In Handling the Radical Movement of Terrorism in Tasikmalaya District

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PEDAGOGY OF SOCIAL STUDIES, 5, (1), 2020, 40-45

International Journal Pedagogy of Social Studies

p-ISSN : 2550-0600 e-ISSN 2549-6530

Optimization of The Role of FKUB And Kesbangpol Role (Nation and Political Unity) in Handling The Radical Movement of Terrorism in Tasikmalaya District

Rahmat1, Prayoga Bestari2, Encep Syarief Nurdin3, Sri Wahyuni Tanshzil4 1, 2, 4 Civic Education Department, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia 3 General Education Department, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract— This study illustrates the synergy between the Forum for Religious Harmony (FKUB) with the National Unity and Politics (Kesbangpol) in dealing with the radical terrorism movement in Tasikmalaya Regency. Some efforts to handle religious conflicts that lead to radicalism movement include mapping conflict-prone areas, the formation of the Regional Intelligence Community (Kominda) and the Integrated Team for Handling Social Conflicts by the National Unity and Politics and the establishment of the Rukun Living Movement Task Force (SGHR) at the sub-district level by FKUB as a collaborative strategy step handling religious conflicts in Tasikmalaya Regency. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of FKUB as well as the synergy established between local governments, terrorism management institutions and the community in efforts to tackle radical terrorism. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach that emphasizes data collection through interviews, observations, documentation and focused discussions (Focus Group Discussion).

Keywords : Forum for Religious Harmony, National Unity and Politics, Addressing the Radical Movement of Terrorism, Tasikmalaya Regency Correspondence. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Article History. Received January 2020, Received in revised April 2020, Accepted June 2020 ©2020. International Journal Pedagogy of Social Studies. Department of Social Studies

A. INTRODUCTION be implemented by adherents (Nurjannah, Indonesia is one of the most 2013, p.179). multicultural countries in the world. Ethnic, Indeed religion is a fundamental cultural, and also religious heterogeneity are element in life that is a basic human right for valuable social assets and assets for every human being, therefore religious Indonesia. However, like the two sides of a freedom must be respected and guaranteed coin, diversity has the potential to cause by the state. Related to this, in Indonesia, friction and conflict that threatens the every citizen is given the freedom to follow integrity of the country. Not infrequently a religion of their choice. However, seeing this has led to a variety of radical thoughts, so many conflicts in the name of religion, especially those in the name of religion, tolerance among religious believers must be which in the end were increasingly seen as the focus of government attention. Various scary when resulting in acts of terror that efforts and policies must be carried out by occurred in several cities in Indonesia. the government to organize relations Various actions carried out by these between religious communities in order to terrorists have claimed many victims, both create stable and dynamic peace and physical and psychological victims. Though harmony. religion teaches peace and safety that must These efforts need to be intensively carried out, especially in areas that have

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RAHMAT, PRAYOGA BESTARI, ENCEP SYARIEF NURDIN, SRI WAHYUNI TANSHZIL/ Optimization of The Role of FKUB And Kesbangpol Role (Nation and Political Unity) in Handling The Radical Movement of Terrorism in Tasikmalaya District

