International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 12 2018, 12541-12548 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu

ADAS for improved visibility

1* 2 3 Navaneethakrishnan R , Santhanalakshmi M , Ramalatha Marimuthu , 4 5 Kumaresan A , Alagumeenaakshi M 1 Department of ECE, Kumaraguru College of Technology, India. [email protected]*, 2 Department of ECE, PSG College of Technology, India. [email protected] 3,4,5 Department of ECE, Kumaraguru College of Technology, India. [email protected], [email protected], Abstract. In this paper, we proposed a solution to minimize the highest rate of traffic accident occurs on roads at night time. Driving the highway with high-beam head lights can really increase the visibility, but can be a blinding hazard for other drivers. Taking a deep turn is also a critical job for truck drivers especially because of the blind spot in the turning direction. To overcome this issue a novel Advanced Driving Assistance System (ADAS) headlamp is designed. It will go to high beam or low beam automatically as per the requirement of thedriver. The headlamp will cover the blind spot by tilting lamp to the turning direction with respect to the turning radius. This headlamp is additional to the existing one, automatic and it addresses the visibility requirements of the driver.

Keywords: ADAS, Blind spot elimination, Automatic toggling lamp.

1. Introduction

Automotive industry no longer will be only for mechanical/automobile domain. Electrical & Electronics plays a predominant role in automotive. Current and future automotive technology relies on smart & self-driving which intern employs the smart sensors, processors, actuators, etc. Modern automobile has more than 100 ECUs in it. Each and every system of an automobile is divided into sub-modules and grouped into modules as per their functionality. ECU is Electronic Control Unit, it will coordinate or control the functionality of that particular subsystemor system. Automotives increases day by day as the need increases.Most of the night traffic on the road are goods and heavy vehicles. High-end Luxury passenger vehicles like Volvo and Scania has anumber of assistive systems for divers. Rest of the vehicles doesn‟t have any such system and it is very difficult for the drivers to pass on the vehicles in risky roads. Visibility in night driving is an importantthing. Only 25% of the driving is done at night, but 55% of driving accidents occur at night. Some fatal accidents occur at night time due to high-intensity beam[1]. Typical headlamp system in the vehicle will provide the light beam in fixed one axis and it will enable the visibility in that particular direction and axis. The vehicle also has a feature of adjusting the beam axis vertically so

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that the light focus can be moved upwards and downwards. In the countries like India, driving is a risky job. Due to this, there is a demand fordrivers to drive heavy vehicles. The reason for the riskiness and demand is lack of sophisticated road infrastructure and lack of driver assistance systems in the vehicles. There are anumber of research works carried out by Industries and in academia to addressthe problems faced by drivers while drivers. As the outcomes produced many Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and features. The main problem for heavy vehicle driver is a lack of good visibility. Driver‟s visibility will get blurred when the high beams of the opposite vehicle continuously fed into the driver‟s eyes. This problem has been addressed well in [2]. They have designed a system which will make the headlamp to go high beam mode or low beam mode automatically. That system has a sensor to sense the light from opposite vehicle and the microcontroller makes sense that the vehicle is approaching in opposite direction and it will actuate the headlamp to go to low beam mode. Once there is no light focused on thesensor, then the microcontroller makestheheadlamp to switch to high beam mode. Guruswami et all proposed a sophisticated body module in [3]. They designed a control system with thesophisticated console for body modules like aheadlamp, wiper, window,and door etc. They proposed this design powered with PIC16F877A. In [4] the routing has been proposed to optimize the vehicular communication. The linearity of the internal system is ensured in [5] by eliminating timing violations. [6]Automatic high beam and low beam control can be done using image processing instead of using light intensity sensors.[7]Implemented the automatic headlamp control using LDR. Usage of image processing increases the accuracy than simple light intensity sensor like LDR.

There are some other parameters also can be considered in case of vehicular communication [8]. Since the future of automotive will be autonomous, the vehicles will have live streaming of data to other vehicles or Infrastructure and the efficiency of data transfer matters[9-13].

2. ADAS headlamp for improved visibility:

Driving the heavy vehicles in the hilly area is a difficult task. The driver faces lack of visibility while taking deep turns. The proposed system is an ADAS headlamp for improved visibility which includes automatic beam control along with the solution for elimination of blind spot during the deeps turns.

