High Renaissance: Introduction

Rise of Rome (decline of Florence) Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian

Troubles for the Popes 1495-1527 Alexander VI (Borgia), Julius II (della Rovere), Leo X (Medici), Clement VII (Medici)

Protestant Reformation (1517) Martin Luther – Germany Indulgences Church corruption Lavishness of Rome Loss of secular power Resentment of Papal interference Counter-reformation Council of Trent (1545-1563) Reforms Jesuits (1540) Established schools of higher learning Missionaries: Americas, Asia, Africa

Art as a response to troubles Reasserts Church as spiritual leader Greatness of Rome – Remaking Imperial Rome Papal commissions Power and authority

Pope Julius II (r. 1503-1513) Warrior Pope / Humanist Pope Contributions to art Propaganda value Authority of his rule Catholic Church’s primacy Design for St. Peter’s Basilica Painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling Painting the papal apartments $$$ – from sale of indulgences Reconstruction of St. Peter’s Symbolic Greatness of Rome of the Popes Seat of papacy since St. Peter

Donato d’Angelo Bramante (1444-1514) Learned under Brunelleschi & Alberti Worked with Leonardo Architect of High Renaissance French conquest of Milan – B. goes to Rome (1499)

Tempietto (1502) Commissioned by Ferdinand & Isabella Rising power of Spain Wealth of colonization Catholicism’s strongest ally Marks place of St. Peter’s crucifixion Roman & early Christian models Martyrium – chapels for martyrs Centralized plan Santa Costanza, Temple of Vesta Unity, infinity, uniformity Ideal mathematical forms – circles Reinforced patterns – rhythms Dome, drum, balustrade Roman (Tuscan) Doric

St. Peter’s (1506) Design work only – completed in 17 th C. Modeled on Pantheon Temporal humanist authority Based on Greek and Roman models Ideal forms – circle in square Marks St. Peter’s grave Pope Julius also wanted his tomb here