DOCSLIB.ORG

Capital City: New York in Fiscal Crisis, 1966-1978 Michael Reagan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Capital City: New York in Fiscal Crisis, 1966-1978 Michael Reagan Capital City: New York in Fiscal Crisis, 1966-1978 Michael Reagan A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: James Gregory Margaret O’Mara Moon Ho Jung Sarah Quinn Program Authorized to Offer Degree: History © Copyright 2017 Michael Reagan University of Washington Abstract Capital City: New York in Fiscal Crisis, 1966-1978 Michael Reagan Co-Chairs of Supervisory Committee: James Gregory Margaret O’Mara Department of History This dissertation is a history of the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis. It explores the cultural and material causes and consequences of the city’s near bankruptcy and subsequent social and fiscal restructuring. It argues that the cause of the crisis was a combination of a severe economic depression in the city’s real economy, and a market failure, the worst in the nation’s history, in the municipal bond market. The combination of these factors meant that the city was forced into deficit spending, and simultaneously frozen out of the credit markets. With the federal government taking no action, the city was forced to make severe, historic, cuts on its social programs, a move to austerity that has come to define our own era. This shift requires more than a fiscal explanation, as previous crises, when deficits were twice as large as those of the 1970s, were successfully navigated without the resort to the kinds of austerity seen in 1975. Instead, we have to look to a cultural turn on the part of the city’s elites. Where in the 1960s, bankers, state planners, and academics were willing to manage deficits as part of a larger social contract that included a commitment to the city’s poor, by 1975 that commitment was largely undone. The rejection was a reaction to the victories of the social movements of 1960s, specifically those for civil rights and black liberation. City elites sought mechanisms to check the costs, and more, the power and the politics, of the movements. This was achieved through fiscal measures, which profoundly reshaped social life in New York. The result for working people, women, and people of color was a pervasive sense of hopelessness and despair, evident even decades later, the artistic work of figures like Notorious B.I.G. His 1994 album of lost opportunity and personal “everyday struggle” spoke for the generation born to austerity; Big and his generation were “Ready To Die.” For Angela and Arthur And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt thou also destroy the righteous with the wicked? - Genesis 18:23 Enduring interest groups require a sense of “responsibility” – that is, class consciousness. James O’Connor, Fiscal Crisis of the State Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 1: Culture ....................................................................................................................................... 41 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 41 1.2. The 1966 Fiscal Crisis and Keynesian Consensus ............................................................................. 46 1.2.1 When Banks Were Keynesian .................................................................................................... 62 1.3 Bankers Counterrevolution, a Changing Consciousness ................................................................... 69 1.4 Culture of Poverty ............................................................................................................................. 84 1.5 Inflation and Anxiety: New Economic Thinking .............................................................................. 102 1.6 Synthesis ‘75 ................................................................................................................................... 119 1.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 124 Chapter 2: Economy .................................................................................................................................. 126 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 126 2.2 The Post-War Economy ................................................................................................................... 129 2.3 Death of an “Industrial Agglomeration”: The Changing New York Economy ................................. 133 2.4 “A Revolution in Banking” New York’s Go-Go Years: The Financial Sector .................................... 157 2.5 “Two for the seesaw”: Inflation and Recession .............................................................................. 176 2.5.1 Piercing the Threshold ............................................................................................................. 181 2.6 Market Failure ................................................................................................................................. 189 2.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 216 Chapter 3: Finance .................................................................................................................................... 