The smart headlight fixed in trucks helps to switch the high beam to low beam automatically when it detects the vehicle in opposite direction. It eliminates the requirement of manual switching by the driver. The additional fog lamp in the truck is included in this module to change its directions automatically in accordance with the angle. This will help to increase the visibility of objects in the curved roads. In most cases, the late recognition of the objects in the curve plays a key

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role in accidents. These headlights focus on the road in a varying manner. The smart head light improves driver visibility, comfort at night time and enhances safety. Road mishaps occur due to carelessness condition of the road and technological fault. The static headlight just provides a certain illuminating field for drivers in the night time and is insufficient to serve for curved roads and intersections. It could make a blind spot caused by the fixed lighting area when coming into the corners.Truck drivers are facing a huge problem at night due to high beam light which directly falls onto the eyes during driving. There are many medical facts and figures that support the problem of night driving.In high-end vehicles, there will be two lights on each side of the vehicle. If a vehicle with high beam light appears, then one light on each side of the vehicle will go dim. If both the headlights go dim, then there will be only little light for the driver. So it is a problem in dimming both the headlights.

3. Implementation :

Most of the systems in a car are electronic controlled nowadays. Present automobiles haveupto 100 ECUs in it. ECU is Electronic Control Unit which coordinates or controls the functionality of the particular system. The headlamp controls comeunder body-module and the body control ECU controls the headlamp. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of ADAS headlamp. In this design, Automatic beam control is achieved by sensing the opposite vehicle by IR sensors. The IR transceiver will have Transmitter and receiver in it. The IR transceiver will be always on and will detect the vehicle approaching in opposite direction by detecting the IR signal from the opposite vehicle. When it gets the signal, It will alert the ECU with logic high input to the ECU. The ECU will make the headlamp to go low beam mode. Once it gets logic low from the IR transceiver, It switches the headlamp to highbeam. The advantage of having IR instead of light intensity sensors is, in light intensity sensors it is very difficult to classify whether the light comes from thevehicle or other sources like lamp posts in the road. Employment of particular range of IR will ensure and detects the vehicle if one comes in opposite direction.

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Fig 01: Block diagram of ADAS Headlamp The system will solve the problem of invisibility in the blindspots during deep turns in the hilly areas where there is no light. The system has a rotation sensor which is connectedto the . The rotation sensor will give the degree of rotation to the ECU and the ECU will tilt the position of headlamp accordingly. 4. Conclusion:

The proposed design has been implemented with MSP430 as an ECU for this application. The system has been installed in a truck and survey has been taken from the drivers. It shows that the drivers find this solution is very much helpful for them to drive the truck in deep turns where there is no light.And drivers expressed the feeling that if such systems with low cost are available commercially then that will ease their job. As the smart vehicular technology is in the trend, there is a huge scope in ADAS based system development.

5. References

Journals

[1] A. Shibata and K. Fukuda, “Risk factors of fatality in motor vehicle traffic accidents,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 391–397, 1994. [2] Anne T. McCartt, Eric R. Teoh, Michele Fields, Keli A. Braitman & Laurie A. Hellinga (2010) Graduated Licensing Laws and Fatal Crashes of Teenage Drivers: A National Study, Traffic Injury Prevention, 11:3, 240- 248, DOI: 10.1080/15389580903578854

[3] B. M. Guruswamy and P. Nagaraj, “Automotive car body module control using PIC16F877A,” Proc. Int. Conf. Circuits, Commun. Control Comput. I4C 2014, no.

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November, pp. 146–152, 2014. [4] David S, Navaneethakrishnan R“Energy Consumption And Load Balancing Compared With VANET and MANET,” Int. J. Pure Appl. Math., vol. 116, no. 12, pp. 257–265, 2017. [5] R. Navaneethakrishnan, S. Rekha, and S. Bhavani, “A Novel Paradigm to Eliminate Timing Violations using AHL,” Indian J. Sci. Technol., vol. 9, no. 44, 2016. [6] P. V Murkute, “Automatic Headlight Dimmer Using Image Processing,” vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 19–21, 2016. [7] S. K. Okrah, “Design and Implementation of Automatic Headlight Dimmer for Vehicles Using Light Dependent Resistor ( Ldr ) Sensor,” vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 228–243, 2016. [8] S. Shivkumar, A. Kavitha, J.N. Swaminathan and R. Navaneethakrishnan, 2016. General Self-Organizing Tree-Based Energy Balance Routing Protocol with Clustering for Wireless Sensor Network. Asian Journal of Information Technology, 15: 5067- 5074. DOI: 10.3923/ajit.2016.5067.5074 [9] Pavithra P, Kumaresan A, Navaneethakrishnan R “Automaton for Surveillance & Live Streaming,” Int. J. Pure Appl. Math., vol. 117, no. 21, pp. 911–914, 2017. [10] Alagumeenaakshi Muthiah, Dr. PalaniswamiSennappan & Arun Kumar Muruganasamy, 2014, „RPL Optimization for Precise Green House Management using Wireless Sensor Network‟, International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, Volume 9, Number 5, pp. 2485-2494. 2. Alagumeenaakshi Muthiah & Dr. S. Palaniswami, 2015, „Survey on Security Mechanisms for Routing over 6LoWPAN‟, International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management and Applied Science, vol. 4, No.1, pp. 15 – 25. [11] Alagumeenaakshi Muthiah, Dr. Palaniswami Sennappan & UshaPalaniappan, 2012, „Secured TinyRPL: Mathematicall Scrutinized SecureRouting Protocol for LLN‟, Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Mathematics in Engineering and Business Management, March 9th to10th, vol.2, pp. 190-195.