been wary of becoming areas prone to of the role of FKUB and Kesbangpol in terrorism such as West Java. West Java was tackling radical terrorism movements in once marked by the BNPT (National Tasikmalaya Regency. Counterterrorism Agency) as an area prone to being infiltrated by terrorists (Wijaya, 2013). As the province with the largest B. METHOD population in Indonesia, terrorist acts carried This study uses qualitative research out in West Java will certainly have methods that emphasize understanding of implications for Indonesia's national the problems in social life based on reality, security. Moreover, aspects of terrorism are complex and detailed conditions. (Anggito, preceded by doctrination which can weaken 2018) Qualitative research is a scientific way one's ideology and national identity and end to obtain data, facts and information with up being a threat to national security specific purposes and uses (Sugiono, 2010). (Suryono, 2008). The type of data collection used is through One of the areas in the spotlight interviews, observation, documentation and related to radicalism, terrorism and religious focused discussion (Focus Group intolerance is Tasikmalaya. Famous as a Discussion). base for DI (Darul Islam) and Masyumi in Information was selected by the past, Tasikmalaya is an area in West Java purposive sampling, which consisted of that has recently become popular because of elements of Kesbangpol, Forum for the presence of radical Islamic Religious Harmony (FKUB) and the organizations. Various terrorist events are community. The Focus Group Discussion nothing but a result of a series of events from (FGD) technique with Kesbangpol and the past. Although it has been crushed but FKUB was carried out as primary data this movement has metamorphosed into information and to bring up information various forms of movement and new about the desires, needs, perspectives and factions accompanied by new names and desired experiences and as a party involved figures (Sofyan & Marjani, 2016). The in implementing the policy of combating metamorphosis of the radical movement radical terrorism in Tasikmalaya District. must continue to watch out because it can The information obtained from the divide unity. public is through interview techniques It must be realized that efforts to conducted face-to-face with an issue or maintain and preserve unity and integrity theme raised in accordance with research need to be carried out. Recognizing this and as a process of proving information or important meaning, one of the government's information obtained from BNPT data efforts to continue to enhance national unity related to regions indicated by the spread of is to form a National Unity and Politics radical terrorism movements in Tasikmalaya Agency. The government also established Regency. the Forum for Religious Harmony (FKUB) . in order to realize religious harmony, especially in the Tasikmalaya district. C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It must be understood that in dealing Radicalism and Terrorism with various issues, especially those related to terrorism, each agency cannot operate on Radicalism is interpreted as an its own. Optimal synergy and cooperation is understanding that wants rapid changes that needed so that the handling of terrorism in are carried out by means of violence. Tasikmalaya district can run effectively. On Whereas in terms of terminology, radicalism that basis the authors felt the need to conduct comes from the word radix which means research with the aim of: (1) knowing the root (tree). The meaning of the word, can be potential of religious conflict-prone areas in expanded again, means a strong grip, belief, Tasikmalaya, and (2) examining the synergy creator of peace and peace and other

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PEDAGOGY OF SOCIAL STUDIES, 5, (1), 2020, 40-45 meanings. Radicalism itself has a root order to recognize that the perpetrators meaning, a lower root, which can also be enter the superior race (supreme race). interpreted as a whole, totality, and very hard 3. Nationalism. This motivation is loyalty in demanding change (Hemay, 2013). and loyalty to a particular country or Radicalism is quite closely related to national understanding. This terrorism, because terrorism itself is one of understanding cannot be separated from the methods used by individuals with radical the cultural unity of the group, so that it ideas. It can also be said that radicalism is intends to form a new government or be the embryo of terrorism. If the act of separated from a sovereignty to join a terrorism is a physical confrontation with a government that has the same national concrete negative impact in the form of view or understanding. damage to assets and threats to life, then it is 4. Revolutionary. This motivation is a different from radicalism. Radicalism dedication to make changes or overthrow triggers ideological confrontations that are the government with new politics and not physical in nature so that their spread is social structures. This movement is difficult to trace. synonymous with idealism and Basically, a person does not communism politics. immediately become radical, because to be radical certainly requires a process. Institutions dealing with the issue of According to Ramakrishna, the process is Terrorism (in Tasikmalaya) called radicalization, which means the process by which an individual changes In connection with the latent danger of from passivity or activism to become more terrorism, the government forms bodies to militant, or extremist (Ramakrisna, 2009). deal with it Meanwhile, according to Ezzat, 1. Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) terrorism has the basic word terror, which 2. The National Unity, Politics and comes from the Latin word "terre", meaning Community Protection Agency to frighten. Generally, the word ‘terror‘ is (Kesbangpolinmas) Tasikmalaya used to describe the type of government, and 3. Terrorism Countermeasure the word ‘terrorism‘ is used to describe Communication Forum / FKPT (as terror specifically acts to regulate, suppress BNPT Branch in Tasikmalaya Region), or conquer (Golose, 2014). The entire body coordinates Classification of Terrorism intensively in terms of prevention and even There are several categories of eradication of terrorism, to the efforts to motivation that are commonly used as deradicalize the perpetrators so as not to reasons for terrorism by a particular return as terrorists (Putra, 2018). Synergy movement, including (US Army TRADOC, between these bodies, namely FKUB and 2007): Kesbangpol, which will be the subject of 1. Separatism. Motivation of the movement study in this study. to gain group existence through Radicalism and terrorism need to be recognition of independence, political watched by all parties, because conflicts that autonomy, sovereignty, or religious arise from social interaction, values in the freedom. form of identity or religion and religious 2. Ethnocentrism. Motivation based on the pluralism can trigger conflict of ideas that beliefs, and special social characteristics lead to violent conflicts. It is undeniable that that tighten the group so that there is a the existence of fanaticism from each of the classification of degrees of a race. This different religions by believing that the truth classification makes people or groups is upon him can be a factor in the emergence who have a race over arbitrarily with a of radical thoughts that lead to acts of lower racial group. The aim is to show terrorism. So based on research that has been power and strength (show of power) in done, there are several regional networks in Tasikmalaya District that are indicated as