219 3.1 Introduction: State and Market ...................................................................................................... 219 3.2 “The Budget is Everything:” New York City Budgets from 1966 to November 1974 ..................... 221 3.3 “Wolf Through the Doors:” New York City’s Market Descent ........................................................ 251 3.5 Rose of another Name: Failure of the Big MAC .............................................................................. 281 3.5 “Nibbling the bullet:” Standard Austerity ....................................................................................... 304 3.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 320 Chapter 4: Austerity .................................................................................................................................. 325 4.1 Introduction: “The Falsest Kind of Economy” ................................................................................. 325 4.2 “Jaws” Big MAC with Teeth: The EFCB ............................................................................................ 328 4.3 Unions: “$700 Million in Human Tragedy” ..................................................................................... 358 4.4 “The CUNY Problem” ...................................................................................................................... 381 4.5 “War in our hospitals”..................................................................................................................... 394 4.6 “Double Barreled:” Remaking New York’s Racial Capitalism .......................................................... 415 4.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 441 Chapter 5 – Politics ................................................................................................................................... 444 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 444 5.2 Politicians ........................................................................................................................................ 445 5.3 Labor ............................................................................................................................................... 481 5.4 Social Movements ........................................................................................................................... 515 5.5 Popular Culture ............................................................................................................................... 525 5.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 542 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 543 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 551 Acknowledgments Writing a dissertation is a lonely yet crowded affair; this project could not have been completed without the love and support of dozens of people, too many to all mention here. First to my committee, Jim Gregory, Margaret O’Mara, Moon Ho Jung and Sarah Quinn, whom I considered a dream team for scaffolding and support. To Jim, who has been with this project from the beginning, for introducing me and pushing me to think about institutions, and for giving me enough of a tether to explore the parameters of this project on my own. Those who’ve had the pleasure to work with Margaret know what a delightful experience it can be.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Staff Working Paper No. 845 Eight Centuries of Global Real Interest Rates, R-G, and the ‘Suprasecular’ Decline, 1311–2018 Paul Schmelzing
    CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007 CODE OF PRACTICE 2007
    [Show full text]
  • How to Beat the Recession
    Taxcafe.co.uk Business Guides How to Beat the Recession Make Sure Your Business Prospers While Others Struggle By Alistair Gibb Important Legal Notices: Taxcafe® BUSINESS GUIDE – “How to Beat the Recession” Published by: Taxcafe UK Limited 67 Milton Road Kirkcaldy KY1 1TL United Kingdom Tel: (01592) 560081 First Edition, June 2009 ISBN 978-1-904608-96-7 Copyright Copyright © Alistair Gibb 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or storing it in any medium by electronic means) without the prior permission in writing of the copyright owner except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 0LP. All applications for the written permission of the copyright owner to reproduce or transmit any part of the guide should be sent to the publisher. Warning: Any unauthorised reproduction or transmission of any part of this guide may result in criminal prosecution and a civil claim for damages. Trademarks Taxcafe® is a registered trademark of Taxcafe UK Limited. All other logos, trademarks, names and logos in this guide may be trademarks of their respective owners. Disclaimer Before reading or relying on the content of this guide, please read carefully the disclaimer on the last page which applies. If you have queries then please contact the publisher at [email protected]. About the Author Alistair Gibb studied economics and business at Durham University and the University of Strathclyde and then joined the 3i Group, where he held senior positions in both the investment and merchant banking sides of the business.