[12] Alagumeenaakshi Muthiah, Sri Samala & Dr. Palaniswami Sennappan, 2013, „Random Key Pre-distribution Scheme Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks using Random Graphs‟, Proceedings of the International

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Conference on Innovations in Intelligent Instrumentation, Optimization and Signal Processing, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India, March 1st to 2 nd, vol. 1, pp.707-710.

[13] Alagumeenaakshi Muthiah, Dr. Palaniswami Sennappan & Sri Samala, 2013, „Secure Connectivity and Resilience of Random Key Pre-Distribution Schemes Using Random Graphs” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conferencen on Intelligent Interactive Systems and Assistive Technology, California State University, Northridge and KCT, Coimbatore, India, Aug 2nd to 3rd, Vol. 1, pp. 23-28.

Authors Biography

Navaneethakrishnan R Completed B.E in Electronics and communication, M.E in VLSI design at Karpagam Academy of Higher Education. Perusing PhD at PSG College of Technology, India. He has4 years of experience in teaching VLSI Design, Embedded Systems, Electronic Circuits, Electron Devices, Circuit Theory,and Core team member at Robert Bosch Centre for Excellence at Kumaraguru College of Technology, India. Published 10 articles in peer reviewed International journals and 3 papers in National and International conferences. Secretary for IEEE Education Society - Madras Section (2017), Chair – IEEE SSIT, Madras Section(2018), Editor and reviewer for reputed International Journals. Member of IEEE, IAENG, IRED, SWIDC.Served as Technical & Administrative committee member for reputed conferences, technical events organized by IEEE & other bodies. Area of interests includes Low power VLSI Design, Analog and mixed mode system design, Embedded systems, Innovative teaching methodologies for Engineering. A self-motivated team player with excellent Technical, Entrepreneurial, problem solving and communication skills.Serves as technology consultant for engineering companies.

Dr.M.Santhanalakshmi is presently working as Associate Professor in the Department of ECE and has around 15 years of teaching experience. She has completed her B.E - ECE in Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai in the year 1998 and M.E (VLSI Design) in the year 2005. Her areas of interest are VLSI Design, Analog and Mixed signal VLSI Design. She has completed her Ph.D in the area of Analog VLSI Design. She has published nearly

20 national and international journals.

Dr.RamalathaMarimuthu has been in teaching for 30 years and currently working as Professor in ECE inKumaraguru College of Technology. She has published six technical books and over thirty research papers in international conferences and journals in the areas of Vedic Mathematics, Embedded System Design, Data Sciences and VLSI. Her interest in building assistive systems for the health care and special needs people has culminated into developing unique solutions for dyslexia, speech impaired, drop foot and autism. This earned her invitations from Google and various universities all over the world to deliver special lectures. She has won

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many international awards from organisations like IEEE, USA, Lions Club and Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology, California for her work towards the community.

KumaresanA, received the B.E and M.E degrees in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Anna University, Tamilnadu, India in 2011 and 2014 respectively. As a Graduate Instructor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, He taught courses in communications and electronics. He presently pursuing his research study in the field of signal processing in wireless communication as part time Ph.D degree at Anna University. His current research interests include wireless and mobile networks, broadband wireless access, OFDM, cooperative communications, cognitive radio, MIMO, and beyond 4G networks. In these areas, he has published many journals and conference papers in his research area.

Ms. M. Alagumeenaakshi received her B.E. Degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering (1996) from PSNA college of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul and M.E., Degree in Applied Electronics (2005) from Government College of Engineering, Coimbatore and Ph.D. Degree from Anna University, Chennai. She has 18 years of teaching experience and currently working as Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore. She is a member of IEEE, IEEE-WIE, ISTE, IAENG. She has published more than 35 research papers in the International/National Journals and Conferences. Her research interest includes Wireless Sensor Networks, Internet of Things, Networking and Security, Signal processing and Image processing. She has guided many undergraduate and postgraduate students in developing innovative solutions and prototype models for social related problems such as agriculture, Industry and home automation, flexible electronics.

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