PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY, BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 1, No.2, FEBRUARY 2013 ISSN (Print) 2277—7261

: Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metal in Tapti River

(1) A. A. Patil, C. P. Sawant* S.J.J.T.University, Rajasthan Center for P.G. and Research G.T.P., College, (M.S.) Email : [email protected]

Abstract Water quality is an index of health organism. Having entered into and is one of the areas of major concern to environment they play a significant role in environmentalists, Since Industrialization, urbanization and modern agriculture practices aquatic ecosystem thereby posing a have direct impact on the water resources. biological threat to the public health. Hence study of the river water quality is most Thus, to maintain the environmental essential aspect for sustainable development quality and avoid health hazards [5] .It is and river conservation. This paper deals with necessary to remove the heavy metals determination of eight heavy metals namely Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Hg, Ni, Cd in the river water of from the water bodies for the detection different sites of Tapti River. The study was and assessment of the concentration of done in premansoon and postmansoon. Seasons these toxic heavy metals becomes very in the period of 2010-11. The samples were important. analyzed by ICP-AES and data is useful to assess the level of heavy metals in river water. MATRIALS AND METHODS Key word : River water, Heavy metal, ICP-AES Study area:-Tapti is one of the three major INTRODUCTION rivers in central India which flow from Rivers play an important role in the life of east to west with a length of 724 km and the people because these are mostly used of area of 30,000 Sq km, the main reason as a source of water for drinking, bathing, of contamination of the river Tapti by the irrigation, recreation and other heavy metals is due to drainage discharge miscellaneous purposes [1]. Trace amounts from all villages and cities on both the of metals are common in water and these banks of the river and its tributaries. are normally not harmful to human health. Similarly heavy metals contamination also In fact some metals are essential to sustain takes place due to small brick industry, life. Cu, Fe, Zn… are needed at low levels small scale industries and farming runoff as catalysts for enzyme activities but water containing fertilizer and pesticides. excess limits can have severe Also Prakasha is considered a holy place consequences on health [2,3] . River water called Dakshin-Kashi hence many contains high levels of these toxic metals cremations (burning of dead bodies) takes such as Cu, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Hg, may be place in all villages nearby and the ash hazardous to human health. This gives rise and bones remaining are immersed in the to disorders in aquatic organism. Up- take River Tapti leading to pollution of the of heavy metal through food chain in river water. aquatic organism may cause various psychological disorders. Availability of Sample Collection:- heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem and its impact in flora and fauna has been For the assessment of heavy metals in reported by many investigators [4]. Among Tapti river water five sample were the pollutants present in water, heavy collected in pre-mansoon at different metals are more toxic to the living stations during Dec-Jan 2010-11 and five

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PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY, BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 1, No.2, FEBRUARY 2013 ISSN (Print) 2277—7261 samples were collected in post mansoon Lead, Nickel, Cadmium, Iron, Zinc, period of may-June 2011 at the same Mercury, Arsenic were Analyzed by stations. All the water samples were Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic collected and preserved and digested Emission Spectroscopy and most following standard methods and Promising emission technique which has procedures [6,7]. A brief description of been used for heavy metal analysis./ sampling sites is represented in table No.1 detection. land 2, Eight heavy metal namely Copper,

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

TABLE -1 Heavy metal concentration in river water Tapti during post mansoon Dec-Jan 2010-11

Sample Metals Contamination mg/L No. Cu Zn Fe Ni Pb Cd As Hg A-1 0.01 0.281 6.723 ND 0.035 ND ND ND

A-2 ND 0.035 12.678 ND 0.021 ND ND ND

A-3 0.024 0.069 6.791 ND 0.015 ND ND ND

A-4 ND 0.077 4.451 ND ND ND ND ND

A-5 ND 0.056 3.32 ND 0.012 ND ND ND

ND – mean not detected (less than 0.01 mg/L)