    [Show full text]
  • Concessions and How to Beat Them
    a Labor Notes Book 0 ESSID 4, ad owto beat them by Jane Slaughter With a Foreword by William W. Winpisinger President, International Association of Machinists ONCE SIONS and how to beat them_____ by Jane Slaughter Labor Education & Research Project Publishers of Labor Notes Detroit Copyright © 1983 by the Labor Education & Research Project Any short, attributed quotation may be used without permission. First printing July 1983 Second printing June 1985 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 83-81803 ISBN: 0-914093-03-7 Published by the Labor Education & Research Project Designed by David McCullough 138 This book is dedicated to the members of the United Mine Workers of America, who struck against concessions in 1978, before concessions had a name. CONTENTS Acknowledgments ..........~....... vi Foreword 1 ~ntroduction 5 IFromMoretoLess 10 2 The Economics Behind Concessions. .43 3 Why Concessions Don’t Work 52 4 Resisting Concessions 66 5 An Offensive Strategy for the Labor Movement 108 GResources 125 Appendix A Union Education on Concessions . 143 Appendix B ModelLanguage on Investment. 145 Notes 147 There is a list of union abbreviations on pages 14-15 _______Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the many people who contributed information for this book or who commented on various drafts: James Bialke, Geoff Bickerton, Dave Blitzstein, Jon Brandow, Rick Braswell, Kate Bronfenbrenner, Nick Builder, Mike Cannon, Bill Carey, Dorsey Cheuvront, Elissa Clarke, Carole Coplea, Alice Dale, Gerry Deneau, Wayne Draznin, Enid Eckstein, Larry
    [Show full text]
  • Focus 2020 Pioneering Women Composers of the 20Th Century
    Focus 2020 Trailblazers Pioneering Women Composers of the 20th Century The Juilliard School presents 36th Annual Focus Festival Focus 2020 Trailblazers: Pioneering Women Composers of the 20th Century Joel Sachs, Director Odaline de la Martinez and Joel Sachs, Co-curators TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction to Focus 2020 3 For the Benefit of Women Composers 4 The 19th-Century Precursors 6 Acknowledgments 7 Program I Friday, January 24, 7:30pm 18 Program II Monday, January 27, 7:30pm 25 Program III Tuesday, January 28 Preconcert Roundtable, 6:30pm; Concert, 7:30pm 34 Program IV Wednesday, January 29, 7:30pm 44 Program V Thursday, January 30, 7:30pm 56 Program VI Friday, January 31, 7:30pm 67 Focus 2020 Staff These performances are supported in part by the Muriel Gluck Production Fund. Please make certain that all electronic devices are turned off during the performance. The taking of photographs and use of recording equipment are not permitted in the auditorium. Introduction to Focus 2020 by Joel Sachs The seed for this year’s Focus Festival was planted in December 2018 at a Juilliard doctoral recital by the Chilean violist Sergio Muñoz Leiva. I was especially struck by the sonata of Rebecca Clarke, an Anglo-American composer of the early 20th century who has been known largely by that one piece, now a staple of the viola repertory. Thinking about the challenges she faced in establishing her credibility as a professional composer, my mind went to a group of women in that period, roughly 1885 to 1930, who struggled to be accepted as professional composers rather than as professional performers writing as a secondary activity or as amateur composers.
    [Show full text]
  • ACRONYM 12 - Round 1
    ACRONYM 12 - Round 1 1. A subreddit inspired by this physical action banned over 300,000 of its members in July 2018. A ​ figure from Nidavellir [nid-uh-vell-EER] named Eitri created an object used to perform this action, after which his people were slaughtered. After performing this action, its perpetrator converses with a girl who asks (*) "What did it cost?". After being injured by the axe Stormbreaker, a native of Titan ​ claims "you should've gone for the head" before performing this action. Trillions were turned to dust by, for 10 points, what action taken using a completed Infinity Gauntlet? ANSWER: Thanos snapping his fingers (accept The Snap; prompt by asking "what action did he take?" ​ ​ ​ ​ answers like "Thanos killing half the universe" or "Thanos using the Infinity Gauntlet") <Nelson> 2. In a 2014 fake documentary, a man made of this product claims "life is sweet, at least for me." In ​ lieu of a proper commercial, this product was advertised via a one-time-only, 30-minute musical staged on Super Bowl Sunday in 2019. In a 2018 ad, a man produces this product by milking a (*) giraffe. Another ad for this product set behind a set of bleachers depicts a girl contracting a "pox" in which this product manifests on her skin. For 10 points, name this fruity candy whose aggressively weird commercials order you to "taste the rainbow." ANSWER: Skittles <Vopava> ​ ​ 3. In 2001, an NFL player at this position tore his ACL while celebrating after a play. Mark Moseley ​ won the NFL's MVP award playing this position in 1982, the only such player to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Missouri Agriculture During the Reagan Years A