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conflict-prone areas and are motivated by 15. Cibuntiris Village, Kec. Bojong Gambir religious factors. 16. Kreteg Village, Kec. Pagerageung 1. Potential Areas of Religious Conflict 17. The Great Mosque of Tasikmalaya Prone Regency These areas are based on several There are several facts that the people religious conflict incidents, including of Tasikmalaya Regency are still vulnerable conflicts between the Ahmadiyya to religious social-based radicalism. One of Congregation and the Tasikmalaya Islamic the parameters of vulnerability is seen from Community Forum (FUI) regarding the the level of community resistance to radical disbanding of Ahmadiyah on April 18, 2008 actions that are still not strong. Based on and sealing assets belonging to the research released by the Setara Institute Ahmadiyah congregation on Jalan Cicariang 2016 presented by Dr. KH. Utawijaya Number 288, Kersamenak Village, Kawalu Kusumah, MM. (in the FGD on Terrorism District , The City of Tasikmalaya by the Radicalism in Tasimalaya, August 21, 2019) Tasikmalaya Community Trust Flow which said that the scale of radicalism and Monitoring Board (Bakorpakem) Team on intolerance in West Java showed a figure of December 9, 2010 (Dielantik, 2013). 47.60% of the total points indicated as a center for the spread of terrorism. 2. Synergy of the Role of FKUB and Tasikmalaya is one of 10 (ten) regions Kesbangpol in Handling Radical which tend to have a high radical attitude in Terrorism Indonesia besides Bogor, Bekasi, Kuningan, Kesbangpol improves intelligence Aceh, Tangerang, Depok, Bandung, functions to anticipate radicalism Sukabumi, Mataram and Serang. Thus the movements as well as early detection of the number of cases of radicalism that occurred possibility of terrorist networks in in West Java, most of the spread came from Tasikmalaya Regency by forming Regional the Tasikmalaya area (Utawijaya, 2019). Intelligence Communities (Kominda) and Some areas in Tasikmalaya Regency the Integrated Team for Handling Social that have the potential to be prone to Conflict as a step in conflict management religious conflicts as strengthened by the strategies based on Indonesian Minister of existence of several studies that there are 43 Domestic Affairs Regulation No. 42 of 2015 cases of violations of religious freedom and concerning Implementation of the intolerance; 76 cases of violation of freedom Coordination of Social Conflict of religion and belief; and 35 cases of Management violations of religious life and belief. These The synergy between the Kesbangpol areas include the following (Iwan, 2018). ranks and FKUB ranks in dealing with social 1. Tenjowaringin Village, Kec. Salawu problems related to terrorism has actually 2. Kutawaringin Village, Kec.Salawu been well implemented. This was seen from 3. Kersamaju Village, Kec. Cigalontang the coordination meeting between FKUB 4. Tanjungkarang Village, Kec. Cigalontang management and the Kesbangpol that aimed 5. Sirnagalih Village, Kec. Sukaratu to establish friendship and the formation of 6. Cariwuh Village, Singaparna District an integrated team as the Tasikmalaya 7. Cibatu Village, Karangnunggal District Regent Decree on the Establishment of a 8. Cipakat Village, Kec Kecarna Social Conflict Management Team in 9. Sukapura Village, Sukaraja District Tasikmalaya District. 10. Cigunung Village, Parungponteng Kec FKUB as a mandatory organization 11. Cipanas Village, Cipatujah District that carries out PBM Number 8/9 of 2006 the 12. Cikawung Ading Village, Cipatujah Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister District of Religion, carries out his tasks in conflict 13. Pakemitan Village, Kec Ciawi resolution efforts which subsequently forms 14. Kebonkapala Village, Kec. Buildreja

