media only has acknowledges that there exists a tension the industry of educational technology, as the capacity to foster narcissism. Working between the protections offered under law educator herself, project manager, and e- from a philosophical, phenomenological and the reality of a digitised and connected learning trainer. Her research centres on the perspective, this paper develops ideas of learning environment. This presents a human-technology relationship, with a ‘self-reflection’ and a ‘reflected-self’ in order confusing and potentially hazardous path for cultural-political focus. to offer answers to the question ‘Who am the child, their parents and the school to I?’. Building upon the notion of storytelling, navigate. Although schools act lawfully, the the constructive gaze, and visual data processing that occurs when digital communication it argues that SNS offer a platforms are used can put children at risk. different way of engaging with the real vs There is often no alternative option for a fake debate. Rather than arguing that social child who wants to, and must by law, receive media encourages narcissistic portrayals of a an education, but to accept the invasive data fake, superficial veneer of life, perhaps born practices now commonplace. The provision out of insecurity, it suggests that status of alternatives is also logistically challenging updates can play an important role in for schools. We suggest that changes in authentic self-formation during adolescence. digital schooling practices are needed. Until society reaches a stage in which all digital platforms are designed with the child’s rights and safety as the paramount consideration, there needs to be a realistically possible way that children can exercise their right to object (Article 21 UK GDPR) in the schooling context as well as greater awareness of how this can be practically achieved.

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4 Ecological ruptures and strain: Girls, Biography ‘Disrespect NoBody: Binary oppositions, Biography juvenile justice and phone removal double negatives and non-legality in ‘youth- Dr Michelle Lyttle Storrod, Rutgers University Michelle is in her final year of the Childhood produced sexual imagery’ Marianne holds a Masters in Gender and Studies Phd programme at Rutgers Marianne Forsey, SOAS, Centre for Gender Law from the Centre of Gender Studies at

University - Camden, with an expected Studies SOAS University, where her research focused Girls in the Juvenile Justice System are graduation date of May, 2021. Michelle's on young people's sexual rights and feminist routinely having their phones and internet Youth-produced sexual images have been at research focuses on how phones and social legal theory across international contexts. access removed as a part of court orders. the heart of moral panic and child protection media play a role in the victimization and Marianne's driving ethos is to translate Inspired by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological concerns within public and legal discourse in criminalization of young people in the justice academic findings into feminist action and Systems theory, this paper will demonstrate the UK. This anxiety revolves around the system. Michelle is a qualitative researcher practical interventions that improve young that phone removal causes a rupture to the notion that young people’s sharing of sexual who incorporates digital methodologies with people's lives. Marianne is an experienced girls’ digital ecology which exasperates the images inherently triggers a chain reaction of ethnographic and youth led methods. Relationships and Sex Educator and trained condition of strain in which crime and harms and losses; from lost images, to lost Michelle spent over a decade working with Independent Sexual Violence Advisor for victimizations occur. Findings are generated innocence, lost privacy, and lost rights. young people involved in serious youth young people with a specialism in online from an ethnographic study that took place Although the Protection of the Children Act violence in the UK. She was involved in relationships and sexual consent. She has in a north eastern US city. This study looked 1978 and the Criminal Justice Act 1988 several policy and practice initiatives spent the past three years delivering group at the role that phones and social media prohibit the circulation of nude images of regarding serious youth violence, social workshops and one-to-one psychoeducation played in the criminalization and under 18s in England, the criminal media and child criminal and sexual interventions to homeless young people who victimization of girls involved with the prosecution services have expressed a exploitation. are experiencing domestic and sexual abuse, courts. 42 girls took part in focus groups and reluctance to criminalise young people for to enable them to manage relationships a series of interviews. 22 human service sharing images consensually amongst their safely, reduce the risk of harm, and regain professionals were also interviewed. Over 50 peers. The non-legality of youth-produced control in their lives. hours were spent observing in court related sexual images means that educators and meetings. Findings will demonstrate that practitioners are unable to address the lived removing the phone misunderstands the experiences of young people’s digitally- conditions and causes of technology mediated relationships. As a result, young facilitated crime and victimization along the people are encouraged to refrain from online/offline binary. This research shows a sharing sexual images through deterrent- phone is not simply an object but rather an focused education messages, as exemplified environment and space full of social and by the Direspect NoBody campaign. I structural interactions. Understanding the observe that this doubly negative framework phone as part of a broader ecology upholds gendered double standards of illuminates why girls would subsequently sexual propriety and paradoxically commit more serious crimes to regain access engenders the very harms its aims to to their digital ecology in an effort to protect prevent, leaving young people who are themselves from harm. exposed online unprotected. In this paper I aim to disrupt the victim-blaming discourse held in a dominant ‘pedagogy of regret’ and call for digital and sexuality education frameworks which promote a model of collective responsibility and a pedagogy of respect. Shame, loss and harm need not be a forgone conclusion for young people in the context of positive sexual rights and educational messages that Respect EveryBody.

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FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

University of Surrey Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK

surrey.ac.uk

SURREY.AC.UK