    The University of Missouri Agriculture During the Reagan Years A Dissertation Submitted to The Faculty of the Department of History In Candidacy For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Jay Ward Columbia, Missouri May 2015 Copyright 2015 by Jay Woodward Ward All rights reserved. The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled Agriculture During the Reagan Years Presented by Jay Woodward Ward In Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Robert Collins ______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Mark Carroll ______________________________________________________________________ Dr. John Frymire _______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Catherine Rymph _______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Patrick Westhoff Dedication To Rose, Kelly, Brian, Janelle, Mickey, Lauren, Payton, Addison, Evelynne, and Gibson— the center of my world. Acknowledgements I owe undying gratitude to my advisor, Professor Robert M. Collins, who is a renowned scholar and an award-winning teacher, and without whose patient guidance I could not have completed this remarkable journey. I also want to thank my committee, Professor Mark Carroll, Professor John Frymire, Professor Catherine Rymph, and Professor Patrick Westhoff, all of whom lent me their considerable expertise and wisdom, but more importantly to me, they treated this very non-traditional student with extraordinary kindness. And my gratitude to my sister, Deborah Haseltine, my computer expert, who always was able to lead me out of the morasses into which I stumbled almost every time I sat down at the computer. ii Contents Acknowledgements ii List of Tables iv Introduction 1 Chapter 1. The Second Agricultural Revolution 20 Chapter 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of a Crisis in Mexico: an Inductive Analysis of Media
    The Making of a Crisis in Mexico: An Inductive Analysis of Media Sentiment and Information Cascades on the Value of the Mexican Peso during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis By ©2014 Lisa M. Vachalek Submitted to the Department of Latin American & Caribbean Studies and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Chairperson: ________________________________ Dr. Melissa H. Birch Committee Members: ________________________________ Dr. Elizabeth Kuznesof ________________________________ Dr. Brent E. Metz Date Defended: 4/22/14 The Thesis Committee for Lisa M. Vachalek certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: The Making of a Crisis in Mexico: An Inductive Analysis of Media Sentiment and Information Cascades on the Value of the Mexican Peso during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis Chairperson: ________________________________ Dr. Melissa H. Birch Date approved: 6/10/14 ii Abstract In the two decades prior to the 2008 financial crisis, the Mexican government pursued policies aimed at liberalizing markets, while simultaneously trying to ensure the stability of the peso. These policies consisted of monetary and fiscal controls to keep inflation low and free trade agreements to reduce Mexico’s dependence on the United States. The policies significantly reduced the country’s public deficit and were implemented in hopes that they would help reduce the country’s exposure to currency crises. Yet, despite all provisions the Mexican government put in place, the country’s peso still lost two percent of its value in the first three days following the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the US-based investment firm.
    [Show full text]
  • Exodus General Idea of the Revolution in the XXI Century
    Exodus General Idea of the Revolution in the XXI Century Kevin A. Carson 2021 Contents Reviews 5 Abstract 6 Preface 7 Part One: Background 8 Chapter One: The Age of Mass and Maneuver 9 I. A Conflict of Visions .................................... 9 II. The Triumph of Mass in the Old Left .......................... 15 III. The Assault on Working Class Agency ......................... 42 IV. Workerism/Laborism .................................. 49 Chapter Two: Transition 52 I. Drastic Reductions in Necessary Outlays for the Means of Production . 52 II. The Network Revolution and the Imploding Cost of Coordination . 57 III. The Impotence of Enforcement, and Superiority of Circumvention to Resistance . 70 IV. Superior General Efficiency and Low Overhead .................... 74 V. Conclusion ......................................... 78 Part Two. The Age of Exodus 79 Chapter Three: Horizontalism and Self-Activity Over Vanguard Institutions 80 Introduction ......................................... 80 I. The New Left ........................................ 81 II. Autonomism ........................................ 90 III. The 1968 Movements and the Transition to Horizontalist Praxis . 98 IV. The Post-1994 Movements ................................ 100 Chapter Four: The Abandonment of Workerism 115 I. The Limited Relevance of Proletarianism in the Mass Production Age . 115 II. Technology and the Declining Relevance of Proletarianism . 116 III The Abandonment of Proletarianism by the New Left . 117 IV. The Abandonment of Workerism in Praxis . 127 Chapter Five: Evolutionary Transition Models 131 Introduction and Note on Terminology . 131 2 I. Comparison to Previous Systemic Transitions . 132 II. The Nature of Post-Capitalist Transition . 146 Chapter Six: Interstitial Development and Exodus over Insurrection 157 Introduction ......................................... 157 I. The Split Within Autonomism .............................. 159 II. The Shift From the Factory to Society as the Main Locus of Productivity .