TABLE – 2 Heavy metal concentration in Tapti river water during Pre-mansoon season . Sample Metals Contamination mg/L No. Cu Zn Fe Ni Pb Cd As Hg E-1 0.185 0.699 17.122 0.018 0.091 5.469 ND ND E-2 ND 0.187 3.992 ND ND 0.614 ND ND E-3 ND 0.428 2.11 ND 0.05 30.157 ND ND E-4 ND ND` ND ND ND ND ND ND E-5 ND 0.151 6.675 ND ND 0.284 ND ND ND – not detected (less than 0.01 mg/L)

The major source of heavy metal Tapti river water samples were analyzed in- pollution in river water was its tributaries which postmansoon and premansoon season for Copper, are following in city, village it carries lot of Zinc, Iron, Nickel, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, and untreated sewage, industrial waste, metallic solid Mercury. The presence of essential micronutrient‘s west disposal religious festival waste material, viz copper, zinc, iron. With concentration within human social activity, coal combustion, over use of the range of 017-0.185, 0.103-0.366, 6.792-7.474 fertilizer and pesticide invariably discharge into mg/L with an overall mean of 0.101, 0.234, 7.133 water result in pollution, the heavy metals are mg/L respectively besides the presence of the five biologically non degradable and though the food toxic heavy metals viz lead, cadmium Nickel, chain there may pass on to human and can causes Arsenic, and mercury in the range of 0.0207- signification health concern [8]. 0.0705 0.0-9.122, 0.0-0.018 mg/L with an overall mean of 0.0456, 9.122, 0.018, mg/L. The overall

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PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY, BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 1, No.2, FEBRUARY 2013 ISSN (Print) 2277—7261 mean concentration of the metals were observed in precmansoon and 0.02 mg/Lin postman soon the order of Cd>Fe>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb. season [19]. High level of cadmium may be due to discharge form industrial waste or by leaching The Annual maximum Iron concentration was from sewage laden landfill [20]. Also large use of found 12.678mg/Land 17.122mg/Lin post and P.V.C. plastics and Nickel cadmium batteries, premansoon season at A2 and E1 station insecticides, motor oil and disposal of sludge in respectively. It may be assigned to the soil water dump cities [21]. interaction especially within the middle and lower part of river stretch during post mansoon season [9] Maximum lead concentration was found 0.035 Lowest concentration (2.11 mg/L) was observed in mg/Land 0.091 mg/Lin post and premansoon at E3 station, Maximum Iron was premansoonseason at station A1, E1. High level of recorded in Brahami river in summer and winter lead during premansoon season due to season [9] and lowest Iron was recorded in the range concentration effect amoung other factor [13]. The of 0.01 mg/L Cauvery river around KRS dam maximum lead 27.00 mg/L was recorded in , India [10]. Toxicity of copper to aquatic premarsoon season [21]. In present study few life is dependent on the alkalinity of water, as sampling station in both season exceeds the WHO copper is generally more toxic to aquatic funa at guide line due to direct precipitation and lower alkalinities[11] over doses of copper may also subsequent run-off that supersedes the lead to neurological complication. The maximum salinity and pH of the aquatic phase [9] lead in the copper was found 0.024 mg/L and 0.185 Mg/Lat present study originates from battery station A3 and E1 in post and premansoon season it manufacturing units, automobile related subject may be attributed to domestic sewage and from lowest lead was recorded in post mansson season [12] extensive farmed area low level could be due to at station A5. Lowest lead 0.019 mg/L was the adsorption of copper on to the particulate recorded in Gomati River [20] Arsenic and mercury matter and consequent settlement to the bottom [13] was not detected in both seasons. Low level of Minimum copper 0.01 mg/L was recorded at mercury in river water might have been caused by station A1 in postmansoon season. Copper in the higher ingestion rate of organism, re- as in range of 1.755 to 3.640 mg/L suspension of sediments and absorption onto the the highest concentration of copper in water was particulates. In present study seasonal variation in recorded in May 2005. While minimum was in metal concentration due to phytoplankton Oct. 2005 recorded [14] activates, dilution effect, evaporation rate, flow rate of river, also different type of activities caused Higher concentration of Zinc in sampling station by human. Low concentration of Zinc and Copper was 0.281 and 0.699 mg/L in post and premansoon in postmansoon season due to phytoplankton could season at stations, A1, E1 respectively it is consume more copper and Zinc. Evidently high attributed to the presence of unused remain of Zinc density of phytoplankton population during sulphate in fertilizer and pesticides in agriculture mansoon consumed more copper and zinc leading [12]. Zing value in Ganga River as highest 0.031 to their low concentration in mansoon and winter mg/Lin summer while lowest value 0.019 mg/Lin season reported.[23, 24] rainy season [15] In present study it was concluded that most of the The maximum value of Nickel was 0.018 mg/L in dissolved metals showed slightly higher premansoon season at E1 station recorded. 9.0 concentration during premansoon season than that mg/L concentration of Nickel was recorded in of postmansoon season. This kind of pattern Summer.[9] The previous studies has been ensure indicate the accumulation of metal concentration that the atmospheric precipitation is very much during low flow condition of river it may be responsible for metal contamination in surface attributed to high evaporation rate of surface water water[12, 16, 17]. followed by elevated temp[25], few metals such as copper, Zinc, Iron, Lead were lower during post Exceptionally the maximum concentration of mansoon season it may be due to effect of rain. [26]. cadmium was 30.157 mg/L was recorded in The previous studies has been ensure that the premansoon season at station E3 which is much atmospheric precipitation very much responsible higher than other station so it can be call for farther for metal contamination in surface water [12, 16,17]. investigation. The major source of cadmium is the During study period it was observed that coal combustion metal industry, and west concentration of metal increased along with incineration [18] lowest concentration 0.284 mg/L decreased in pH it is reported by many. The was recorded in premansoon season. Concentration concentration of cadmium and mercury in water of cadmium in was 0.073 Mg/Lin depend on acidity of surrounding medium.[26,27],