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PEDAGOGY OF SOCIAL STUDIES, 5, (1), 2020, 40-45 the Tasikmalaya District Peace Movement Boarding School in Pagendingan, Cisayong Task Force (SGHR) at the sub-district level District. This vulnerability was strengthened as a collaboration to direct early detection of by data that showed 47.60% of the total symptoms of social vulnerability that lead to regional points indicated as the center of the conflicts with religious social nuances. spread of terrorism and areas prone to The briefing was given as an effort by religious conflict, one of which was found in the Kesbangpol in conducting prevention in Tasikmalaya. synergy with FKUB as a strategic partner in The synergy between Kesbangpol and the implementation of prevention and FKUB in preventing, detecting, handling programs on religious harmony counteracting and mitigating religious that were implemented through several conflicts and terrorism movements is good activities, including: enough. Evidenced by the existence of a 1. Increasing Tolerance in Efforts to strategy that promotes increased tolerance in Increase Nationality Insights and an effort to increase national insight and National Resilience; national resilience, the provision of khalaqah 2. Provision of khalaqah facilities and facilities and various other religious forums, various other religious forums; and early detection of the spread of terrorist 3. Alien Control (Simpora). movements with a mapping strategy of Other strategies stipulated in the form conflict prone areas / regions, and the of post-conflict recovery include presence of Foreigners' Monitoring reconciliation, rehabilitation and (Simpora). Thus in the collaborative effort reconstruction which are implemented in the carried out by religious leaders and form of guidance on the Harmony and government officials shows harmony and Religious Awareness Trilogy; and guidance harmony between components related to on losses due to conflict. The synergy is strategic steps in handling religious conflict woven into the same vision, namely the and acts of terrorism that can cause unrest in creation of a harmonious life in religion by the Tasikmalaya people.and the special food promoting tolerance among religious people of blood; and (5) Adding photographic based on the Pancasila and the 1945 features that represent the Indonesian Constitution traditional system..

D. CONCLUSION E. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Tasikmalaya Regency is one of the Our gratitude goes to the Indonesian regencies in West Java Province that is very University of Education and its research strategic in spreading Islamic teachings. institutions which have facilitated us to be Reflected from the image of Tasikmalaya, able to complete this research as well as all which until now is known as a city of santri the components that have provided both and religious, because of the many pesantren moral and material encouragement that can spread Islamic teachings and become one of the objects to counter the REFERENCES development of radicalism. But if the Anggito, A & Setiawan, J. (2018). government does not pay close attention to Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif. this, it can become a hotbed and network for Sukabumi: CV Jejak. hlm.9 the development of radical terrorism Djelantik, S. dkk. (2013). Terorisme dan understandings. Kekerasan Berlatar Belakang Agama The potential for religious conflict in di Jawa Barat. Universitas Katolik Tasikmalaya Regency is still large, Parahyangan: Bandung considering that historically there was a Hemay, Idris dkk. (2013). Modul conflict between Muslims and Christians in Pencegahan Terorisme di Daerah, Cikawungading Village, Cipatujah District Badan Nasional Pencegahan regarding the burning of the church, the Terorisme (BNPT). disbanding of Ahmadiyah and the attack and Iwan. (2018). Focus Group Discussion destruction of the Al-Idrisiyyah Islamic (Diskusi Kelompok Terfokus)

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