    [Show full text]
  • Drone Music from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Drone music From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Drone music Stylistic origins Indian classical music Experimental music[1] Minimalist music[2] 1960s experimental rock[3] Typical instruments Electronic musical instruments,guitars, string instruments, electronic postproduction equipment Mainstream popularity Low, mainly in ambient, metaland electronic music fanbases Fusion genres Drone metal (alias Drone doom) Drone music is a minimalist musical style[2] that emphasizes the use of sustained or repeated sounds, notes, or tone-clusters – called drones. It is typically characterized by lengthy audio programs with relatively slight harmonic variations throughout each piece compared to other musics. La Monte Young, one of its 1960s originators, defined it in 2000 as "the sustained tone branch of minimalism".[4] Drone music[5][6] is also known as drone-based music,[7] drone ambient[8] or ambient drone,[9] dronescape[10] or the modern alias dronology,[11] and often simply as drone. Explorers of drone music since the 1960s have included Theater of Eternal Music (aka The Dream Syndicate: La Monte Young, Marian Zazeela, Tony Conrad, Angus Maclise, John Cale, et al.), Charlemagne Palestine, Eliane Radigue, Philip Glass, Kraftwerk, Klaus Schulze, Tangerine Dream, Sonic Youth,Band of Susans, The Velvet Underground, Robert Fripp & Brian Eno, Steven Wilson, Phill Niblock, Michael Waller, David First, Kyle Bobby Dunn, Robert Rich, Steve Roach, Earth, Rhys Chatham, Coil, If Thousands, John Cage, Labradford, Lawrence Chandler, Stars of the Lid, Lattice,
    [Show full text]
  • List of Technical Papers
    Program Reports Report Title Copies Number Number 1: Program Prospectus. December 1963. 2 Program Design Report. February 1965. 2 Number 2: Supplement: 1968-1969 Work Program. February 1968. 1 Supplement: 1969-1970 Work Program. May 1969. 0 Number 3: Cost Accounting Manual. February 1965. 1 Number 4: Organizational Manual. February 1965. 2 Guide Plan: Central Offices for the Executive Branch of State Number 5: 2 Government. April1966. XIOX Users Manual for the IBM 7090/7094 Computer. November Number 6: 2 1966. Population Projections for the State of Rhode Island and its Number 7: 2 Municipalities--1970-2000. December 1966. Plan for Recreation, Conservation, and Open Space (Interim Report). Number 8: 2 February 1968. Rhode Island Transit Plan: Future Mass Transit Services and Number 9: 2 Facilities. June 1969. Plan for the Development and Use of Public Water Supplies. Number 10: 1 September 1969. Number 11: Plan for Public Sewerage Facility Development. September 1969. 2 Plan for Recreation, Conservation, and Open Space (Second Interim Number 12: 2 Report). May 1970. Number 13: Historic Preservation Plan. September 1970. 2 Number 14: Plan for Recreation, Conservation, and Open Space. January 1971. 2 Number 15: A Department of Transportation for Rhode Island. March 1971. 2 State Airport System Plan (1970-1990). Revised Summary Report. Number 16: 2 December 1974. Number 17: Westerly Economic Growth Center, Planning Study. February 1973. 1 Plan for Recreation, Conservation, and Open Space--Supplement. June Number 18: 2 1973. Number 19: Rhode Island Transportation Plan--1990. January 1975. 2 Number 20: Solid Waste Management Plan. December 1973. 2 1 Number 21: Report of the Trail Advisory Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Evaluation of the Spatial Structure of Cittaslow Towns on the Example of Selected Regions in Central Italy and North-Eastern Poland