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PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY, BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 1, No.2, FEBRUARY 2013 ISSN (Print) 2277—7261 many revel reported that high water temperature, along with domestic and agricultural wastes, which oxygen concentration, basis pH, and hardness of include the residues of heavy metals containing river water increases the heavy metals toxicity[28]. pesticides. The highest concentration of most of the heavy metals copper, zinc, Iron, Nickel, Lead at stations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A1, E1 may be due discharge of heavy metals loaded industrial waste water, sewage water, Authors gratefully acknowledge to the agriculture run off, high evaporation rate, less Principal G.T.P. College Nandurbar Dist. dilution, high PH low flow rate[29]. The Nandurbar and Principal S.E.S. College of Engg. concentration of heavy metal in Tapti river water Navalnagar Dist (M.S.) India, for providing were within prescribe limit of standards of world necessary laboratory facilities. Authors are also health organization (WHO) except cadmium in thankful to sophisticated Analytical Instrument premansoon and lead in both season. Water sample facility (RSIC) IIT Powai, Mumbai for ICP – AES is suitable for flora and fund and it can be used for facilities. drinking purposes only after proper treatment. The analysis of heavy metal in Tapti river water which REFERENCES may be useful for human health and economy. An [1] De, A.K. Environment Chemistry (7th edn) New Age examination of water quality is basically a international publishers New Delhi, 2010. [2] Mishra A., and Pitre K.S.,(2005). J. Indian chem. Soc ; 82 determination of the organic, inorganic and (3) : 265. mineral contained in the water. [3] Prabhakaran, G, et.al.2005, Poll. Res., 24(3) ; 625-628. [4] Rani R.S. 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PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY, BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 1, No.2, FEBRUARY 2013 ISSN (Print) 2277—7261

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