    land Article Analysis and Evaluation of the Spatial Structure of Cittaslow Towns on the Example of Selected Regions in Central Italy and North-Eastern Poland Marek Zagroba , Katarzyna Pawlewicz and Adam Senetra * Department of Socio-Economic Geography, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawoche´nskiego15, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (K.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-89-5234948 Abstract: Cittaslow International promotes harmonious development of small towns based on sustainable relationships between economic growth, protection of local traditions, cultural heritage and the environment, and an improvement in the quality of local life. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the differences and similarities in the spatial structure of Cittaslow towns in the Italian regions of Tuscany and Umbria and the Polish region of Warmia and Mazury. The study examined historical towns which are situated in different parts of Europe and have evolved in different cultural and natural environments. The presented research attempts to determine whether the spatial structure of historical towns established in different European regions promotes the dissemination of the Cittaslow philosophy and the adoption of sustainable development principles. The urban design, architectural features and the composition of urban and architectural factors which Citation: Zagroba, M.; are largely responsible for perceptions of multi-dimensional space were evaluated. These goals were Pawlewicz, K.; Senetra, A. Analysis achieved with the use of a self-designed research method which supported a subjective evaluation and Evaluation of the Spatial of spatial structure defined by historical urban planning and architectural solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Report to the President on the Activities of the Council of Economic Advisers During 2009
    APPENDIX A REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS DURING 2009 letter of transmittal Council of Economic Advisers Washington, D.C., December 31, 2009 Mr. President: The Council of Economic Advisers submits this report on its activities during calendar year 2009 in accordance with the requirements of the Congress, as set forth in section 10(d) of the Employment Act of 1946 as amended by the Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978. Sincerely, Christina D. Romer, Chair Austan Goolsbee, Member Cecilia Elena Rouse, Member 307 Council Members and Their Dates of Service Name Position Oath of office date Separation date Edwin G. Nourse Chairman August 9, 1946 November 1, 1949 Leon H. Keyserling Vice Chairman August 9, 1946 Acting Chairman November 2, 1949 Chairman May 10, 1950 January 20, 1953 John D. Clark Member August 9, 1946 Vice Chairman May 10, 1950 February 11, 1953 Roy Blough Member June 29, 1950 August 20, 1952 Robert C. Turner Member September 8, 1952 January 20, 1953 Arthur F. Burns Chairman March 19, 1953 December 1, 1956 Neil H. Jacoby Member September 15, 1953 February 9, 1955 Walter W. Stewart Member December 2, 1953 April 29, 1955 Raymond J. Saulnier Member April 4, 1955 Chairman December 3, 1956 January 20, 1961 Joseph S. Davis Member May 2, 1955 October 31, 1958 Paul W. McCracken Member December 3, 1956 January 31, 1959 Karl Brandt Member November 1, 1958 January 20, 1961 Henry C. Wallich Member May 7, 1959 January 20, 1961 Walter W. Heller Chairman January 29, 1961 November 15, 1964 James Tobin Member January 29, 1961 July 31, 1962 Kermit Gordon Member January 29, 1961 December 27, 1962 Gardner Ackley Member August 3, 1962 Chairman November 16, 1964 February 15, 1968 John P.
    [Show full text]